Tear up the

Tarmac!
Opportunity Plan 2015
Written by: Kaitlyn Clow

8258 17th Side Road

Alliston, Ontario L0M1J0
TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

p. 1-705-434-TUTT
f. 1-705-890-TUTT

kaitclow@tutt.com
Tearupthetarmac.com
1

Table of Contents
I.

Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... 3

II.

Business Overview and Objectives ............................................................................................. 4

Mission Statement, Value Proposition & Logo
Short and Long Term Objectives
History
Business Model
Ownership & Human Resources
Product Summary

III.

Industry Background .................................................................................................................. 6

Industry Overview and Analysis
Opportunity and Proof

IV.

Market Approach ...................................................................................................................... 10

Target Market
Product Offering
Comparative Advantage/Competition
Price

V.

Location and Facilities .............................................................................................................. 13

VI.

Financial Needs and Projections .............................................................................................. 14

Summary
Start-up Costs
Cash Flow Analysis
Income Statement
Break-even Analysis
Future Projections

VII.

Legal .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Legal Ownership Structure
Laws and Regulations
Risk Management

VIII. Appendix ................................................................................................................................... 21

Example Webpage
Example Poster
Example Brochure
IX.

References ................................................................................................................................. 25

TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

Executive Summary
This document is an in-depth Opportunity Report for the childrens team oriented obstacle course race
company Tear up the Tarmac (TUTT.) This report includes detailed information about the company and its
objectives, background information on the industry, the current competition, various strategies to approach the
market, location details, detailed financial statements, projections and the legal requirements for this company to run
successfully.
Adventure Races and outdoor obstacle course races are one of the fastest growing sectors in outdoor
activities since 2012. With the growing popularity it came as a surprise that there is no large scale adventure races
offered for children. It was immediately recognized an opportunity in the market that could be filled if promoted
and executed properly.
TUTT is an educational program marketed through elementary schools; in conjunction with the school
board. TUTT inspires and encourages youth to accept adventure, live a healthy active lifestyle and work as a team.
TUTT should inspire the students, teachers and the community; volunteers will be essential for these races to run
safely and so they can grow across Canada.
This report shows a small start-up school board called Simcoe County. This school board is located in
central Ontario it has 87 elementary schools with a student population of approximately 50,000. I chose this school
board because I am very familiar with it (it is where I; the owner Kaitlyn Clow grew up), many of the schools in the
area have large school yards that will be a perfect location to host Tear up the Tarmac!
Children are growing up in the most connected society ever known to man; the connection with oneself is not present even though it is far more
important than the connection with hundreds of profiles online. Kaitlyn Clow Owner of TUTT

TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

Business Overview and Objectives

Mission Statement, Value Proposition & Logo
Connecting students with an active and adventurous lifestyle; in a safe learning environment
TUTT provides an event like no other to elementary school students; we
make custom team-oriented obstacle race courses that will educate students on
healthy living, teamwork and self-perseverance.
The logo is two muddy footprints it is to promote getting dirty through
adventure; a little mud is OK. Many adults have forgotten that playing and
exploration is fun and it shouldnt have limitations, we dont want children to
follow in those footsteps.

Short and Long Term Objectives

In the first year of operation TUTT will host events for 29 schools, which is 1/3 of the Simcoe County
District School Board, profits will break even by the fall. By year three TUTT hopes to expand to other school
boards across Ontario; hosting events at 100 schools. By establishing recognition across school boards TUTT will
become an annual event at schools by year five. These goals will be attained by providing a life changing
experience for students; the schools will see benefit in hosting our events year after year. After TUTT surpasses
their break-even point (BEP) there will be an opportunity for schools to make a small profit donation to promote
healthy active living from hosting these events.

History
Testing ones physical and mental strength has been popular since the 1970s by running marathons and
triathlons; the 2000s have brought a new way to race to the adventure market by introducing Adventure Races and
obstacle races that tests wits, brawn and bravery. Races like Tough Mudder, Mud Hero, Warrior dash and
Spartan race have started gaining a large following recently because they excite, intrigue and inspire the
participants. Obstacle courses were first used for military training as a way to prepare for combat and get into shape;
however now they are incorporated in many adventure races as a skill testing sequence.

Business Model
The concept of TUTT is to target schools; they will promote to the students within the school. The low cost
of the event will allow students from various financial situations to participate. TUTT wants to capture the entire
school; teachers, students and parents.

TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

Ownership & Human Resources

Owner/operator
Kaitlyn Clow

Head School Co-ordinator

Office
Administration/Social
Media (1 employee)

Organizers (2 employees)

Parent/Teacher
voulenteers

TUTT is owned as a sole-proprietorship by Kaitlyn Clow; she employs four full-time staff as well as
manages many event volunteers. By being a sole-proprietorship it allows for smaller start-up costs, the owner will
take on many risks and responsibilities during the first few years of business however she will maintain control and
have the ability to make business decisions on her own.

Product Summary
TUTT is selling an early start to a healthy and active life for students. TUTT provides a three day adventure
race event for students; multiple age specific courses will be set-up to ensure safety and fun for the students. The
event includes two days of active and adventurous recess; during their recess obstacles will be set up and supervised
in the playground this will allow students to practice and play on the equipment. Day three is a full day of fun, it is a
full on team challenge race set up for the students and teacher (optional), parents will be invited to come watch and
cheer on their children. Prizes and awards will be given to every participant to promote equality and teamwork.
TUTT is providing a service to the schools who host the events, it is a safe, active, educational and fun event for all
students.

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Industry Background
Industry Overview and Analysis
Adventure Race VS. Team-Oriented Obstacle Challenges
The name adventure race has been thrown around the racing world to describe a variety of races over the
past decade. What is a true adventure race and what are these other races called? Adventure racing made its worldwide debut in the 1980 Alpine Ironman race in New Zealand it challenged racers to climb up and ski down
mountains and paddle through long river sections using their orienteering skills to avoid getting lost. The following
year Alpine Ironman creator Robin Judkins started the infamous coast to coast race this race incorporated many
of the popular adventure race activities including: trail running, climbing, biking and paddling. Adventure races
cover hundreds of kilometers of terrain involving various outdoor elements. Real adventure races are for the
supremely fit and adventurous; this is a very niche market in the overall racing industry. If the market is so small
why has there been such a huge influx in the market?
Races like Tough Mudder, Spartan Race, Mud Hero and many more have been rapidly growing across
North America. They market extreme outdoor races that involve using their mind and body in a team challenge.
They carefully never use the words Adventure and Race together in the same sentence however they have
managed to generate a huge market of racers who believe they are participating in an Adventure Race however in
actuality Tough Mudder; one of the most popular of these races, describes itself as a Team-Oriented Obstacle
Challenge. These team races have had a huge boom in the 2000s, the idea of a survival of the fittest challenge with
friends is a fun way to get active and adventurous outdoors. These races boast about their 15+km long course with
world class obstacles; a race of that length is an attainable goal for the average active person to train for. The
obstacle challenge races are held in outdoorsy locations close to central hubs; for example the ski hill Mount St.
Louis Moonstone hosts the Mud Run, this ski hill is less than two hours from Toronto. By doing this it gives the
impression of wilderness while still being convenient for competitors to drive to.
Target Market
Listed are the demographic and psychographic differences between the two racer styles.
Adventure Racer
-

Male
- 25-45
- Annual Income $50,000
- Spends 7 days a week doing something active
Allocentric traveler
- Not married/no children
- independent/introvert
Outdoor hobbies (i.e. mountain biking, white water kayaking, backcountry camping/activities)
Strong willed
- Thrives on challenge

Team-oriented obstacle race Participant

-

Male/Female
- 20-35
- Annual Income $15,000+
- Spends 4+ days per week in gym
Mid/Allocentric traveler - In a relationship/no children
- large friend circle/extravert
Active hobbies (i.e. yoga, running, swimming, biking, front country camping/activities)

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Participation Analysis
The common confusion of the proper name for adventure races vs. adventurous races makes it difficult to
see where the true increase in participation really is. However in the chart below you can see an increase in the
entire racing industry. Between the years 2009-2012 there is 40% increase in off-road triathlons, 35% increase in
adventure races and 30% increase in traditional triathlons (TAMS, 2010.)
This large increase in participation is largely contributed by the fit lifestyle campaign companies are
promoting; companies like Mountain Equipment Co-op, have introduced more running, biking and yoga soft goods
into their stores, Reebok promotes Cross Fit through their be more human slogan and even social media
promotes women to get fit, not skinny. In the new age of muscle gain, hobby sports are on a decline while
competition and endurance sports are on the rise.

(TAMS, 2010)

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Active School Events

Schools have always promoted spending time outside and being active by giving students recess, track and
field, gym class and teams. However, with the growing obesity rates in North America these opportunities do not
seem to be enough. There are annual charity events like the Terry Fox Run, Jump Rope for Heart and Relay for life
that allow students to fundraise for a charity in return the school hosts a day of: running, walking, skipping etc.
There are also many leadership camps that schools send students who meet a certain criteria. These camps mainly
focus on leadership and self-improvement; there is usually outdoor activities associated with these camps (i.e.
low/high ropes, sports, field games.)
Most recently personalized active student programs that tailor to the schools requests have been starting up;
the most popular example of this company is Junglesports it is a Canadian company that encourages being active,
independence and mobility through low/high ropes courses set up in the school gymnasium. These third party
companies are a very new idea that schools have been starting to see the benefit of active education.
Commercial Market Landscape
TUTT could be considered to be a part of a monopolistic competition. The branding of school events is not
the same however, they are all providing a service (i.e. education, dances, amusement, charity contributions etc.) to
the students/school. More specifically it could be argued TUTT is in an oligopoly with Junglesports and the few
other companies that provide personalized programs; there are very few competitors in the small market but once
popularity of these activities with schools increase there will be high competition. In the chart below you can see the
four main market types and where TUTT is located.

How TUTT is Unique

TUTT is providing an active, educative experience for students in the form of a team-oriented obstacle
competition. It is inclusive with all students, parents and teachers. What makes it an exciting opportunity is that it is
a cross between two industries. TUTT wants to inspire the children of today to become active adults who will
participate in adventures when they are older. Most programs one think about the now and TUTT wants to
inspire for the future.

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Opportunity and Proof

The opportunity that TUTT saw was to provide an inclusive, affordable, exciting event for students. With
the dramatic increase of obesity rates in children; being active and living a healthy lifestyles is very important for
schools to properly educate students about. Although there are some active opportunities available many of them
are expensive, exclusive and boring. Below is an in-depth strategy canvas showing some of these opportunities and
the pros and cons associated with each.

Active School Activities Strategy Canvas

6

0
Price

Participation

x times per year

Student Interest

Parent Interest

School Teams

Recess

Electives

Track and Field

Charity Events

Adventure Races

School Interest
Extracurricular Activities

School teams (limited participation)

Recess (un-organized)
Electives (expensive)
Extracurricular activities (not school affiliated)
Track and Field (selective participation)
Charity Events i.e. Jump Rope for Heart, Terry Fox run etc. (annual activity)

There are very few active opportunities that allow the entire student body to participate on an even playing field;
adventure races has the highest score on the activity strategy canvas this proves there is a gap in the active
opportunities provided for students.
According to a study done by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2007 over 1.6 million children
between the ages of 5-17 were considered overweight or obese in Canada; this number continues to rise. Obesity
has been linked to insulin resistance, heart disease, type two diabetes and a diminished social well-being. Proper
nutrition and exercise and play large role in why there is such a high obesity rate along with the increase in screen
time this is the amount of time children spend sitting inside on electronics like computers, phones, tablets, game
consoles etc. TUTT wants to do its part to educate youth by promoting active lifestyles through their events.
TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

Market Approach
Target Market
TUTT has three main target demographics; the students, the parents and the schools. The schools have to
be contacted first by TUTT to make the event available to the students. Once the school has bought into the idea of
the event; TUTT will promote the event to the students. Once the students are excited about the event they will
bring home information (i.e. waiver, permission forms, event info) to their parents. The parents are who we are
truly selling to because they will fund this experience for their kids however promoting through the schools to the
children is the only way to gain the parents interest.
Targeting the schools is done on a school board level; TUTT will make a sales pitch to the school board
proving the learning opportunities, event safety precautions and school benefits. TUTT will target rural schools
with a large school yard which makes hosting a successful event more possible. Hosting events at schools with a
population of approximately 650 students will allow the company to break even at the end of the year at a 40%
running capacity. The Simcoe County District School Board was chosen as the sample school board for this report
because it meets all of the target school criteria. Any school board across Ontario that meets this criteria would be
a perfect board to start up the company.
The students targeted by TUTT are ages 7-15 (grades 1-8). TUTT will host a school wide presentation; this
presentation will occur one week before the event. It will show an exciting promotional video, a short educative
lesson about healthy active living and interactive obstacle course demo with student volunteers. Students will receive
their information package to bring home; TUTT hopes to fill the kids with excitement that will help persuade their
parents.
Once students have brought home information for the parents; the real target comes into play. TUTT needs
the parents to pay the $15 event cost in order for the students to participate. The target parent demographic and
psychographic are as follows:
-

Age 30-45
- Female
- Tech Savvy (Facebook/twitter account)
Annual Income $30,000+ - OR stay at home with spousal income of $50,000+ - Mid-centric/Allocentric traveler
Married with Children
- Lives an active and healthy lifestyle
- Involved with children (i.e. sports, clubs, camping)

Product Offering
TUTT is a third party company that provides safe events for elementary students. They educate students
about healthy active living through experimental learning in the form of an inclusive adventure race. The product is
delivered on a school board level; then is presented to the students who deliver information to their parents; parents
will pay for the event and are invited to volunteer and spectate.

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Comparative Advantage/Competition
The idea of hosting fun and active events at school is not a new idea however the way Tear up the Tarmac! Is
presented puts an educative spin on the classic school event while keeping the activity inclusive and adventurous
and that is our simple value proposition that puts TUTT a step about other events.
TUTT has two main types of competitors; third party companies who provide events for students and in-school
events ran by the school. The Active School Activities Strategy Canvas shown in the Opportunity and Proof
section shows a canvas of the various in-school and third party events and how they rank compared to Adventure
Races such as TUTT.
Three companies that are the largest players in the school event industry are: The Terry Fox Run, Jump Rope for
Heart and Jungle Sports. Below is a chart comparing what those companies offer to TUTTs event offering.

Competition Comparison
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Price

Participation
TUTT

Prizes

Variety of
Activity

Jump Rope for Heart

Charitable
Cause

Educative

Terry Fox Run

Experience
Based

Inclusive

Junglesports

As you can see from the chart above Jump Rope for Heart and the Terry Fox Run are comparable because
they are both charitable organizations raising funds for a cause; charitable events are hosted at schools annually to
promote a school wide sense of caring and educating students on the importance of charities. TUTT and Jungle
Sports do not donate their proceeds however they both rank high in experience, variety of activities and
inclusiveness. After analyzing this chart it is clear that Junglesports is the biggest competition to TUTT.

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Price
To set a fair price many things were considered; value, comparison to average field trip/school activity
prices, yearly earning of the parent demographic. A survey was conducted about TUTT; the question what is a
reasonable price for a school sanctioned adventure race? Depicted in the chart below, you can see over 40% of
people believed that the event should cost $15+. The survey results were a great way to finalize the event price at
$15 per student participant.

REASONABLE PRICE
Free

$5

$10

13%

$15+

8%

Other

6%

29%
44%

Distribution/Purchasing Model
TUTTs purchasing model is a three step process called Pitch, Sell, Fund. Once the event has been
successfully pitched to the school, the school will sell the event to the students. The schools send home permission
forms and waivers to each student to bring home to their parents. Parents fund this amazing experience for their
kids and are invited to watch the final race and volunteer with the event at their childs school.
Promotional Strategy
There is a specific promotion strategy for each target market. Promoting for the schools will heavily focus
on the education, low cost and simplicity of the event for the schools to take on. When targeting the students the
focus is put on the adventure, prizes and life changing fun. Parents are targeted by promoting the low cost of the
event, healthy active lifestyle lessons and safe new adventures.
In the appendix you will find a sample website front-page, brochure and poster. The website is designed
clearly so students can easily navigate it; there are sub-areas designated for each target. This allows the front page to
be clear of unnecessary information and keeps it a simple place briefly describing TUTT with pictures and text. The
brochure will be included in the information package that the students will bring home for their parents; it includes
many FAQ, safety information and the values of TUTT. The poster will be placed in the school; this is an exciting
reminder designed in a simple manner using bright colours, small words and kid friendly text for the students to
read. It will create playground conversations and give the minimal necessary information the students need to know
about the event.

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Location and Facilities

TUTT will run primarily out of Simcoe County (Central Ontario); we will run out of here to reduce costs for
renting U-Hauls, driving and wear and tear on the vehicle. The owner will have a home office located in Alliston
(red star on the map below); this town is a central location in most heavily populated area of Simcoe County. TUTT
will also rent a storage location to store the obstacles. In the future as the obstacle collection grows a small
warehouse for storage may be a viable option.

(DMG, 2012)

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Financial Needs and Projections

Summary
A good business opportunity requires more than just a good idea and passion; it needs to be backed up
financially. This section has detailed reports; start-up costs, break-even analysis, income statement, cash flow
analysis and future projections. These reports prove that TUTT will be financially successful within the first start up
years.
The values shown in the cash-flow reports have been researched and many are considered industry standard.
Organizer wage is calculated by paying each employee $75/day, each school requires 5 days of work for each
organizer; in total there are four event organizers employed. The cost of obstacle building includes supplies (i.e.
lumber, hardware, rope, tires etc.) and payment to the builders. The insurance is calculated at the rate of $275 per
event this is multiplied by schools per month hosting events.

Start-up Costs
Stating up the business requires the investment of; personal assets, working capital and additional variable
costs. Below is a chart which overviews these costs in detail; these costs are viable and attainable start-up costs. A
financial buffer is included to account for changing costs seen in the market due to inflation, taxes and hidden costs.
Asset or Item

Cost $

Personal Investment of Assets

$5000

Down payment on vehicle

$2500

Lumber to build obstacles

$5000

Promotion Campaign

$3000

Unforeseen costs

$1000

Total Start up Cost

$16,500

Cash Flow Analysis

The cash-flow analysis was conducted to see the best, worst and predicted number of school participants.
This allows TUTT to prepare for any financial outcome without any surprises that could jeopardize the company.
Listed below is the running capacitys for TUTT running at 100%, 50% and 25% during the first year.
At 100% (58 schools with 33,200 student participants):
Profit: $498,000.00
Variable expenses: $211,346.20
Fixed expenses: $102,015.00
Net Income: $313,361.20
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14

At 50% (29 schools with 16,600 student participants):

Profit: $249,000.00
Variable expenses: $98,347.00
Fixed expenses: $73,275.00
Net Income: $77,378.00
At 25% (14 schools with 8,300 student participants)
Profit: $124,500.00
Variable expenses: $43,290.00
Fixed expenses: $43,450.00
Net Income: $37,760.00
These outcomes show that TUTT is profitable even running as low as 25% capacity; this shows us that the
costs (fixed and variable) are being properly managed according the number of participants. The high volume
nature of using schools manages to keep a low price point and cost while still maintaining a large profit with room
to expand. It is projected that for the first year of running events TUTT will be running at 50% capacity; if any large
growth were to occur during the first years of start-up employment models, transportation and promotion models
would have to be heavily revised to manage the greater volume.
The monthly cash flow shows a very detailed report of how the participants per month effect the business;
you can see all of the variable and fixed costs associated as well as the account balance each month. On the second
chart you can see year two; we see a 30% increase of student participants from year one, this is a reasonable
assumption for second year growth. Although some costs have grown a net profit is still made because the costs
have been designed to not affect profit greatly.

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Income Statement
The income statements below show a direct correlation between profit increase and cost
increase. From year one to two you can see that the variable expenses have increased. Much of this
is due to hiring two more staff members; the extra employees were necessary in for the company
with 30% growth in just one year. The fixed expenses shrank because many of the obstacles needed
for events were built in year one; and are now a much lower monthly fixed expense and the initial
start-up cost debt has diminished.
Tear up the Tarmac! Income statement 2015 50% of capacity
Revenue:
Sales revenue

$249,000

Operating Expenses
(Variable):

$98,347

Cost of fuel

$16,050

Wages

$43,500

Prizes

$33,200

U-Haul

$5,597

Fixed Expenses:

Total op expense
Net income (before taxes)

TEAR UP THE TARMAC! - MARCH 2015

$73,275

$171,622
$77,378

18

Tear up the Tarmac! Income statement 2016 (30% participant increase from 2015)
Revenue:
Sales revenue

$323,700

Operating Expenses
(Variable):

$163,132

Cost of fuel

$27,138

Wages

$85,500

Prizes

$43,160

U-Haul

$7,334

Fixed Expenses:

Total op expense
Net income (before taxes)

$63,325

$161,672
$87,328

Break-even Analysis
This break even analysis is based on TUTT will break even at the end of June in the first
year of business. The total number of participants required to break even is 8075; this will result in a
revenue of $121,116. Once this is made the company will break even on profit minus the variable
and fixed expenses.

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19

Future Projections
A horizontal analysis was done between year one and two to project growth for year three.
This projection is a good tool to predict year three however there are some variances that will affect
the actual outcome; between year one and two there was a decrease in fixed expenses which is very
uncommon and is now forecasted for years to come. This happened in year two because obstacle
production was slowed to accommodate the growth in the business. Another consideration is it
cannot be guaranteed that the company will grow at the same rate from year to year. By analyzing
this report I will be able to prepare for more growth by hiring more staff; this might involve leasing
office space as well TUTT will need to purchase personal trailers to transport obstacles to different
locations.
Account

Year One

Year Two

Difference %

Year Three
Projection

Revenue

$249,000

$323,700

30%

$420,810

Fixed Expense

$73,275

$63,325

-14%

N/A

Variable Expense

$98,347

$163,132

40%

$228,384.80

Net Profit

$77,378

$87,328

13%

$98,680.64

Legal
Legal Ownership Structure
TUTT is a sole proprietorship; with one legal owner, Kaitlyn Clow. She pays personal
income taxes on profits and is personally responsible for the companys debts. Once the business
expands outside of Simcoe County it is very likely that TUTT will become a corporation; by doing
so the company would gain government liability protection and tax deductions and the owner would
be safer from company debt.

Laws and Regulations

To host an event at a school all members of the company must get a mandatory police
issued record check. When hosting an event TUTT must make sure that all students will be able to
participate (this includes handicapped children and children with disabilities) this regulation is part of
the Ontario Safe Schools Act written by the Ontario Human Rights Commission (OHRC).

Risk Management
To manage and mitigate risk while students participate in the adventure race it will be
mandatory that all students wear a proper fitting helmet, harness (when necessary) and be
supervised throughout the entire race. This will require volunteers to be placed at each obstacle to
ensure students completely them safely.

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Appendix
Example Webpage
(Mentioned in Promotional Strategy section)

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Example Poster
(Mentioned in Promotional Strategy section)

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Example Brochure
(Mentioned in Promotional Strategy section)

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24

References
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http://www.adventuresportsonline.com/history.htm
Adventure Racing Participation Report 2014. (2014, January 1). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from
https://www.sfia.org/reports/14_Adventure-Racing-Participation-Report-2014
Hey Kids! Jump. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from http://jumpropeforheart.ca/JumpHomePage.html
Market Structure: Monopoly, Oligopoly, Monopolistic and Perfect Competition. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5,
2015, from http://fintowin.com/2011/07/market-structure-monopoly-oligopoly-monopolistic-and-perfectcompetition/
MEC (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.mec.ca/Main/home.jsp
Party Liability. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from https://www.palcanada.com/en/
Police Record Check Services. (n.d.). Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.oesccseo.org/english/about.html
Reebok Cross Fit | Reebok Canada. (n.d.). Retrieved March 4, 2015, from http://www.reebok.ca/en/crossfit
Simcoe County District School Board. (n.d.). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simcoe_County_District_School_Board
Simcoe County District Schools. (n.d.). Retrieved March 4, 2015, from
https://www.scdsb.on.ca/Schools/Pages/Schools.aspx
Stats Can. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/82-003x/2012003/article/11706-eng.h
TAMS. (2010, January 1). Retrieved March 4, 2015, from
http://www23.statcan.gc.ca/imdb/p2SV.pl?Function=getSurvey&SDDS=4439
The Ontario Safe Schools Act: School discipline and discrimination. (n.d.). Retrieved March 5, 2015, from
http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/ontario-safe-schools-act-school-discipline-and-discrimination
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