Tutorial:

Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output

(MIMO) System Analysis

R00943129

Outline:
1. Abstract

p.2
2. Introduction of MIMO
System.p.3
3. Types of MIMO System
p.5
4. Function of MIMO System
.p.7
5. MIMO Channel Model
..p.11
6. Application of MIMO System
p.15
7. Future Work
.p.19
8. Conclusion
.p.19
9. Reference
..p.2

1.Abstract
Digital communication using multiple-input-multiple-output
(MIMO) has been regarded as one of the most significant technical
breakthrough modern communications. In this tutorial, the overview
of recent progress in the area of MIMO system is introduced. A key
feature of MIMO system is the ability to turn multi-path propagation,
traditionally a pitfall of wireless transmission, into a benefit for the
user.
The first part of the tutorial introduced MIMO system and
analyzed why MIMO system. Followed, the section 3 used two major
classifications to determine types of MIMO. From single user to multi
users, open loop to close loop, there are literally descriptions to
figure out category of MIMO system. Beside, several different open
loop MIMO systems include Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD)
MIMO, Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO and Uplink Collaborative
MIMO are introduced. Coming to the function of MIMO system, I
separated it to three parts to illustrate. Precoding is a generalization
of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission in multiantenna wireless communications. In spatial multiplexing, a high
rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each stream
is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same
frequency channel. Diversity Coding techniques are used when
there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter. Then a strict
mathematics model of MIMO system is provided. While the MIMO
system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel, we modeled the
MIMO system by referring to information theory. Then we derived the
channel capacity in mathematical description. In section 6, current
applications of MIMO technique is written. Under 3GPP mobile radio
standard, there are several application included: (1) HSPA+ (2)LTE
(3) WiMAXTM (4) WLAN. At last, Future standards with using of MIMO
technology is provided include LTE Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and
WiMAXTM 802.16m. At the end of this tutorial report I briefly
conclude the content of this report follow the section description.
I present the stat of the art in channel modeling and
measurement, leading to a better understanding of actual MIMO
gains. Although MIMO system does not related to my research topic,
I do try my best to survey the MIMO system knowledge and put all
of the information to this tutorial. Hoping it can take the reader to
understanding how MIMO system work.

2.Introduction of MIMO System

Before the explaining of Why MIMO System, it is necessary to

briefly talking about the definition of MIMO. As the communication
system included transmitter and receiver with different antenna
allocation, there are a simple category of multi-antenna types:

Multi-antenna types
SISO

SIMO
MISO
MIMO

Single-input-single-output
means that the transmitter and
receiver of the radio system have only
one antenna.
Single-input-multiple-output means that
the receiver has multiple antennas while
the transmitter has one antenna.
Multiple-input-single-output means that
the transmitter has multiple antennas
while the receiver has one antenna.
Multiple-input-multiple-output means that
the both the transmitter and receiver have
multiple antennas.

MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both the transmitter

and receiver to improve communication performance.
So why need MIMO system? The wireless system before MIMO is
been constrained by network capacity which is related with channel
quality and coverage. To see how problem occurred, we need to talk
about the transmission on a multipath channel. In wireless
communication the propagation channel is characterized by
multipath propagation due to scattering on different obstacle. The
multipath problem is a typical issue in communication system with
time variations and time spread. For time variations the channel is
fading and caused SNR variations. For time spread, it becomes
important for suitable frequency selectivity.
In an urban environment, these signals will bounce off trees,
buildings, etc. and continue on their way to their destination (the
receiver) but in different directions. With MIMO, the receiving end
uses an algorithm or special signal processing to sort out the
multiple signals to produce one signal that has the originally
transmitted data.
The simple overview of MIMO:

Multiple data streams transmitted in a single channel at the

same time
Multiple radios collect multipath signals
Delivers simultaneous speed, coverage, and reliability
improvements

MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve wireless systems

capacity, range and reliability. It offers significant increases in data
throughput and link range without additional bandwidth or increased
transmit power. MIMO achieves this goal by spreading the same
total transmit power over the antennas to achieve an array gain that
improves the spectral efficiency (more bits per second per hertz of
bandwidth) or to achieve a diversity gain that improves the link
reliability (reduced fading).
As the number of antenna element increasing, the channel
capacity is increased too. Instead of logarithmic-increasing of
channel capacity in SIMO and MISO system, the MIMO system
owned linear-increasing of channel capacity as antenna increased.
The improving of MIMO from SIMO and MISO is shown below:

3.Types of MIMO System

There are two major classifications to determine types of MIMO:
(1)Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
(2)Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

3.1 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi User

MIMO (MU-MIMO)
Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO):

When the data rate is to be increased for a single UE, this is

called Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO).

Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO):

When the individual streams are assigned to various users, this
is called Multi User MIMO (MU-MIMO). This mode is particularly
useful in the uplink because the complexity on the UE side can be
kept at a minimum by using only one transmit antenna. This is also
called 'collaborative MIMO'.

3.2 Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO

Textbook MIMO configurations are represented as either "Open
Loop" or "Closed Loop". In application, the commonly used MIMO
terminology has most often been in reference to Open Loop MIMO
techniques. Closed Loop MIMO techniques, also known as
Transmitter Adaptive Antenna (TX-AA) techniques, are simply
referred to by the industry as "beamforming".

Open loop MIMO:

With Open Loop MIMO, the communications channel does not
utilize explicit information regarding the propagation channel.
Common Open Loop MIMO techniques include Space Time Transmit
Diversity (STTD), Spatial Multiplexing (SM) and Collaborative Uplink
MIMO.
Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO
Space-time block coding based transmit diversity (STTD) is a
method of transmit diversity used in UMTSS third-generation cellular
systems. STTD is optional in the UTRANN air interface but
mandatory for user equipment. STTD utilizes space-time block
code (STBC) in order to exploit redundancy in multiply transmitted
versions of a signal. The same data is coded and transmitted
through different antennas, which effectively doubles the power in
the channel. This improves Signal Noise Ratio (SNR) for cell edge
performance.

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) MIMO

Spatial multiplexing is transmission techniques in MIMO wireless
communication to transmit independent and separately encoded
data signals, so-called streams, from each of the multiple transmit
antennas. Therefore, the space dimension is reused, or multiplexed,
more than one time. SM delivers parallel streams of data to CPE by
exploiting multi-path. It can double (2x2 MIMO) or quadruple (4x4)
capacity and throughput. SM gives higher capacity when RF
conditions are favorable and users are closer to the BTS.

Short Summary: STTD vs. SM

STTD outperforms SM when SNR is weak whereas when SNR is
higher SM is well suited. STTD improves the SNR for cell edge users
while SM provided higher capacity when user are in good RF
condition and are closer to the radio tower. An ideal wireless system
employing MIMO techniques will support both STTD and SM. The
system will calculate an optimal switching point and dynamically
shift between the two approaches to offer the necessary coverage
or capacity gain demanded from the network at any given time or
location.

Uplink Collaborative MIMO

Collaborative Spatial Multiplexing (Collaborative MIMO) is
comparable to regular spatial multiplexing, where multiple data
streams are transmitted from multiple antennas on the same
device. It is an additional open-loop MIMO technique consider by
WiMAX vendors to increase the spectral efficiency and capacity of
the uplink communications path. A practical realization of this
technique would allow for two separate end-users 'WiMAX' devices,
each having a single transmit lineup, to utilize the same frequency
allocation to communicate with the dual-antenna WiMAX base
station. With this technique two devices (having only transmitted
antenna each) can collaboratively transmit on the same sub-channel
which can increase the uplink capacity.
Spatial Multiplexing MIMO:

Uplink Collaborative MIMO:

Close loop MIMO:

Antenna technologies are the key in increasing network
capacity. It started with
sectorized antennas. These antennas illuminate 60 or 120 degrees
and operate as one cell. In GSM, the capacity can be tripled, by 120
degree antennas. Adaptive antenna arrays intensify spatial
multiplexing using narrow beams. Smart antennas belong to
adaptive antenna arrays but differ in their smart direction of arrival
(DoA) estimation. Smart antennas can form a user-specific beam.
Optional feedback can reduce complexity of the array system.
Beamforming is the method used to create the radiation pattern
of an antenna array. It can be applied in all antenna array systems
as well as MIMO systems.
Smart antennas are divided into two groups:

Phased array systems (switched beamforming) with a finite number of fixed

predefined patterns
Adaptive array systems (AAS) (adaptive beamforming) with an infinite number of
patterns adjusted to the scenario in real time

Switched Beamformer

Adaptive Beamformer

Switched beamformers electrically calculate the DoA and switch

on the fixed beam. The user only has the optimum signal strength
along the center of the beam. The adaptive beamformer deals with
that problem and adjusts the beam in realtime to the moving UE.
The complexity and the cost of such a system is higher than the first
type.

4.Function of MIMO System

MIMO can be sub-divided into three main categories:
(1)Precoding
(2)Spatial multiplexing
(3)Diversity coding

Precoding:

Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multilayer transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In

conventional single-layer beamforming, the same signal is emitted
from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting such
that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output. When the
receiver has multiple antennas, single-layer beamforming cannot
simultaneously maximize the signal level at all of the receive
antennas. Thus, in order to maximize the throughput in multiple
receive antenna systems, multi-layer beamforming is required. The
benefits of beamforming are to increase the received signal gain, by
making signals emitted from different antennas add up
constructively, and to reduce the multipath fading effect. The
Precoding can be separated by two classifications:

Precoding for Single User MIMO

Precoding for Multi User MIMO

Precoding for Single User MIMO

In single user multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, a
transmitter equipped with multiple antennas communicates with a
receiver that has multiple antennas. Most classic precoding results
assume narrowband, slowly fading channels, meaning that the
channel for a certain period of time can be described by a single
channel matrix which does not change faster. In practice, such
channels can be achieved, for example, through OFDM. The
precoding strategy that maximizes the throughput, called channel
capacity, depends on the channel state information available in the
system.
Precoding for Multi User MIMO
In multi-user MIMO, a multi-antenna transmitter communicates
simultaneously with multiple receivers (each having one or multiple
antennas). This is known as space-division multiple access (SDMA).
From an implementation perspective, precoding algorithms for
SDMA systems can be sub-divided into linear and nonlinear
precoding types. The capacity achieving algorithms are nonlinear,
but linear precoding approaches usually achieve reasonable
performance with much lower complexity. Linear precoding
strategies include MMSE precoding and the simplified zeroforcing (ZF) precoding. There are also precoding strategies tailored
for low-rate feedback of channel state information, for example
random beamforming. Nonlinear precoding is designed based on the
concept of dirty paper coding (DPC), which shows that any known
interference at the transmitter can be subtracted without the
penalty of radio resources if the optimal precoding scheme can be
applied on the transmit signal.

Spatial multiplexing:
Spatial multiplexing requires MIMO antenna configuration. In
spatial multiplexing, a high rate signal is split into multiple lower
rate streams and each stream is transmitted from a different
transmit antenna in the same frequency channel. If these signals
arrive at the receiver antenna array with sufficiently different spatial
signatures, the receiver can separate these streams into (almost)
parallel channels. Spatial multiplexing is a very powerful technique
for increasing channel capacity at higher signal-to-noise ratios
(SNR). The maximum number of spatial streams is limited by the
lesser of the number of antennas at the transmitter or receiver.
Spatial multiplexing can be used with or without transmit channel
knowledge. Spatial multiplexing can also be used for simultaneous
transmission to multiple receivers, known as space-division multiple
accessing. The scheduling of receivers with different spatial
signatures allows good separability.

Diversity coding:
Diversity Coding techniques are used when there is no channel
knowledge at the transmitter. In diversity methods, a single stream
(unlike multiple streams in spatial multiplexing) is transmitted, but
the signal is coded using techniques called space-time coding. The
signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with full or
near orthogonal coding. Diversity coding exploits the independent
fading in the multiple antenna links to enhance signal diversity.
Because there is no channel knowledge, there is no beamforming
or array gain from diversity coding.

5.MIMO Channel Model

Diagram of a MIMO wireless transmission system is shown below:

The transmitter and receiver are equipped with multiple antenna

elements. The transmit stream go through a matrix channel which
consists of multiple receive antennas at the receiver. Then the
receiver gets the received signal vectors by the multiple receive
antennas and decodes the received signal vectors into the original
information. Here is a MIMO system model:

There are detail explains for denoted symbols:

r is the Mx1 received signal vector as there are M antennas in

receiver.

H represented channel matrix

s is the Nx1 transmitted signal vector as there are N antennas in

transmitter

n is an Mx1 vector of additive noise term

Let Q denote the covariance matrix of x, then the capacity of

the system described by information theory as below:

This is optimal when is unknown at the transmitter and the input

distribution maximizing the mutual information is the Gaussian
distribution. With channel feedback may be known at the
transmitter and the optimal is not proportional to the identity matrix
but is constructed from a water filling argument as discussed later.
The form of equation gives rise to two practical questions of key
importance. First, what is the effect of Q? If we compare the
capacity achieved by Q=(/ N ) and the optimal Q based on
perfect channel estimation and feedback, then we can evaluate a
maximum capacity gain due to feedback. The second question
concerns the effect of the H matrix. For the i.i.d. Rayleigh fading
case we have the impressive linear capacity growth discussed
above. For a wider range of channel models including, for example,
correlated fading and specular components, we must ask whether
this behavior still holds. Below we report a variety of work on the
effects of feedback and different channel models.
It is important to note that can be rewritten as:

Where 1 , 2 , , m are the nonzero eigenvalues of W,

m=min(M,N), and

This formulation can be easily obtained from the direct use of

eigenvalue properties. Alternatively, we can decompose the MIMO
channel into m equivalent parallel SISO channels by performing
singular value decomposition (SVD) of H. Let the SVD be given by
Then U and V are unitary and D=diag( 1 , 1 , ,
, 0). Hence the MIMO signal model can be rewritten as:

,0,

The above equation represents the system as m equivalent parallel

SISO eigen- channels with signal powers given by the eigenvalues 1
, 2 , , m. Hence, the capacity can be rewritten in terms of the
eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix W. For general W
matrices a wide range of limiting results are known as or both tend
to infinity. In the particular case of Wishart matrices, many exact
results are also available.
We now give a brief overview of exact capacity results, broken
down into the two main scenarios, where the channel is either
known or unknown at the transmitter. We focus on the two key
questions posed above; what is the effect of feedback and what is
the impact of the channel?
When the channel is known at the transmitter (and at the
receiver), then H is known in above equation and we optimize the
capacity over Q subject to the power constraint tr(Q).
Fortunately, the optimal Q in this case is well known and is called a
water filling solution. There is a simple algorithm to find the solution
and the resulting capacity is given by

Where is chosen to satisfy

+ denotes taking only those terms which are positive. Since is a

complicated nonlinear function of 1 , 2 , , m, the distribution of

WCF appears intractable, even in the Wishart case when the joint
distribution of 1 , 2 , , m is known.
If the transmitter has only statistical channel state information,
then the ergodic channel capacity will decrease as the signal
covariance Q can only be optimized in terms of the average mutual
information as

The spatial correlation of the channel has a strong impact on the

ergodic channel capacity with statistical information.
If the transmitter has no channel state information it can select
the signal covariance Q to maximize channel capacity under worstcase statistics, which means Q=(1/Nt )*I and accordingly

Additional information: Fundamental Capacity

theorem
For a SISO system the capacity is given by

Where h is the normalized complex gain of a fixed wireless channel

or that of a particular realization of a random channel. is the SNR
at any RX antenna. As we deploy more RX antennas the statistics of
capacity improve and with M RX antennas, we have a SIMO system
with capacity given by

Where hi is the gain for RX antenna i. Note the crucial feature of

above equation in that increasing the value of M only results in a
logarithmic increase in average capacity. Similarly, if we opt for
transmit diversity, in the common case, where the transmitter does
not have channel knowledge, we have a MIMO system with N TX
antennas and the capacity is given by

Where the normalization by N ensures a fix total transmitter power

and shows the absence of array gain in that case. Again, note that
capacity has a logarithmic relationship with N. Now, we consider the
use of diversity at both transmitter and receiver giving rise to a
MIMO system. For N TX and M RX antennas, we have the now
famous capacity equation:

where (*) means transpose-conjugate and is the channel matrix.

6.Application of MIMO System

The 3GPP mobile radio standard (UMTS) has undergone
numerous phases of development. Starting with WCDMA, various
data acceleration methods have been introduced, including HSDPA
and HSUPA. The newest releases cover HSPA+ and Long Term
Evolution (LTE).

HSPA+ (3GPP Release 7/8):

A transmit diversity mode had already been introduced in Release 99 (WCDMA).
Release 7 of the 3GPP specification (HSPA+) expanded this approach to MIMO and again
increased the data rate with respect to Release 6 (HSDPA). The introduction of 64QAM
modulation and MIMO in the downlink makes a peak data rate of 28 Mbps (Rel. 7) possible.
In Rel. 7 MIMO and 64QAM can not be used simultaneously. Since Rel. 8 the simultaneous
use is possible which leads to peak data rates up to 42 Mbps. Uplink MIMO is not provided.
MIMO was introduced in the form of a double transmit antenna array (D-TxAA) for the high
speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH).

With D-TxAA, two independent data streams can be transmitted

simultaneously over the radio channel using the same WCDMA
channelization codes. The two data streams are indicated with blue
and green color in Figure 11. After spreading and scrambling,
precoding based on weight factors is applied to optimize the signal
for transmission over the mobile radio channel. Four precoding
weights w1 to w4 are available. The first stream is multiplied with
w1 and w2, the second stream is multiplied with w3 and w4. The
weights can take the following values:

Note that w1 is always fixed, and only w2 can be selected by the

base station. Weights w3 and w4 are automatically derived from w1
and w2, because they have to be orthogonal. The base station
selects the optimum weight factors based on proposals reported by
the UE in the uplink.
In addition to the use of MIMO in HS-DSCH, the weight
information must be transmitted to the UE via the HS-SCCH control
channel. Although MIMO is not provided in the uplink, MIMO-relevant
information still does have to be transmitted in the uplink. The UE
sends a precoding control indication (PCI) and a channel quality
indication (CQI) in the HS-DPCCH, which allows the base station to
adapt the modulation, coding scheme, and precoding weight to the
channel conditions.

LTE (3GPP Release 8):

UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) was introduced in 3GPP Release

8. The objective is a high data rate, low latency and packet

optimized radio access technology. LTE is also referred to as E-UTRA
(Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) or E-UTRAN (Evolved UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access Network). The basic concept for LTE in
downlink is OFDMA (Uplink: SC-FDMA), while MIMO technologies are
an integral part of LTE. Modulation modes are QPSK, 16QAM, and
64QAM. Peak data rates of up to 300 Mbps (4x4 MIMO) and up to
150 Mbps (2x2 MIMO) in the downlink and up to 75 Mbps in the
uplink are specified.
Downlink

In LTE, one or two code words are mapped to one to four layers
("layer mapper" block). To achieve multiplexing, a precoding is
carried out ("precoding" block). In this process, the layers are
multiplied by a precoding matrix W from a defined code book and
distributed to the various antennas. This precoding is known to both
the transmitter and the receiver. In the specification, code books are
defined for one, two, and four antennas, as well as for spatial
multiplexing (with and without CDD) and transmit diversity. Table 1
shows the code book for spatial multiplexing with two antennas as
an example. Code books for four antennas are also defined.
LTE precoding matrix for a maximum of two layers:

Uplink
In order to keep the complexity low at the UE end, MU-MIMO is used in the uplink. To do
this, multiple UEs, each with only one Tx antenna, use the same channel.

WiMAXTM (802.16e-2005):
WiMAXTM promises a peak data rate of 74 Mbps at a bandwidth
of up to 20 MHz. Modulation types are QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM.
Downlink
The WiMAXTM 802.16e-2005 standard specifies MIMO in
WirelessMAN-OFDMA mode. This standard defines a large number of
different matrices for coding and distributing to antennas. In
principle, two, three or four TX antennas are possible. For all modes,
the matrices A, B, and C are available. In the "STC encoder" block,
the streams are multiplied by the selected matrix and mapped to
the antennas.

Uplink
In Uplink-MIMO only different pilot patterns are used. Coding and
mapping is the same like in non-MIMO case. In addition to single
user MIMO (SU-MIMO) two different user can use the same channel
(collaborative MIMO, MU-MIMO).

WLAN (802.11n):
WLAN as defined by the 802.11n standard promises a peak data rate of up to 600 Mbps
at a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Modulation types are BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM. It is
backward compatible with the previous standards 802.11 a/b/g. With up to four streams, it
supports up to a maximum of four antennas.

WLAN differentiates between spatial streams (SS) and spacetime streams (STS). If NSS < NSTS, then a space-time block encoder
("STBC") distributes the SS to the STS and adds transmit diversity by
means of coding.

7.Future Work
Future standards will continue to use MIMO technology. At
present, the following standards with MIMO are being worked on:
LTE Advanced :
The goal is to provide 1 Gbps at 100 MHz bandwidth in
downlink direction.
1xEV-DO Rev. C:
The goal is to provide 18 Mbps at 1.25 MHz bandwidth in
forward link.
WiMAXTM 802.16m:
The goal is to provide 300 Mbps at 20 MHz bandwidth in
downlink direction.

8.Conclusion
This tutorial introduces the major feature of MIMO links for use in
wireless network. MIMO exploits the space dimension to improve
wireless systems capacity, range and reliability. It offers significant
increases in data throughput and link range without additional
bandwidth or increased transmit power.
After introduced why MIMO system, we classified MIMO system
into two major categories: (1) Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO) vs. Multi
User MIMO (MU-MIMO) (2)Open loop MIMO vs. Close loop MIMO.
Under open loop MIMO, three MIMO system is provided: (1) Space
Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) MIMO (2) Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
MIMO (3) Uplink Collaborative MIMO.

Followed, we introduce the functions of MIMO system included (1)

Precoding (2) Spatial multiplexing (3)Diversity coding. Precoding is
a generalization of beamforming to support multi-layer transmission
in multi-antenna wireless communications. In spatial multiplexing, a
high rate signal is split into multiple lower rate streams and each
stream is transmitted from a different transmit antenna in the same
frequency channel. Diversity Coding techniques are used when
there is no channel knowledge at the transmitter.
Then a strict mathematics model of MIMO system is provided.
While the MIMO system is regarded as narrow flat fading channel,
we modeled the MIMO system by referring to information theory. Then we
derived the channel capacity in mathematical description.
In section 6, current applications of MIMO technique is written.
Under 3GPP mobile radio standard, there are several application
included: (1) HSPA+ (2)LTE (3) WiMAXTM (4) WLAN.
At last, Future standards with using of MIMO technology is
provided include LTE Advanced, 1xEV-DO Rev. C and WiMAXTM
802.16m.

9.Reference
[1] Wikipedia: MIMO, Precoding, Spatial multiplexing, Diversity
Coding,
WiMAX MIMO, information theory, channel capacity.
[2] ROHDE&SCHWARZ, Introduction to MIMO: Application Note
[3] D. Gesbert, M. Shafi, D. S. Shiu, P. Smith, and A. Naguib, From
theory to practice:
An overview of MIMO space-tim coded wireless systems, IEEE J.
Select. Areas
Commun. Special Issue on MIMO Systems, pt. I, vol. 21, pp. 281
302, Apr. 2003.
[4] A. J. Paulraj et al., An Overview of MIMO Communications a
Key to Gigabit
Wireless, Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 198218.
[5] Q. Li, G. Li, W. Lee, M. il Lee, D. Mazzarese, B. Clerckx, and Z. Li,
MIMO
techniques in WiMAX and LTE: a feature overview, IEEE Commun.
Magazine,
vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 8692, May. 2010.
[6] G. Bauch, MIMO Technologies for the Wireless Future, Proc.
International

symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,

Cannes
France, Sept., 2008
[7] PPT slide: Dr. Jacob Sharony, Introduction to Wireless MIMO
Theory and
Applications, IEEE LI, November 15, 2006