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Kompleksni Brojevi
Kompleksni Brojevi
Z / 1. Dokazati da je broj
z+z
realan za svako z.
1+ z z
z+z
x + iy + x iy
2x
2x
2x
=
=
=
=
2
2
2 2
2
1 + z z 1 + ( x + iy ) ( x iy ) 1 + x (iy ) 1 + x i y
1 + x2 + y 2
z+z
Time smo dokazali da je dati broj
realan za svako z.
1+ z z
zz
imaginaran za svako z=x+iy i
1+ z z
y 0.
Z / 2. Izraunaj:
a) (1 i ) =
5
c)
b) (1 + i ) =
d) 1 + i 3
3 i =
)=
9
Rjeenje:
a) (1 i ) = (1 i ) (1 i ) (1 i ) =
5
)(
= 1 2i + i 2 1 2i + i 2 (1 i ) = (1 2i 1) (1 2i 1) (1 i ) =
= ( 2i ) ( 2i ) (1 i ) = 4i 2 (1 i ) = 4 (1 i ) = 4 + 4i
Ili, na drugi nain:
(1 i )5 = (1 i )2 (1 i )3 = (1 2i + i 2 ) (1 3 12 i + 3 1 i 2 i 3 ) =
= ( 2i ) (1 3i 3 i i 2 ) = ( 2i ) (1 3i 3 + i ) = ( 2i ) ( 2 2i ) =
4i + 4i 2 = 4 + 4i
b) (1 + i ) = (1 + i )
8
] = [1 + 2i + i ] = [1 + 2i 1] =
2 4
2 4
[ ]4 = 24 i 4 = 16 1 = 16
= 2i
c)
) ( ) ( )
[
]
= [2 (1 3i )] = 8 (1 3i ) =
= 8 1 3 1 3i + 3 1 ( 3i ) ( 3i ) =
= 8 (1 3 3i + 9i 3 3i ) = 8 (1 3 3i 9 + 3 3i ) =
3
6
2
2
3
3 i = 3 i = 3 2 3i + i 2 = 2 2 3i =
= 8 (1 9 ) = 64
) (
( )
6
3
3
3 i = 3 i = 3 3
( 3) i + 3
3 i 2 i3 =
= 3 3 9i 3 3 + i = [ 8i ] = 64i 2 = 64
2
d) 1 + i 3
) = (1 + i 3 )
9
( ) ( )
3 3
2
3
= 13 + 3 12 i 3 + 3 1 i 3 + i 3 =
] [
= 1 + 3 3i + 9i 2 + 3 3i 3 = 8 + 3 3i 3 3i = [ 8] = 512
3
c) (1 i )x + (1 + i ) y = i
d) (2 3i )x (1 + 4i ) y = 3 + i
Napomena:
Definicja: Dva kompleksna broja: Z1 = x1 + iy1 i Z 2 = x2 + iy2 su jednaka
onda i samo onda ,ako je realni dio prvog jednak realnom dijelu drugog
tj. x1 = x2 i imaginarni dio prvog jednak imaginarnom dijelu drugog
kompleksnog broja tj. y1 = y2 .
Dakle:
x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2 x1 = x2 y1 = y2
x1 = x2 y1 = y2 x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2
Ili krae napisano,imamo:
x1 + iy1 = x2 + iy2 x1 = x2 y1 = y2
Rjeenje:
a) x + ( y 1)i = 1 + 3i
( x = 1 y 1 = 3) ( x = 1 y = 4 )
b) x 2 y + (2 x y )i = 3i ( x 2 y = 0 2 x y = 3)
( x = 2 y 2 x y = 3) ( x = 2 y 4 y y = 3)
( x = 2 y 3 y = 3) ( x = 2 y y = 1) ( x = 2 y = 1)
c) (1 i )x + (1 + i ) y = i x xi + y + yi = i
( x + y ) + ( y x )i = i ( x + y = 0 y x = 1)
( x + y = 0 y = x + 1) ( x + x + 1 = 0 y = x + 1)
1
1
1
(2 x = 1 y = x + 1) x = y = x + 1 x = y =
2
2
2
d) (2 3i )x (1 + 4i ) y = 3 + i 2 x 3ix y 4iy = 3 + i
(2 x y ) (3x + 4 y )i 3 + i (2 x y = 3 (3x + 4 y ) = 1)
(2 x 3 = y 3 x 4 y = 1) (2 x 3 = y 3 x 8 x + 12 = 1)
(2 x 3 = y 11x = 11)
(2 x 3 = y x = 1) ( y = 1 x = 1)
3x + y = 7 x + 3 y = 1
3 x + y = 7 x = 3 y 1 3 (3 y 1) + y = 7 x = 3 y 1
9 y 3 + y = 7 x = 3 y 1 10 y = 10 x = 3 y 1
y = 1 x = 3y 1 y = 1 x = 2
Dakle, ( x, y ) = (2,1) .
Ili,na drugi nain:
3 1
, =
10 10
3 20 10
21 1 7
= , + = , = (2,1)
10 10 10 10 10 10