Indx

INDEX
Index Terms
Links
A
Absolute pressure
Ace Detersiuo Marsiglia
300
5
Acid value (AV)
381
Acne deterrents as additives
148
399
448
Additive-base interactions
in soap cleansing systems
135
Additives
anti-acne compounds
148
anti-irritants
148
antimicrobial compounds
147
CTFA Cosmetic Handbook
143
dermabrasive/exfoliating agents
144
drug components
146
emollients
144
humectants/moisturizers
144
miscellaneous
149
occlusive agents
144
OTC active ingredients
146
secondary surfactants
148
syndet bars and
170
Advertising
146
146
147
34
See also Marketing

Alcoholic saponification color
405
Alfa-Lava1 dryer
268
This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.
Index Terms
Links
Alkali-free cleansing bars. See Syndet bars

Alkyl polyglucosides (APG) and foaming
168
AlphabetPretty pictures and truism about

childrens friend Wool Soap
15
Amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades, bar

soap finishing and
308
American Family brand
21
76
Amphoteric surfactants
154
160
22
30
See also Surfactants

Andrew Jergens Company (1880)
Angled bar soap stamping
Animal sacrifices and soap origins
Anionic surfactants
373
3
154
See also Surhctants

Annual Book of ASTM Standard
399
Anti-acne compounds as additives
148
Anti-irritants as additives
148
Antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/moisturizing
soaps (1994-2009)
history
Dove (2001-2008)
56
Fa (2002-2008)
57
Ivory (2004-2008)
58
Ivory Moisture Care (1997)
52
Lever 2000 (2000-2009)
55
Lifebuoy (2003-2008)
58
Lux (2000)
53
Oil of Olay (1994-2008)
49
Palmolive Bars (1999-2008)
50
Pears (2004-2008)
58
Safeguard (1999-2008)
52
Index Terms
Links
Antimicrobial compounds as additives
147
AOCS Official Test Methods
399
APHA color scale
448
Ariel
21
Armour & Company (1867)
21
Armour Soap Works
11
Arrow Borax Soap
16
Art in marketing/advertising
Ash and glycerine
394
Assay of glycerine
394
28
34
72
Atlantic and Pacific (1969)

history
manufacture of
46
350
Atmospheric systems and semi-boiled soap

batch process of
252
compared with pressurized system
260
continuous process of
254
semi-continuous process of
253
Autoclaves and semi-boiled soap
254
Automation of plants
290
B
Bar hardness
427
Bar smear/slough
170
Bar soap finishing

amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades and
308
chiller sizing
331
cooling units
331
cutters
323
Index Terms
Links
Bar soap finishing (Cont.)

direct noncontact transfers for cartoner
wrapper interface
Binacchi direct product
transfer (DPT) system
328
flashstamping presses
330
Mazzoni LB direct transfer (DTS) system
328
finishing line types/selection

history
low-temperature glycol chillers
343
333
61
66
331
333
mixers
amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades
308
double-arm mixers with sigma blades
309
mixer-kneaders
309
mottled laundry soap manufacturing system
374
packaging
ACMA 330 soap cartoner with YT/YV infeeds
340
ACMA 7250/7350 soap wrappers
339
ACMA 770 soap cartoner with

TH non-contact infeed/transfer
340
ACMA 771 TH-non-contact soap

infeed/transfer
ACMA rotary infeed/transfer systems
339
338
ACMA TH-non-contact soap

infeed/transfer
338
Binacchi systems
343
CAM soap caroner infeed/transfer systems
341
carton blank terminology
345
carton styles
346
definitions/conversion factors
346
Doboy IL3 three belt contact feeder
342
Index Terms
Links
Bar soap finishing (Cont.)

Doboy IL4 four belt contact feeder
342
general information
337
Guerze 1000HS horizontal flow

wrapper
341
soap cartoners
345
soap wrappers
344
styles
337
plodders
extrusion group
315
fiinishing line
336
Mazzoni LB multirefining
plodder (MRP)
319
packaged water chillers
331
refining/pelletizing group
315
SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder
322
short-/long-Lc/D-ratio
319
types
314
worms
317
321
presses
flashstamping presses
327
soap shapes
326
processing steps for
303
roll mills
311
temperature control units
332
Barometric condensers
331
285
Barrat, Thomas J.
Bathing as religious/cleanliness activity
Beauty soaps
See Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947)
Index Terms
Beecham Group
Links
6
BHT chromotographic analysis and
413
Binacchi CHBS process
244
Binacchi CSFA process
244
Binacchi CSWE-3system
237
Binacchi direct product transfer (DPT) system
328
Binacchi SDE dryer system
281
Binders, syndet bars and
169
Biofuels
383
B.J. Johnson Soap Company

Bleachability
Blumenschien, Mary Green
256
241
243
393
34
382
36
Boiling. See Kettle saponification

Borit
Brooks, Benjamin
31
Bubbles (Millais)
Buerger nomenclature for solid

soap phases
118
Bulk of lye
248
Bumetrizole as additive
149
A Busy Day (Humphrey)

Buteth-3 additive
194
28
149
C
Calculations
alkalinity/acidity adjustments
444
caustic soda requirements
437
FA blend molecular weight adjustment
442
FA blends
441
FA neutralization products
442
fat blend
437
441
Index Terms
Links
Calculations (Cont.)
kettle saponification
finishing/fitting kettle
219
fluctuating fat ratios
217
kettle settling
218
loading kettle
214
primary soap making routes
437
saponification products - quantities
438
total fatty matter (TFM)
440
Calorimetry
127
Camay (1926)
history
38
Caress (1972-2009)
history
ingredient label compositions of
47
173
Casely, Robert E.
40
Cashmere Bouquet (1872)
24
Cast-melt process and transparency
200
Cast transparent bars
131
Cast transparent/translucent bars
170
Castilla, Spain and soap making
Cataphil, ingredient label compositions of
174
Cationic surfactants
154

Caustic soda
characteristics/specifications/analysis of
390
markets/prices and
391
production/sources/users of
388
requirement calculations
437
saponification and
224
transport/storage/handling of
441
392
Index Terms
Links
Cavity Transfer Mixer
198
Centrifugal pump metering system
227
Centrifuged lye
248
Certified colorants
139
Chardin, Jean Simon
78
Charles H. Geilfus & Company
22
Chase, Helen
39
142
Chelating agents, chromotographic

analysis and
412
Chemistry of soap structures

See also Physical characteristics
of soap raw materials
AOCS Official Test Methods
basic
379
83
chromotographic analysis
BHT by capillary GC
413
chelating agents by HPLC
412
drivatized FA analysis by
capillary GC
412
drivatized FA analysis by HPLC
411
FFA analysis by HPLC
411
glycerine content by HPLC
412
triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC
412
triglyceride analysis by HPLC
410
continuous saponification and
228
233
and effect of trans isomers on EA/soap

properties
FAs
glycerides and
402
437
84
history
223
iodine value (IV)
401
Index Terms
Links
Chemistry of soap structures (Cont.)

minor ingredients
anhydrous-soap content
407
chlorides
408
FFA/free alkalinity
409
free-glycerine content
408
moisture content
407
triclocarban/triclosn by UV
absorbance
molecular structure and
409
115
mush/cracking
formulation implications
relationship
structural implications
structure weakness
oleate:laurate eutectic mixture and
108
93
103
98
85
performance models
macro model
87
molecular model
89
saponification value (SV)

soap/water interactions
401
92
structure weakness
consequences
98
crystal orientation during plodding
95
overall effects
97
pressure effects during plodding
94
structure fundamentals
93
structure visualization in plodder
96
syndet bars and
162
titer and
402
112
Index Terms
Links
Chemistry of soap structures (Cont.)

and trans isomer measurement
403
transparent/translucent soaps and
191
triglyceride oil structure
379
triglycerides
437
Cherry Ripe (Millais)
Chevreul, Michel Eugne
Chicago Family
A Childs World (Millais)
13
8
Chill rolls/flakers
268
Chiller sizing, bar soap finishing and
331
Chlorate and caustic soda
390
Chloride and caustic soda
390
Chromotographic analysis
BHT by capillary GC
413
chelating agents by HPLC
412
drivatized FA analysis by capillary GC
412
drivatized FA analysis by HPLC
411
FFA analysis by HPLC
411
glycerine content by HPLC
412
triclocarban/triclosan by HPLC
412
triglyceride analysis by HPLC
410
Clarette
Cleansing bar formulation, syndet bars and
13
159
Cleansing grains
Coast (1974-2008)
history
manufacture of
48
350
Coates, F. Graham
36
Coconut oil (CNO)
84
Colbert, Jean Batiste
224
378
437
451
Index Terms
Links
Colgate & Company

Cashmere Bouquet (1872) of
24
Colgate Palmolive Company (1806)
17
Global Handwashing Day and
33
history
60
Colgate clock
19
Colgate, William
17
Color
alcoholic saponification color
405
analysis by colorirneter
404
analysis by Hunter reflectance

measurement
413
analysis by photometric measurement
404
color scale conversions
405
commercially used scales
448
direct bleach test and
405
evaluation of raw materials
404
fatty matter and
381
Hunter reflectance measurement and
413
refined/bleached
404
saponification color of FAs
405
scale conversions of
405
visual color comparisons
413
Colorants
categories of
139
certified
139
natural
143
noncertifiable
141
noncertified
142
142
Index Terms
Links
Combo bars
See also Syndet bars
173
surfactant advantage and
153
surfactant composition in
161
Computer-controlled plants
290
Condensate temperature
300
Cone, Fairfax M.
41
Continuous saponification
commercially available systems
241
continuous FA neutralization
241
defined
247
history
223
metering/dosing
critical metered streams
227
metering equipment
227
raw materials
224
neutralization
240
equipment
243
reaction
243
overview of
223
227
saponification
chemical reaction
228
critical reaction factors
230
equipment
230
rate of reaction
229
soap washing/extraction
cooling and spent lye removal
237
general information
232
glycerine washing efficiency
239
Index Terms
Links
Continuous saponification (Cont.)

glycerine washing equipment
237
limit lye concentration
233
lye and neat soap separation
239
soap grain
233
soap phase chemistry/diagram
233
washing and half spent lye removal
237
Wigners model
235
235
Cooling tower systems

soap drying systems
289
Cooling units
bar soap finishing and
Copco
331
13
Countercurrents. See Kettle saponification

Countway, D. L.
32
Coupons, in marketing/advertising
19
76
Cracking
evaluation of
422
influences on
108
mush relationship with
93
structural implications and
103
structure weaknesses and
98
Cream soaps
Cries of London (Wheatley)
Critical micelle concentration (CMC)
Crosfield, Joseph
112
150
5
123
22
Crude soap
248
Crutcher and semi-boiled soap
252
Crystallization
191
See also Chemistry of soap structures

143
149
Index Terms
Links
Curd phase
118
Curd soap
248
Curtis Davis Company
31
Cutters
323
D
Danforth, Philip
21
Delta phase of molecular model
92
Density, defined
99
293
Deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967)

See also Antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/
moisturizing soaps (1994-2009);
Freshness/ deodorant/skin
care soaps (1968-1993) history
Dial (1948-2008)
40
Dove (1955)
44
Jergens (1951-2008)
41
44
Tone (1968)
45
Vel (1948-2008)
41
Zest (1952-2008)
42
Dermabrasive/exfoliating agents as additives
144
146
Detergents. See Laundry powder detergents

Deupree, Richard R.
38
Dial
11
Dial (1948-2008)
40
22
60
Die Frische Fa. See Fa (1968)

Diethylene glycol and glycerine
394
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
127
Index Terms
Links
Direct noncontact transfers

for cartoner/wrapper interface
bar soap finishing
328
330
343
Discontinued soaps
history
Colgate
60
Dial
60
Jergens
60
Lever
60
Proctor & Gamble
60
Distilled fatty acid (DFA) process
377
452
Double-arm mixers with sigma blades,

309
Dove (1955)
44
Dove (2001-2008)
56
Dove Beauty Bar design
162
Dove Nutrium (2000)
351
Dreft (1933)
Drug components as additives
173
176
111
205
63
146
Drying systems. See Soap drying systems

Dual cyclone fines recovery system
Dutch Margarine Union
283
23
E
Economics. See Marketing
Edict of Colbert
Electrolytes and soap production
102
Emollients as additives
144
247
250
Index Terms
Links
Equipment
See also Soap drying systems
continuous saponification
230
226
237
glycerine washing
237
neutralization
240
Ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM)
279
Eubose, ingredient label compositions of
175
European use of bar soaps, syndet bars and
183
Eutectic mixture
237
85
Evaluation methods
bar hardness
427
fragrance
425
lather evaluation
417
mush
422
rate of wear (ROW)
421
rheological characterization
430
skin mildness
425
user panel
426
wet bar feel
424
wet cracking
422
Expansion dryers
268
Extract ion
237
general information
232
239
237
233
Index Terms
Links
Extract ion (Cont.)

239
soap grain
233
233
237
Wigners model
235
RDC countercurrent extraction column
235
237
Extrusion
315
soap production and
104
translucent bars and
131
362
F
Fa (1968)
45
Fa (2002-2008)
57
Fairbank, Nathaniel Kellogg
13
Fairy Soap
13
349
Fatty acids (FA)

calculations for blends
441
chromotographic analysis and
411
defined
448
fats/oils/FA specifications
451
saponification color of
405
surfactant synthesis and
156
Ferguson nomenclature for solid soap phases

Fewa (1932)
118
63
Fillers, syndet bars
171
Flashstamping presses
327
Flex wash mildness test
178
Flower Sellers Group (Wheatley)
194
330
Index Terms
Foam volume, defined
Links
449
Foaming. See Lather evaluation

Focardi, G.
Forearm controlled application technique

(FCAT)
425
Foreign particulate matter
415
Formulation
162
200
89
110
See also Chemistry of soap structures

Fragrances
Franklin, Benjamin
Free alkalinity, defined
143
425
5
449
Free fatty acids (FFA)

411
defined
449
molecular performance model and
91
soap structure and
89
superfatting and
Free glycerine, defined
Frmy, Edmond
111
129
449
61
Freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

history
46
Caress (1972-2009)
47
Coast (1974-2008)
48
Fa (1968)
45
Irish Spring (1972-2008)
46
Lever 2000 (1987)
49
Pure & Natural (1985-2008)
48
Frosch and Kligman toxicity ladder
177
Index Terms
Links
G
Gain
21
Gamble, James
21
Gardner color scale
448
Geilfus, Charles H.
22
Gibbs Phase Rule
125
The Gillette Company history
21
Givaduan-Delawaana, Inc.
40
Global Handwashing Day
33
Global Public-Private Partnership for

Handwashing with Soap (PPPHW)
33
Global use
of caustic soda
391
of glycerine
394
syndet bars and
183
of triglyceride fatty matter
382
Glossary
44
Glycerides, soap structure and
83
Glycerine
394
412
defined
449
451
markets/prices and
394
production/sources/users
392
quantity calculations
439
semi-boiled soap production and
249
395
Index Terms
Glycerol and soap production
Links
102
110
Gold Dust Twins
13
15
Gold Dust Washing/Scouring Powder
13
Good News Bible
Grain
233
Graining efficiency
206
Gross, Henry
31
Gross, Sydney
31
Gump, William
40
235
247
H
Half spent lye
Handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps
237
60
Handcrafted Soap Makers Guild (HSMG)
352
Hardness of soap bar
427
Harworth, W.T.
248
22
Health soaps. See Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947)

Healy, Tim
76
Heat transfer rate
299
Heavy metals and glycerine
394
Heavy/transitional metals and caustic soda
390
Heckler & Company
15
Hemoglobin denaturation (haemolysis) test for

mildness
178
Henkel & Cie
61
Herbal extracts as additives
149
Hexagonal liquid crystal phase
120
Hints to Intending Advertisers (Smith)

Historia Naturalis (Pliny the Elder)
124
71
3
Index Terms
Links
History of soaps/detergents
animal sacrifices and
antibacterial/ingredient/deodorant/
moisturizing soaps (1994-2009)
Dove (2001-2008)
56
Fa (2002-2008)
57
Ivory (2004-2008)
58
52
Lever 2000 (2000-2009)
55
Lifebuoy (2003-2008))
58
Lux (2000)
53
Oil of Olay (1994-2008)
49
50
Pears (2004-2008)
58
52
bar soap categories and

colonial America and
24
5
current brands
Andrew Jergens Company (1880)
22
Armour & Company (1867)
21
Colgate Palmolive Company (1806)
17
Lever Brothers Company (1884)
22
Pears (1789)
Procter & Gamble Company (1837)
Yardley ( 1770)
7
21
5
deodorant/skin care soaps (1948-1967)

Dial (1948-2008)
40
Dove (1955)
44
Jergens (1951-2008)
41
44
Index Terms
Links
History of soaps/detergents (Cont.)

Tone (1968)
45
Vel (1948-2008)
41
Zest (1952-2008)
42
discontinued soaps
Colgate
60
Dial
60
Jergens
60
Lever
60
Proctor & Gamble
60
first industrial production
freshness/deodorant/skin care soaps (1968-1993)

46
Caress (1972-2009)
47
Coast (1974-2008)
48
Fa (1968)
45
46
Lever 2000 (1987)
49
48
handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps
60
60
handcrafted artisn/specialty soaps
60
60
bar soaps
61
66
Dreft (1933)
63
63
Fewa (1932)
63
liquid detergents
69
Persil (1907)
61
powder detergents
68
soap powders
61
67
Tide (1946)
64
64
unit dosing products
69
laundry powder detergents
61
Index Terms
Links

laundry washing products
61
marketing
coupons
76
Ivory stamp club
76
magazines
71
premiums
75
product booklets
75
radio and soap operas
72
selling of soap
71
slogans/jingles
77
soap posters
75
soap sculpting
76
television and soap operas
74
trade/trading cards
74
trolly car signs
75
Mount Sapo and
223
obsolete brands
J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago
1859)
10
N. K. Fairbank Company
(Chicago 1865)
13
other companies
17
Swift & Company (Chicago 1892)
15
plagues and Romans
purity/beauty/health soaps (1872- 1947)

Camay (1926)
38
24
Ivory (1879)
26
Jergens (1893)
30
Index Terms
Links

Jergens (1947-2005)
39
Lifebuoy (1887)
31
Lux (1925)
36
Palmolive (1898)
34
Woodbury (1897)
33
Woodbury (1899)
36
soap making in Marseilles, France
Sumerian references to
soap (2500 BCE)
Hollow disc type filtration pumps
Hopkins, Samuel
1
191
274
5
Hot-air cabinet dryers
267
Hot-air spray towers
267
Hudson, R. S.
Humectants/moisturizers as additives
Humphrey, Maude
22
144
146
28
Hunter opacity measurement
415
Hunter reflectance measurement
413
I
Im Forever Blowing Bubbles
(Kenbrovin & Kellette)
Indirect cooling water system (ICS)
78
286
Ingredient soaps. See Antibacterial/ingredient/

deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)
384
Inverted-funnel method of lather evaluation
419
Index Terms
Iodine value (IV)
Links
84
110
381
21
76
33
36
calculation in 80/20 tallow/

coconut oil blend
437
defined
450
451
soap analysis and
401

history
manufacture of
Isotropic soap solution
46
350
123
Ivorette
13
Ivory (1879)
26
Ivory (2004-2008)
58
52
Ivory stamp club
76
J
J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859)
10
Jergens
60
Jergens (1893)
30
Jergens (1947-2005)
39
Jergens (1951-2008)
41
Jergens, Andrew
22
John H. Woodbury Dermatological Institute
33
John Hopkins University School of Public

Health
33
Johnson, Burdette
34
Journal of Chromatography
399
Journal of Liquid Chromatograpby
399
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society
399
Jovan
Index Terms
Links
K
Kappa phase of molecular model
90
92
98
196
Kellette, John William
78
Kenbrovin, Jaan
78
Kettle saponification
kettle soap boiling
countercurrent/full boil
206
finishing/fitting kettle
212
finishing/fitting kettle (mathematics)
219
fluctuating fat ratios (mathematics)
217
graining/brine addition
209
kettle settling (mathematics)
218
kettle washing
211
loading kettle
207
loading kettle (mathematics)
214
lyeless
207
oil finish
207
semi boiled
207
settling/spent lye removal
210
settling/wash lye removal
212
variations
213
phase diagram theory and
205
secondary water considerations of
213
terrninology/properties of
203
213
Kettle soap boiling

See Kettle saponification
Kimball, Alonso
36
Kirk, J. S.
11
Index Terms
Links
Kirks brands
See J. S. Kirk & Company (Chicago 1859)
Knight, John
22
Krafft temperature
86
125
L
Lamellar liquid crystal phase
119
Lanosan, ingredient label compositions of
175
Latent heat of vaporization, defined
294
Lather evaluation
417
lathering, of syndet bars
449
168
Laundry powder detergents

history
bar soaps
61
Dreft (1933)
63
Fewa (1932))
63
liquid detergents
69
Persil (1907)
61
powder detergents
68
soap powders
61
Tide (1946)
64
unit dosing products
69
66
67
Laundry soap dryers

feed pumps for
276
filtration pumps/filters for
274
heat exchangers for
279
processing steps for
272
276
Laundry tablets
See Unit dosing products
Laundry washing products history of
61
Index Terms
Lava Chemical Resolvent Soap
Links
21
Leglanc, Nicholas
Levenhulme, Lord
22
Lever
10
Lever 2000 (1987))
49
Lever 2000 (2000-2009)
55
174
Lever Brothers Company (1884)
22
73
Lever, William Hesketh
22
Lifebuoy (1887))
31
Lifebuoy (2003-2008)
58
Light and transparency of soap
191
Limit lye concentration (LLC)
247
Liquid crystalline soap
118
Liquid detergents
Lobe pumps
LOreal Cosmetics
Lovibond color scale
15
60
118
69
277
6
448
Lux (1925)
36
Lux (2000)
53
73
Lye. See Spent lye; Washing lye

Lyotropic phases of liquid crystalline soap
118
M
Macro model of soap structure
87
Magazines in marketing/advertising
11
25
29
33
353
362
366
71
Marbleized soaps
351
Marketing
caustic soda and
391
glycerine and
394
35
Index Terms
Links
Marketing (Cont.)
history of soaps/detergents art
28
34
72
coupons
19
76
Ivory stamp club
76
magazines
11
25
29
33
35
33
38
77
71
movie stars
37
premiums
75
product booklets
75
radio and soap operas
72
selling of soap
71
slogans/jingles
See also specific soap brand, i.e. Dial

soap posters
75
soap sculpting
76
television and soap operas
74
trade/trading cards
74
trolly car signs
12
mildness and global trends
181
Palmolive soap and
34
and selling of soap
71
triglyceride fatty matter and

Marseilles, France and soap making
Mascot
Material balances
75
382
3
51
13
294
Mathematics. See Calculations

Maxine Elliott Complexion Soap
Maybelline Company
16
6
Index Terms
Links
Mazzoni
Mazzoni LB direct transfer
(DTS) system
328
343
plodder (MRP)
319
321
Mazzoni LB SCNT system
230
232
Mazzoni LB SCT-SSCT process
243
256
Mazzoni LB multirefining
McElroy, Neil Mosley
38
Melting point defined
450
237
242
451
Metering/dosing and saponification

critical metered streams and
227
metering equipment and
227
raw materials and
224
Miag Double Expansion Drying system
268
Micelles
123
Mildness concept
425
comparisons
180
global marketing trends and
181
red blood cell (RBC) test
178
skin barrier destruction (SBD) test
178
soap chamber test (SCT)
176
syndet bars and
171
syndet bars and the future
186
in vivo/in vitro test
177
Zein test
178
Miles, G.
Millais, John Everett
Minerals and soap production
227
180
181
417
8
89
353
Index Terms
Links
Mixer-kneaders, bar soap finishing and
308
Moisture content, defined
450
Moisture, impurities, and unsaponifiables (MIU)
381
406
Moisturizing soaps
See Antibacterial/ingredient/
deodorant/moisturizing soaps (1994-2009)
Molecular model of soap structure
89
Molecular structure
See Chemistry of soap structures
Molecular weight adjustments of FA blends
442
Mono screw pumps
277
Mottled laundry bar soaps
374
Movie stars, in marketing/advertising
37
Mucha, Alphonse
22
Multicolored/multicomponent
soap production
handcrafted artisan soaps
352
history/general information
349
manufacturing systems/methods
353
mottled laundry soap

manufacturing system
374
recycling methods and
369
solid/liquid systems for
353
solid/solid co-extrusion systems for
362
solid/solid systems for marbleized soaps
359
solid/solid systems for speckled soaps
361
solid/solid systems for striped soaps
362
362
364
solid/solid systems for two-tone soaps
360
362
stamping options
373
types of
351
366
368
Index Terms
Links
Mush
annealing and
102
bar moisture content and
102
defined
98
as delta phase
100
evaluation of
422
formulation implications
108
liquid phase of
99
mush/cracking relationship
93
solid phase of
98
structural implications
103
structure weakness and
98
Musk Oil
N
N. K. Fairbank Company (Chicago 1865)
10
Natural colorants
143
Neat soap
239
Neca (Israel)
183
13
248
251
291
Neutralization
calculations for FA products of
442
equipment
243
reaction
243
defined
247
neat soap and
248
260
Nivea Milk Bar
175
Non-ionic surfactants
154
160
Index Terms
Links
Non-occlusive moisturizers, syndet bars and
172
Noncertifiable colorants
141
Noncertified colorants
142
Nut oils and soap production
85
88
91
144
147
172
110
O
Occlusive agents as additives
Octagon products
Odor
19
381
425
See also Frangrances

Oficial Method and Recommended Practices
of the American Oil Chemists Society
399
Oil bleaching
385
Oil finish (OF) kettle
211
219
21
49
Oil of Olay (1994-2008)

history
174
surfactants and
164
Oils and soap production
84
115
150
See also Soap phase structure/behavior

Oleate:laurate eutectic mixture
85
Omega phase of molecular model
90
One Soap for the Whole Family
16
Operating vacuum (absolute pressure)
300
OTC active ingredients as additives
146
Oxydol
21
P
Palm kernel oil (PKO)
84
224
378
383
Palm oils (PO)
85
378
384
451
Palmolive (1898)
34
451
Index Terms
Links
50
Palmolive Building
18
Parkson Atmospheric Dryer

Pears (1789)
268
7
200
Pears (2004-2008)
history
58
Pears, Andrew
PearsAnnuals
Pears Shilling Cyclopaedia
Peet Brothers
Penetration value
71
450
Perfume and soap production
89
Persil (1907)
61
110
143
pH
calculations for alkalinity/
acidity adjustments
444
cast transparent/translucent bars and
170
soaps after manufacturing and
154
soaps during manufacturing and
153
Phase diagram theory of kettle saponification
205
Physical characteristics
405
color by colorimeter
404
color by Hunter reflectance

measurement
413
color by photometric measurement
404
color evaluation of raw materials
404
color, refined/bleached
404
405
direct bleach test
405
Index Terms
Links
Physical characteristics (Cont.)

FFA content
405
foreign particulate matter
415
insoluble impurities
406
MIU content
406
moisture content
406
405
translucency by Hunter opacity

measurement
415
unsaponifiable matter
407
413
Physical characteristics of soap raw materials

See Raw materials for soap making
Pierce, Charles S.
34
Piggly Wiggly
71
Pink Palace Museum of Arts and Industry (Memphis)
71
Plant automation
290
Plasticizers/binders, syndet bars
169
Plate-and-frame heat exchangers (PAF)
279
Pliny the Elder
Plodders
bar soap finishing
extrusion group
315
Mazzoni LB multirefining plodder (MRP)
319
packaged water chillers
331
refining/pelletizing group
315
322
short-/long-Lc/D-ratio
319
types
314
worms
317
321
Index Terms
Links
Plodding and soap production

crystal orientation during
95
pressure effects during
94
soap structures in plodder
96
Polyalkylene glycol and binding
169
Positive displacement metering system
227
Posters in marketing/advertising
75
Powder detergents, history
68
Premiums in marketing/advertising
75
Presses, bar soap finishing and
326
Pressurized systems and semi-boiled soap

combination (integrated) saponification/
drying plants and
256
compared with atmospheric system
260
high shear mixer/reactor of
255
258
semiconcentrated saponification
systems and
stirred vessel reactor (autoclave) of
256
254
Pride Cleanser
16
Pride Soap
16
Pride Washing Powder
15
Primary base, defined
351
Processing of syndet bars
159
Procter & Gamble Company

Ace Detersivo Marsiglia
Global Handwashing Day and
history
5
33
6
discontinued soaps
60
Oxydols Own Ma Perkins
73
The Songs of the City
74
mildness and
11
183
Index Terms
Links
Procter & Gamble Company (Cont.)

Procter & Gamble Company (1837)
21
Richardson-Vick and
50
surfactants and
164
Procter, Cooper
38
Procter, Harley
26
Procter, William
21
Product booklets in marketing/advertising
75
Production. See Chemistry of soap structures;

Plodding and soap production
Pummo Glycerine Pumice Soap
Pumps
13
287
See also Laundry soap dryers

history
48
Purity/beauty/health soaps (1872-1947)

history
Camay (1926)
38
24
Ivory (1879)
26
Jergens (1893)
30
Jergens (1947-2005)
39
Lifebuoy (1887))
31
Lux (1925)
36
Palmolive (1898)
34
soap campaigns
32
Woodbury (1897)
33
Woodbury (1899)
36
Index Terms
Links
Q
Quick Naphtha Chips
16
R
Rackham, Arthur
25
Radio and soap operas in marketing/advertising
72
Rate of wear (ROW)
421
Raw materials for soap making

caustic soda
characteristics/specifications/analysis
390
markets/prices
391
388
transport/storage/handiing
392
glycerine
characteristics/specifications/analysis
394
markets/prices
394
392
transport/storage/handling
395
physical characteristics
405
color by colorimeter
404
color by Hunter reflectance

measurement
413
color by photometric measurement
404
color evaluation of raw materials
404
color, refine/bleached
404
405
direct bleach test
405
Index Terms
Links
Raw materials for soap making (Cont.)

FFA content
405
foreign particulate matter
415
insoluble impurities
406
MIU content
407
moisture content
406
405
translucency by Hunter opacity

measurement
415
unsaponifiable matter
407
413
triglyceride fatty matter

characteristics/specifications
/analysis
379
as largest constituent
377
market/prices
382
oil bleaching
385
sources/grades/users
378
transport/storage/handling
384
RDC countercurrent extraction column
237
Recycling methods, multicolored/

multicomponent soap production and
Red blood cell (RBC) test for mildness
369
178
Refining/pelletizing group, bar soap

finishing and
Religious influence on cleanliness/soap
Rheological characterization
315
2
430
Richardson-Vick
49
Rider, Ed
26
Roll mills, bar soap finishing and
311
Ross, J.
417
Ross-Miles foam test
417
430
331
Index Terms
Links
S
44
52
Santa Claus
13
Saponification
438
See also Continuous saponification;

Continuous saponification; Kettle saponification;
Semi-boiled soap production
Saponification color of FAs
405
Saponification value (SV)
381
calculation in 80/20 tallow/coconut oil blend
437
451
322
Satina
175
Saturated fatty acids, soap structure and
83
Saunders, Clarence
71
Savon De Marseille
Savona, Italy and soap making
Sculpting in marketing/advertising
401
450
76
Sebamed
175
Secondary base, defined
351
Secondary surfactants as additives
148
SELA drying plants
268
Sela GmbH--KVN Plant
243
Semi-boiled soap production

atmospheric systems
batch process
252
compared with pressurized system
260
continuous process
254
Index Terms
Links
Semi-boiled soap production (Cont.)

semi-continuous process
253
continuous saponification plant use

main components
260
neutralizer route - atmospheric system
261
reactor route - pressurized system
261
crutcher-mixer/reactor step
252
definitions/calculations
264
general information
249
pressurized systems
combination (integrated)
saponification/drying plants
256
compared with atmospheric system
260
high shear mixer/reactor
255
258
semiconcentrated saponification
systems
256
stirred vessel reactor (autoclave)
254
Sensible heat, defined
294
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers
279
Short-/long-L/D-ratio
319
Silver Dust
Single cyclone fines recovery system
13
284
Sinking Ivory promotion
30
SITA Foam Tester R2000
418
Skin barrier destruction (SBD) test

for mildness
178
180
Skin care soaps. See Deodorant/skin

care soaps (1948-1967);
Freshness/deodorant/skin care
soaps (1968-1993)
Index Terms
Slogans/jingles in marketing/advertising
Links
5
33
38
77
See also specjfic soap brand, i.e. Dial
Smith, Thomas
71
Snow Boy Washing Powder
16
Soap Bubbles (Chardin)
78
Soap calculations. See Calculations

Soap chamber test (SCT) for mildness
176
Soap cleansing systems

additive-base interactions in
135
additives
anti-acne compounds
148
anti-irritants
148
antimicrobial compounds
147
143
dermabrasive/exfoliating agents
144
drug components
146
emollients
144
humectants/moisturizers
144
miscellaneous
149
occlusive agents
144
OTC active ingredients
146
secondary surfactants
148
146
146
147
colorants
categories of
139
certified
139
natural
143
noncertifiable
141
noncertified
142
fragrances
143
overview
135
142
Index Terms
Links
Soap drying systems

chill rolls/flakers
268
cooling tower systems
289
definitions/terminology
293
expansion dryers
268
heat transfer rate for
299
hot-air cabinet dryers
267
hot-air spray towers
267
laundry soap dryers feed pumps
276
filtration pumps/filters
274
heat exchangers
279
processing steps
272
material balances
294
296
276
297
operating vacuum (absolute pressure)/

condensate temperature and
300
plant automation
290
soap fines recovery system
283
solid/liquid additive systems
290
steam consumption by
288
and TFM/moisture content of soaps
300
toilet soap dryers
268
vacuum chambers
282
vacuum formation systems pumps
287
steam jet ejectors (boosters)
287
vacuum producing systems

barometric condensers
285
indirect cooling water system (ICS)
286
surface condensers
285
vapor condensation equipment
284
vacuum spray drying
267
vapor-liquid separators
279
Index Terms
Soap fines recovery system
Links
283
Soap finishing. See Bar soap finishing

Soap-less soaps. See Syndet bars
Soap making raw materials
See Raw materials for soap making
Soap operas
74
Soap phase structure/behavior

isotropic soap solution
123
liquid crystalline soap defined
118
lyotropic phases
118
thermotropic phases
118
molecular structure and
115
solid soap and
115
superfatting and
129
131
Soap powders
Soap shapes
61
117
67
326
Soap structure. See also Chemistry of soap

structures; Soap phase structure/behavior
macro performance model
87
molecular performance model
89
Sodium benzotriazolyl sulfonate as additive
149
Sodium butylphenol as additive
148
Sodium chloride, defined
450
Sodium-distilled, topped cocoyl isethionate (STCI)
163
Sodium hydroxide and caustic soda
390
Solid/liquid systems for multicolored/

multicomponent soap production
353
Solid phase micro-extraction

(SPME) fragrance evaluation and
425
Index Terms
Links
Solid soap
115
Solid/solid co-extrusion systems
362
Solid/solid systems for marbleized soaps
359
Solid/solid systems for speckled soaps
361
Solid/solid systems for striped soaps
362
364
Solid/solid systems for two-tone soaps
360
362
Solubility, syndet bars and
170
Solvay, Ernest
Soybean oil
117
362
366
368
4
378
383
Specialty soaps
See Handcrafted artisan/specialty soaps
Specific gravity, defined
293
Specific heat (Cp) defined
294
Specifications for fats/oils/FA

distilled FA blend compositions
453
distilled FAs for soap blends
452
distilled FAs for soaps
452
distilled tallow/vegetable FA blends

compositions
454
FA composition of vegetable oil blends
454
fats/oils compositions
453
451
soap bases superfatted with distilled

soap fatty
454
Speckled soaps
352
361
Spent lye
224
234
237
237
Stamping options, multicolored/

multicomponent soap production
373
Standard bar soap stamping
373
Steam consumption by soap drying systems
288
248
Index Terms
Steam jet ejectors (boosters)
Links
287
Steichen, Edward
33
Storer, Doug
76
Striped soaps
351
Sudsing test
418
Sunbrite Cleanser
16
Sunlight Almanac
23
Sunlight Flakes
36
Sunlight label
23
Sunligbt Year Book
23
Sunny Monday Laundry Soap
13
36
362
364
Superfatting
FFA and
111
soap phase structure/behavior and
129
syndet bars and
171
Surface condensers
285
Surfactants
cleansing/rinsing efficiency and
166
importance of
153
sodium-distilled, topped cocoyl

isethionate (STCI) and
163
syndet bars and
154
160
Swift & Company (Chicago 1892)
11
15
Swift, Gustavus F.
15
Swifts Cleanser
16
Syndet bars
appearance-improving additives
170
cast transparent/translucent bars
170
cleansing bar formulation
159
cleansing/rinsing efficiency and
166
Index Terms
Links
Syndet bars (Cont.)

Dove Beauty Bar design and
176
fillers and
171
foaming/lathering of
168
formulation of
162
173
mildness concept and
176
mildness evaluation methods

comparisons
180
global trends of mild soaps
181
red blood cell (RBC) test
179
skin barrier destruction (SBD) test
178
soap chamber test (SCT)
176
in vivo/in vitro test
177
Zein test
178
mildness formulations in the future
186
180
181
mildness improvers/skin conditionsers/

moisturizers and
171
performance-improving additives
170
plasticizers/binders and
169
processing of
159
raw materials/bases of
165
soap pH and
154
surfactant composition in
161
surfactants
advantage
153
anionic surfactants
155
general information
160
synthesis
156
types of surfactants
154
Index Terms
Links
T
Talcum powder as filler
171
Tallows and soap production

and calculations of SV/titer/IV in 80/20 blend
437
224
fatty matter and
378
soap structure and

specifications of
384
85
451
Television and soap operas

in marketing/advertising
74
Temperature
and batch process of semi-boiled soap production
252
condensate
300
cracking and
108
distilled FA process and
377
451
Krafft temperature
86
macro performance model and
88
molecular performance model and
90
spent lye removal and
237
structure/mush and
103
thermotropic phase and
118
Thermal conductivity (k) defined
294
Thermotropic phase
118
Tide (1946)
Titer
21
112
125
92
64
402
calculation in 80/20 tallow/
coconut oil blend
437
defined
451
451
Index Terms
Toilet soap dryers
Links
268
Tom, Dick, and Harry
13
Tone (1968)
45
Total fatty acid (TFA) defined
247
Total fatty matter (TFM)

calculations for
440
defined
451
and moisture content of toilet soaps
300
percentage of
249
toilet soap dryers and
269
Total fatty matter (TFM) and semi-boiled soap
249
Toxicity ladder
177
Trade/trading cards in marketing/advertising

Trans isomers and FA/soap properties
272
74
402
Transparent/translucenct soaps
Hunter opacity measurement and
415
Transparent/translucent soaps
cast-melt process and
200
history
191
neat soap drying/finishing

intensive mixing/refining
198
vacuum spray drying
195
phases/properties/characterization
methods for
192
structure and development of
131
syndet bars
170
Tributyl citrate as additive
191
149
Triclocarban/triclosan chromotographic
analysis and
412
Index Terms
Links
Triglyceride fatty matter

379
as largest constituent of soap
377
market/prices and
382
oil bleaching and
385
sources/grades/users of
378
384
Triglycerides
soap structure and
Trolly car signs in marketing/advertising
410
83
12
Tubular Drying System
268
Two-tone soaps
352
362
368
U
UNICEF
33
Unilever
33
Unit dosing products
69
See also Metering/dosing

Unsaponified & unsaponifiable matter (U&U)
Unsaturated fatty acids, soap structure and
451
83
U.S. Agency for International Development

(USAID)
33
U.S. Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention
User panels and evaluations
33
426
V
Vacuum chambers for drying systems
282
Vacuum formation systems pumps and
287
steam jet ejectors (boosters) and
287
Index Terms
Links
Vacuum producing systems

barometric condensers and
285
indirect cooling water system

(ICS) and
286
surface condensers and
285
vapor condensation equipment and
284
Vacuum spray drying

Vanity Fair Beauty Soap
267
16
Vapor condensation equipment
284
Vapor-liquid separator (VLS)
269
Vapor-liquid separators
279
Vapor pressure, defined
293
Vel (1948-2008)
281
41
VEL, ingredient label compositions of
173
Viscosity, defined
293
VVF Limited
279
22
W
Wahl Brothers Glue Works
Wash mildness tests
22
178
Washing
Washing lye
247
247
237
general information
225
239
237
233
239
soap grain
233
232
234
235
Index Terms
Links
Washing lye (Cont.)

233
237
Wigners model
235
and half spent lye removal
237
250
Washing ratio
Water and Sanitation Program
248
33
Water and soap production

hard/salt water
soap structure and
water penetration and
153
91
101
Water content of soap

hard/salt water and lathering
168
soap-to-water ratio
109
Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative

Council
33
Wella Company
Wesley, John
Western Soap Company
22
Wet bar feel
424
Wet cracking
422
Wheatley, Francis
Whitefield, George
Wigners model, continuous saponification and
235
William Waltke company
21
Woodbury (1897)
33
Woodbury (1899)
36
Woodbury, John H.
33
Wool Soap Chips Borated
16
36
Index Terms
Links
Woolworth, Frank
26
World Bank
33
Worms, bar soap finishing and

Wrigley, William, Jr.
317
11
X
X-ray pattern of soap
127
Y
Yardley (1770)
Yardley, William
You Dirty Boy (Focardi)
Z
Zein test for mildness
178
181
Zest (1952-2008)
history
42
174
surfactants and
164
Zeta phase of molecular model
91
99
196

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INDEX

Acid value (AV)

Acne deterrents as additives

CTFA Cosmetic Handbook

OTC active ingredients

syndet bars and

See also Marketing

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Alkali-free cleansing bars. See Syndet bars

AlphabetPretty pictures and truism about

Amalgamator with open-arm sigma blades, bar

American Family brand

See also Surfactants

See also Surhctants

Anti-acne compounds as additives

Ivory Moisture Care (1997)

Lever 2000 (2000-2009)

Oil of Olay (1994-2008)

Palmolive Bars (1999-2008)

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Antimicrobial compounds as additives

AOCS Official Test Methods

APHA color scale

Armour & Company (1867)

Armour Soap Works

Arrow Borax Soap

Ash and glycerine

Atlantic and Pacific (1969)

Atmospheric systems and semi-boiled soap

compared with pressurized system

Autoclaves and semi-boiled soap

Bar soap finishing

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Bar soap finishing (Cont.)

Mazzoni LB direct transfer (DTS) system

finishing line types/selection

double-arm mixers with sigma blades

mottled laundry soap manufacturing system

ACMA 7250/7350 soap wrappers

ACMA 770 soap cartoner with

ACMA 771 TH-non-contact soap

ACMA TH-non-contact soap

CAM soap caroner infeed/transfer systems

carton blank terminology

Doboy IL3 three belt contact feeder

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

Bar soap finishing (Cont.)

Guerze 1000HS horizontal flow

packaged water chillers

SAS Transavon Duplex Vacuum Plodder

processing steps for

temperature control units

Bathing as religious/cleanliness activity

This page has been reformatted by Knovel to provide easier navigation.

BHT chromotographic analysis and

Binacchi CHBS process

Binacchi CSFA process

Binacchi direct product transfer (DPT) system

Binacchi SDE dryer system

Binders, syndet bars and

B.J. Johnson Soap Company

Boiling. See Kettle saponification

Buerger nomenclature for solid