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თანამედროვე ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია PDF
თანამედროვე ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია PDF
Tbilisi
2011
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giorgi gogolaSvili
avTandil arabuli
murman suxiSvili
mariam manjgalaZe
nino WumburiZe
nino jorbenaZe
asistenti rusudan landia
avTandil arabuli
nawili I.
I. 1. morfologiis sagani. gramatika enaTmecnierebis dargia, romelic Seiswavlis enis agebulebas. igi ori nawilisagan
Sedgeba. morfologia aris nawili gramatikisa.
gramatikis nawilia agreTve sintaqsi. morfologia swavlobs sityvas, sityvis agebulebas, sityvis formacvalebas. sintaqsi Seiswavlis sityvaTa urTierTmimarTebas. gramatikis dayofa morfologiad da sintaqsad zogjer pirobiT xasiaTs iZens:
morfologiuri sakiTxebis garkveva sintaqsuri urTierTobebis
gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ar moxerxdeba iseve, rogorc sintaqsuri
problemebis garkveva _ morfologiis sakiTxebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. amitomac zogjer enaTmecnierebi saubroben morfosintaqsis sakiTxebze, morfosintaqsur kategoriebze.
sxvagvari ganmartebiT, morfologia aris enaTmecnierebis
dargi, romelic Seiswavlis enobriv formas missave dinamikaSi;
sityvis formas da am formis cvlilebis kanonzomierebebs; sityvis struqturas da am struqturis Semadgenel elementebs.
Cveulebrivi gagebiT, morfologiis Seswavlis sagania sityvis yovelgvari cvla: amgvari gagebiT sityvawarmoebac isevea
morfologiis sagani, rogorc formawarmoeba.
I. 2. sistema da struqtura. paradigmatika da sintagmatika.
sistema da qvesistema. ena sistemaa. es niSnavs: ena aris enobrivi niSnebis, enobrivi erTeulebis mowesrigebuli simravle; erToblioba im mimarTulebisa da kavSirebisa, romlebic aris enobriv elementebs Soris. es niSnavs, rom enaSi yvelaferi aris
urTierTSepirobebuli da urTierTgansazRvruli.
Sesabamisad, nebismieri enobrivi faqti Tu movlena, yoveli
elementi enobrivi sistemis wevria; is ar SeiZleba sistemis gareT idges; yvela maTgans aqvs Tavisi adgili da funqcia sistemaSi. amitomac enobrivi gamonaklisi (`sistemidan amovardnili
faqti~) mxolod pirobiTi cnebaa: gamonaklisi arsebobs ara eno-
brivi sistemis doneze, Cveni codnis doneze; enobrivi faqti gamonaklisad rCeba manam, sanam misi adgili moiZebneba sistemaSi.
`gamonaklisi aris gaWirvebis axsna~ (v. Tofuria). x-ar, x-val
formebi piris niSanTa sistemis TvalsazrisiT gamonaklisad iTvleboda manam, sanam gairkveoda `xanmetobis~ saidumlo. rogorc
Cans, x-ar, x-val Zveli sistemis kanonzomieri wevrebi iyo; am sistemaSi igi naSTia Zveli sistemisa. ram Seuwyo xeli am formaTa
SenarCunebas, rogor aRmoCndnen isini axal sistemaSi, _ es kiTxva pasuxgasacemia; arada, es orive forma rogorc Zveli, ise
axali qarTulisaTvis kanonzomieri formebia...
sistemis wevri romelime enobrivi erTeulis (enobrivi faqtis) cvla iwvevs am sistemis sxva elementTa Sesabamis cvlas.
anu, sistemis romelime elementis cvlilebis Sedegad sistema ar
irRveva; sistemis calkeul elementTa cvla xdeba, magram Sesabamisoba, sistemis erTianoba daculia.
sistemis wevrebi (enobrivi erTeulebi) qmnian Tavisebur
struqturas, agebulebas. `aseTi struqtura SegviZlia amovicnoT misi raRac nawilis mixedviT iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, SegviZlia avagoT samkuTxedi, Tu mocemulia misi erTi gverdi da
ori kuTxe (isini samkuTxedis danarCen elementebs erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven)~ (T. gamyreliZe).
enobrivi erTeulis mimarTeba sistemis wevr sxva erTeulebTan SeiZleba iyos sintagmaturi da paradigmatuli:
`sintagmatur mimarTebas erTeuli amyarebs mimdevrobaSi
winamaval an momdevno erTeulebTan;
paradigmatuli mimarTeba gvaqvs, rodesac mocemuli erTeuli raRac TvalsazrisiT upirispirdeba sxva erTeulebs sistemaSi (da ara mimdevrobaSi). zogadad, Tu sistemaSi gvaqvs raRac
[aktu], [agtu], [antu] gamosaxulebebi, maSin [k] elementi sistemur
mimarTebaSia a, t, u elementebTan da paradigmatul mimarTebaSi _
[g], [n] elementebTan, romlebic imave garemocvaSi (poziciaSi)
gvxvdeba~ (T. gamyreliZe).
swored paradigmatul mimarTebaTa arseboba ganapirobebs
imas, rom enobriv erTeulTa simravle aris ara ubralo simravle, aramed _ sistema. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, enobrivi sistema
aris paradigmatuli monacemebis erToblioba. enobrivi struqtura ki aris sintagmaturi monacemebis erToblioba.
struqturis Semadgeneli elementebi formobrivad urTierTSepirobebulia. magaliTad, struqturaSi _ tyem moisxa foToli _ TiToeuli elementis forma sxva elementebis mixedviT
aris gansazRvruli; romelime maTganis formis cvla struqturas daarRvevs (SeuZlebelia am struqturaSi formaTa _ tye,
tyes, tyis... _ Canacvleba...).
magram am struqturis erTi elementi SeiZleba CavanacvloT
imave formis sxva elementiT ise, rom struqturis wevrTa Soris formaluri mimarTeba ar dairRves:
tyem moisxa foToli.
xem moisxa foToli.
xem moisxa nayofi.
e. i. struqturas qmnis formaTa garkveuli mimarTebani. Tu
es formobrivi mimarTebebi ar Seicvala, Semadgenel elementTa
cvla struqturas ar daarRvevs; yvela varianti struqturulad
identuria. struqturis elementebs aqvT TavianTi ganawilebis
wesebi. `faqtobrivad struqtura warmoadgens garkveul adgilTa mimarTebas da es adgilebi molaparakes survilisamebr SeuZlia Seavsos sxvadasxva konkretuli erTeuliT. mocemuli sasruli raodenobis struqturebiT SegviZlia SevadginoT winadadebaTa usasrulo raodenoba~ (T. gamyreliZe).
sistema da qvesistema. ena erTiani sistemaa. am erTiani
sistemis yoveli calkeuli nawili, romelic TavisTavad, aseve
sistemuri agebulebisaa, SeiZleba moviazroT, rogorc am enobrivi sistemis qvesistema.
roca vsaubrobT qarTuli enis sistemaze, misi TiToeuli
ubani, vTqvaT zmna, saxeli, qmnis qvesistemas, Tumca zogjer saubroben zmnis sistemaze, saxelis sistemaze.
aseve: roca saubroben enisa da dialeqtis urTierTmimarTebaze, dialeqts ganixilaven erTiani enobrivi sistemis nairsaxeobad _ qvesistemad.
aseve: ramdenadac qarTuli ena aris erTiani sistema, misi
istoriuli nairsaxeobani _ Zveli qarTuli, saSuali qarTuli,
axali qarTuli _ moiazreba qvesistemebad.
Tumca zogjer terminebi _ sistema, qvesistema _ pirobiT xasiaTs iZens. ramdenadac sistema moiazreba erTmaneTTan mizez-Sedegobrivad SekavSirebul erTeulTa erTobad, zmnaze saubrisas
msjeloben zmnis sistemaze, saxelze msjelobisas _ saxelis sistemaze. Sesabamisad, am `sistemis~ nawili gaiazreba qvesistemad;
mag., piris niSanTa qvesistema. Tumca, roca msjelobisas sagania
piris niSnebi da ara mTlianad zmna, saubroben `piris niSanTa
sistemaze~, `subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa sistemaze~ da a. S.
rogorc Cans, morfologiuri analizisas am pirobiTobas
ver avcdebiT. am SemTxvevaSi sistemiT saxeldeba enobrivi elementebisa gulisxmobs, rom ganxilvis sagania sistemurad SekavSirebuli enobrivi erTeulebi sxva rigis elementTa gauTvaliswineblad; qvesistemad saxeldeba elementTa erTobisa xdeba maSin,
roca es erToba ganixileba sxva rigis enobrivi faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
sxva magaliTi: megruli aris qvesistema (nairsaxeoba) zanuri enobrivi sistemisa, magram i. yifSiZis monografiaSi (`megruli enis gramatika~) igi sistemad moiazreba, radgan ar xdeba am
sistemis warmodgenisas gaTvaliswineba sxva qvesistemisa (am SemTxvevaSi Wanurisa). arn. Ciqobavas monografiaSi (`Wanuris gramatikuli analizi~) Wanuri ganixileba rogorc qvesistema (nairsaxeoba) erTiani enobrivi sistemisa _ zanurisa, ramdenadac
xdeba am sistemis sxva qvesistemis (megrulis) gaTvaliswinebac.
I. 3. morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi. morfologiis erTerTi ZiriTadi cneba aris sityva, romelic aucileblad aris
warmodgenili raime formiT.
sityva aris leqsikuri mniSvnelobis mqone umciresi enobrivi erTeuli. enobriv movlenaTa ierarqiaSi sityvaze mcire erTeuli aris morfema, ufro msxvili erTeuli _ winadadeba. sityva Sedgeba morfemebisagan; Tavis mxriv, sityva Sedis winadadebis SemadgenlobaSi.
sityva SeiZleba daiSalos Semadgenel morfemebad.
morfema aris gramatikis ZiriTadi erTeuli, romelic morfologiur doneze ar daiyofa _ is umciresi morfologiuri
elementia.
formalur struqturaSi garCeulia gramatikuli da leqsikuri (Zireuli) morfemebi. gramatikulia morfema, romelic gamoxatavs srulmniSvnelobian sityvebs Soris mimarTebebs, gramatikul kategoriebs, an awarmoebs axal sityvebs. gramatikuli
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qarT.: Sev-der-k...). zmnuri sistemisaTvis yvela es varianti (gulian-, didkac-, drek-) martivad gaiazreba, ramdenadac zmnis
sruli paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo sayrdeni monacemia.
zmnisaTvis _ rTulia yvela is varianti fuZisa, romlis
martivi fuZec garTulebulia zmnuri sityva- Tu formawarmoebiTi elementiT xat-av-s, xat-av-d-e-s, da-u-xat-av-s...
zmnis fuZec SeiZleba iyos sruli da arasruli.
srulia _ mo-v-kal, gav-Wer, dav-wer-e, arasrulia _ mokl-a, ga-Wr-a, da-wer-a ( da-wer-e-a)
fuZis im nairsaxeobas, romelic sayrdenia I an II seriis
formaTaTvis, Tema hqvia (terminic da cnebac a. SaniZes ekuTvnis); zmnas aqvs I seriis Tema (a-keT-eb-s, drek-s...) da II seriis
Tema (a-keT-a, mo-drik-a...). Tu I seriis fuZe (e. i. Tema) gansxvavebulia II seriis fuZisagan (Temisagan), aseT zmnebs orTemianebs
vuwodebT. warmodgenili orive zmna orTemiania; erT SemTxvevaSi
erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rTuli da martivi Tema (keT-eb _
keT), meore SemTxvevaSi _ sxvadasxva gaxmovanebis fuZeebi (drek
_ drik); aris erTTemiani zmnebic _ roca orive seriaSi erTgvari Tema gvaqvs (wer...). (Temis sakiTxi specifikuria III seriaSi. amis Taobaze qvemoT visaubrebT).
erTi mwkrivis formaTaTvis sayrden fuZes mwkrivis fuZes
uwodeben; mwkrivis fuZea keTdebode-s (I kavSirebiTisaTvis) an
xat-o-s (II kavSirebiTisTvis)...
gramatikul literaturaSi gamoiyeneba cneba Zirisa. `Ziri
ar ganekuTvneba enis realuri funqcionirebis sferos; e. i. Ziri
uSualod ar funqcionirebs enaSi da funqcionirebas iwyebs
mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi fuZis SemadgenlobaSi Seva. enisaTvis moqmedi (`cocxali~) elementi fuZea da ara Ziri. Ziri abstrahirebuli cnebaa, im rigis wminda monacemia, romelic mxolod `laboratoriuli wesiT~ miiReba~ (b. jorbenaZe). amgvari
gaazrebiT zustad ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros Ziris raoba: igi
zogjer emTxveva fuZes, sxvadasxva gagebiT warmodgenils (mag.:
keT, wer...), zogjer mxolod `istoriuli monacemia, Teoriulad dasaSvebi SesaZlebloba da ara Tanamedrove enis faqti. ase
magaliTad, a-naT-eb-s formaSi Zirad ivaraudeba -T-, xolo naZirs mixorcebuli prefiqsia. es -T- ki arc klasikur da arc Tanamedrove qarTulSi araviTar urTierTmimarTebaSi ar Sedis da,
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b) meore jgufSi SeiZleba gaerTiandnen morfemebi, romlebic cvlian sityvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas. es iqneba saxelisaTvis brunvisa da ricxvis niSnebi: kac-i, kac-ma, kac-s... kac-eb-i,
kac-n-i...
zmnisaTvis _ piris niSnebi, ricxvis niSnebi, mwkrivis niSnebi... mag.: v-wer, wer-s, wer-en... v-wer-e v-wer-o...
g) mesame jgufSi Seva morfemebi, romlebic cvlian sityvis
leqsikur mniSvnelobas:
kac-ur-i
kac-i
sa-kac-e
kac-oba
zmnisaTvis es jgufi gacilebiT rTuli iqneba: aq Semova
qcevis, gvaris, kontaqtis... niSnebi: a-keTebs, i-keTebs... akeTeb-inebs... keT-d-eba... (Tumca am afiqsTa funqciebis Sesaxeb arsebobs
gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi).
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I. 8. sityvis daSla. sityvis analizis mizniT SeiZleba sityva davSaloT. yovelgvar analizs aqvs Tavisi mizani _ risi
dadgena gvsurs, risTvis vaxdenT daSlas.
sityvis daSlisas unda gamoiyos fuZe da mawarmoebeli morfemebi. ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, analizis dros vsaubrobT im fuZeze, ra saxis analizsac vaxdenT.
Tu vsaubrobT ama Tu im mwkrivis formaTa Sesaxeb, fuZed miviCnevT am mwkrivisaTvis sayrden fuZes: v-a-keT-eb-d-e; am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyofa fuZe keTebd da formanti -e. zmnuri formis
mdgomareobs analizisas gamoiyofa fuZe mdgomare da morfemebi
-ob da -s. TavisTavad mdgomare rTuli Sedgenilobis monacemia,
magram analizis am konkretuli miznisaTvis igi erTi morfologiuri odenobaa, iseve rogorc kac formisaTvis _ kac-ob-s. Sesabamisad, Tu Cven vsaubrobT mdgomare mimReobis Sesaxeb, am SemTxvevaSi sawarmoebeli (sayrdeni) fuZe iqneba dgom, m-are mawarmoebeli afiqsebi; masdaris analizis SemTxvevaSi daiSleba
dgoma formac _ dg-om-a.
viTvaliswinebT imas, rom morfologia swavlobs formis
cvlilebas. formobrivi cvlilebis Sedegad, rogorc viciT, icvleba sityvis an gramatikuli, an leqsikuri mniSvneloba. swored es gansazRvravs morfologiuri analizis mizans. magaliTad:
saanalizo formaa cxenosani. Tu Cveni mizania gramatikuli mniSvnelobis cvlilebis gamorkveva, am SemTxvevaSi fuZed gamoiyofa
cxenosan, mawarmoebelia -i. am SemTxvevaSi igi Seudardeba brunvaTa sxva formebs (cxenosan-ma, cxenosan-s...). Tu analizis mizania leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlilebis Seswavla, igive forma
ase daiSleba: cxen-osan-i da Seudardeba cxen fuZisagan warmoqmnil sxva sityvebs: cxen-ian-i, u-cxen-o...
I. 9. morfemaTa relacia. yovel morfemas Tavisi statusi
aqvs. morfemaTa statusis dadgena sxva morfemebTan mimarTebis
mixedviT xdeba. erTsa da imave formaSi erTsa da imave elements
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva statusi hqondes imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
paradigmis wevria. magaliTad: formaSi Sind-is -is formantis
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funqcia formawarmoebiTia (brunvis niSania), roca igi paradigmaSi miemarTeba (da enacvleba) brunvis niSnebs _ -i, -ma, -s...
Sind-i
Sind-ma
Sind-s
Sind-is
-is morfemis funqcia sityvawarmoebiTia, roca igi miemarTeba sityvawarmoebiT -el, -ur morfemebs:
Sind-is-i
Sid-el-i (// Sind-is-el-i)
Sind-ur-i (// Sind-is-ur-i)
semantikuri analizis dros SesaZlebelia visaubroT morfemaTa semantikur relaciaze, magaliTad:
mqonebloba _ uqonloba
wign-ian-i _ uwign-o: sagnobrivi, fizikuri mniSvneloba.
wign-ier-i _ uwign-ur-i: Tvisobrivi, Sinagani mniSvneloba.
I. 10. fuZis Senebis (agebis) ori principi. vTqviT, fuZe
(formobrivadac da funqciuradac) unda ganimartos im urTierTmimarTebaTa mixedviT, romlebsac igi amyarebs struqturis Semadgenel sxva elementebTan. aqedan gamomdinare, unda dadgindes
is urTierTmimarTebani, romlebic fuZis statuss qmnian.
ramdenadac fuZe permanentulad cvladi monacemia, Cveulebrivi movlenaa erTi romelime fuZisagan axali fuZis warmoqmna. erTi da imave martivi fuZisagan (am SemTxvevaSi Zirisagan)
SeiZleba vawarmooT mravali fuZe:
a-keT-a _ a-keT-eb-s _ ga-keT-eb-ul-i _ sa-keT-eb-el-i da
sxva...
imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria urTierTmimarTeba erTi da
imave martivi fuZisagan warmoebuli fuZeebisa mizez-Sedegobrivi
TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba visaubroT fuZeTa warmoebis or principze:
1) SesaZlebelia, erTi fuZe iyos amosavali (sayrdeni) meorisaTvis, meore _ mesamisaTvis da a. S. anu: erTi fuZe srulad
ganmeordes meore fuZeSi, meore _ mesameSi da a. S.:
a-keT-a a-keT-eb-s a-keT-eb-d-a
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I. 12. gramatikuli mniSvneloba da leqsikuri mniSvneloba. sityva icvleba orgvarad: leqsikuri mniSvnelobiT da gramatikuli mniSvnelobiT.
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis SemTxvevaSi icvleba sagnobrivi mimarTeba:
kac-i da sa-kac-e ori sxvadasxva sagania; anda: kac-ur-i _
Tviseba aRiniSneba... bar-i _ bar-av-s _ ori sxvadasxva movlenaa.
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis cvlis dros xdeba sityvawarmoeba.
gramatikuli mniSvnelobis cvlis dros icvleba enobriv
monacemTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba; sagnobrivi mimarTeba ucvleli rCeba:
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
(xatavs),
(daxata),
(dauxatavs)...
v-xatav
xatav
xatav-s
(me mas),
(Sen mas),
(is mas)...
anda:
moqmedebiTi
vnebiTi
v-a-Tb-ob
v-a-Tb-ob-d-i
v-a-Tb-ob-d-e
(ga)-v-a-Tb-e
(ga)-v-a-Tb-o
(ga)-m-i-Tb-ia
(ga)-m-e-Tb-o
(ga)-m-e-Tb-o-s
v-Tb-eb-i
v-Tb-eb-od-i
v-Tb-eb-od-e
ga-v-Tb-i
ga-v-Tb-e
ga-v-mTbar-var
ga-v-mTbar-iyavi
ga-v-mTbar-iyo
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kargad
monaberi _ gamosvliToba
sarkmliT
damSvenebuli _ Wurviloba
rom mosuliyo dawerda _ pirobiToba...
adgeboda, dawerda _ xolmeobiToba...
e) aRweriTad, modaluri elementebis gamoyenebiT:
unda gavakeTo _ valdebuleba;
gauqmebul iqna _ gauqmda...
v) fonologiurad (morfonologiuri saSualebiT) _ fuZis
gaxmovanebis cvliT:
v-drek _ v-drik-e,
v-Tl-i _ v-Tal-e...
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`klasifikacia gulisxmobs imas, Tu ramdenad qmnian gamoyofili morfemebi dapirispirebaTa Sinagan sistemas, rogoria maTi
paradigmatuli urTierTmimarTebani~ (T. gamyreliZe).
qarTuli ZiriTadad aglutinaciuri tipis enaa. amitomac,
upiratesad, gramatikuli mniSvnelobis gamoxatva aglutinaciurad xdeba: erT morfemas erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba Seesabameba, anda erTi gramatikuli mniSvneloba formaSi Sesabamisad
erTi morfemiT gadmoicema:
kac-eb-i _ ricxvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas -eb formanti
gadmoscems, brunvis gramatikul mniSvnelobas _ -i formanti.
v-wer-T piris gramatikuli mniSvneloba v- prefiqsiT gadmoicema, ricxvis gramatikuli mniSvneloba _ -T sufiqsiT.
Tumca qarTulSi araa iSviaTi gramatikuli mniSvnelobis
gadmocema fleqsiurad, roca erTi formanti ramdenime gramatikul mniSvnelobas iTavsebs:
kac-T(a) _ T(a) formanti gamoxatavs rogorc mravlobiT
ricxvs, ise _ irib brunvas;
wer-en _ -en sufiqsi mianiSnebs rogorc subieqtur mesame
pirze, ise subieqtis ricxvze (mravlobiTi).
I. 15. paradigma. formaTa simravle SeiZleba dajgufdes da
dalagdes sxvadasxva principiT gansazRvruli wesiT. swored gansazRvruli wesiT dalagebul formaTa simravle qmnis paradigmas.
paradigma SeiZleba iyos semantikuri da gramatikuli. erTi da imave semantikis mqone sxvadasxva fuZis mqone sityvaTa garkveuli wesiT SekavSireba-dalageba qmnis semantikur paradigmas.
ambobs _ ityvis _ Tqva
aris _ iqneba _ iyo
gramatikuli aris paradigma, romelic erTi da imave
Zireuli morfemebisagan sxvadasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT
warmoebul formaTa simravles qmnis:
wers _ werda _ werdes...
kaci _ kacma _ kacs...
gramatikulad rTuli forma SeiZleba iyos miRebuli derivaciiT (anu warmoqmniT) da fleqsiiT (anu mimoxriT). Sesaba-
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as Tavis mizezi aqvs. am SemTxvevaSi dispoziciis mizezi nairgvari sayrdeni fuZis mqoneblobaa: Sen-d-eb-a formisTvis amosavalia wyvetilis fuZe: a-Sen-d-a Sen-d-eb-a. bunebrivia, -eb moeqceoda -d elementis Semdeg. meore SemTxvevaSi sayrdenia awmyos fuZe: a-Sen-eb-s a-Sen-eb-da.
I. 19. dizunqciis principi gulisxmobs SemTxvevebs, roca
erTi da igive morfema ixamebs xan erT, xan meore morfemas, magram urTierTSenacvlebis gareSe. magaliTad, -av TemisniSniani
zmna Sedegobis mniSvnelobis gamomxatvel mimReobas ikeTebs xan
-il, xan -ul morfemiT: mal-av-s da-mal-ul-i, magram: nayav-s da-nay-il-i; dauSvebelia da-mal-il-i, ar gvxvdeba danay-ul-i. amgvar ganawilebas Tavisi istoriuli mizezi aqvs: is
-av TemisniSniani zmnebi, romlebic mimReobas -il morfemiT
iwarmoeben, istoriulad uTemisniSnoni iyvnen: nay-s, xoc-s,
rek-s... amrigad, am SemTxvevaSi istorias eweva angariSi, sinqroniulad ki dizunqciis principis moqmedebaze SegviZlia laparaki.
SeniSvna: aq saliteraturo enis monacemebzea saubari. dialeqtur nairsaxeobebs Tavisi mizezi da axsna
aqvs.
zemoxsenebuli principebi SesaZloa kombinaciuradac moqmedebdnen. magaliTad, ga-R-eb-ul-i _ -eb Temis niSani flagitaciis prinicipis Sesabamisad ixamebs -ul morfemas, magram TviT
-ul ki ukve dizunqciurad exameba ara mxolod -eb, aramed, -av,
-am da -em Temis niSnebsac.
I. 20. konfiqsi TavsarT-bolosarTis (prefiqsisa da sufiqsis) erTdrouli gamoyenebaa erTi konkretuli mniSvnelobis gamosaxatavad. m-Seneb-el-i, m-dum-are, si-Tb-o, si-xar-ul-i, sa-Coxe, sa-jar-o... _ konfiqsebiT (m-el, m-ar, si-o, si-ul, sa-e, sa-o...)
nawarmoeb formebad miiCneva. formaTa martivi Sepirispireba naTels xdis, rom konfiqsur warmoebas sul sxvagvari kvalifikacia SeiZleba mieces.
Sdr., magaliTad:
27
a-m-Seneb-el-i
a-sa-Seneb-el-i
a-u-Seneb-el-i
am formebisaTvis saerTo mawarmoebelia -el; samive mimReobaa, nazmnari zedsarTavi, atributivi.
imave formebs ganasxvavebs sami sxvadasxva prefiqsis mqonebloba (m-, sa- da u-).
bunebrivia, davaskvnaT:
a) saerTo mniSvnelobas gamoxatavs saerTo elementi _ sufiqsi -el.
b) gansxvavebul mniSvnelobebs gamoxataven gansxvavebuli
elementebi m-, sa- da u-.
anu: -el awarmoebs mimReobis (nazmnari zedsarTavis) fuZes.
igive -el gvaqvs arqaul `mimGeobebSi~ vrc-el-i, Tx-el-i, grZel-i... formebSi. m-, sa da u formantebs sxva, damatebiTi mniSvneloba SeaqvT imave fuZeSi; kerZod, m- gamoxatavs moqmeds, sa_ daniSnulebas, u- _ uaryofas.
analogiurad daismis sakiTxi sxva konfiqsebis mimarTac...
I. 21. morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis sakiTxisaTvis. morfema, rogorc wesi, garkveul semantikur informacias gamoxatavs. qarTulSi, rogorc aglutinaciuri tipis enaSi,
umetesad advilad xerxdeba morfemaTa gamoyofac da maTi mniSvnelobebis dadgenac.
v-mal-av-T: v- I subieqturi piris morfemaa, -T _ imave piris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli, mal- fuZiseuli morfemaa, -av
_ Temis niSani (I seriis fuZis mawarmoebeli).
asea mravlisagan mraval SemTxvevaSi.
SevudaroT axla erTmaneTs ori forma:
i-xrC-ob-a _ i-xrC-v-eb-a
-v fuZiseuli elementia.
naTelia, rom -ob aq utoldeba ara -eb morfemas, aramed
-v-eb kompleqss, romelSic -v amosavali fuZis kuTvnilebaa, anu:
-ob `difuzurad~ gamoxatavs im semantikas, romlis gamoxatvac
sxva SemTxvevaSi -v-eb kompleqss akisria.
amave rigisaa -o i-y-o formaSi *i-yav-a.
28
29
30
vlebi, Tb., 1953, gv. 7-30). cxadia, aq igulisxmeba mxolod fonetikuri sistema qarTuli enisa da ZiriTadi fonetikuri procesebi; Tumca aqvea miTiTeba, rom fonetika da gramatika sxvadasxva dargia enaTmecnierebisa (gv. 1).
sityvaSi fonetikuri cvlilebebis mosaxdenad aucilebelia
Sesabamisi garemo _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoris
mqonebloba. cxadia, amaTgan erT-erTi faqtoris arseboba ar iqneba sakmarisi fonetikuri cvlilebebisaTvis, magram fonetikuri
cvlileba SeiZleba ar moxdes maSinac, roca es orive piroba arsebobs _ pozicia da cvlilebis momxdeni faqtoric; amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos is, rom fonetikurma cvlilebam morfologias
gauwios angariSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fonetikuri procesi
morfologiurad unda iyos nebadarTuli, ar unda iyos morfologiurad akrZaluli.
ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi: fuZeTa erTi nawili zmnis
sistemaSi dasturdeba sxvadasxva gaxmovanebiT: s-dev-s / s-di(v)-a,
Tvlem-s / Ca-Tvlim-a, i-lxen-s / moi-lxin-a. isini ganixileba erTimeoris fonetikur variantebad: i xmovniani fuZe aris reducirebuli variantebi e-xmovniani fuZisa. roca gvaqvs i- xmovniani varianti, aucileblad gveqneba e > i fonetikuri procesis
gamomwvevi momdevno xmovani (cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori). wesi
piruku ar moqmedebs. SeiZleba fuZes daerTodes xmovani (cvlilebis momxdeni faqtori), magram e gaxmovanebiT iyos warmodgenili: m-dev-ar-i, m-Tvlem-are, mo-lxen-a... am da msgavs magaliTebSi fuZiseuli xmovnis sareduqcio poziciac aris da mareducirebeli faqtoric, ra xdeba? saqmeSi morfologia Caeria: e/i
xmovanTa dapirispirebis morfologizacia moxda.
zmnaTa ZiriTad nawilSi I da II seriis fuZeTa dapirispirebisaTvis Temis niSani aris gamoyenebuli. amave morfologiuri
daniSnulebiT enam am tipis zmnebSi e/ i xmovanmonacvleoba gamoiyena. e-xmovniani fuZe I seriis kuTvnilebad iqca, i-xmovniani _
II seriisa (xmovanTa dapirispirebam itvirTa is funqcia, rac aqvs
Temis niSans rTul da martiv TemaTa dapirispirebisas); amis
gamo fonetikuri cvlileba aikrZala I seriaSi (Sdr.: s-dev-en,
Tvlem-en, i-lxen-en...). es morfologiuri statusi SenarCunebulia nazmnar saxelebSic: rogorc cnobilia, nazmnari saxelebis
sayrdeni awmyos fuZea.
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32
mxolod materialuri igiveoba ar aris sakmarisi morfemaTa identurobis dasadgenad. magaliTad: a-keT-eb-s da gaa-keTeb-ina _ materialurad da geneturad erTi da igive odenoba eb ver CaiTvleba morfologiurad identurad, ramdenadac
pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi Temis niSania (mxolod I seriis formebSi
gvaqvs), meore SemTxvevaSi ki igi fuZis gamounawevrebeli elementia srul paradigmaSi:
awmyo:
a-keT-eb-s
a-keT-eb-in-eb-s
wyvetili: a-keT-a
a-keT-eb-in-a
akeT-eb-in-eb-s formis meore -eb elementi aris akeT-eb-s
formis -eb elementis identuri formobrivadac da funqciuradac.
aseve -av elementi cur-av-s da i-cur-av-a formebSi. pirveli cur-av-s _ icura paradigmis wevria, meore _ cur-a{v}-ob-s
_ icur-av-a paradigmisa.
masalobrivi da funqciuri igiveoba -i elementisa wyvetilis formebSi mov-kal-i da gavSr-i ar aris sakmarisi maTi morfologiuri identurobis samtkiceblad _ gansxvavebulia maTi
qmedebis unari: I SemTxvevaSi -i-s ar Seswevs Zala fuZiseuli
xmovnis reduqciisa (Tumca a reducirebadi xmovania: mo-kl-a),
meore SemTxvevaSi fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqciis mizezi (Sr
Ser) -i elementi Cans.
aseve ar SeiZleba visaubroT -e elementis identurobaze
wyvetilis iseT formebSi, rogorebicaa v-wer-e da va-q-e; erT
SemTxvevaSi paradigmaSi e S3 piris niSans -a-s Seixamebs, meore
SemTxvevaSi _ -o-s; rogorc irkveva, am gansxvavebis safuZveli
maTi geneturi sxvaobaa: erT SemTxvevaSi -e TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli sufiqsia (v-wer-e), meore SemTxvevaSi _ -ev sufiqsidan
momdinare (va-q-e < *va-q-ev). Cven Tvisoba ganvsazRvreT, rogorc
morfemiseuli xmovnis fonetikuri cvlis unari. am ori magaliTis mixedviT _ Tvl-em-s da sc-em-s _ ver visaubrebT -em elementis identurobaze, radganac erT SemTxvevaSi e xmovani monacvleobs i-sTan (Tvl-em-s _ CaTvl-im-a), meore SemTxvevaSi igi
imave viTarebaSi cvlilebas ar ganicdis (sc-em-s _ sc-em-a)... gansxvavebulia maTi sxva morfemebTan Sexamebis unaric: erTi ixamebs -il sufiqss (CaTvlem-il-i), meore -ul-s (gamocem-ul-i) da
sxva.
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salobrivad gansxvavebul or morfologiur elements erTnairi gramatikuli datvirTva aqvs, erTgvarad iqceva paradigmatuli Tu sintagmaturi TvalsazrisiT, saqme gvaqvs
morfologiur identifikaciasTan. magaliTad: -av da -am
Temis niSnebi morfologiurad identurni arian.
morfologiuri identifikacia ar unda avrioT tavtologiaSi. tavtologia iqneba imis aGniSvna, rom -av elementi malav-s formaSi da igive elementi gor-av-s formaSi erTi morfologiuri odenobaa.
I. 27. morfemis struqtura. qarTulSi gvaqvs samgvari Sedgenilobis morfema: xmovani, Tanxmovani da xmovan-Tanxmovnis
kombinacia. xmovani an Tanxmovani morfema SeiZleba iyos prefiqsulic da sufiqsuric (a-keTebs / keTeb-a, i-keTebs / Wr-i-s... m-xatav-s, da-g-xato-n...).
Taviseburebas avlens xmovan-Tanxmovnis kombinaciiT Sedgenili morfemebi. Tavkidura poziciaSi ZiriTadad gvaqvs Tanxmovanxmovani (na-, sa-, ma-...), xolo bolokidura poziciaSi _ xmovanTanxmovani (-as, -an, -eb...). saubroben simetriis principzec:
na-texi da mtkiv-an
sa-naTi da pir-as
si-lurje da lurj-is
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cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi saubaria zogadad morfemaTa struqturul Taviseburebaze da ara simetriul morfemaTa raimegvar
funqciur igiveobaze.
I. 28. mniSvnelobis gavlena formawarmoebaze. formawarmoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas yuradReba unda mieqces mniSvnelobis gavlenas formawarmoebaze.
magaliTad, s-cem-s is mas: iseT konteqstSi, rogoricaa
`deda Svils scems~, zmnuri forma srul paradigmas qmnis (scems,
scemda, scemdes, scema, scemos, ucemia, ecema, ecemos), xolo
mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~, zmnas ewarmoeba mxolod I
seriis 3 mwkrivis formebi (scems, scemda, scemdes).
sxva magaliTi: adidebs formas mniSvnelobiT `didad xdis~
ewarmoeba Sesabamisi sufiqsuri vnebiTi (oTaxs adidebs _ oTaxi
diddeba), magram mniSvnelobiT `xotbas asxams~ moqmedebiTma
SeiZleba prefiqsuli vnebiTi gaikeTos (samSoblos adidebs _
samSoblo idideba viGacis mier).
I. 29. determinaciis principi. enis yoveli forma, yoveli
struqtura, yoveli sistema Tu qvesistema mkacrad determinirebulia, gansazRvrulia sxva formiT, struqturiT, sistemiTa Tu
qvesistemiT da Tavadac ganmsazRvrelad evlineba sxva formas,
struqturas, sistemasa Tu qvesistemas. determinizmi gulisxmobs
enobrivi faqtebis urTierTSepirobebulobas, da ara mxolod
amas, aramed moqmedi sistemisa Tu struqturis farglebSi am
elementTa Soris mizez-Sedegobriobis dadgenasac.
morfologiur kvleva-Ziebas swored es unda daedos safuZvlad: enobrivi formebis determinizmi _ mkacri mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTgansazRvruloba enobrivi elementebisa da amis safuZvelze urTierTmimarTebaTa dadgena.
ras gulisxmobs enobriv formaTa determinizmi da rogor
vlindeba igi konkretul enobriv sistemaSi, amis konkretul nimuSad aseTi magaliTi mohyavT:
aviRoT wyvilebi:
1. a-TeTr-eb-s _ TeTr-d-eb-a
2. bar-av-s _ i-bar-eb-a || i-bar-v-i-s (b. jorbenaZe)
35
36
seuli, enis Sinagani bunebiT gamowveul cvlilebaTa gamosaZieblad da ara enis abstrahirebuli statikuri sqemebis warmosadgenad~ (b. jorbenaZe).
arsebobs determinaciis ori saxeoba:
a) warmoqmniTi determinacia _ roca urTierTSepirobebuli formebidan erT-erTi formobrivad aris warmoqmnili meorisagan: a-keT-eb-s ga-keT-eb-ul-i; meore formisaTvis formobrivad sayrdenia pirveli.
b) saurTierTo determinacia: roca erTi forma gulisxmobs
meoris arsebobas da _ piriqiT, magram formobrivad erTi meorisagan warmoqmnili ar aris; magaliTad: TrT-i-s TrT-od-a: awmyoSi -i elementiani warmoeba gulisxmobs uwyvetelSi -od sufiqsian warmoebas da _ piriqiT:
saubroben agreTve formobriv da funqciur determinaciaze.
a) cur-av-s m-cur-av-i: forma m-cur-av-i formobrivadac
da funqciuradac Sepirobebulia cur-av-s formiT.
b) Can-s m-Cin-ar-i: forma m-Cin-ar-i funqciurad isevea
Sepirobebuli Can-s formisagan, rogorc wina magaliTSi meore
forma pirvelisagan, magram formobrivad m-Cin-ar-i Cin fuZis
mqone formasTan (gamo-a-Cin-a) aris dakavSirebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs mxolod funqciuri determinacia; wina magaliTSi _
formobriv-funqciuri determinacia.
I. 30. metyvelebis nawilebi. enaSi arsebuli sityvaTa maragi _ leqsikur erTeulTa raodenoba _ ganusazRvrelia. sityvebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba gramatikuli (morfologiuri
da sintaqsuri), leqsikologiuri, semantikuri TvalsazrisiT.
swored am niSanTa safuZvelze xdeba sityvaTa dajgufeba klasebad, romelTac metyvelebis nawilebs uwodeben. qarTulSi
tradiciulad gamoyofen 10 metyvelebis nawils:
1. arsebiTi saxeli: kaci, saxli, ocneba, daviTi, rioni...
2. zedsarTavi saxeli: didi, patara, qudiani, uqudo...
3. ricxviTi saxeli: erTi, aTi, milioni, mravali, cota...
4. nacvalsaxeli: me, Sen, igi... yvela, TiToeuli...
5. zmna: wers, xatavs, dgas, dafrinavs...
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38
li zmnizeda TavisTavad formacvalebadi sityvaa: misTvis damaxasiaTebelia rogorc sityvawarmoeba, aseve _ formawarmoeba:
a) zmnizedisagan iwarmoeba msazRvreli (zedsarTavi):
dRes _ dRevandeli
weRan _ weRandeli...
b) zmnizeda ibrunvis; marTalia, sxva saxelebTan SedarebiT
misi bruneba SezRudulia, magram morfologiurad mainc angariSgasawevia misi formacvaleba:
sax.
moTxr.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
arsebiTi saxeli
dRe
dRe-m
dRe-s
dR-is
dR-iT
dRe-d
zmnizeda
_
_
dRe-s
dRe-is (Semdeg)
dRe-id-an
dRe-mde
am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiTi saubari iqneba kursis Sesabamis monakveTebSi (saxelTa bruneba, saxeluri sityvawarmoeba).
morfologiuri TvalsazrisiT sityvaTa formacvaleba ori
saxisaa:
a) bruneba
b) uRleba
sityvebi swored amis mixedviT unda dajgufdes; sxvagvarad
rom vTqvaT, amis Sesabamisad unda gamoiyos: saxelebi da zmna metyvelebis nawilebi.
yvela brunebadi sityva _ aris saxeli;
yvela uRlebadi sityva _ aris zmna.
formobrivi TvalsazrisiT saxelebi SeiZleba orad gaiyos:
a) arsebiTi saxeli (anu substantivi);
b) msazRvreli saxeli (anu atributivi).
tradiciuli zedsarTavi, ricxviTi da nacvalsaxeli (nawilobriv) am meore jgufSi Semova. TiToeuli am jgufis saxelTa
semantikuri daxasiaTebisas pirobiTad tradiciuli terminebis
gamoyeneba SesaZleblad migvaCnia.
39
zmnis atributivi
2. zmna
40
I. 31. saxelzmna metKvelebis nawilTa sistemaSi. metyvelebis nawilTa tradiciul klasifikaciaSi garkvevas saWiroebs
saxelzmnis adgili. Cveulebriv qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi araa erTgvarovani Tvalsazrisi. a. SaniZe saxelzmnas
zmnis sistemaSi ganixilavs, arn. Ciqobava _ saxelis sistemaSi. SeniSvnebs orive Tvalsazrisi iwvevs. saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa;
Tu zmnaa, maSin brunva zmnis kategoriac yofila. Tu saxelia,
ramdenadac saxelzmnas moepoveba drois, gvaris da a. S. gageba,
gamodis, rom es kategoriebi saxelisac yofila...
swored amgvari midgomis gamo daisva sakiTxi imis Taobaze,
rom saxelzmna damoukidebeli metyvelebis nawilia (a. daviTiani).
amgvari midgomac ver moxsnis problemas...
b. jorbenaZis klasifikaciiT saxelzmna saxelis sistemaSi unda iqnes ganxiluli: ZiriTadi gansxvaveba zmnasa da saxels Soris
formacvalebis saxeebia; zmna iuGvlis, saxeli _ ibrunvis. esaa
morfologiuri daxasiaTeba am ori jgufisa. amgvari gaazrebiT,
saxelzmna brunebadi sityvaa, e. i. saxelis sistemaSi unda iqnes
ganxiluli.
mimGeoba rom dros ganarCevs, es semantikis sferoa: warsuli drois semantika iseve ilandeba nawerSi, rogorc naqalaqarSi; erTi nazmnari saxelia, meore warmoqmnili saxeli... gvaris gageba mimGeobaSi da gvaris gageba zmnur formebSi araa erTgvarovani movlena... amis Taobaze ufro vrclad qvemoT gveqneba saubari.
I. 32. gramatikuli kategoriebi. kategoria `mecnierebisa
da filosofiis uzogadesi cnebaa. igi asaxavs universalur obieqtur kavSirmimarTebebs~. zogadad kategorias ganixilaven, rogorc
`logikur cnebas, romelic ganzogadebul formebSi asaxavs obieqturi sinamdvilis ama Tu im mxares, maT urTierTkavSirsa da mimarTebas~ (qegli).
mecnierebis yovel dargSi mecnieruli codna kategoriaTa
sistemebSia moqceuli, amitom kategoriaTa dadgena-dazustebas
mecnierebis nebismier dargSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba; asea
enaTmecnierebaSic, kerZod, gramatikaSi.
specialur literaturaSi gramatikul kategoriaTa ganmartebisas araa erTgvarovani Sexeduleba. rig SemTxvevaSi gramati-
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kuli kategoria gaigivebulia morfologiur kategoriasTan. magram, ramdenadac morfologia ganixileba rogorc nawili gramatikisa (sintaqsTan erTad), morfologiuri da sintaqsuri kategoriebis erToblioba qmnis gramatikul kategorias. ase rom, morfologiuri kategoria aris gramatikuli kategoria, magram gramatikuli kategoria ar udris morfologiur kategorias. es aris safuZveli imisa, rom xSirad ar imijneba gramatikuli da morfologiuri kategoriebi.
gramatikul kategorias `gramatikuli formisa da gramatikuli Sinaarsis erToblioba qmnis~ (v. gaki). gramatikuli (morfologiuri) kategoriisaTvis gramatikuli (morfologiuri) niSnis mqonebloba miiCneva arsebiTad. `morfologiuri kategoria
saTanado afiqsebiT unda iqnes warmodgenili da ara fuZis
mniSvnelobiT~ (arn. Ciqobava). ama Tu im enobrivi faqtis morfologiur kategoriad miCnevas `morfologiuri niSnis qonauqonloba wyvets~. morfologiur niSnad ganixileba, erTi mxriv,
morfologiuri inventari _ afiqsebi da, meore mxriv, morfologiuri yalibi. magaliTad, piris morfologiuri kategoria
afiqsebiT gamoixateba, gvaris formaTa ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli
morfologiuri niSani formobrivi yalibebia.
metyvelebis nawilTa formacvaleba gramatikuli kategoriebis mixedviT xdeba.
b. jorbenaZe: TviT gramatikuli kategoria unda ganimartos
rogorc gramatikuli sistemis agebis wesi (kanonzomiereba). magaliTad, wer-s forma enaSi imave fuZis mraval formasTan amyarebs kavSirs:
i-wer-eb-a
u-wer-s
wer-s
wer-en
wer-a
wers forma marjvena rigis sxvadasxva formasTan Sewyvilebuli sxvadasxva gramatikuli sistemis wevri aGmoCndeba:
wer-s
wer-s
wer-s
wer-s
_
_
_
_
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43
33. metKvelebis nawili da gramatikuli kategoria. sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils sxvadasxva SesaZlebloba aqvs formacvalebisa. swored formacvalebis SesaZleblobazea damokidebuli
gramatikuli kategoriebis raodenoba; erT metyvelebis nawils
Cveulebriv ramdenime kategoria moepoveba, magram sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils kategoriaTa gansxvavebuli raodenoba SeiZleba
hqondes. qarTul enaSi saxeli gramatikul kategoriaTa raodenobiT Garibia, zmna _ gacilebiT mdidari. saxels moepoveba brunvisa da ricxvis kategoria; zmnas _ piris, ricxvis, gvaris, qcevis,
mwkrivis da a. S. kategoriebi.
morfologiuri kategoriebi SeiZleba dajgufdes Semdegi
niSnis mixedviT:
a) kategoriebi, romlebic saerToa saxelisa da zmnisaTvis,
b) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod saxelebs axasiaTebT,
g) kategoriebi, romlebic mxolod zmnebisTvisaa niSandoblivi.
I. 34. qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis mizani da
amocanebi. Tanamedrove qarTuli enis morfologiuri analizis
ZiriTadi mizani da amocanebi aris sityvis formis analizi, sityvis formacvalebis kanonebisa da kanonzomierebaTa gamovlena
da Seswavla.
srulyofili morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebeli
aris: a) formis sintaqsuri funqciisa da b) formis semantikis
gaTvaliswineba. sintaqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebi moqmedeben formawarmoebaze.
ramdenime konkretuli magaliTi:
a) zmnur formebs SeiZleba erTnairi morfologiuri yalibi hqondes, magram sintaqsuri funqcia _ gansxvavebuli:
mef-ob-s _ is
Tavdeb-ob-s _ is mas...
b) formebs morfologiuri yalibi da sintaqsuri funqcia
SeiZleba erTnairi hqondes, semantika _ gansxvavebuli:
mef-ob-s is _ `mefea, flobs, batonobs~
nadir-ob-s is _ `nadirs iWers, klavs~...
44
saxelis SemTxvevaSi:
kac-is
x-is
qorwineb-is
saxli
sintaqsurad samive SemTxvevaSi marcxena rigis sityvebi msazRvrelia; morfologiurad _ naTesaobiTi brunva, magram mkveTrad gansxvavebulia semantika: kacis _ kuTvnilebas gamoxatavs,
xis _ masalas, qorwinebis _ daniSnulebas...
erTi da igive sityva sxvadasxva semantikuri mniSvnelobiT
formawarmoebis sxvadasxva SesaZleblobebs avlens:
s-cem-s _ am zmnas, mniSvnelobiT `deda Svils scems~ eqneba
sruli paradigma uGlebisa; mniSvnelobiT `Tma koWebamde scems~
_ eqneba mxolod pirveli seriis formebi...
amgvarad, morfologiuri analizisaTvis aucilebelia sintaqsuri da semantikuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba.
nawili II.
II.1. saxelisa da zmnis formawarmoebis Sinagani urTierTkavSiri araerTgzis aris aRniSnuli. amas warmoaCens saxelis
bruneba (anu saxelTa warmodgena aqtantebad), zmnis pirianoba
(anu moqmedebaSi monawile saxelebis asaxva zmnaSi), saxelis ricxvis asaxva zmnaSi da misT. aRniSnul kavSirebs ufro metad
warmoaCens formawarmoebis istoriuli viTarebis warmodgena.
magaliTad, xelSesaxebad vlindeba masalobrivi Sexvedrebi, erTi
mxriv, brunvis niSanTa konsonantur -s, -n, -d elementebsa da, meore mxriv, S3 piris niSanTa arqaul formantebs Soris (-s, -n,
-d) (arn. Ciqobava, v. Tofuria); sainteresoa Tanxvedra S1 v- niSnisa vi-n nacvalsaxelis Zireul elementTan, anda O1 m- prefiqsisa -me nacvalsaxelTan da misT.
igulisxmeba, rom saxelis morfologiuri potencia zmnis
formawarmoebaSic tovebda kvals, ramdenadac moqmedi Tu `samoqmedo~ saxelis raimenairi warmoCena zmnis pirianobis aucilebeli piroba iyo. rac ufro vSordebiT gramatikuli kategoriebis Camoyalibebis istorias, miT ufro fermkrTaldeba da nakleb xelSesaxebi xdeba aRniSnuli Sinagani kavSirebi, magram es
mimarTebebi morfologiisa Tu semantikis (leqsikologiis) doneze sinqroniuli analizis farglebSic SeiZleba iqnes danaxuli
da kvalificirebuli.
II. 2. ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT yvelaze TvalsaCino suraTs iZleva ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria. miRebulia, rom ricxvi aris saxelisa da zmnis saerTo kategoria; amave dros, es kategoria aris erTaderTi, romelic saxelisa da zmnis gramatikul SeTanxmebas ganapirobebs.
amave dros, ricxvis kategoria damoukideblad damaxasiaTebelia mxolod arsebiTi saxelisaTvis, ramdenadac arsebiTi saxe-
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li gamoxatavs (aRniSnavs) saganTa klass, saganTa klasi ki, TavisTavad, raodenobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. zmna, misi Sinaarsidan
gamomdinare, damoukideblad ricxvis gamoxatvasTan, raodenobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. man SeiZleba asaxos mxolod ricxvi
aqtantebisa. is, rac zmnaSi ricxvis formantebis saxiT vlindeba,
aris gamoZaxili saxelis Sesabamisi morfologiuri kategoriisa.
amitomac aris, rom ricxvis gamoxatva zmnaSi pirianobasTan aris
ZiriTadad dakavSirebuli.
II. 3. orgvari mravlobiTi. arsebiTi saxeli orgvar mravlobiTs iwarmoebs: -eb-ians da narTanians; es ori mravlobiTi
gansxvavebuli tipologiisa da funqcionaluri datvirTvisaa.
-eb-iani mravlobiTi iyenebs mxolod -eb sufiqss da formas
awarmoebs aglutinaciuri principiT: jer fuZe, Semdeg -eb, xolo Semdeg _ brunvis niSani:
skam-eb-i
skam-eb-ma
skam-eb-s
skam-eb-is
skam-eb-iT
skam-eb-o
-eb formants saxelis morfonologiaSi iseTive Zala aqvs,
rogoric -VC struqturis brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT, -ad), anu
ganapirobebs Sesabamisi saxeluri fuZis kumSvasa da kvecas (cxadia, yvela brunvaSi):
mgl-eb-i Zm-eb-i
m g l - e b - ma Z m - e b - ma da a. S.
SeniSvna: -eb fuZis e xmovans ar kvecs: xe-eb-i... Tavad -eb
formanti mosalodnel morfonologiur procesebs ar eqvemdebareba: is ucvlelia yvela poziciaSi (saxl-eb-is...).
gansxvavebuli bunebisaa narTaniani mravlobiTi. gamoiyeneba
ori sufiqsi: -n da -T(a). -n gamoiyeneba saxelobiTsa da wodebiTSi da misi gamoyeneba aglutinaciur princips icavs:
kac-n-i
(Sdr. kac-eb-i)
kac-n-o
(Sdr. kac-eb-o)
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-T(a) daboloebiani forma asrulebs yvela danarCeni brunvis rols da misi gamovlena fleqsiuri xasiaTisaa: -T(a) iTavsebs brunvisa da ricxvis gramatikul Sinaarsebs. Sdr.:
qal-Ta dRe _ qal-eb-is (dRe)
narTaniani mravlobiTis morfonologia, Sesabamis sufiqsTa
struqturidan gamomdinare, aqtualuri araa: arc ricxvis niSnebi iwveven fuZis cvlilebas, arc Tavad es niSnebi icvlebian:
Zval-n-i, Zval-Ta (Sdr.: Zvl-is, Zvl-eb-i).
II. 4. orgvari mravlobiTis funqciuri ganawilebisaTvis.
sazogadod, -eb da -n(-T) sufiqsebi, rogorc morfologiuri
elementebi, TiTqmis yovel fuZesTan Tanabari uflebamosilebiT
arian aRWurvilni _ awarmoon mravlobiTi ricxvi. Tumca narTanian mravlobiTs upiratesad arqaulobis garkveuli stilistikuri elferi axlavs. funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT ZiriTadi
adgili -eb formants ukavia.
mainc rogoria maTi gavrcelebis zogadi suraTi?
a) sazogado saxelebSi SeiZleba ugamonaklisod Segvxvdes
rogorc erTi, ise meore saxis mravlobiTi, oRond -eb ufro
bunebrivi, Cveulebrivi metyvelebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli,
xolo -n(-T) sufiqsTa gamovlena markirebulia raime saxis stilistikuri niuansiT.
b) moqmedebis saxelebSi (masdarebSi) -n(-T) sufiqsia gabatonebuli, oRond am SemTxvevaSi xelSesaxebia Sesabamis formaTa
met-naklebi terminologiuri datvirTva: sja-n-i, cdan-i, tanjva-ni, galoba-n-i...
g) -eb da -n(-T) TiTqmis Tanabrad aris gavrcelebuli substantivis rolSi myofi Tu gasubstantivebuli zedsarTavi saxelebis mravlobiTis warmoebaSi. Sdr.: did-eb-i da patar-eb-i da
`...mogrovdiT yvelani, did-n-i, mcire-n-i~...
Tumca igive zedsarTavi, gasubstantivebuli Tanamedrove
terminologiuri SinaarsiT, mxolod -eb-s moiTxovs: TeTr-eb-i,
wiTl-eb-i, mwvane-eb-i, Sav-eb-i... am SemTxvevaSi aSkaraa sufiqsis
terminologiuri datvirTva.
d) ricxviTi saxeli msazRvrelad Tu substantivis rolSi
mxolod -n(-T) sufiqsebs iTavsebs: `Svid-n-i gurjanel-n-i~, `as-n-i
48
49
_ zogi sityva sabolood mravlobiTi formiT damkvidrebula, rac ucxoenovan gavlenas unda mieweros: gastrol-eb-i,
ardadeg-eb-i, memuar-eb-i...
II. 5. saxelis simravlis asaxva zmnaSi. rogorc iTqva, zmna
asaxavs saxelis mravlobiTobas. ufro davazustoT: zmnaSi aisaxeba mxolod im saxelis mravlobiToba, romelic zmnasTan pirad
aris Sewyobili, Sesabamisi moqmedebis aqtantia; metic SeiZleba
iTqvas: daCndeba im saxelis ricxvi, romlis piric asaxulia zmnaSi. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Sewyobil pirTa mravlobiTis asaxvis TvalsazrisiTac erTgvarovneba ar aris:
a) subieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba samsave pirSi:
subieqturi wyoba:
1
2
3
moqmedebiTi
v-xatav-T
xatav-T
xatav-en
vnebiTi
v-rCebi-T
rCebi-T
rCebi-an
e. w. saSuali
v-kankaleb-T
kankaleb-T
kankaleb-en
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SeniSvna: 1. es wesi moqmedia -eb-iani mravlobiTis SemTxvevaSi, magram ricxvSi SeTanxmeba amoqmeddeba
usulo sagnis narTanian mravlobiTTan:
xe-n-i dgan-an.
SeniSvna: 2. -eb sufiqsiani usulo arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTi aseve aisaxeba zmnaSi Sesabamisi subieqtis personifikaciis SemTxvevaSi, an roca am
subieqts gansakuTrebiT aqtiuri moqmedeba miewereba:
foTlebi CurCuleb-en...
`xeebi rokviT daiZrnen qarSi...~
`mTebi TavCaCqnianebi fiqrs miscemian mwaresa...~
SesaZlebelia subieqti obieqturi piris niSnebiT iyos
gamoxatuli (inversiis SemTxvevaSi). subieqtis mravlobiToba am
SemTxvevaSic samive pirSi gamoxatulia (obieqturi wyobis tipologia ix. qvemoT):
1. da-gv-ixatav-s
a-gv-iSenebi-a
gv-iyvar-s
2. da-g-ixatav-T
a-g-iSenebi-a-T
g-iyvar-T
3. da-u-xatav-T
a-u-Senebi-a-T
u-yvar-T
b) obieqturi piris mravlobiToba aisaxeba zmnis I-II pirebSi; am poziciaSi ZiriTadad iribi (uSualo) obieqti igulisxmeba, magram aseve aisaxeba imave poziciaSi mdgomi pirdapiri
obieqti; III piris obieqti mxolod tendencias amJRavnebs zmnaSi
mravlobiTobis gamoxatvisas (usmen-T is maT, aZageb-T is maT _
aranormatiuli tipi), riTac mkveTrad gansxvavdeba inversiuli
obieqturi wyobisagan.
obieqturi wyoba:
1
2
3
moqmedebiTi
gv-xatav-s
g-xatav-T
xatav-s
vnebiTi
gv-emaleb-a
g-emaleb-a-T
emaleb-a
saSualo
gv-gav-s
g-gav-T
h-gav-s
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ris gv- prefiqsi sinTezuri gramatikuli Sinaarsisaa, is, ricxvTan erTad, piris gagebasac iTavsebs; Sdr.:
1. gv-aqv-s
2. g-aqv-T
II piris -T sufiqsis win S3 -s sufiqsis dakargvis mizezi (is
bolo dromde SemorCa am poziciaSi: g-aqv-s-T), cxadia, ara gramatikuli, aramed morfonologiuria (TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra).
III pirSi subieqturi da obieqturi pirebis mravlobiTobis
damTxvevisas upiratesoba eniWeba subieqtur pirs:
isini Tqven g-ixatav-en (Sdr. moZv. da kuTx. g-ixatav-en-T)
(Sdr. erTi mxriv:
is Tqven g-ixatav-T
meore mxriv:
isini Sen g-ixatav-en)
obieqtur pirTa mravlobiTobasTan dakavSirebiT cnobilia
agreTve sxvadasxva pirTa damTxveva:
g-xatav-T
me Tqven
Cven Sen
Cven Tqven
is Tqven
g) p i r T a m r a v l o b i T o b i s g a m o v l e n i s m o u l o d n e l i S e m T x v e v e b i: SesaZlebelia zmnis II piris mravlobiTobis gamomxatveli -T sufiqsi gamovlindes sruliad Seuferebel poziciaSi, ara zmnasTan, aramed sxva metyvelebis nawilebTan: saxelTan, zmnizedasTan, SorisdebulTan, nawilakTan...
bodiSi-T! kargi-T! Cqara-T! su-T! ariqa-T!...
igulisxmeba, rom Sesabamis frazaSi saTanado zmnis forma
Cavardnilia da saWiro `piris gageba~ (mimarTebiToba) mimarTvis
formas SeuTavsebia:
Cqara-T! ( Cqara modi-T) da misT.
II. 6. simravlis gamoxatvis leqsikuri saSualebani. garda
morfologiuri inventarisa, enas aqvs SesaZlebloba (warmomavlobiT albaT ufro adrindelic ki), rom Sinaarsobrivi opozicia _ `e r T i~ _ `m r a v a l i~ leqsikuri masaliTac gamoxatos.
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igulisxmeba SemTxvevebi, rodesac sagnobrivi simravlis semantikas, `erTis~ sapirispirod, damoukidebeli fuZe gamoxatavs.
pirvel rigSi, aq igulisxmeba e. w. k r e b i T i saxelebi,
romelTa Tavisebureba swored is aris, rom mravlobiTi Sinaarsis gamoxatva maT SeuZliaT morfologiis gareSe _ TavianTi
fuZiT isini ukve Seicaven aseT Sinaarss; amisi magaliTebia:
xalxi _ kaci (adamiani).
fara _ cxvari
gundi _ frinveli
naxiri _ Zroxa
rema _ cxeni
kolti _ Rori...
e. i. xalxi gulisxmobs `bevr a d a m i a n s ~, naxiri _ `bevr
Z r o x a s~... amgvari saxelebi formiT mxolobiTia (mravlobiTis
formanti ara aqvT), xolo SinaarsiT _ `mravlobiTi~ (es Cans
maTs SemaTanxmebel valentobaSic).
arsebobs iseTi krebiTi Sinaarsis saxelebic, romlebic erTi da imave fuZiT warmogvidgenen `erTsac~ da simravlis semantikasac; aseTebia: cxvari, Zroxa, Rori, foToli (`tyem moisxa
foToli~...). Sdr.:
a) `c x v a r i dakles~ da `c x v a r i ferdobs Seefina~.
b) `Z r o x a dakles~ da `mere me Z r o x a vis Cavabaro?!..~
opozicia, `c x e n i _ r e m a~ supletivizms mogvagonebs,
Tumca aq fuZeTa supleturoba mxolod moCvenebiTia, sinamdvileSi damoukidebeli fuZeebia semantikurad dawyvilebuli (Sepirispirebuli).
sxva SemTxvevaa nacvalsaxelur fuZeTa supleturoba:
me _ Cven
Sen _ Tqven
zmnuri paradigmebi aseve warmoaCens fuZeTa supleturobis
SemTxvevebs:
daagdo _ dayara
dasva _ dasxa
dajda _ dasxdnen...
`mravlobiTis~ Sinaarsis Semcveli fuZe SeiZleba mxolod
leqsikurad gamoxatavdes am kategorias:
vard || cviv-: davarda _ dacvivda
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54
nacvalsaxelur fuZeTa supleturi monacvleoba aseve moiTxovs zmnuri fuZeebis supleturobas (`leqsikur SeTanxmebas~).
subieqtis simravlis SemTxvevaSi:
Cven wamo-v-cviv-d-i-T (Sdr. wamo-v-vard-i)
Tqven da-sxed-i-T (Sdr. da-v-jeq-i).
obieqtis simravlis dros:
Cven da-gv-sx-a (Sdr. da-m-sv-a)
Cven (gareT) gamo-gv-yar-a (Sdr. gamo-m-a-gd-(o)
SevadaroT arasupleturi nacvalsaxeluri fuZe:
isi-n-i da-sxd-nen (Sdr. da-jd-a)
isi-n-i da-sx-a (Sdr. da-sv-a)...
II. 8. piris nacvalsaxelebi da piris gamoxatva zmnaSi.
arsebobs mosazreba, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnas pirebad nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba, saxeli iTanxmebs zmnas piris mixedviT (l. kvaWaZe). saxelisa da zmnis sintagmatikis danarCeni
SemTxvevebi ki marTvas gulisxmobs.
am mosazrebis safuZveli is aris, rom piris nacvalsaxelebSi `romelobis~ mixedviT pirTa opoziciaa asaxuli. iseve, rogorc zmnis uRlebis dros yoveli mwkrivis farglebSi. Sesabamisad, I piris nacvalsexli `me~ SeiTanxmebs zmnas I pirSi (v-wer),
II piris nacvalsaxeli `Sen~ _ II piris zmnas (wer), xolo III piris nacvalsaxeli `is~ _ III pirs, Sesabamisi mravlobiTebiTurT.
sakiTxis amgvarad dayenebas xvdeba erTi winaaRmdegoba: rodesac vambobT, rom winadadebis erTi wevri (erTi forma) iTanxmebs meores, aucileblad vgulisxmobT am wevrebs Soris morfologiur `Tanxmobas~. am SemTxvevaSi ki ase ar aris: nacvalsaxelebi leqsikurad gamoxataven pirebs da ara morfologiurad
(gramatikuli niSnebiT), xolo zmnaSi pirianoba piris niSnebiT
gamoixateba. ase rom, mimarTeba semantikisa (leqsikuri opoziciisa) gramatikul formasTan SeTanxmebis nimuSad ver iqneba miCneuli. sintagmaturi mimarTebis aseTi formaluri principi rom
ara, SesaZlebeli iqneboda zmnasTan Sewyobili sxva saxelebic III
piris Sinaarsis `farul~ gamovlenad migveCnia.
amdenad, es TavisTavad saintereso urTierTmimarTeba (nacvalsaxeli + zmna) metyvelebis nawilTa saurTierTo kategoriad ver miiCneva.
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II. 9. deiqsisis gamovlenisaTvis qarTul formawarmoebaSi. d e i q s i s i s cneba (berZ. dixis `miTiTeba, miniSneba~) gamoiyeneba iseTi movlenebis aRsaniSnavad, romelTa drosac gramatikuli (formaluri) sistemis meSveobiT xdeba miniSneba enobriv
erTeulTa Sinaarsobriv Tu funqciur datvirTvaze (rolze).
aseTi miniSneba SeiZleba exebodes sul sxvadasxva gramatikuli
klasis erTeulebs. magaliTad:
1. nacvalsaxelTa da zmnisarTTa sistemaSi:
a) TavisTavad deiqturia zemomiTiTebuli Sinaarsobrivi
opozicia piris nacvalsaxelTa sistemaSi, ramdenadac aqa gvaqvs
ara mxolod garCeva pirTa romelobisa, aramed maTi rolebrivi
mimarTeba sametyvelo aqtTan:
me _ molaparake (metyveli)
Sen _ adresati
is _ metyvelebis obieqti
b) Sinaarsobrivad deiqturia kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa
samwevrovani sistema (me, Sen, is... Tavisi...), vinaidan, kuTvnilebasTan erTad, maTSi vlindeba mimarTeba metyvelebaSi monawile
pirebTan:
Cemi me
Seni Sen
misi is
Tavisi (Tvisi) nacvalsaxelis SinaarsSi erTgvarad neitralizebulia miTiTeba pirTa garCevaze, Tumca aq Semodis sxva
opozicia: `moqmedis~ kuTvnili _ `aramoqmedis~ kuTvnili.
g) aRniSnuli semantika ufro xelSesaxebi xdeba imgvar SemTxvevaSi, rodesac sistemaSi specialuri deiqturi elementebi
iCens Tavs. pirvel rigSi, qarTulSi aseTia CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa samwevrovani sistema, romelsac xmovan elementTa opozicia orwevrovnad warmogvidgens da masSi asaxulia I-II pirTa (`namdvil pirTa~) poziciuri dapirispireba III pirTan (`arapirTan~).
e (I-II piri) _ i (III piri):
1. e-s
2. e-g
3. i-s (i-gi)
irib brunvebSi es opozicia a_i xmovanTa dapirispirebaSi
gadadis, Tumca nacvalsaxelTa sistema mainc samwevrovani rCeba:
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1. a-mas
2. maga-s
3. i-mas
igulisxmeba, rom a- II pirsac ekuTvnis, roca I-II piris Sida
opozicia ar aris aqcentirebuli.
d) analogiuria mimarTeba III piris kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa deiqtur sistemaSi:
1. a-misi
2. magisi
3. i-misi
e) amosaval CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa sistemas efuZneba deiqturi opozicia momdevno (`atributuli~) CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebisa (e _ i):
1. e-seTi
2. e-geTi
3. i-seTi
magram, rogorc Cans, am sistemis Tanaarsebobam, erTi mxriv,
CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa irib brunvebze dafuZnebul kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebTan, romelic a _ i opozicias warmogvidgens:
a-misTana,
magisTana
i-misTana.
da meore mxriv, zmnisarTTa aseTive tipis deiqturma sistemam ganapiroba e _ i opoziciis samwevrovan sistemad `koreqtireba~ (pirTa samwevrovani deiqsisi moCvenebiTia):
1. a-seTi
2. e-geTi
3. i-seTi
v) pirTa mimarTebis gamomxatveli deiqturi xmovanprefiqsebiT aris agebuli zmnizeduri sistemac,
rogorc damoukidebeli: 1. a-q
2. mand
3. i-q
ise meoreuli, CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa safuZvelze warmoqmnili (Tavisi `samwevrovnebiTac~ aSkarad meoreuli):
1. a-se
2. e-gre
3. i-se
2. zmna, rogorc zmnuri semantikisa da aqtantTa Tu lokalur mimarTebaTa yvelaze ufro mravalmxrivi gamomxatveli, Tavis
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araerT qvesistemaSi Seicavs deiqtur miniSnebebs; magaliTad, pirTa zemomiTiTebuli opozicia, erTi mxriv, I-II, xolo meore mxriv _
III (arapirs) Soris, aSkarad iCens Tavs zmniswinebSi, kerZod `saaqeTo~ (mo-) da `saiqeTo~ (mi-) orientaciis zmniswinTa ganawilebaSi:
1. me mo-v-iwvie
2. Sen mo-iwvie
3. man mi-iwvia
SeniSvna: deiqturi xmovanprefiqsebis a_i dapirispireba
gaxda safuZveli imisa, rom mo- zmniswinis a xmovniani dialeqturi varianti ma- iqna miCneuli amosavlad (g. deetersi): ma- mi.
sazogadod, qarTul zmniswinTa sistema, misi ZiriTadi _
saorientacio _ opozicia swored metyvelze (an moqmedze _ pirebis mixedviT) orientirebiT aris agebuli. iq, sadac moZraobis semantikaa gamoxatuli, mo- zmniswiniT garTulebuli, faqtobriv, yvela zmniswini markirebul `saaqeTo~ opozicias qmnis:
saiqeTo
awagaSeCagadada-
saaqeTo
amowamogamoSemoCamogadmodamo-
3. araerT ganxilul sistemaSi gamovlenili msgavsi `orwevrovani~ ganawileba iCens Tavs saobieqto (sasxviso) qcevis prefiqsTa sistemaSi:
1. me m-i-Senebs
2. Sen g-i-Senebs
3. mas u-Senebs
Sdr.:
1. me m-i-yvars
2. Sen g-i-yvars
3. mas u-yvars.
4. sazogadod, aRsaniSnavia saerTo deiqturi Sinaarsi
zmnuri xmovanTavsarTebisa, romlebic TavianTi pirdapiri grama-
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e-xvev-a
e-wereba
saxelis morfologia
nawili III.
Sdr.:
pur-i
pur-ma
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purad-s
..............
purad-ad
SeniSvna:
pur-s
..........
pur-ad
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formacvalebadi
sityvebi
brunebadi:
saxelebi
formaucvleli
sityvebi
uRlebadi:
zmnebi
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kidev ufro gansxvavebulia enobrivi daniSnuleba im ganzogadebuli (arakonkretizebuli) Sinaarsis sityvebisa, romlebic
arc konkretul sagnobriv semantikas Seicaven (rogorc arsebiTi
saxelebi) da arc gansazRvrul niSan-Tvisebas gadmoscemen (rogorc zedsarTavebi), magram erTi klasis sityvebis Canacvlebac
SeuZliaT da meorisac; am `C a n a c v l e b i T i~ daniSnulebidan
gamomdinare, maT s u b s t i t u t e b s a c uwodeben (laT. substitutum substitutio Senacvleba, substitucia). am klasis sityvebs
qarTulSi aerTianebs termini `nacvalsaxeli~.
amdenad, gamoiyofa `s a x e l T a~ oTxi jgufi, romelTa saxelwodebebi maTs saerTosac asaxavs da gansxvavebulsac; saxeldobr:
a) arsebiTi saxeli _ klasi srulmniSvnelovan sityvaTa,
romlebic garemomcvel s a g n e b s a da m o v l e n e b s asaxaven
(mag.: ZaRli, xe, qva, Rrubeli, dardi...);
b) zedsarTavi saxeli: sityvebi, romlebic saganTa T v i s e b e b s gadmoscemen (mag.: maRali, mZime, TeTri, keTili...);
g) ricxviTi saxeli: sityvebi, romlebic saganTa r a o d e n o b r i v aRricxvasTan (raodenobriobasTan) aris dakavSirebuli (mag.: ori, asi, aTasi, mecxre, meoTxedi...);
d) nacvalsaxeli: klasi iseTi sityvebisa, romelTa daniSnulebaa danarCeni (wina sami) jgufis saxelebis C a n a c v l e b a
funqcionirebis doneze (Sen, igi, Cemi, ra, romeli, ramdeni...).
III. 1.4. saxelis ZiriTadi morfologiuri kategoriebi.
rogorc iTqva, yvela saxeli ibruneba, anu brunebadi sityva, sazogadod, aris saxeli. bruneba saxelTa saerTo kategoriaa.
saxelebisaTvis aseve niSandoblivia simravlis gamoxatvis
unari, anu saxelebs aqvT ricxvis kategoria. ricxvi saxelisa da
zmnis saerTo kategoriaa; ufro zustad: zmnaSic aisaxeba saxelis ricxvi.
unda iTqvas, rom es kategoriebi umTavresad ekuTvnis arsebiT saxelTa jgufs (ix. arsebiTi saxeli: bruneba, ricxvi), xolo
danarCen saxelebs _ imdenad, ramdenadac isini arsebiT saxelTan
arian dakavSirebuli.
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III. 1.5. brunebis kategoria. bruneba aris saxelis formacvaleba brunvaTa mixedviT.
brunvis forma _ es aris saxelis funqcionirebis forma.
rogorc iTqva, saxeli imisTvis icvlis formas, rom gramatikulad daukavSirdes sxva sityvebs (pirvel rigSi _ zmnebs).
saxelis fleqsiuri forma anu brunva qmnis gramatikul mimarTebebs (kavSirebs) winadadebis wevrebs Soris. brunvaTa funqciebi
dgindeba aRniSnuli sintagmaturi mimarTebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
brunebis kategoria gulisxmobs fleqsiur paradigmas, romlis leqsikuri mniSvneloba ucvlelia, xolo gramatikuli mniSvneloba (sintagmaturi unari) _ icvleba formis cvlasTan erTad.
ramdeni formisagan Sedgeba brunebis paradigma? anu: ramdeni forma aqvs saxelis brunebas qarTulSi?
zogadad: imdeni, ramdenic saxelis enobrivi (gramatikuli)
funqcionirebisaTvis aris saWiro. qarTuli saliteraturo enis
brunebis sistema moicavs 7 fleqsiur erTeuls (detalurad _
ix. a r s e b i T i s a x e l i).
SeniSvna: brunvis, rogorc gramatikuli erTeulis, arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia damoukidebeli forma da
damoukidebeli mniSvneloba. forma, romelsac damoukidebeli gramatikuli mniSvneloba ar amagrebs, brunvad ver miiCneva (magaliTad, saxeli fuZis saxiT [warmodgenil iqna] igive saxelobiTia,
radgan mas damoukidebeli gramatikuli mniSvneloba ara aqvs). aseve: mniSvneloba, romelsac Tavisi
forma ara aqvs, brunva ver iqneba (magaliTad: TavisTavad mniSvnelovani `adgilobiTi~ mniSvneloba
[soflad sazafxulo samuSaoebi daiwyo], magram
is damoukidebeli brunva ver iqneba, radgan Tavisi forma ar gaaCnia).
III. 1.6. ricxvis kategoria. saxeli morfologiurad (formawarmoebiT) ganarCevs e r T s a da m r a v a l s.
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formaluri (gramatikuli) opozicia, romelic arsebiTi saxeliT gamoxatuli (sagnebis) raodenobriv (erTisa da mravlis)
dapirispirebas warmoaCens, aris r i c x v i s k a t e g o r i a.
simravlis morfologiur gamoxatvas aRvniSnavT terminiT
m r a v l o b i T i r i c x v i, xolo mis sapirispirod _ erTis
(calis) gamomxatveli aris m x o l o b i T i r i c x v i.
am opoziciaSi mxolod mravlobiTia markirebuli, anu mravlobiTs aqvs Tavisi morfologiuri niSani; xolo mxolobiTi _
aramarkirebulia (Sdr. saxl-i saxl-eb-i...). ricxvis kategoria
formalurad asaxulia saxelTa oTxive klasSi, oRond Sinaarsobrivad es kategoria mainc arsebiTi saxelis semantikas ukavSirdeba.
SeniSvna: 1. erTisa da mravlis semantikuri opozicia SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos Zireuli masalis monacvleobiTac (aramorfologiurad), anu supletivizmis gziT. Sdr.: erTi mxriv: adamian-i _ adamian-ebi; xolo _ meore mxriv: adamian-i _ xalxi. supleturoba damaxasiaTebelia garkveuli arqauli
fuZeebisaTvis (ix. n a c v a l s a x e l e b i). es SemTxveva, rogorc leqsikuri (aramorfologiuri)
saSualeba, ricxvis gramatikul kategoriaSi ver
ganixileba.
2. SesaZlebelia saxels mravlobiTi ricxvis forma hqondes, magram is SinaarsiT mxolobiTi iyos
(mag., k a r e b i... w y a l n i wavlen da wamovlen...).
brunebisa da ricxvis gamoxatva saxelSi urTierTSeTavsebadi kategoriebia. saxelis yoveli forma erTsa da imave dros
aris romeliRac brunvisa da romeliRac ricxvis erTiani odenoba (Tumca morfologiurad es SeiZleba erTtipurad ar iyos
gamoxatuli; Sdr.: xe-eb-is da xe-Ta...).
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68
69
70
71
72
73
`vin~
`ra~
sulieri
usulo
konkretuli
sakuTari
krebiTi
abstraqtuli
sazogado
nivTierebaTa
moqmedebis
III. 2.3.. arsebiTi saxeli warmoebis mixedviT. arsebiT saxelTa klasSi, bunebrivia, Tavs iyris nairgvari warmomavlobisa
(uZvelesi leqsemebi, nasesxobebi, derivatebi, kompozitebi...) da
nairgvari enobrivi fenis Semonatani (arqauli, dialeqturi,
Jargonuli...) leqsikuri erTeulebi.
enis leqsikuri fondis, maT Soris, arsebiT saxelTa, erTerTi Zlieri Senakadi aris axali sityvawarmoeba; derivatebs
didi adgili uiravs saxelur feZeebSi.
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warmoebis mixedviT arsebiT saxelTa daxasiaTeba gulisxmobs imas, rom erTmaneTisagan gaimijnos, erTi mxriv, saxeluri
semantikis (amosavali) Zir-fuZeebi, xolo meore mxriv, maTgan, agreTve sxva metyvelebis nawilTagan warmoqmnili axali leqsikuri
erTeulebi. am TvalsazrisiT arsebiTi saxelebi gaiyofa or ZiriTad jgufad:
1 . p i r v e l a d i saxelebi: xe, mTa, saxli, wyali, miwa, ca,
gza, ezo, qali, kaci, deda, mama, yuri,
Tvali, puri, rZe, cxvari, Txa...
SeniSvna: 1. e. w. pirvelad saxelebSi aGmoCndeba rogorc
Zireuli qarTuli (mag. wyali), ise uZvelesi nasesxebi leqsika (mag. puri), rac istoriul-etimologiuri Ziebis saqmea da saxelTa gramatikuli
daxasiaTebis TvalsazrisiT ar aris aqtualuri.
2. SesaZlebelia e. w. pirveladi saxeli etimologiuri analizis gziT struqturul segmentacias
eqvemdebarebodes (anu misi istoriuli `warmoqmniloba~ dasturdebodes), magram es am saxelis
(fuZis) Sesabamisi jgufisadmi gankuTvnilebas ar
Secvlis, vinaidan am klasifikaciaSi warmoqmnilad CaiTvleba fuZe mxolod moqmedi derivaciis
safuZvelze.
2. m e o r e u l i anu w a r m o q m n i l i saxelebi: arsebiTi
saxelis axali fuZis miGeba SeiZleba moxdes nebismieri metyvelebis nawilisagan mravalferovani warmomqmneli (sityvamawarmoebeli) modelebis safuZvelze. TavisTavad warmoqmnili saxelebi
or jgufad ganiyofeba:
a) afiqsuri sityvawarmoeba;
b) kompozicia.
arsebiTi saxeli SeiZleba warmoqmnili iyos faqtobriv yvela metyvelebis nawilisagan:
_ Tavad arsebiTisagan: xel-i xeloba, saxelo, xelosani...
_ zedsarTavisagan: wiTel-i wiTela, rbil-i rbilobi...
_ ricxviTisagan: erT-i erToba, sam-i sameba, as-i
aseuli...
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76
amdenad, I da II piri _ mosaubre da Tanamosaubre _ realizebulia nacvalsaxelis saxiT, xolo `obieqti~ upiratesad konkretizebulia da is arsebiTi saxeliT (substantiviT) aris gamoxatuli.
garda amisa, zmnuri Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT aqtiuroba-pasiurobis (`subieqturoba~_`obieqturobis~) mxriv arsebiT saxelTa erTgvari Sinaarsobrivi gradacia arsebobs: `subieqtis~
funqcia, bunebrivia, metad aris gamoxatuli `vin~ _ jgufis (adamianTa) saxelebSi, Semdeg danarCen `sulierTa~ klasSi da minimaluria (arsebiTad _ simboluria) `usuloTa~ klasSi; maSin,
rodesac `obieqtis~ pozicia sapirispiro suraTs gviCvenebs _ aq
funqciurad pirvel adgilze modis usulo saganTa saxelebi...
arsebiT saxelTa es semantikuri TavisTavadoba, rogorc
iTqva, Tavis gamoxatulebas povebs paradigmatika-sintagmatikaSic.
III. 2.5. arsebiTi saxelis bruneba. arsebiT saxels axasiaTebs orgvari formawarmoeba _ bruneba da ricxvis gamoxatva;
f o r m a w a r m o e b a gulisxmobs imas, rom yoveli konkretuli
formis warmoqmnis dros leqsikuri mniSvneloba igive rCeba, rac
hqonda amosaval (an _ saopozicio) formas, xolo gramatikuli
mniSvneloba icvleba.
b r u n e b i s k a t e g o r i a gulisxmobs imgvar formalur
opozicias, imgvar paradigmas, romlis drosac paradigmis wevri
TiToeuli damoukidebeli forma gramatikuli (sintaqsuri)
funqciiis TvalsazrisiT avtonomiuri odenobaa.
brunva _ rogorc erTeuli _ warmoadgens formisa da Sinaarsis (funqciis) ganuyofel erTianobas. SeiZleba iTqvas:
brunva aris arsebiTi saxelis funqcionirebis forma. yoveli
arsebiTi saxeli brunvebis meSveobiT axerxebs sintagmaturi kavSirebis damyarebas winadadebis sxva formalur wevrebTan.
brunebaze SeiZleba visaubroT, Tuki arsebobs minimum ori
brunvis forma mainc. Tu saxeli zogadad, an romelime konkretuli saxeli aseTi cvlis unars moklebulia, vityviT, rom am
SemTxvevaSi brunvis kategoria ar arsebobs. brunva, rogorc kategoria, formisa da Sinaarsis sinTezs emyareba. damoukidebeli
brunvis arsebobisaTvis orives erTdrouli (`sinTezuri~) arseboba aris aucilebeli.
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SoSiam
SoSia
SoSias
SoSiad
amis Semdeg dgeba mxolod sakiTxi, jer erTi, maTi raodenobrivi sisrulisa, da meorec _ brunvis formaTa struqturuli urTierTmimarTebisa, anu _ Tanamimdevrobisa.
III. 2.6. brunvis formaTa raodenoba. ramdeni brunvis forma SeiZleba iyos enaSi?
zogadad imdeni, ramdengvaradac icvlis formas arsebiTi
saxeli am enaSi, raTa amave enisaTvis savaldebulo sintaqsuri
mimarTebebi daamyaros.
brunvaTa Semadgenloba (da raodenoba) yovel enas Tavisi
aqvs; aq erTi universaluri sazomi ar arsebobs:
Zvel berZnuls hqonda 5 brunvis forma (nominativi, genitivi, dativi, akuzativi, vokativi);
Zvel frigiuls _ 7;
Zvel somxurs _ 7 (zogi versiiT 5);
Zvel qarTuls _ 9;
Tanamedrove germanuls _ 4 (istoriulad _ 5);
rusuls _ 6 (istoriulad _ 7).
Tanamedrove qarTulis brunebis paradigma 7 erTeuls Seicavs. maTgan sami e. w. pirdapir brunvebs ganekuTvneba (polipersonaluri zmnis subieqt-obieqtebis funqcias asrulebs); esenia
saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi da micemiTi.
sami _ iribi brunvaa, romelTa funqciebi kuTvnilebis, masalis, gardaqceviTobis, lokalizaciiis mniSvnelobebs iTavsebs.
esenia: naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi, viTarebiTi.
erTi brunva _ wodebiTi _ calke dgas, ramdenadac misi
funqcia oden mimarTvis roliT Semoifargleba da, amdenad, sintagmatur mimarTebaTa unari ukiduresad SezGuduli aqvs.
SeniSvna: arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom wodebiT brunvas brunebis paradigmaSi adgili ar unda eiros, ramdenadac is funqciiT ar eTanadeba am paradigmis
danarCen wevrebs. magram, meore mxriv, wodebiTi
namdvilad ganekuTvneba arsebiTi saxelis forma-
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w. pirdapiria romelime konkretuli brunva, Tu _ iribi; kerZod, warmodgenil paradigmaSi TanamimdevrobiT dasaxelebul
brunvaTagan pirveli sami (saxelobiTi, moTxrobiTi, micemiTi)
subieqtis brunvebia (agreTve _ pirmimarT saxelTa, obieqtTa),
xolo momdevno sami (naTesaobiTi, moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi)
_ iribi brunvebi.
rac Seexeba wodebiTs, misi sintagmaturi valentoba arsebiTad nulis tolia, is erTob SezGuduli funqcionirebisaa _
mxolod mimarTvis formad gamoiyeneba. swored aman ganapiroba
is, rom am brunvam bolokiduri pozicia daikava brunvis paradigmaSi (da ara _ meore, struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT).
komentars
moiTxovs
brunvaTa
ori
sameulis
Sida
urTierTganlagebac. kerZod:
a) saxelobiTi
moTxrobiTi
micemiTi
s a x e l o b i T i brunva _ es aris saxeldebis forma, anu
arsebiTi saxelis is mdgomareoba, romliTac saxeli erqmeva saxeldebis obieqts (aGsaniSns); sxvagvarad: es aris is amosavali
(neitraluri) forma, romelsac arsebiTi saxeli miiGebs im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac miugebs kiTxvas: r a a r i s (e s )? v i n a r i s
(e s )? amitomac SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Sesabamisi gramatikuli
Sinaarsis brunva yvela enaSi dgas pirvel adgilas da is bevr
enaSi aramarkirebulia, anu fuZis saxiT aris warmodgenili (ase
iyo es uZveles qarTulSic). amave dros, rogorc iTqva, saxelobiTis `pirvelobis~ ganmsazGvrelia isic, rom is aris subieqtis
erT-erTi ZiriTadi brunva.
m o T x r o b i T i: funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli datvirTvis brunvaa _ gvxvdeba mxolod subieqtis brunvad, isic mxolod gardamavali zmnis II seriaSi. SemTxveviTi ar
aris, rom am brunvas `meore saxelobiTs~ uwodeben (Sesityveba
ekuTvnis mose janaSvils). es gamarTlebulia rogorc istoriuli
(warmomavlobiTi), ise funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT. amitomac
misi dasma saxelobiTis Semdeg gansakuTrebul dasabuTebas ar
moiTxovs.
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brunvis niSanTa sistemas, cxadia, brunebis sistema gvTavazobs. Tuki brunvis formaTa paradigmas `CamovacilebT~ maTs saerTo nawils _ fuZes, miviGebT brunvis niSanTa sistemas.
magram romeli unda miviCnioT brunebis (Sesabamisad _
brunvis niSanTa) ZiriTad sistemad?
amisaTvis ori urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtoriT SeiZleba
visargebloT:
a) brunvis formantebis sisrule: TiToeuli brunvisaTvis
aiGeba morfemis is varianti, romelic ufro srulia.
magram am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba miviGoT ara brunvis niSanTa
sistema (paradigma), aramed `srul~ brunvis niSanTa `nakrebi~,
radgan SeiZleba miTiTebuli `sisrule~ calkeul brunvis niSans
sul sxvadasxva paradigmaSi aGmoaCndes.
b) morfologiuri `neitraliteti~: brunvis niSanTa sistema `miviGoT~ iseTi struqturis fuZisagan, romelic morfonologiur gavlenas ar axdens brunvis niSnebze.
aseTad qarTulSi unda miviCnioT TanxmovniT daboloebuli
fuZe.
Sesabamisad, Tuki aviGebT TanxmovanfuZiani (ukumSveli) arsebiTi saxelis paradigmas:
sax. wign-i
moT. wign-ma
mic. wign-s
naT. wign-is
moq. wign-iT
viT. wign-ad
wod. wign-o
brunvis niSanTa ZiriTadi sistema aseTi saxisaa:
sax. -i
moT. -ma
mic. -s
naT. -is
moq. -iT
viT. -ad
wod. -o
TiToeuli maTgani SeiZleba, amave dros, miviCnioT Sesabamisi brunvis niSnis amosaval saxed, anu _ ZiriTad alomorfad.
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-i, -
-ma, -m
-s, -sa
-is, -s, -si, -sa
-iT, -Ti, -Ta, -T
-ad, -d, -ada, -da
-o, -v, -
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niSanTa
xmovans
-Ti. amsaxele-
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SeniSvna: mwerlobaSi dadasturebulia -si, -Ti alomorfebi ara aseT SezGudul poziciebSic. magaliTad,
ak. SaniZe miuTiTebs vaJa-fSavelas enis amgvar
Taviseburebas: `yvelaze metad uxdebaT Cabalaxebi mglisi-a, spasalars _ vefxvis tyavisa, vezirT
_ iuxis Txisi-a~. aSkaraa: rac aris -isa (tyavisa), is aris -isi (Txisi). saerTo wesebTan mimarTebiT es periferiul movlenad CaiTvleba.
radganac miTiTebuli alomorfebi brunvis niSanTa poziciur variantebad iqna miCneuli, cxadia, aucilebelia am `savaldebulo~ poziciebis Cveneba.
a) upirveles yovlisa, Tanamedrove qarTulSi xazi gaesmis
gavrcobili brunvis niSnis sademarkacio daniSnulebas. es funqcia gamokveTilia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac is konstruqciis (sintagmaturi mTlianobis) Camketad gvevlineba; kerZod: Tu substantiuri msazGvreli prepoziciuria, gauvrcobeli brunva
gveqneba, xolo Tu postpoziciuri (Camketi) msazGvrelia, is gavrcobili iqneba; Sdr.:
mezobl-is saxli
saxli mezobl-isa
mag.: `Tofi x i s a, tyvia w y l i s a, xes eca da qva gaiqca~
(gamocana).
aseTive daniSnulebisaa konstruqciis Camketi gavrcobili
forma striqonisa Tu winadadebis bolos:
`mis mTisa Zirsa wyali dis, arad sandomi x i d i s a ~ (rusTaveli); `bnels xevze mohyefs mdinare, gulamGvreuli j a v r i T a~ (vaJa).
b) gansxvavebuli funqcia aqvs brunvis niSnis xmovniT gavrcobas brunvis formaze nawilakebis an Tandebulis darTvisas;
am SemTxvevaSi a xmovans arsebiTad TanxmovanTgamyaris fonetikuri funqcia aqvs dakisrebuli:
wyaro-ma-c, qva-sa-c, baG-isa-ve...
saxl-isa-ken, x-isa-gan, gul-isa-Tvis...
g) arsebiTad amave rigisaa mavrcobi xmovnis gaCena enklitikur poziciaSi, rodesac ori erTgvarovani wevri da (Tu) kavSiriT aris SeerTebuli da es kavSiri saerTo maxviliT enklitikurad ekedleba wina wevrs. am SemTxvevaSi a xmovani aseTive Tan-
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III. 2.14. fuZisa da afiqsTa urTierTqmedeba. formawarmoebis (brunebis) procesSi arsebiTi saxelis fuZe da brunvis
niSnebi urTierTmoqmedeben. am urTierTmoqmedebam SeiZleba erTerT maTganSi fonetikuri cvlileba gamoiwvios.
arsebiT saxelTa aRniSnuli ori jgufi _ TanxmovanfuZiani
da xmovanfuZiani _ am TvalsazrisiT aseve ar aris erTgvarovani:
garkveuli struqturuli mimarTebebi iwvevs cvlilebas fuZesa
Tu brunvis niSnebSi, garkveuli _ ara.
kerZod, aseTia TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa nawili, romelTa
fuZe ucvlelia, anu fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa struqturuli
mimarTeba stabiluria. mag.:
qar-i
gverd-i
ZaRl-i
qar-ma
gverd-ma ZaRl-ma
qar-s
gverd-s
ZaRl-s
qar-is
gverd-is ZaRl-is
qar-iT
gverd-iT ZaRl-iT
qar-ad
gverd-ad ZaRl-ad
qar-o
gverd-o ZaRl-o
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b) saTanado struqturis fuZis cvlilebis gamowveva SeuZlia brunvis niSans, romelsac aqvs daxuruli marcvlis struqtura _ VC.
amgvarad, fuZeTa da sufiqsTa urTierTmoqmedi struqturebia:
xmovanfuZianebSi:
1.
a) # V + V: rko + i rko;
b) # V + CV: rko + ma rko-m;
g) # V + VC: rko + is rko-s(i);
2.
TanxmovanfuZianebSi:
# VS + VC: kedel + is kedl-is...
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ar
er
or
an
en
on
am
em
om
av
ev
ov
SeniSvna: 1. aris ramdenime gamonaklisi, roca VC struqturis auslauti ikumSeba (mag.: kakab-i, nabad-i,
yasab-i, beed-i...);
2. VSC struqturis auslautis kumSvis erTaderTi magaliTi dasturdeba: GmerT-i.
vnaxoT TiToeuli sareduqcio segmenti:
-al: am struqturis fuZeTa mniSvnelovani nawili kumSvadia, Tumca ukumSvelTa raodenobac sagrZnobia:
ukumSveli
xibali
cimbali
kanibali
Cobali
Tagali
grigali
bungali
jirgali
bandali
dandali
vandali
skandali
feodali
kodali
yodali
ideali
areali
kumSvadi
bali
kaxambali
kombali
xorbali
alubali
iGbali
namgali
xangali
Cangali
fargali
qargali
gorgali
durgali
dedali
pedali
sandali
ajafsandali
100
festivali
narvali
mtarvali
mwvervali
intervali
Sturvali
saTali
moTali
bzekali
spekali
vertikali
mkali
kankali
vokali
rkali
dalali
natamali
Simali
rvali
calTvali
yuryumali
dgnali
signali
arsenali
sirsvali
originali
kardinali
kriminali
finali
diagonali
samsvali
personali
mkurnali
tribunali
Spali
zarali
brali
Sandali
cindali
kardali
sardali
naGverdali
Suamavali
orTqmavali
Tbomavali
STamomavali
qvewarmavali
karnavali
dasavali
Tavgadasakali
Sesavali
aGsavali
jargvali
mZevali
mxevali
Tvali
Sarvali
Tebervali
mayvali
maSvali
nacvali
sacvali
marcvali
Zvali
vali
vagzali
sagzali
muguzali
beiTali
samarTali
farTali
bakali
kakali
ekali
integrali
liberali
minerali
morali
pastorali
kaprali
naprali
trali
magistrali
mistrali
nasufrali
xrali
detali
metali
naSali
kapitali
portali
kristali
mzeqali
kirkimali
beboqali
fancqali
GanGali
yanyali
penali
CanCali
boZali
nakrZali
winwali
forTxali
safiqrali
naxanZrali
xanxali
Savxali
janjali
odrikali
buzankali
maankali
xinkali
barkali
kirkali
mitkali
naperwkali
mamali
feStamali
erkemali
tyemali
xerxemali
x{r}mali
sasTumali
nawverali
generali
mwerali
waramwerali
natirali
domxali
satirali
natusali
hospitali
kvartali
mamfali
naterfali
dedofali
ufali
irisufali
fiqali
sarqali
bayali
mayali
wyali
bryali
TavSali
101
102
marSali
ferSali
naqurCali
sagZali
rZali
wawali
fiwali
mZaxali
mxali
msxali
xanjali
fuZeTa am paraleluri suraTidan ikveTeba zogi kanonzomiereba:
1. ucvlelia oden VS struqturis fuZe: al-i.
2. ar SeikumSeba im marcvlis xmovani, romelsac win xmovani
esazGvreba da ara _ Tanxmovani: baal-i, naal-i, bodial-i, filial-i, roial-i, zual-i, ritual-i, areal-i, ideal-i...
SeniSvna: 1. es SezGudva, sazogadod, ar Seexeba im fuZeebs,
romlebSic xmovnisSemdgomi o nawilobriv reduqcias ganicdis: niori nivris...
2. zog fuZeSi dakargulia arqauli -iv sufiqsis
v elementi: noyier-i, gonier-i... aseT fuZeTa nawili reduqcias eqvemdebareba, ris Sedegadac dakarguli v aGdgeba: noyivr-ad...
3. umetesad ar ikumSeba erTmarcvliani fuZeebi, oGond
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac xmovnis wina poziciaSi cali
Tanxmovania: bal-i, dal-i, val-i, cal-i, wal-i... magram Sdr. bali, romlis msgavsi SemTxvevebic axsnilia imiT, rom maT ufro
rTul fuZeebSi SeiZines msgavsi unari (Sdr. alubal-i).
es SezGudva ar Seexeba iseT erTmarcvlianebs, romelSic
xmovnis wina pozicia raime TanxmovanTkompleqss ukavia: Tval-i,
Zval-i, kval-i, mxal-i, wyal-i...
4. ar ikumSeba reduplicirebuli fuZeebi: dandal-i, kankal-i, xanxal-i, CanCal-i, janjal-i, GarGal-i...
103
kumSvadi
sabeli
Sesagebebeli
damlagebeli
sagebeli
104
kandeli
modeli
sazrdeli
yrdeli
navTsayudeli
gansacdeli
jeeli
veli
Taveli
gveli
mmarTveli
nikveli
ninveli
frinveli
samonveli
cxoveli
qveli
yveli
mcveli
mlocveli
meSveli
mrewveli
ueveli
jinveli
naxveli
mkiTxveli
Zaxveli
sacexveli
fexburTeli
ieli
zurgieli
nakeli
jakeli
momkeli
kankeli
saTleli
saSleli
qveSsagebeli
sakodeli
damrigebeli
sargebeli
mGaGadebeli
fuZemdebeli
bralmdebeli
wunmdebeli
sagodebeli
gamomZiebeli
sanelebeli
maswavlebeli
saswavlebeli
sabralebeli
mxlebeli
saxamebeli
maamebeli
sananebeli
saberveli
mbrZanebeli
uxsenebeli
maCvenebeli
mSenebeli
momxmarebeli
sakerebeli
sacxovrebeli
mcxovrebeli
mayurebeli
SemduGebeli
mtacebeli
sawebeli
mTibeli
mezobeli
sagalobeli
monaTmflobeli
axlobeli
mdnobeli
Tameli
maxarobeli
karameli
mpyrobeli
meli
mSobeli
gamzrdeli
uSobeli
sabmeli (Sdr. sabeli) Grubeli
mTqmeli
kedeli
cmeli
mGvdeli
flaneli
gamdeli
msmeneli
qumeli
mTxovneli
Gumeli
mliqvneli
sakideli
gamyidveli
sayideli
saxvneli
mtkaveli
mwvrTneli
kraveli
satkepneli
saxveveli
burneli
mrCeveli
mToveli
mweveli
mxsneli
saTxeveli
kuneli
rTveli
mGrGneli
soveli
mcoxneli
yoveli
mToxneli
sirsveli
vimpeli
sarqveli
sareli
naGveli
xereli
Sveli
saxreli
meSveli
qeduxreli
safuZveli
Tanaklaseli
fxizeli
fanteli
naTeli
kafeli
kamaTeli
saGerGeli
sareTeli
celi
sanTeli
Sniceli
saCxrekeli
xenceli
safxekeli
Zeli
mameli
orZeli
gamomcemeli
weli
sakmeli
105
106
xeli
saxeli
sasjeli
TavTxeli
gasaxdeli
akvareli
sarkmeli
Tirkmeli
mzomeli
sasmeli
sameli
tansacmeli
safaneli
saqoneli
weli
ureli
sawnaxeli
gautexeli
savarcxeli
uGeli
sartyeli
saCeCeli
sareceli
circeli
furceli
muceli
sabZeli
savarZeli
sazepeli
wkepeli
darbaiseli
sakrefeli
wifeli
safeTqeli
kurdGeli
beGeli
am ganawilebaSi, cxadia, iCens Tavs kiTxvebi rogorc fuZeTa ukumSvelobis, ise kumSvis TvalsazrisiT, rac mizezia tradiciisa (uzusisa) da struqturuli kanonzomierebebis Tanaarsebobisa. orive jgufSi aseve moipoveba wminda zedsarTavebi an
msazGvreli mimGeobebi:
ukumSveli
mTeli
xmeli
neli
Zveli
titveli
ZirZveli
bneli
reli
wrfeli
Zneli
kuaTxeli
udardeli
uzrdeli
sacdeli
gauxdeli
gadauxdeli
mouxdeli
sagveli
mrokveli
mxilveli
mfarveli
sakvirveli
sasurveli
uSurveli
mTesveli
metyveli
mimbaZveli
mxarjveli
janmrTeli
uswavleli
dauTvleli
mousvleli
mouvleli
daubmeli
saZebneli
gauxedneli
kumSvadi
yviTeli
wiTeli
SiSveli
sqeli
brtyeli
vrceli
grZeli
Txeli
cxeli
ficxeli
saZageli
Sesagebebli
Camouyalibebeli
maZagebeli
amgebeli
mosamzadbeli
gamadidebeli
gadaudebeli
gauTavebeli
miutevebeli
maZiebeli
uSvelebeli
gaunaTlebeli
aucilebeli
mamxilebeli
SeuZlebeli
Seugnebeli
daudgromeli
dauleveli
uZleveli
uSromeli
autaneli
Semadgeneli
sayvareli
sazareli
momxveeli
107
108
mdevneli
mpovneli
mSovneli
mqneli
momgvreli
xelsayreli
ganuyreli
ganuxreli
ganusjeli
gautexeli
kumSvadi
lagami
qaTami
alami
kalami
salami
salam-qalami
zesadgami
modgami
TvalSeudgami
Talgami
Telgami
lami
Saltami
vami
astami
gvami
moTqvami
balzami
qrTami
kamkami
skami
ulami
Slami
Tamami
wami
Jami
wkvarami
grami
nagrami
drami
xrami
Cqami
balGami
yami
bayami
brZami
wami
wamwami
naami
xami
xamxami
mosasxami
sisxami
yalami
walami
elami
arami
varami
erami
atami
vaxSami
lerwami
109
110
Sxami
jami
filjami
-em: am fuZeTa nakleboba TvalSisacemia, miT ufro _ kumSvadis:
ukumSveli
gemi
edemi
nagvemi
Temi
rekviemi
aqlemi
kremi
totemi
sacemi
gamosacemi
mrwemi
xemi
Txemi
jemi
kumSvadi
iremi
uremi
kumSvadi
sabani
ebani
lebani
kidobani
(Tav)Cobani
gembani
anbani
gani
uragani
nagani
bargani
abragani
organi
gabadani
bindani
bardani
Tavani
mbGavani
intrigani
lagvani
ugvani
Tayvani
suzani
kviani
iGbliani
jiSiani
TaTmani
duSmani
banani
ubani
gareubani
iagani
balavani
sagani
jagani
iatagani
zegani
xuligani
ostigani
Sigani
Cogani
argani
Caidani
madani
dedani
moedani
qedani
Cemodani
lavgardani
Sadrevani
qoTani
xelTaTmani
guTani
galavani
falavani
qaravani
mtevani
xeivani
akvani
diakvani
bundovani
mayvlovani
samarovani
erqvani
111
112
ukumSveli
nakbeni
narbeni
sarbeni
aborigeni
zvigeni
sadeni
namyeni
cremldeni
ordeni
sayrdeni
sasveni
fsveni
samSveni
gobeleni
xaleni
Sagreni
Sveulmfreni
nayeni
brZeni
cxeni
kumSvadi
Sevardeni
javardeni
regveni
ZGveni
yavarjeni
wveni
yurZeni
kumSvadi
monazoni
mawoni
saponi
113
gazoni
garnizoni
liToni
orioni
drakoni
limoni
garmoni
makaroni
mironi
koconi
-ar: am struqturis fuZeTa sakmaod did raodenobaSi aseve
xSiria kumSvadoba:
ukumSveli
bari
xabari
nugbari
masdari
mjdari
gvari
Gvari
saxl-kari
sakmari
nasaxlari
iplari
Sxolari
jagnari
Talari
TaGari
winkari
kumSvadi
meZebari
sagubari
jigari
Zirmagari
langari
mxedari
yavari
mdevari
mawyevari
niaGvari
jvari
laxvari
cxvari
bazari
davTari
zamTari
futkari
sizmari
tvifari
feiqari
bawari
inari
114
kumSvadi
dedaberi
beberi
TiTberi
mozveri
kiseri
bokveri
bocveri
kavaleri
saceri
mteri
mwyeri
mewyeri
oficeri
115
meZav-i: SesmeniTa m e Z s a
116
117
SesamCnevia, rom am TvalsazrisiT ufro aqtiuria viTarebiTi brunva (is yvelaze ufro naTlad amowmebs kumSvadobas).
ikumSeba fuZis sami xmovani: a, e da o.
am xmovanTagan a da e srul reduqcias ganicdis, xolo o,
garkveuli poziciebis garda, nawilobriv reducirdeba da
gadadis v-Si. am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad unda miviCnioT nawilobrivi reduqcia, radganac sruls damatebiTi faqtori ganapirobebs (ix. qvemoT).
TiToeuli xmovnis kumSvis TiTo nimuSi:
sax. mamal-i
_ _ _ _
naT. maml-is
moq. maml-iT
viT. maml-ad
kedel-i
_ _ _ _
kedl-is
kedl-iT
kedl-ad
mawon-i
_ _ _ _
mawvn-iT
mawvn-iT
mawvn-ad
maml-eb-i
maml-eb-ma
maml-eb-s
maml-eb-is
maml-eb-iT
maml-eb-ad
maml-eb-o
o xmovnis sruli reduqcia xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelis fuZeSi, sareduqcio segmentis wina poziciaSi, meore labialuri xmovanic dasturdeba; Sdr.:
sax. kokor-i
_ _ _
naT. kokr-is
moq. kokr-iT
viT. kokr-ad
sapon-i
_ _ _
sapn-is
sapn-iT
sapn-ad
118
119
mTvare
mTvare-m
mTvare-s
mTvar-is
mTvar-iT
mTvare-d
mTvare-v
120
naT. Zm-is
mz-is
moq. Zm-iT
mz-iT
viT. Zma-d
mze-d
wod. Zma-v
mze-v
ricxvis niSani -eb iseve iwvevs fuZis xmovnis kvecas,
rogorc miTiTebuli brunvis niSnebi. oGond am SemTxvevaSi gamonakliss warmoadgens e xmovanfuZiani saxelebi, romelTa fuZe
-eb sufiqsTan ucvlelia. Sdr.:
qva qv-eb-i
magram:
xe xe-eb-i
maslaze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom kveca bevrad ufro
Tanamimdevruli morfonologiuri wesia, vidre kumSvis aGwerili suraTi; kerZod: saxelebSi ikveceba yvela bolokiduri a da
e xmovani, miuxedavad imisa, erTmarcvliani iqneba fuZe, ormarcvliani, Tu _ metmarcvliani, anda romeli Sinaarsobrivi
jgufisa iqneba is.
a xmovanfuZiani kvecadi saxelebia: Zma, biZa, gza, qva, tba,
Tma, zGva, muxa, rcxila, miwa, Tixa, kefa, ena, loya, guga, iqa,
dana, tura, kata, baia, enZela, krazana, wera, kiTxva, Sroma, Seneba, banaoba, ocneba, garToba, mSvidoba, megobroba, daumorCilebloba, mamuliSviloba da mravali sxva.
e xmovanfuZiani saxelebia: Ze, xe, bze, mze, klde, tye, rZe,
tyve, saxe, siZe, bade, bage, Tone, Gone, bude, maxe, Tavxe, cixe,
Gobe, gube, ube, sarke, samxece, sayane, sakartofile, simSvide, silamaze, simamace, sirTule, mepure, meGvine, meCeqme, moene, mobinadre, axalmosaxle da sxv.
kvecis saerTo wess ar eqvemdebareba zogi a xmovanfuZiani
sazogado saxeli; aq ori SemTxveva unda gamovyoT:
a) ar ikveceba zogi derivaciuli datvirTvis (sufiqsuri) a
xmovani; mag.:
sax. bicola
sqelSubla
naT. bicola-s(i)
sqelSubla-s(i)
moq. bicola-Ti
sqelSubla-Ti
viT. bicola-d
sqelSubla-d
zogjer aseT fuZeSi sufiqsuroba arc Cans, magram ukveceloba tradiciiT Cans damkvidrebuli:
sax.
naT.
moq.
viT.
121
mela
mela-s(i)
mela-Ti
mela-d
damatebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom aseTi fuZeebi -ebian mravlobiTSi orgvar suraTs gviCvenebs: maTi umetesi nawili
mravlobiTSi kvecadia, magram SeiZleba ukveceloba mravlobiTSic gadasdevdes. Sdr.:
sax. bicol-eb-i
moT. bicol-eb-ma
moq. bicol-eb-s
naT. bicol-eb-is
lurja-eb-i
lurja-eb-ma
lurja-eb-s
lurja-eb-is
122
sax. qarxn-eb-i
moT. qarxn-eb-ma
mic. qarxn-eb-s
naT. qarxn-eb-is
moq. qarxn-eb-iT
viT. qarxn-eb-ad
wod. qarxn-eb-o
123
moyvr-eb-i
moyvr-eb-ma
moyvr-eb-s
moyvr-eb-is
moyvr-eb-iT
moyvr-eb-ad
moyvr-eb-o
124
II (fuZexm. kvec.)
-i
-m
-s
-is
-iT
-d
-v
ukumS.
kumSv.
fuZexmovniani
ukvec.
kvec.
kumSv.-kvec.
125
v) es ukanaskneli arsebiTad gamartivebuli saxea v. Tofurias analizisa, romelmac nairsaxeobaTa sruli gaTvaliswinebis
Sedegad cameti tipi miiRo (v. Tofuria).
aRaravin daobs imaze, rom brunebis tipologiuri klasifikaciisas fuZisa da brunvis niSanTa urTierTqmedeba unda iqnes
gaTvaliwinebuli. es ki ZiriTadad im brunvebs exeba, romlebSic
e.w. kumSva-kveca momdinareobs. es aris VS struqturis auslautis saxeluri fuZisa da VC struqturis sufiqsebis Sexvedra
naTesaobiTSi, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTSi (-is, -iT, -ad).
amave dros, brunebis tipizaciisas gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs -eb-iani mravlobiTic, vinaidan, jer erTi, is brunebis
iseTsave srul sistemas iZleva, rogorsac mxolobiTi, meorec,
rac mTavaria, -eb imave VC struqturis morfemaa da misi zemoqmedeba fuZeze iseve gasaTvaliswinebelia, rogorc brunvis niSnebisa.
brunebis mofologiis, kerZod, fuZis viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT rva tipis paradigmas miviRebT:
1
saxl`__`
2
kedelkedl-
3
mawonmawvn-
4
wyaro
`__`
5
Zma
Zm-
6
xe
x-xe
7
Txunela
Txunela
Txunel-
8
qarxana
qarxn-
126
I ------------------
127
v#
c#
-vs
II ------------
-/s
III -----------
-/
-//
-vc
-vcc
-//s
.
IV -----------------------------------------------------
2-3...
.
1-.
. .
+
V --------------------------------------------------------------
VI -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
..
. .
. .
128
komentarebi sqemisaTvis:
amdenad, qarTuli enis fonologiuri da morfologiuri
bunebidan gamomdinare, klasifikaciis pirveli safexuri binarulia:
I. TanxmovanfuZiani _ xmovanfuZiani. Tu Sesabamisi operaciis safuZvlad aviRebT neitralur brunvas _ saxelobiTs, maSin opozicias Seqmnis i_xmovniani (TanxmovanfuZiani) da a e o
u_xmovniani (xmovanfuZiani) saxelebi. is (ucxouri warmomavlobis) saxelebi, romelTa i_auslauti fuZiseulia (taqsi), gamonaklisTa registrSi aisaxeba (xmovanfuZianebSi gadairicxeba).
II. Semdeg safexurze TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa klasifikacia
kvlav fonematur safuZvelze unda moxdes. kerZod, cnobili simboloebis (C, S, V) meSveobiT aRiwereba fuZis bolokiduri marcvlis struqtura:
a) -VCC (igive: -VSC, -VCS, -VSS); b) VC da g) VS
xmovanfuZiani saxelebi amgvar kombinatorul midgomas ar
saWiroebs, aq fuZis bolokiduri xmovnis mixedviT gamoiyofa
ori qvejgufi:
a)
o, u, i _ auslauti da b) a, e _ auslauti.
III. es danawileba SesaZleblobas iZleva saxelebis Semdgomi
klasifikacia movaxdinoT fuZeTa cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT.
kerZod:
TanxmovanfuZianebi:
(a) jgufi mTlianad fuZeucvlelia;
(b) jgufis ZiriTadi nawili (a)-s miekuTvneba, amitomac SesaZlebelia kumSvadi gamonaklisebis calke registracia moxdes
(kakabi, nabadi, niGabi, beWedi, yasabi); nakleb adekvaturi iqneba
maTi gaerTianeba (g) jgufSi, vinaidan es niSnavs gamonaklisebis
prioritetulad aRiarebas.
(g) jgufi gulisxmobs upiratesad fuZecvalebadi (kumSvadi)
saxelebis arsebobas, amitomac Semdgom etapze Semova damatebiTi
saklasifikacio niSnebi (ix. IV safexuri).
xmovanfuZianebi:
(a) jgufi ukvecelia (ori gamonaklisiT _ Rvino, dro);
(b) jgufi am safexurze or qvejgufad gaiyofa: 1. kvecadebi
(gamonaklisebi calke aisaxeba) da 2. kumSvad-kvecadebi (am jgufe-
129
130
131
132
133
im kvira-s Camovdivar.
momaval wel-s gakeTdeba...
am SemTxvevaSi micemiTi brunvis niSans derivaciuli daniSnuleba aqvs.
aseTive viTarebaa maSin, rodesac micemiTi brunvis meSveobiT adgilis garemoebis gamoxatva xdeba. es zedsarTav (iSviaTad _ arsebiT) saxelebze micemiTi brunvis niSnis darTvis
dros xdeba:
axlo-s movida.
Sor-s wavida.
mTa-s viyav.
Sedgenili Semasmenlis saxeladi nawili, meSveli zmnis
drois mixedviT, SeiZleba micemiTi brunvis formiTac iyos
warmodgenili:
es mzera qals saocrad mimzidvel-s xdida...
III. 2.19.4. naTesaobiTi brunva. naTesaobiTi brunvis erTerTi ZiriTadi funqciaa substantiuri anu marTuli msazRvrelis gamoxatva: mz-is sxivi, mTvar-is Suqi, qal-is kaba...
kidev erTi specifikuri funqcia, romelic naTesaobiT
brunvas aqvs, es ubralo damatebis gamoxatvaa:
1. zogierT specifikur, guneba-ganwyobis gamomxatvel
zmnasTan:
bavSv-s mgl-is eSinia;
2. sawyisTan:
saWml-is keTeba
saxl-is dalageba
gakveTileb-is momzadeba
zeim-is dawyeba
sakveb-is gafuWeba
3. mimReobasTan:
qal-is gakeTebuli saWmeli
col-is moyvaruli kaci
Wam-is moZule bavSvi
kerZ-is mosamzadebeli qvabi da a. S.
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am SemTxvevebSi, saxelzmnebTan Sexamebisas naTesaobiTSi dasmuli saxeli qvemdebariseburi an pirmimarTdamatebiseburi ubralo damatebaa.
garda amisa, naTesaobiT brunva gamoiyeneba mTel rig SemTxvevebSi:
1. asakis aRniSvnisas (zogjer _ Sedgenili Semasmenlis
saxeladi nawilad):
sami wl-is bavSvi
xuTi Tv-is lekvi
aTi saukun-is istoria
maSin isic am xn-is iyo...
2. raimes Rirebulebis aRniSvnisas:
sami lar-is kartofili
samasi lar-is produqcia
III. 2.19.5. moqmedebiTi brunva. moqmedebiTi brunvis erTerTi ZiriTadi funqciaa moqmedebis iaraRis, masalis gamoxatva.
am dros moqmedebiTbrunviani saxeli ubralo damatebis rolSi
gamodis:
dan-iT puri daWra.
Zaf-iT qudi moqsova.
nems-iT Sarvali gakera.
CaquC-iT lursmani CaaWeda.
manqan-iT bavSvi waiyvana.
agur-iT saxli aaSena...
imave funqciiT moqmedebiTi Sesabamis sawyissa da mimReobasTanac gamoiyeneba:
dan-iT puris daWra.
Zaf-iT qudis moqsova.
dan-iT daWrili puri.
Zaf-iT moqsovili qudi.
moqmedebiTSi dasmuli saxeli gamoiyeneba aseve adgilis,
drois, viTarebisa da mizezis garemoebebis gadmosacemad:
a) adgilis garemoeba:
dasavleT-iT mze Cadioda.
CrdiloeT-iT Rrubeli moCanda.
mT-iT barad Camovardeba...
135
b) drois garemoeba:
dil-iT adre dgeboda.
zafxulob-iT zRvaze visvenebT xolme.
aq zamTrob-iT didi Tovli icis.
g) viTarebis garemoeba:
siyvarul-iT miiRo.
SiS-iT eloda.
sixarul-iT Sexvda.
d) mizezis garemoeba:
SiS-iT lamis gaTavda.
sixarul-iT kinaRam gadairia.
moqmedebiTi farTod gamoiyeneba paronomaziul gamoTqmebSi:
qals kvlav eZina netaris Zil-iT (ilia).
moqmedebiTi brunvis formiani saxelebi gamoiyeneba Tanaobis aRsaniSnavadac:
col-iT da bavSveb-iT movida.
yvavileb-iT mogvadga karze.
moqmedebiTi brunvis forma gamoiyeneba aseve Semdegi saxis
konstruqciaSi:
me var Tbiliseli, warmoSob-iT _ imereli.
moqmedebiTi brunva Tanamedrove qarTulSi farTod gamoiyeneba sityvawarmoebiTi daniSnulebiT, ZiriTadad - specialur
terminologiaSi (kiTxv-iT-i winadadeba, memkvidreob-iT-i daavadeba, Tavdacv-iT-i reaqcia...)
III. 2.19.6. viTarebiTi brunva. viTarebiTi brunvis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia gardaqceviTobis gamoxatvaa. am brunvaSi
dasmuli ubralo damatebiT gamoixateba cvaleba, gardasaxva,
gardaqmna:
wyali Rvino-d iqca.
gogona qal-ad iqca.
baRi walkot-ad aqcia.
Cveni Zveli nacnobi siZe-d mogvevlina...
Zalian xSiria viTarebiTi brunvis niSniT viTarebis zmnizedebis warmoeba:
136
karg-ad moiqca.
gemriel-ad miirTmevs...
viTarebiTbrunviani saxelebi farTod gamoiyeneba miznis
garemoebis funqciiT; rogorc wesi, es myofadis mimReobebTan
xdeba:
saTevzao-d wavida.
saWmel-ad ar varga
sananebl-ad ar gagixdes
aseve viTarebiTi brunvis forma gamoiyeneba garemoebaTa
funqciiT:
a) adgilis:
am qveyn-ad samarTali aris, gana?
sofl-ad cxovreba ufro mdored miedineba...
b) drois:
aq Zvel-ad eklesia idga.
viTarebiTi brunvis forma gvxvdeba specifikur sityvaTSeTanxmebebSi:
movida Cveni klaseli, gvar-ad _ abesaZe.
wereTeli, saxel-ad _ daviTi...
es konstruqcia aSkarad Sedgenili Semasmenlis Sekvecili
variantia: gvar-ad iyo, saxelad erqva da a. S.
dabolos _ viTarebiTi brunva aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sityvawarmoebiTi funqciiT, axali terminologiis sawarmoeblad
(drek-ad-i, marTv-ad-i, tev-ad-i da a. S.).
III. 2.19.7. wodebiTi brunva. wodebiT brunvas erTaderTi
funqcia aqvs _ mimarTva. sxva brunvebisgan gansxvavebiT, is sityvebis erTmaneTTan damakavSireblad ar gamoiyeneba da arc
zmnur konstruqciebSi Sedis. am mxriv wodebiTi brunva mkveTrad emijneba yvela danarCen brunvas. mag.: damiyvave, qar-o, nu
xar mkacri! (ana)
mxolod msazRvrel-sazRvrulis SeTanxmebis saxiT gvxvdeba:
Cem-o karg-o qveyana-v, razed mogiwyenia! (ilia)
III. 2.20. Tandebuliani brunvebi da maTi funqciebi. tradiciuli ganmartebiT: `Tandebuli hqvia damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis uqonel sityvas an bgeraTa kompleqss, romelic daerTvis
137
saxelis ama Tu im brunvis formas, rom aRniSnos mdebareoba, mimarTuleba, daniSnuleba an sxva raime damokidebuleba dasaxelebul saganTan~ (a. SaniZe).
Tandebuli daerTvis arsebiTs, zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxelebs, nacvalsaxelebs, zmnisarTebsa da saxelzmnas sxvadasxva
brunvaSi.
sxvadasxva brunvasTan gamoyenebuli erTi da igive
Tandebuli zogjer sxvadasxva funqciis mqonea.
saxelze Tandebulis darTvisas zogierTma brunvam dakarga
brunvis niSani da garegnulad fuZes daemsgavsa: institut-Si,
student-Tan, dafa-ze, dRe-mde da sxv. anda urTierTgavlenis
Sedegad Seicvala brunvis niSanic da Tandebulic: saxlidan
(saxl-iT-gan).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi Tandebuli SedarebiT cotaa, radgan brunvis formaTa simravle saSualebas gvaZlevs azri sakmaod
zustad gamovxatoT. Tandebuli gamoiyeneba yvela brunvis formasTan, garda moTxrobiTisa da wodebiTisa.
Tandebuliani saxelobiTi. saxelobiT brunvas daerTvis
oden -viT Tandebuli, isic mxolod TanxmovanfuZian saxelebTan.
-viT Tandebuli miuTiTebs msgavsebaze, anu imaves aRniSnavs,
rasac zmnizeduri sityva `rogorc~; mag.: bavSviviT, CitiviT,
saxliviT...
Tandebuliani micemiTi. micemiT brunvas daerTvis oTxi
Tandebuli: -viT, -Tan, -ze, -Si.
-viT Tandebuli, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, msgavsebaze miuTiTebs; micemiTSi daerTvis rogorc TanxmovanfuZian, ise xmovanfuZian saxelebs. brunvis niSani gavrcobili saxiTaa warmodgenili:
bavSv-sa-viT, Sen-sa-viT...
-Tan Tandebuli TanxmovanfuZiani saxelis fuZes pirdapir
daerTvis, xmovanfuZian saxelTan _ brunvis niSnis Semdegaa
warmodgenili (Sdr.: saxl-Tan _ deda-s-Tan). -Tan Tandebulis
funqciaa aRniSnos: a) adgili, saganTan siaxlove, axlos, gverdiT yofna, Tanaoba, erTad yofna: saxl-Tan, bavSv-Tan, magidasTan, Sen-Tan...
-ze Tandebulis darTvisas micemiTi brunvis niSani dakargulia (gogona-ze, student-ze, saxl-ze, sxven-ze...), is mxolod
138
mesame piris nacvalsaxelSia SenarCunebuli (ma-s-ze...). -ze Tandebulis funqciaa: a) gamoxatos sagnis zedapirze myofoba
(mkerd-ze, Wer-ze, gza-ze...); b) gadmosces dro (gazafxul-ze, saRamo-ze...); g) SeuZlia gamoxatos xarisxobrivi mimarTeba (Tqvenze ufrosi, qviSaze umravlesi...).
-Si Tandebulis darTvisas aseve dakargulia micemiTi brunvis niSani (saxl-Si, ube-Si, wignak-Si, universitet-Si, qalaq-Si...).
es niSani SenarCunebulia III piris nacvasaxelTan: ma-s-Si. igi
gamoxatavs: a) Sig (SigniT) myofobas (eklesia-Si, skola-Si, WiqaSi...); b) gadmoscems dros (bavSvoba-Si, [ama da am] saukune-Si...);
g) gamoxatavs Sinaarss `Soris~ (qaleb-Si, frinveleb-Si, cxoveleb-Si...).
Tandebuliani naTesaobiTi. naTesaobiT brunvas daerTvis
Semdegi Tandebulebi: -Tvis, -gan, -ken, -ebr, -Tanave, -dami.
naTesaobiTi brunvis formaze Tandebulis darTvisas brunvis niSani SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc gauvrcobeli,
ise gavrcobili saxiT: Zmis-gan / Zmis-a-gan, biWis-gan / biWis-a-gan...
Tanamedrove qarTulSi upiratesoba gauvrcobel versias aqvs
miniWebuli (arn. Ciqobava).
-Tvis Tandebuli uCvenebs: a) daniSnulebas, gankuTvnebas:
megobris-Tvis, mezoblis-Tvis, stumris-Tvis... b) moqmedebis mizans: sifxizlis-Tvis, Serigebis-Tvis, gayris-Tvis...
-gan Tandebuli aRniSnavs: a) daSorebas, dacilebas: megobris-gan, dedis-gan, Zmis-gan... b) masalas: balaxis-gan, qaRaldisgan, Tixis-gan... g) mizezs: vnebis-gan, sixarulis-gan, dardis-gan...
-ken Tandebuli aRniSnavs mimarTulebas: saxlis-ken, qalaqis-ken, skolis-ken...
-ebr Tandebuli msgavsebas aRniSnavs; zogjer am TandebuliT gadmocemuli Sinaarsi Tanxvdeba -viT TandebuliT gadmocemuls. Tanamedrove qarTulSi nakleb gamoiyeneba es Tandebuli:
kacis-ebr, spilos-ebr...
-Tanave nawilakiani Tandebulia da is gamoiyeneba sawyisTan
drois gadmocemis mizniT: dawyebis-Tanave, wasvlis-Tanave...
-dami || -dmi. -dami varianti piris nacvalsaxelebs daerTvis: Sen-dami, Tqven-dami... varianti -dmi arsebiT saxelebs: me-
139
140
ar eqvemdebareba, Tu amad ar miviCnevT krebiTi saxelebis mimarTebas erTis gamomxatvel saxelebTan: cxvari _ f a r a, k a c i _
x a l x i...
III. 2.22. ori tipis mravlobiTis Tanaarseboba. ricxvis
gramatikuli kategoria arsebiT saxelSi orgvar sistemas gviCvenebs: erTs _ wmindad aglutinaciurs (-eb- sufiqsiani mravlobiTi), xolo meores _ Sereuls (-n/ -T sufiqsebiani mravlobiTi). eb sufiqsi aglutinacias ganasaxierebs imdenad, ramdenadac is
yvela brunvaSi damoukideblad, brunvis niSnis paralelurad,
gamoxatavs simravles (bavSv-eb-ma). narTaniani Sereuli _ fleqsiur-aglutinaciuria, ramdenadac -n sufiqsi iseTsave morfologiur pozicias ikavebs brunvis niSanTan, rogorsac -eb (kac-ni, kac-n-o), xolo T(a) brunvis niSnis funqciasac TviTon iTavsebs (mweral-Ta kavSiri). maTgan ZiriTadi da gabatonebulia -ebiani mravlobiTi; narTanian mravlobiTs ZiriTadad arqauli stilistikuri datvirTva aqvs.
ricxvis kategoriis ori saopozicio wevridan erTi _ mxolobiTi _ aramarkirebulia, mas morfologiuri niSani ar moepoveba: xel-i, qva, bavSv-i...
morfologiurad markirebulia mravlobiTi; magram mravlobiTi erTgvarovani ar aris, anu mravlobiTis markeri gansxvavebulia rogorc masalobriv, ise tipobriv.
III. 2.23. eb-iani mravlobiTi. Tanamedrove qarTulSi arsebiTi saxelis mravlobiTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli (gabatonebuli) formantia -eb-sufiqsi.
-eb niSnis gamovlena, rogorc iTqva, wmindad aglutinaciuria. es niSani adgils ikavebs fuZesa da brunvis niSnebs Soris,
anu -eb arsebiTad mravlobiTis fuZis mawarmoebeli xdeba. es cxadad Cans saxelis brunebis SedarebiT mxolobiTsa da mravlobiTSi:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
saxl-i
saxl-ma
saxl-s
saxl-is
saxl-eb-i
saxl-eb-ma
saxl-eb-s
saxl-eb-is
moq.
viT.
wod.
saxl-iT
saxl-ad
saxl-o
141
saxl-eb-iT
saxl-eb-ad
saxl-eb-o
rogorc vxedavT, mxolobiTisa da mravlobiTis brunebis paradigma (brunvis niSanTa sistema) erTmaneTisagan ar gansxvavdeba
da arsebiTad erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori fuZe, saxl- da saxleb-. amitomac aRniSnavs akaki SaniZe, rom `mravlobiTi ricxvis
warmoeba arsebiTad warmoqmnas ekuTvnis~.
III. 2.24. eb-iani mravlobiTis morfonologia. -eb sufiqsi,
rogorc formanti, erT-erTi yvelaze ucvlelia amgvar elementTa Soris.
saqme is aris, rom -eb iseTi morfologiuri elementia, VC
struqturiTa da e xmovnis arsebobiT, rom is, wesiT, reduqcias
unda eqvemdebarebodes (Sdr. aseTive mdgradoba axasiaTebs -eb
Temis niSans).
magram ar arsebobs -eb sufiqsis e xmovnis reduqciis arc
erTi SemTxveva.
samagierod, -eb sufiqss iseTive gavlena aqvs fuZeze (sareduqcio segmentze), rogoric VC tipis brunvis niSnebs (-is, -iT,
-ad) axasiaTebs: es ukanaskneli ucvlelia, xolo misi gavleniT
reduqcias ganicdis winamavali marcvlis xmovani: mamal-
maml-eb-; kedel- kedl-eb...
am SemTxvevaSi kumSva, cxadia, fuZes yvela brunvaSi mosdis:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
taZr-eb-i
taZr-eb-ma
taZr-eb-s
taZr-eb-is
taZr-eb-iT
taZr-eb-ad
taZr-eb-o
142
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
gz-eb-i
gz-eb-ma
gz-eb-s
gz-eb-is
gz-eb-iT
gz-eb-ad
gz-eb-o
pepl-eb-i
pepl-eb-ma
pepl-eb-s
pepl-eb-is
pepl-eb-iT
pepl-eb-ad
pepl-eb-o
143
144
145
magram:
`mTaTa moixades gvirgvinni mefurni, TvalTa sxivi moswyda
elvarebisai~ (ana);
amgvarad, -T da -Ta, cxadia, alomorfebad unda iqnes miCneuli, magram maTi poziciuri an funqcionaluri safuZveli ise
gamokveTili ara Cans, rogorc brunvis niSanTa gavrcobis SemTxvevaSi.
III. 2.27. Taviseburebani mravlobiTis formaTa warmoebasa
da funqcionirebaSi. narTaniani mravlobiTis warmoeba da gamoyeneba Tanamedrove qarTulSi SedarebiT SezRudulia. miCneulia, rom misi funqcionirebis asparezi ZiriTadad stilistikuria: gvxvdeba mxatvruli literaturis _ poeziisa da istoriuli prozis _ enaSi. mag.:
`sadac didebuls mTasa myinvarsa o r b n i, a r w i v n i ver
Sehxebian, sad w v i m a - T o v l n i, yinulad q m n i l n i, mzisgan
arodes ara dnebian, uwindels droSi RvTisa m o s a v T a gamouqvabavT mun monasteri...~ (ilia).
amave dros, Taniani formebi gabatonebulia garkveul terminologiur SesityvebebSi: mweralTa kavSiri, mecnierebaTa akademia, bavSvTa baga, ministrTa sabWo... SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ricxvis niSani am SemTxvevaSi derivaciuli elementis fardia.
sayuradReboa, rom narTaniani daboloeba istoriulad araerT SemTxvevaSi aRmoCnda sityvaTmawarmoebeli formantebis
rolSi. amgvari warmomavlobisaa, erTi mxriv: dedani ( deda-ni), locvani ( locva-n-i), Tavni ( Tav-n-i)... meore mxriv:
Tekla-T-i, vana-T-i, gomar-Ta, fiWv-Ta, ber-Ta...
SeniSvna: 1. erTaderTi pozicia, romelSic narTaniani mravlobiTi erTaderTia (anu masTan -eb formantis
Canacvleba ar SeiZleba), aris garkveuli jgufis
nacvalsaxelebi: isi-n-i, ma-T, yvela-n-i...
2. garkveuli datvirTva uCans narTanian mravlobiTs wyvilis gamomxatvel formebsa (Tval-n-i,
yur-Ta...) da e. w. tolad Serwymul kompozitebSi: da-Zma-n-i, qal-vaJ-Ta... niWi da xelovneba
ganuWreli da-Zmani arian (ilia).
146
147
sazRvris orive aspeqts _ niSnebsac da Tvisebebsac. mag.: vaSli saxelTan mimarTebiT `wiTeli~
niSania, `mwife~ _ Tviseba; biWi saxelTan mimarTebiT `mwiTuri~ niSania, `zarmaci~ _ Tviseba... da
misT. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom maxasiaTeblebi
`niSani~ da `Tviseba~ yovelTvis ase aSkarad gasamijni ar aris.
zedsarTavi saxelis Sinaarsobriv jgufebad klasifikacia
orgvarad SeiZleba:
1. leqsikur-semantikurad, anu imis mixedviT, ra saxis niSan-Tvisebebs gamoxatavs esa Tu is zedsarTavi saxeli; am mxriv
SeiZleba gamoiyos Semdegi Sinaarsobrivi klasebis gamomxatveli
zedsarTavi saxelebi:
a) sagnis zoma-moculobisa: didi, patar, vrceli, farTo...
b) odenobisa: cotaodeni, mravalricxovani...
g) wonisa: mZime, msubuqi, mCate...
d) formisa: mrgvali, mrude, brtyeli, swori, okrobokro...
e) Sedgenilobisa: fxvieri, mSrali, mtkice (naqsovi), xSiri
(SeWamandi), mkvrivi...
v) ferisa: Savi, TeTri, mwvane, wiTeli, yavisferi...
z) gemosi: mware, tkbili, mJave, mwklarte...
T) nivTieri xarisxisa: saRi, dabeJili, dampali...
2. Sinaarsobrivi jgufebi aseve SeiZleba ganisazRvros im
ramdenime kiTxvis mixedviT, romlebic zedsarTavTa sxvadasxvagvar semantikur mimarTebebs asaxavs:
a) r o g o r i ? _ didi, naTeli, tkbili...
b) r o m e l i ? _ ganapira, marjvena, Sinauri...
g) s a d a u r i ? _ baTumeli, quTaTuri, berZnuli, dasavluri...
d) r o d i n d e l i ? _ dRevandeli, SarSandeli, samomavlo...
3. zedsarTav saxelTa tradiciuli dayofa or did jgufad
_ v i T a r e b i T da m i m a r T e b i T zedsarTavebad _ pirveladi gagebiT ZiriTad Sinaarsobriv dajgufebas gulisxmobs:
v i T a r e b i T i a zedsarTavi, romelic sagnis niSan-Tvisebas
148
149
150
151
maRal-i
maRal-ma
maRalmaRal-i
maRal-i
maRalmaRal-o
saxl-i
saxl-ma
saxl-s
saxl-is
saxl-iT
saxl-ad
saxl-o
152
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
saxl-i
saxl-ma
saxl-s(a)
saxl-is(a)
saxl-iT(a)
saxl-ad
saxl-o
maRal-i
maRal-ma
maRal-s(a)
maRl-is(a)
maRl-iT(a)
maRl-ad(a)
maRal-o
3. fuZexmovniani _ prepoziciuri:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
patara
patara
patara
patara
patara
patara
patara
burT-i
burT-ma
burT-s
burT-is
burT-iT
burT-ad
burT-o
4. fuZexmovniani _ postpoziciuri:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
burT-i
burT-ma
burT-s
burT-is
burT-iT
burT-ad
burT-o
patara
patara-m
patara-s
patar-is
patar-iT
patara-d
patara-v
153
154
qmnis zmna-SemasmenelTan, magram formis mxriv angariSs uwevs Sesabamis aqtants; Sdr.:
melia k u d a m o Z u e b u l i garboda,
meliam k u d a m o Z u e b u l m a irbina.
melias k u d a m o Z u e b u l s urbenia...
III. 3.7. zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis formebi. zedsarTavi
saxeli orgvari SeiZleba iyos: viTarebiTi da mimarTebiTi. viTarebiTi zedsarTavi saxeli pirveladia (lamazi, patara, didi...),
mimarTebiTi ki _ nawarmoebi, warmoqmnili (guliani, saxelovani,
qalaqeli, sofluri...).
sagans aqvs Tavisi niSan-Tviseba, romelic, rogorc wesi, SeiZleba iyos sxvadasxva odenobis, sxvadasxva xarisxis; es met-nakleboba damyarebulia Zireuli, pirveladi da warmoqmnili saxelebis Sedarebaze.
qarTul enaSi garCeulia xarisxis sami forma: dadebiTi
(didi), ufroobiTi (u-did-es-i), odnaobiTi (mo-did-o).
xarisxis formebi ewarmoeba viTarebiT zedsarTav saxelebs,
zogjer _ mimarTebiTsac, magram im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mimarTebiToba dakarguli aqvs da viTarebiTad aris qceuli: mag., `gonieri~
forma gvaZlevs ufroobiTi xarisxis formas: u-gonier-es-i;
msgavsi formebia: u-bednier-es-i (bednieri), u-Wkvian-es-i (Wkviani),
u-patiosn-es-i (patiosani), u-Zlier-es-i (Zlieri), u-mSvenier-es-i
(mSvenieri) da sxv.
viTarebiT zedsarTav saxels Cveulebriv ewarmoeba xarisxis
formebi, romlebic ZireulTan mimarTebiT meti an naklebi odenobiT gamoxataven sagnis Tvisebas: didi _ u-did-es-i, mo-dido; TeTri _ u-TeTr-es-i, mo-TeTr-o. es formebi erTmaneTis mimarT xarisxis formebia. Zireul formas (didi, TeTri) d a d e b i T i xarisxi hqvia, misgan warmoqmnilebs _ u f r o o b i T i da
odnaobiTi.
dadebiTi xarisxis forma amosavali formaa, misgan miiReba
ufroobiTi da odnaobiTi xarisxis formebi.
ufroobiTi xarisxis formas awarmoebs u- _ -es TavsarTbolosarTi (konfiqsi) da warmoqmnili forma aRniSnavs sagnis
niSan-Tvisebas meti odenobiT, vidre Zireuli zedsarTavi saxeli: did-i _ u-did-es-i, maRal-i _ u-maRl-es-i...
155
156
157
Semdgom etapze gaCnda opoziciis ufro konkretuli (diferencirebuli) wevri (`ori~); Sesabamisad, Seiqmna samwevrovani
opozicia:
kenti _ wyvili (tyupi) _ mravali
amis Semdeg azrovneba iwyebs aRricxvas da, bunebrivia, mis
enobriv asaxvas: erTi, ori (erTs + erTi), sami (erTs + ori) da
misT.
enobrivi warmomavlobis TvalsazrisiT qarTul ricxviT saxelTa sistema Tormet damoukidebel leqsikur erTeuls emyareba:
erTi
_
1
ori
_
2
aTi
_ 10
sami
_
3
oci
_ 20
oTxi
_
4
asi
_ 100
xuTi
_
5
eqvsi
_
6
Svidi
_
7
rva
_
8
cxra
_
9
SeniSvna: aq mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba gvian Semosuli did
ricxvTa saxelwodebani: milioni, miliardi...
danarCeni ricxviTi saxelebi am erTeulTagan aris Sedgenili: sam+oci, or+asi, aT+asi, sam+as+oci...
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli Tvlis sistema o c o b i T i a.
es niSnavs imas, rom ricxvebis dasaxeleba ocidan asamde (da Semdgom _ aTeulebis rangSi) oceulebad aris dayofili da ara
_ aTeulebad; daakvirdiT:
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
oc-i
ocdaerTi
ocdaori
ocdasami
ocdaoTxi
ocdaxuTi
ocdaeqvsi
ocdaSvidi
ocdarva
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ormoc-i
ormocdaerTi
ormocdaori
ormocdasami
ormocdaoTxi
ormocdaxuTi
ormocdaeqvsi
ormocdaSvidi
ormocdarTa
60
61
_ samoc-i
_ samocdaerTi
da a. S.
158
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ocdacxra
ocdaaTi
ocdaTerTmeti
ocdaTormeti
ocdacameti
ocdaToTxmeti
ocdaTxuTmeti
ocdaTeqvsmeti
ocdaCvidmeti
ocdaTvrameti
ocdacxrameti
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
ormocdacxra
ormocdaaTi
ormocdaTerTmeti
ormocdaTormeti
ormocdacameti
ormocdaToTxmeti
ormocdaTxuTmeti
ormocdaTeqvsmeti
ormocdaCvidmeti
ormocdaTvrameti
ormocdacxrameti
germanuli
rusuli
10
20
zen
zwanzig (= `ori-aTi~)
(= -,
`ori-aTi~)
30
ocdaaTi
50
ormocdaaTi
dreiig (= `sami-aTi~)
fnfzig (= `xuTi-aTi~)
(= `sami-aTi~)
(= `xuTi-aTi~)
III. 4.2. ricxviTi saxelis jgufebi. rogorc iTqva, ricxviTi saxelis enobrivi daniSnuleba pirvel rigSi ukavSirdeba saganTa r a o d e n o b i s gamoxatvas (raodenobriv aRricxvas); am
SinaarsTan mimarTebiT yalibdeba mowesrigebul simravleSi (raodenobaSi) r i g i T o b i s semantika (sagnis r i g i T i adgili
mravalSi); aseve _ moculobiTi an raodenobrivi mTelis fardobiTi n a w i l i (raodenobrivi g a n w i l v i s mimarTebaTa asaxva).
gamomdinare aqedan, qarTuls sami saxis ricxviTi saxeli
moepoveba:
r a o d e n o b i T i : ori, aTi, asi, milioni...
r i g o b i T i : meore, meaTe, mease, memilione...
w i l o b i T i : mesamedi, meaTedi, measedi...
SeniSvna 1. SeiZleba aseve vilaparakoT `d a y o f i T i~ Sinaarsis ricxviT saxelebze garkveuli saxis gaorkecebis gaTvaliswinebiT: or-ori, sam-sami, as-asi...
159
160
me-or-e
me-xuT-e
me-cxr-e
me-as-e da misT.
rogorc vxedavT, fuZeTanxmovnian raodenobiT ricxviT saxels fuZis saxiT gamoiyenebs rigobiTis warmoeba (or-i meor-e...); xolo xmovniT daboloebuli fuZe -e sufiqsis wina poziciaSi kvecas ganicdis: cxra me-cxr-e...
warmoqmnili sityva, Cveulebisamebr, iqneba fuZexmovniani:
mesame, meTerTmete, aTasmeerTe...
rogor aris warmodgenili sxvadasxva Sedgenilobis (martivis, rTulis, Sedgenilis) raodenobiTisagan warmoqmnili rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi?
am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia sityvawarmoebis zogadi
principi: warmomqmneli afiqsebiT nawarmoebi nebismieri rTuli
sityva (kompoziti) erT sityvad iwereba (mag.: dedaSviloba, daZmuri...).
amdenad, nebismieri warmomavlobis rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli erT sityvad unda daiweros:
meorase (orasi)
161
1. saganTa raodenoba (Sesabamisad _ rigobiToba) SeiZleba gamoxatuli iyos ricxviTi (cifrobrivi) simboloebiT. rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis
arabuli cifrebiT gadmocemisas gansxvavebuli
daweriloba gveqneba miTiTebuli ori jgufis mixedviT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi mxolod me- TavsarTi
daerTvis (me-5, me-20, me-100...), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ mxolod -e bolosarTi (29-e, 109-e,
1001-e...).
rigobiTis romauli cifrebiT gadmocemisas TavsarT-bolosarTebi ar daerTvis: V, X, XX, XXII da
misT.
2. erTi-s Sesabamisi rigobiTia pirveli, magram
rTul fuZeSi kvlav `erTi~ iqneba: samocdameerTe, asmeerTe...
III. 4.5. wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli gamoxatavs mTelis (simravlis) ricxobriv (raodenobriv) nawils. is cifrul realobaSi Seesabameba wilads `erTi~ mricxveliT. rogorc cnobilia,
aseT dros SegviZlia vTqvaT mxolod mniSvneli (mricxvelis gareSe): mesamedi, measedi....
162
wilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli iwarmoeba rigobiTisagan saderivacio -d sufiqsis darTviT (romelic warmoSobiT viTarebiTi
brunvis niSania):
mesame _ mesame-d-i
mecamete _ mecamete-d-i
ormocdamexuTe _ ormocdamexuTe-d-i
warmoqmnili sityva, Cveulebisamebr, iqneba fuZeTanxmovniani:
mecxred-i, ocdamexuTed-i, meaTased-i...
warmoebis danarCeni Taviseburebebi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelisagan momdinareobs; Sdr.:
mexuTe _ mexuTed-i
ocdamexuTe _ ocdamexuTed-i
asmexuTe _ asmexuTed-i da sxva.
SeniSvna:
163
sam-i
sam-ma
sam-s
sam-is
sam-iT
sam-ad
[sam-o]
TxuTmet-i
TxuTmet-ma
TxuTmet-s
TxuTmet-is
TxuTmet-iT
TxuTmet-ad
[TxuTmet-o]
Svidas-i
Svidas-ma
Svidas-s
Svidas-is
Svidas-iT
Svidas-ad
[Svidas-o]
mraval-i
mraval-ma
mraval-s
mravl-is
mravl-iT
mravl-ad
mraval-o
b) xmovanfuZiani ricxviTi saxelebia: rva, cxra, am erTeulebze damTavrebuli rTulfuZiani ricxviTebi (ocdarva, oTxmocdacxra...) da rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi (mesame, ocdameaTe,
samasmeerTe...). maTi brunebis dros damoukideblad fuZis bolokiduri xmovani ikveceba:
sax.
moT.
mic.
rva
rva-m
rva-s
ocdacxra
ocdacxra-m
ocdacxra-s
meTormete
meTormete-m
meTormete-s
164
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
rv-is
rv-iT
rva-d
[rva-v]
ocdacxr-is
ocdacxr-iT
ocdacxr-ad
[acdacxra-v]
meTormet-is
meTormet-iT
meTormete-d
[meTormete-v]
165
oTx-i
oTx-ma
oTx
oTx-i
oTx-i
oTx
oTx-o
weliwad-i
weliwad-ma
weliwad-s
weliwad-is
weliwad-iT
weliwad-ad
weliwad-o
weliwad-i
weliwad-ma
weliwad-s
weliwad-is
weliwad-iT
weliwad-ad
weliwad-o
oTx-i
oTx-ma
oTx-s
oTx-is
oTx-iT
oTx-ad
oTx-o
cxra
cxra
cxra
cxra
cxra
cxra
cxra
Tval-i
Tval-ma
Tval-s
Tval-is
Tval-iT
Tval-ad
Tval-o
mesame
mesame
mesame
mesame
mesame
mesame
mesame
wel-i
wel-ma
wel-s
wl-is
wl-iT
wl-ad
wel-o
Tval-i
Tval-ma
Tval-s(a)
Tval-is(a)
Tval-iT(a)
Tval-ad
Tval-o
cxra
cxra-m
cxra-s(a)
cxr-is(a)
cxr-iT(a)
cxra-d
cxra-v
g) SeiZleba wilobiT ricxviT saxels msazGvrelad raodenobiTi axldes (wiladis aGniSvnisas); maTi brunebac msazGvrelsazGvrulis brunebis wess daeqvemdebareba:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
or-i
or-ma
or
or-i
or-i
or
[or-o
mesamed-i
mesamed-ma
mesamed-s
mesamed-is
mesamed-iT
mesamed-ad
mesamed-o]
d) sxvagvari mimarTebaa Sedgenili ricxviTi saxelebis komponentebs Soris damoukidebladac da arsebiT saxelTan brunebis drosac _ arsebiT saxels brunvaSi SeeTanxmeba mxolod bolo ricxviTi saxeli (isic _ nawilobriv):
166
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
aTas-i
aTas-ma
aTas-s
aTas-is
aTas-iT
aTas-ad
aTas-o
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
or-i
aTas-i
aTas-ma
aTas
aTas-i
aTas-i
aTas
aTas-o
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
kac-o
magram `milioni~ siityvis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi winamavali komponentic `ahyveba~ brunebis process:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod
or-i
or-ma
oror-i
or-i
oror-o
milion-i
milion-ma
milion
milion-i
milion-i
milion
milion-o
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
kac-o
saukunis
saukunis
saukunis
saukunis
saukunis
saukunis
saukunis
meoTxed-i
meoTxed-ma
meoTxed-s
meoTxed-is
meoTxed-iT
meoTxed-ad
meoTxed-o
meoTxed-i
meoTxed-ma
meoTxed-s
meoTxed-is
meoTxed-iT
meoTxed-ad
meoTxed-o
saukunisa
saukunisa-m
saukunisa-s
saukunisa
saukunisa
saukunisa(d)
saukunisa-v
167
ricxviTi saxelis es Sinaarsi ganapirobebs arsebiTi saxelis mxolobiTSi dasmas Sesabamisi sintaqsuri dawyvilebis
dros: oTxi weli, cxra Zma...
cxra gamoxatavs Zma leqsikuri erTeulis simravles, oGond
konkretulad (Zm-eb-i gramatikuli simravlisagan gansxvavebiT);
am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi saxeli (Zma) mxolobiTis formiT rCeba
simarvlis leqsikuri gamoxatvis gamo.
amave dros, iSviaTi ar aris narTanian mravlobiTSi sruli
`SeTanxmebis~ SemTxvevaebSi (sam-n-i da-n-i...):
`gadiares c x r a n i m T a n i, meaTeni algeTisni...~ (xalx.);
`netavi Z m a T a m r a v a l T a, mze samgniT amouxdeba~
(xalx.).
Sinaarsobrivi TvalsazrisiT gramatikuli mravlobiTi arbi movlenaa, vinaidan erTmaneTisagan arafriT gansxvavdeba ori
Sesityveba: `c x r a Z m a~ da `c x r a n i Z m a n i~. amitomac amgvar
`SeTanxmebaSi~ SeiZleba mxolod stilistikuri datvirTva davinaxoT.
SeniSvna: `vefxistyaosniseuli~ SeTanxmeba -eb-iani mravlobiTis formiT, cxadia, poeturi Tavisuflebis
nimuSia: `avTandil uTxra tariels ese s i t y v e b i o r e b i...~
Tu saxelTa miTiTebul SesityvebasTan zmnis piriani (III piris) formac aris dakavSirebuli, es ukanaskneli angariSs gauwevs arsebiTi saxelis formas, anu _ ara leqsikur Sinaarss simravlisas (gamoxatuls ricxviTi saxeliT), aramed gramatikul
mravlobiTs; Sdr.:
`serze m i d i s s a m i mgeli~ (xalx.);
`erTi Txilis guli c x r a Zmam g a i y o ~ (andaza);
`guSin Svidni g u r j a n e l n i sanadirod w a s u l i y v n e n ~
(xalx.);
`amazedan m o v i d e n moCivrad samni Z m a n i winaSe mefisa~
(saba);
`T q v e s erTxel samTa a n g e l o z T a : `rogor davbadoT
kaci yvelaze bednieric da ubeduric?~ (S. niSn.)
168
Tavi V. nacvalsaxeli
III. 5.1. nacvalsaxelis raoba. saxelTa klasebs Soris n a c v a l s a x e l s yvelaze Taviseburi adgili uiravs. es Tavisebureba upirvelesad mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas ara aqvs gankuTvnebili iseTi damoukidebeli semantikuri veli, rogoric arsebiTs,
zedsarTavsa da ricxviTs saxelebs; metic, nacvalsaxeli yvela
sxva saxelis zogad semantikur monacvled aris gansazGvruli.
zogadio, _ vambobT imitom, rom is konkretuli sagnobrivi mimarTebebi, rac danarCeni saxelebis enobriv Sinaarss warmoadgens, nacvalsaxelebSi ganzogadebulad, abstrahirebulad aris
miniSnebuli. magaliTad, is, rac arsebiT saxelTa klasSi aris _
x e, q v a, w i g n i, m w e r i, b a t i... _ nacvalsaxelebSi aris
mxolod `is~; is, rac zedsarTav saxelebSi SeiZleba iyos _
T e T r i, S a v i, m a G a l i, d a b a l i, m s u b u q i, m Z i m e, t k b i l i, m w a r e, k e T i l i, b o r o t i, a x l o b e l i, S o r e u l i,
q a l a q e l i, s o f l e l i...~ _ Sesabamis nacvalsaxelebSi aris
_ `rogori, ranairi, romeli, sadauri... iseTi, imnairi, iqauri...~; is, rac ricxviT saxelebSi aris _ e r T i, o r i, s a m i,
c x r a, o c i, a s i, o r a s i, a T a s i... _ nacvalsaxeliT gamoixateba rogorc `ramdeni... amdeni~ da misT.
aqedan gamomdinare, nacvalsaxelis enobrivi daniSnuleba
romelime sxva saxelis rolSi yofnaa; damoukidebeli arseboba
mas arsebiTad ar axasiaTebs. aGsaniSnisa da aGmniSvnelis semantikuri mimarTeba aq mxolod pirobiTi Sinaarsisaa (sagnobrivi
Sinaarsisagan nacvalsaxeli arsebiTad daclilia).
SeniSvna: nacvalsaxelTa saxeldebis ZiriTadi funqcionaluri safuZveli _ `m o n a c v l e o b a~ _ yovelTvis, yvela Sesabamis leqsikur erTeulTan aseTi
gamokveTili ar aris, magram es sakiTxis arss ar
cvlis.
169
nacvalsaxelTa kvalifikaciis zogad funqcionalur aspeqtze yuradGebis gamaxvileba, SeiZleba iTqvas, maTi saerTo stilistikuri daniSnulebis xazgasmas gulisxmobs, ramdenadac, rogorc sxvagvarad aGniSnaven: nacvalsaxelis gamoyeneba (enobrivi
gamovlena) romelime sxva saxelis (arsebiTis, zedsarTavis, ricxviTis) gameorebiTi dasaxelebisagan Tavis asarideblad aris
gamiznuli. marTlac, teqstis analizi sruliad obieqturad
warmoaCens amgvar daniSnulebas.
es _ funqcionirebis doneze.
magram imave sakiTxis istoriuli Sefaseba ar aris aseTive
calsaxa. istoriuli aspeqtiT gairdeboda imis mtkiceba, rom
nacvalsaxelTa warmoSoba-Camoyalibeba stilistikur amocanebTan
iyos dakavSirebuli... rom e. w. `tavtologia~ enisaTvis TiTqos
axali metyvelebis nawilis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda... rom funqcionaluri niSani `damxmare~ da `Semcvleli~ enobrivi erTeulis `genetikur~ safuZvelSi idos.
Tu movlenas ase davinaxavT, maSin e. w. sagnobrivi Sinaarsis saxelTa uwinaresoba unda vaGiaroT nacvalsaxelebTan mimarTebiT; ase gadariT ki amis Tqma SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac nacvalsaxelebi uZveles enobriv fenas ganekuTvnebian da warmoebis
uZveles wesebs avlenen.
III. 5.2. nacvalsaxelTa funqciur-Sinaarsobrivi jgufebi
nacvalsaxelTa zogadi bunebidan gamomdinare, am kategoriis sityvaTa klasifikaciis dros upirvelesad swored funqcionalur (mimarTebiTs) aspeqts gaesmis xazi da ara _ Sinaarsobrivs (Tvisebrivs), Tumca ganzogadebuli Sinaarsi, rogorc iTqva,
maTSic moipoveba.
Sesabamisad, nacvalsaxelTa jgufebi gamoiyofa imis Sesabamisad, Tu ra rols, ra `monacvleobiT~ funqcias asruleben isini enobriv erTeulTa funqcionalur mimarTebebSi.
am TvalsazriT gamoiyofa TeTrmeti jgufi:
III. 5.2.1. piris nacvalsaxeli. es jgufi mniSvnelobiT yvelaze ZiriTadi da warmmarTvelia nacvalsaxelTa saerTo sistemaSi. es jgufi aris enaSi arsebuli piris kategoriis upirvele-
170
171
b) me + Tqven;
g) me + is;
d) me + isini
e) situaciis mixedviT aseve SeiZleba iyos: me + yvela (Sen /
Tqven da is / isini).
aqedan ZiriTadi, rogorc sametyvelo viTarebis uSualo amsaxveli, cxadia, pirveli SemTxvevaa (me da Sen).
pirvel or kombinacias (me + Sen / Tqven) i n k l u z i v s uwodeben.
momdevno or kombinacias (sadac `arapiric~ Semodis) _
e q s k l u z i v s (me + is / isini).
II piri: Tqven.
mimarTeba Sen _ Tqven, erTi SexedviT, hgavs im viTarebas,
rac `me _ Cven~ mimarTebisaTvis ganvixileT. magram maT Soris
xelSesaxebi gansxvavebac aris. `Cven orgvar viTarebas gviCvenebs:
a) Tqven, Cveulebisamebr, ar udris Sen + Sen + Sen... (rogorc `Cven~ nacvalsaxelis SemTxvevaSi);
b) Tqven SeiZleba udrides Sen + Sen + Sen..., Tu I piri
(molaparake) koleqtiurad, Tanamosaubre piris identifikaciis
gareSe mimarTavs pirTa jgufs (mag.: T q v e n geubnebiT, Zmebo
mgosnebo...~ _ l. asaT.).
SeniSvna: calke aris aGsaniSnavi Cven da Tqven nacvalsaxelTa gamoyeneba e. w. T a v a z i a n i mravlobiTis
gamosaxatavad, romlis drosac simravlis gamomxatvel fuZeSi realurad erTi `me~ Tu `Sen~ _
igulisxmeba.
III. mesame piris nacvalsexeli: `is~. am pirSi igulisxmeba
yvela da yvelaferi is, vis an ris Sesaxebac I da II piri saubroben. am odenobasac `piris nacvalsaxels~ vuwodebT, ramdenadac
is enobriv pirTa sistemaSi mesame wevrad `Cajda~, Torem sinamdvileSi, rogorc iTqva, piri mxolod pirveli _ meorea, mesame
ki _ `arapiria~ (is pirTa enobriv mimarTebaSi ar monawileobs).
Tumca mas Semdeg, rac zmnis gramatikuli sistema Seiqmna da
pirTa sistema Camoyalibda, e. w. mesame piri sistemurad namdvil
172
173
174
es _ I pirTan siaxlove;
eg _ II pirTan siaxlove;
is _ I-II pirTan armyofi, gare.
aseTi funqcionaluri samwevrovani opozicia masalobrivad
(struqturulad) Sereuli tipisaa, ori binaruli opoziciis
kombinacias warmoadgens:
Tanxmovnebis mixedviT: eg _ es, is;
xmovnebis mixedviT: eg, _ es _ is.
piri-arapiris dapirispirebas, cxadia, xmovniTi (e_i) opozicia gamoxatavs.
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli funqcionarul doneze msazGvreli
wevria, Sesabamisi gramatikuli datvirTviT:
`es mTa Cemia! e s xe Cemia!~ (i. griS.).
`a s e T i dari Tu iyo maSin~ (ana).
`vin dargo erTad a m d e n i vazi...~ (t. tab.).
CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa formawarmoeba (bruneba) supletivizms efuZneba (es _ ama-n...).
III. 5.2.4. kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli. am jgufis nacvalsaxelebi
kiTxvis SinaarsiT (kiTxviTi damokidebulebiT) gamoxataven imaves, rasac pozitiurad aGniSnaven pirisa da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi:
vin? _ kiTxviTad aGniSnavs imas, rasac piris nacvalsaxelebi: me, Sen, igi da is (rogorc adamiani);
ra? _ aGniSnavs imas, rasac piris nacvalsaxeli is (adamianis garda);
romeli? _ aGniSnavs imas, rasac CvenebiTi: es, eg, is;
rogori? _ ... rasac CvenebiTi: aseTi, iseTi...;
ramdeni? _ ... rasac CvenebiTi: amdeni, imdeni...;
amdenad, kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebia: vin? ra? romeli? rogori? rarigi? ranairi? ramdeni? agreTve zmnizeduri mimarTebis kiTxviTi sityvebi: sadauri? rodindeli?
amaTgan, cxadia, ZiriTadia vin? da ra? axal qarTulSi isini monosemiuria _ mxolod kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebia, riTac
mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba Zveli qarTulisagan, romelSic maTi
175
176
177
aseve araerTgvarovania mravlobiTis fuZeTa warmoqmna: supletivizmi (Cem-i _ Cven-i, Sen-i _ Tqven-i), fleqsiuri (mis-i _
maT-i...), specifikuri _ fleqsiur-derivaciuli (Tavis-i _ TavianT-i).
III. 5.2.6. kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli. am jgufis
nacvalsaxelebi erTgvari gagrZelebaa winamavali jgufisa, ramdenadac aqac wamyvania k u T v n i l e b i s semantika. oGond maT Soris sxvaobaa is, rom es ukanasknelni kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis
safuZvelzea Camoyalibebuli. sxvagvarad: kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi
nacvalsaxelebi kiTxviTi da kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebis sinTezs warmoadgens:
vis-i? _ amosavalia `vin?~;
ris-i? risa? _ amosavalia `ra?~
(Sdr. `netav r i s a gaqvs ridi?~ (akaki) _ `aba, r i s i iqneboda
imperia!~ (g. tab.).
naTlad Cans, rom es nacvalsaxelebic warmomavlobiT Sesabamis kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis formebia _
naTesaobiTi brunva gamoyenebulia Sesabamis saderivacio fuZed:
vi-n? v-is-i?
ra? r-is-i?
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelebs Sesatyvisi mravlobiTis formebi ar moepoveba, garda im arqaizebuli SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac nacvalsaxeli sazGvrulis narTanian mravlobiTTan
aris SeTanxmebuli:
`mas rome elva hkrTeboda, fernimca hgvandes r i s a n i?~
(rusTaveli).
III. 5.2.7. mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli. am jgufis nacvalsaxelTa saxelwodebaSi warmmarTvelia funqcionaluri niSani _
Sesabamisi nacvalsaxelebi m i m a r T e b a s amyareben rTuli winadadebis nawilebs, ufro sworad, Semadgenel winadadebTa urTierTkoordinirebul wevrebs Soris:
`r a s a c dasTesav, i m a s moimki~ (andaza).;
`r o g o r i c moxval, Tinao, i s e T i waxval Sinao~ (andaza) da misT.
178
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebi warmoqmnilia kiTxviTi da kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebisagan -c(a) nawilakis darTviT (vinc vin? rac ra? romelic romeli?..); Tanamedrove
qarTulSi ZiriTadia -c; ca emfatikuri varianti poziciurad
vlindeba. Sdr.:
`r a c mogiva, daviTao...~;
`gicnob, r a c a xar!..~
rogorc a. SaniZe aGniSnavs, -c(a) nawilaki kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebs `kiTxviT Zalas ukargavs da mimarTebiTad aqcevs~.
amgvarad mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: vinc(a), rac(a), romelic, rogoric, ranairic, rodindelic, sadauric, ramdenic,
visic, risac (risic).
mimarTebiTi
nacvalsaxelebi
upiratesad
wevr-kavSiris
rols asruleben rTul qvewyobil winadadebaSi, mis daqvemdebarebul nawilSi:
is, vinc...
iseTi, rogoric... da misT.
III. 5.2.8. gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli. am jgufSi erTiandeba sakmaod gansxvavebuli Sinaarsis nacvalsaxelebi; magram maT
aerTianebs erTi ram: am rigis nacvalsaxeli gamoxatavs zogad
Sinaarsobriv
(arsobriv) an r a o d e n o b r i v
gans a z G v r u l o b a s.
gansazGvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebia: TviT, TviTon, Tavad, TviTeuli (TiToeuli); TiTo, yvela, yoveli, yvelaferi, sxva.
vlindeba aseve arqauli varianti yovli, romlis warmoSobis safuZvelia yovel- fuZis kumSvadoba Zvel qarTulSi. mag.:
`im saxis sizmrebs Cabarda y o v l i ~ (g. tab.).
SeniSvna: a. SaniZe am jgufs miakuTvnebs `mavani~ nacvalsaxelsac; magram Tavisi SinaarsiT is ufro ganusazGvrelobiT nacvalsaxelebs ekedleba (`erTi,
zogi~).
am nacvalsaxelTa ZiriTadi nawili (TviT, TviTon, Tavad,
TviTeuli, TiTo) warmomavlobiT Tav-i ukuqceviT nacvalsaxels
179
180
III. 5.2.9. ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli. nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic am jgufSia gaerTianebuli, aGniSnaven imas, rom Sesabamisi obieqti (piri Tu sagani), anda raime niSan-Tviseba u c n o b i a, g a u r k v e v e l i a, g a n u s a z G v r e l i a; am saxelebiT
swored `ganusazGvrelobaa~ xazgasmuli. roca molaparake ambobs: `v i n m e movides~, an _ `v i G a c a movida~, es imaze migviTiTebs, rom is a r g a n s a z G v r a v s, vin unda movides, anda _
misTvis g a n s a z G v r u l i a r a r i s, vin movida.
ganusazGvrelobiT nacvalsaxelTa jgufSi upirvelesad yuradGebas iqcevs is Zireuli leqsikuri erTeulebi, romlebic
sxva metyvelebis nawilTa transpoziciis gziT aris miGebuli.
aseTebia erTi da kaci.
erTi ricxviTi saxelis ganzogadebiT (ganyenebiT) Camdgara
nacvalsaxelTa rigSi. `gzaze erTi k a c i midioda~ gaxazavs ara
am kacis raodenobas, aramed imas, rom `gzaze v i G a c midis~.
kaci ufro iSviaTad gamoiyeneba nacvalsaxelis funqciiT,
magram roca gamoiyeneba, is `erTs, mavans~ aGniSnavs. mag.:
`k a c i sacxoneblad wavida da wawymedili movidao~ (andaza);
`k a c s Tavs sridnen da _ muwuki ar matkinoTo~ (andaza).
Zireuli sityvaa agreTve zogi, romelic mniSvnelobiT `erTi~ nacvalsaxels uaxlovdeba. es siaxlove ganapirobebs imas,
rom maTi SerwymiT warmoiqmna kompozituri nacvalsaxeli _ zogierTi.
danarCeni ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi warmoqmnilia
kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTagan -me da -Rac(a) nawilakebis darTviT;
Sdr.:
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli
vin?
ra?
romeli?
rogori?
ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli
vin-me
viGac(a)
ra-me
raGac(a)
romeli-me
romeliGac(a)
rogorme
rogoriGac(a)
181
amgvarad, ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebia: zogi, erTi, zogierTi, kaci, vinme, rame, romelime, viRac(a), raRac(a),
romeliRac(a), rogoriRac(a).
III. 5.2.10. urTierTobiTi nacvalsaxeli. am jgufSi Sedis
rTuli fuZeebi: erTurTi, erTmaneTi, urTierTi, erTimeore.
es nacvalsaxelebi warmoSobiT `erTi~ nacvalsaxels ukavSirdeba da misi reduplikaciiT (erTurTi, erTmaneTi) an sxva
fuZesTan Serwymis gziT (erTimeore) aris miGebuli.
es nacvalsaxelebi oris (an metis) u r T i e r T m i m a r T e b a s gamoxataven, amitomac Sinaarsobrivad isini minimum `ors~
gulisxmoben; aqedan gamomdinareobs maTi funqcionaluri Tavisebureba: isini zmnas mravlobiTSi `SeiTanxmeben~:
`erTni mivikiTxeT~;
erTimeores gadaxedes~...
specifikuri isic aris, rom zmnasTan orive Tanabar (`morigeobiT~) subieqtad gamodis (Sdr.: e r T m a m e o r e s gadaxeda...).
urTierTobiT nacvalsaxelebs SezGuduli formawarmoeba
aqvs: mravlobiTis formebi ar moepoveba; xolo brunvis paradigma naklulia (ix. qvemoT).
III. 5.2.11. uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli. uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli u a r y o f s imas, ris arsebobasac varaudobs kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli; amave dros, uaryofiToba g a n u s a z G v r e l o b i T
Sinaarssac sZens imas, ris g a n s a z G v r u l o b a s a c gulisxmobda kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli. Sdr.:
`v i n [movida]~ _ Seicavs molodins, rom dasaxeldeba is
erTi, vinc movida, anu gulisxmobs `g a n s a z G v r u l e r T s~;
`a r a v i n ~ _ gulisxmobs ara im mosalodneli `erTis~ uaryofas, aramed `g a n u s a z G v r e l a r a e r T s~.
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli miiGeba uaryofiTi nawilakebis
mierTebiT `vin?~ `ra?~ kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis Tavkidurad.
es uaryofiTi nawilakebia: ar(a), ver(a), nu. amitomac TiToeul
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelisagan miiGeba samwevrovani uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli:
182
vin?
ara-vin (arvin)
vera-vin (vervin)
nu-vin
ra?
ara-ra arra)
vera-ra (verra)
nu-ra
183
184
185
piris nacvalsaxeli
me
kuTvnilebiTi
Cem-i
Sen
is (es, eg)
kuTvnilebiTi
CvenebiTi
Sen-i
es, eg, is
kuTvnilebiTi
gansazGvrebiTi
Tavis-i, Tvis-i
TviT
TviTon TviTeul-i
III. nacvalsaxelTa Sida genezisuri kavSirebis kidev erT
gansakuTrebul bloks qmnis kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli. `vin?~ `ra?~
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi erT-erTi uZvelesi formaciis erTeu-
186
lebi Cans qarTulSi, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom `kiTxviToba~ maTSi sulac SeiZleba ar iyos pirvandeli.
es ZiriTadi kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi safuZvlad daedo
oTx sxva damoukidebel nacvalsaxelur jgufs:
a) am nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi brunvis forma daedo safuZvlad k i T x v i T - k u T v n i l e b i T nacvalsaxelebs (arsebiTad _ kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa qveklass):
vi-n _ vi-s(i) vis-i
ra _ r-is ris-i
b) kiTxviT nacvalsaxelze -c(a) nawilakis darTviT (SezrdiT) warmoiqmna m i m a r T e b i T i nacvalsaxelebi:
vin vinc
ra rac
g) kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli udevs aseve safuZvlad g a n u s a z R v r e l o b i T nacvalsaxelTa im nawils, romlebic -me da
-Rac(a) nawilakebis darTviT aris warmoqmnili:
vin vinme, viRac(a)
ra rame (raime), raRac(a)
d) u a r y o f i T i nacvalsaxelebi uaryofiTi nawilakebisa
da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebis SerwymiT aris miRebuli: aravin,
veravin...
amgvarad, kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis `genealogiuri~ suraTi
aseTia:
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli
vin? ra?
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi
vis-i, ris-i
mimarTebiTi
vinc, rac
ganusazGvrelobiTi
uaryofiTi
vinme, rame
aravin, arara...
viGac(a), raGac(a)
187
IV. kidev erTi nacvalsaxeli, romelic nacvalsaxelTa klasSi metyvelebis nawilTa sxva jgufidan gadmobargebula, aris
erT-i. amosavalSi is, cxadia, ricxviTi saxelia. Zvel qarTulSi
cnobilia, rom is ganusazGvreli nawevris rolSi gvevlineba (kaci e r T i). es imas niSnvs, rom am droisaTvis mas ukve damkvidrebuli aqvs nacvalsaxeluri Sinaarsi (aGniSnavs imaves, rasac `vinme~).
erT-i, rogorc ganusazGvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli, daedo
safuZvlad e. w. urTierTobiT nacvalsaxelebs; sami maTgani erTfuZis gaormagebiT aris warmoqmnili (am gaormagebis dros sxvadasxvagvari fonetikuri cvlilebiT): erTmaneTi (erTman + erTi), erTurTi, urTieTri. xolo erTimeore miGebulia erTi
nacvalsaxelis SerwymiT meore rigobiT ricxviT saxelTan (rogorc Cans, masSic unda vigulisxmoT garkveuli nacvalsaxeluri
semantika).
amgvarad, erT-i, rogorc nacvalsaxeli, gvaZlevs:
ganusazGvrelobiTi
erT-i
urTierTobiTi
erTurTi, erTmaneTi, erTimeore...
ramdenime kerZo nacvalsaxelis warmomavloba aseve sainteresoa (mag.: kaci, zogi...). magram amjerad gvainteresebs ara calkeul nacvalsaxelTa istoria, aramed nacvalsaxelebis semantikur-funqcionaluri jgufebis genezisuri urTierTmimarTeba.
yovelive aGniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia davaskvnaT:
nacvalsaxelTa istoriuli gantotva-ganawileba funqcionaluri niSniT klasificirebul jgufebad dakavSirebulia or ZiriTad nacvalsaxelur sawyisTan _ p i r i s a da k i T x v i T nacvalsaxelebTan, rac kargad Cans Semajamebel sqemaze:
188
nacvalsaxeli
piris
CvenebiTi
kuTvnilebiTi
kiTxviTi
kiTxviTkuTvnilebiTi
mimarTebiTi
uaryofiTi
ganusazGvrelobiTi
danarCen SemTxvevaSi, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavad warmomavlobiTi sawyisebi ar aris nacvalsaxeluri (Tav-i, erT-i, kac-i).
III. 5.4.
nacvalsaxelis formawarmoeba (rogorc bruneba, ise ricxvis gamoxatva) araserTi TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis nacvalsaxelTa brunebis Sesaxeb. brunebis is
sistemuri simwyobre (erTtipuroba), romelic damaxasiaTebelia
arsebiTi saxelisaTvis da romelic TiTqmis mTlianad gadadis
zedsarTavsa da ricxviT saxelebze, TiTqmis mTlianad kargavs saanalogio (`saetalono~) Zalas nacvalsaxelTa ZiriTad jgufebSi.
calkeuli jgufis nacvalsaxelTa brunebis Tavisebureba dakavSirebuli Cans, erTi mxriv, warmomavlobiT (genezisur) bunebaze, xolo meore mxriv _ semantikur-funqcionalur faqtorebze; kerZod, sruliad aSkaraa, rom Zireuli nacvalsaxelebis brunebis sistema mniSvnelovani anomaliebis Semcvelia, xolo, am
jgufebis specifikidan gamomdinare, nacvalsaxelTa paradigmatika
metad aris damokidebuli sintagmatikaze, vidre es sematikurad
damoukidebeli saxelebis formawarmoebis dros SeiniSneba.
amgvarad, nacalsaxelTa formawarmoebis SesaZleblobebi
sruliad araerTgvarovania: erTi mxriv, gvxvdeba faqtobrivi ubrunveloba (me, Sen, TviT...), meore mxriv _ nakluli bruneba
(vin, aravin...), mesame mxriv _ fuZis supleturi monacvleoba (me
189
_ Cem, igi _ ma-n...), meoTxe mxriv _ sruli bruneba (Cemi, yoveli...). paradigmatul TaviseburebaTa TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva piris, CvenebiTi da kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi;
sxvagvari Taviseburebebi iCens Tavs meoreuli warmomavlobis nacvalsaxelebSi (mimarTebiTi, ganusazRvrelobiTi...).
sruliad aSkaraa, rom nacvalsaxelTa brunebis miniSnebuli
Taviseburebebi ufro konkretul warmoCenas moiTxovs.
III. 5.4.1. piris nacvalsaxelTa formawarmoeba. I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi me, Sen (agreTve maTi supleturi `mravlobiTebi~ _ Cven, Tqven) brunvaTa mixedviT ar icvleba, anu ubrunveli sityvebia. erTaderTi, rac enobrivi gamoyenebis dros me
nacvalsaxelisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, es aris axali fuZis Canacvleba naTesaobiTSi: Cem (piris nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi am
fuZeze Tandebulis darTviT gamoixateba: Cemgan, Cem gamo... uamisod is ukve kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelia); danarCen fuZeebs
(Sen, Cven, Tqven) esec ar axasiaTebs.
amdenad, am nacvalsaxelTa amgvari `paradigmis~ warmodgena _
sax.
me
Sen
moT.
me
Sen
mic.
me
Sen
naT.
Cem (+Tand.)
Sen (+Tand.)
moq.
_
_
viT.
_
_
wod. _
Sen (Se)
gaumarTlebelia formaluradac da meTodologiuradac: brunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formacvaleba aq ar aris da amgvari
suraTis Seqmna mcdar warmodgenas ayalibebs TiTqosda piris nacvalsaxelTa brunebis Sesaxeb. rac Seexeba me, Sen erTeulebis
calkeuli brunvebisadmi kuTvnilebis amocnobis xerxs sxva saxelis CanacvlebiT (Sen, anu adamian-s gxedav), is gamarTlebuli
meTodia da, TavisTavad, Sesabamisi nacvalsaxelis formaucvlelobas usvams xazs).
miRebulia, rom I-II piris nacvalsaxelebs moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis gamoxatva ar SeuZliaT; magram Tu naTesaobiTis specifikas gaviTvaliswinebT, ueWvelia, rom meoreuli
190
brunvis formiT SeiZleba am (moq. da viT.) brunvaTa gagebac Segvxvdes (Sdr.: `C e m i T amayoben~, `igi S e n a d warmomidga~...).
magaliTebi:
`aRar vargxar Sen aw C e m a d dasadoblad~ (rusTaveli).
`wamosrulxar C e m a d Zebnad~ (rusTaveli). `ra movagvaro, ra
mijobs salxenad C e m a d da misad~ (rusTaveli). `tirodes gedi
S e n i T v e mkvdari~ (g. tab.). `gza C e m i T
ver gavigeni~ (g.
tab.). `me S e n i T vqmnidi ganTiadis, Zlevis simReras, S e n i T
vxatavdi elvarebas usazRvro cisas~ (g. tab.). `Sexvedra Cumi me
S e n a d mergo~ (g. tab.).
sazogadod, Tandebulian piris nacvalsaxelebs Sesabamisi
brunvis funqcia akisriaT; rogorc Sen-gan aris naTesaobiTi,
aseve Sen-ze _ micemiTi, Sen-idan _ moqmedebiTi da Sen-amde _
viTarebiTi; aseve iqneba supleturobis SemTxvevaSi: rogorc Cemgan aris naTesaobiTi, aseve Cem-ze iqneba micemiTi, Cem-idan _
moqmedebiTi da Cem-amde _ viTarebiTi. amave dros, raki -gan
Tandebuli daerTvis or brunvas (rac nacvalsaxelebSi reliqturad aris SemorCenili), Cemgan SeiZleba gulisxmobdes naTesaobiTs (mag.: `C e m g a n magas ver gaigeb~) da SeiZleba SinaarsiT
iyos moqmedebiTi (mag.: `igi bolos C e m g a n wavida~; Sdr.: `mivdivar samSoblodan... mSvidobiT, Cemo... samSoblov! mivdivar
Sengan
ara imitom, rom ar miyvardi...~ _ mitr. d. kaWaxiZe).
III piris nacvalsaxels (mis oTxive erTeuls: igi, es, eg, is)
sakuTari fuZis mxolod saxelobiTis (neitraluri) forma moepoveba; danarCeni brunvebi damyarebulia supletur fuZeze (ma-,
ima-, maga-), romelic kvecadia. wodebiTi ar gaaCnia. asevea mravlobiTSi (ix.: `nacvalsaxelTa ricxvis warmoebis Taviseburebani~).
piris nacvalsaxelTa brunebis paradigma:
igi
es
eg
is
sax.
ma-n
ama-n
maga-n
ima-n
moT.
ma-s
ama-s
maga-s
ima-s
mic.
im-is
naT.
m-is
am-is
mag-is
moq.
im-iT
m-iT
am-iT
mag-iT
viT.
ima-d
[ma-d]
ama-d
maga-d
191
III. 5.4.2. CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa bruneba. CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli, rogorc ukve vnaxeT, igive mesame piris nacvalsaxelia, gamoyenebuli zogad (miTiTebiT) msazRvrelad. amitomac
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelis bruneba ganixileba _ rogorc msazRvrelisa sazRvrulTan erTad. Sesabamisad, CvenebiTis damoukideblad bruneba piris nacvalsaxelis brunebas gulisxmobs. CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli, rogorc msazRvreli, Cveulebisamebr, prepoziciuria da supleturi fuZe Sesabamis brunvebSi ucvlelia.
CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa (rogorc msazRvrelis) brunebis paradigma:
es
am
am
am
am
am
am
qal-i
qal-ma
qal-s
qal-is
qal-iT
qal-ad
eg
mag
mag
mag
mag
mag
mag
is
im
im
im
im
im
im
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
bavSv-i
bavSv-ma
bavSv-s
bavSv-is
bavSv-iT
bavSv-ad
es
am
am
am
am
am
am
qal-eb-i
qal-eb-ma
qal-eb-s
qal-eb-is
qal-eb-iT
qal-eb-ad
is
im
im
im
im
im
im
bavSv-eb-i
bavSv-eb-ma
bavSv-eb-s
bavSv-eb-is
bavSv-eb-iT
bavSv-eb-ad
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli Tanamedrove qarTulSi, rogorc wesi, postpoziciur msazRvrelad ar gvxvdeba, anu bunebrivi ar
aris wyoba: qali es, bavSvi is... magram Tu raime mizezis gamo
CvenebiTi aseT poziciaSi aRmoCnda, is srulad SeTanxmebuli
msazRvrelis rolSi mogvevlineba:
sax.
moT.
mic.
qal-i
qal-ma
qal-s
es
ama-n
am-s
bavSv-i
bavSv-ma
bavSv-s
is
ima-n
ima-s
192
naT.
moq.
viT.
qal-is
qal-iT
qal-ad
am-is
am-iT
am-ad
bavSv-is
bavSv-iT
bavSv-ad
im-is
im-iT
ima-d
aseT-i
aseT-ma
aseTaseT-i
aseT-i
aseT-
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
amisTana
amisTana
amisTana
amisTana
amisTana
amisTana
amisTana
qal-i
qal-ma
qal-s
qal-is
qal-iT
qal-ad
qal-i
qal-ma
qal-s
qal-is
qal-iT
qal-ad
egeT-i
egeT-ma
egeTegeT-i
egeT-i
egeT-
magnair-i
magnair-ma
magnairmagnair-i
magnair-i
magnair-
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
iseT-i
iseT-ma
iseTiseT-i
iseT-i
iseT-
bavSv-i
bavSv-ma
bavSv-s
bavSv-is
bavSv-iT
bavSv-ad
amden-i
amden-ma
amdenamden-i
amden-i
amden-
bavSv-i
bavSv-ma
bavSv-s
bavSv-is
bavSv-iT
bavSv-ad
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
Cem-i
Cem-ma
Cem-s
Cem-i
Cem-i
Cem-s
Cem-o
kalam-i
kalam-ma
kalam-s
kalm-is
kalm-iT
kalm-ad
kalam-o
mravlobiTi
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
Cven-i
Cven-ma
Cven-s
Cven-i
Cven-i
Cven-s
Cven-o
Sen-i
Sen-ma
Sen-s
Sen-i
Sen-i
Sen-s
_ _
ni-i
ni-ma
ni-s
ni-is
ni-iT
ni-ad
_ _
193
mis-i
mis-ma
mismis-i
mis-i
mis_ _
Svil-i
Svil-ma
Svil-s
Svil-is
Svil-iT
Svil-ad
_ _
ricxvi:
kalam-i
kalam-ma
kalam-s
kalm-is
kalm-iT
kalm-ad
kalam-o
Tqven-i
Tqven-ma
Tqven-s
Tqven-i
Tqven-i
Tqven-s
_ _
ni-i
ni-ma
ni-s
ni-is
ni-iT
ni-ad
_ _
maT-i
maT-ma
maT-s
maT-i
maT-i
maT-s
_ _
Svil-i
Svil-ma
Svil-s
Svil-is
Svil-iT
Svil-ad
_ _
kiTxviT-kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi, TavianTi struqturis gamo, mesame piris (mx. r.) nacvalsaxels emsgavseba sazRvrulTan SeTanxmebis mxriv:
vis-i
vis-ma
visvis-i
vis-i
vis-
kalam-i
kalam-ma
kalam-s
kalm-is
kalm-iT
kalam-ad
ris-i
ris-ma
risris-i
ris-i
ris-
ni-i
ni-ma
ni-s
ni-is
ni-iT
ni-ad
mis-i
mis-ma misa-m
mis-s misa-s
vis-i
vis-ma visa-m
vis-s visa-s
ris-i
ris-ma risa-m
ris-s risa-s
194
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
mis-is(a)
mis-is(a)
mis-ad
misa-v
vis-is(a)
vis-iT(a)
vis-ad
visa-v
ris-is(a)
ris-iT(a)
ris-ad
risa-v
III. 5.4.4. gansazRvrebiT nacvalsaxelTa bruneba. gansazRvrebiT nacvalsaxelTa jgufSi formacvalebis TvalsazrisiT
arcTu erTgvarovani erTeulebi iyris Tavs. kerZod:
TviT, TviTon, Tavad ubrunveli nacvalsaxelebia; konteqsturad isini saxelobiTi an moTxrobiTi brunvis Sinaarss Seicaven.
TiToeul-i (TviTeul-i), yovel-i, yvela, sxva dasturdeba
rogorc damoukideblad, ise msazRvrelis rolSi, brunebis Sesabamisi wesebiT. cxadia, gasaTvaliswinebelia, TanxmovanfuZiania
nacvalsaxeli Tu xmovanfuZiani. warmovadginoT isini cal-calke:
TiToeul-i (TviTeul-i) raime Taviseburebas ar warmoaCens. yovel-i imiT aris saintereso, rom mas udasturdeba rogorc ukumSveli, ise SekumSuli (arqauli) fuZis alomorfebi
(yovel-is//yovl-is). aman ganapiroba is, rom gaCnda damoukidebeli fuZe yovl-i (dasturdeba `vefxistyaosanSi~: `mteri y o v l i
Calad giCans...~).
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
TiToeul-i
TiToeul-ma
TiToeul-s
TiToeul-is
TiToeul-iT
TiToeul-ad
[TiToeul-o]
yovel-i
yovel-ma
yovel-s
yovel-is yovl-is
yovel-iT yovl-iT
[yovel-ad] yovl-ad
yovel-o
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
wod.
TiToeul-i
TiToeul-ma
TiToeulTiToeul-i
TiToeul-i
TiToeul[TiToeul-o]
yovel-i
yovel-ma
yovelyovel-i
yovel-i
yovelyovel-o
195
bavSv-i
bavSv-ma
bavSv-s
bavSv-is
bavSv-iT
bavSv-ad
bavSv-o
yvela
yvela-m
yvela-s
yvela-s(i)
yvela-Ti
yvela-d
yvela-v
sxva
sxva-m
sxva-s
sxv-is
sxv-iT
sxva-d
sxva-v
III. 5.4.5. kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa bruneba. vin nacvalsaxeli brunebisas mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva, mas
mxolod ori forma aqvs sakuTari fuZisa: vi-n da vi-s(a). es nacvalsaxeli struqturulad warmoaCens iSviaT -n morfemas moTxrobiTi brunvisaTvis (ma-n nacvalsaxelTan erTad). ivaraudeba, rom moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvis formebi gaqvavebuli
saxiT SemorCa zmnizedebSi: viT da vid[re]. am brunvebSi SeiZleba gamovlindes ormagi brunvis formebi nanaTesaobiTari (kuTvnilebiTis) fuZiT: vis-iT, vis-ad. paradigma:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
vi-n
vi-n
vi-s(a)
vi-s(a)
[vis-iT]
[vis-ad]
196
ra
ra-m
ra-s(a)
r-is(a)
r-iT(a)
ra-d
ra
ra
ra
ra
ra
ra
sakiTx-i
sakiTx-ma
sakiTx-s
sakiTx-is
sakiTx-iT
sakiTx-ad
danarCeni kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi (romel-i, rogor-i...) gamoiyeneba msazRvrel wevrad da ibruneba sakuTar sazRvrulTan
erTad Cveulebrivi TanxmovanfuZiani msazRvrelis wesiT (prepoziciuradac da postpoziciuradac). mag.:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
romel-i
romel-ma
romelromel-i
romel-i
romel-
sakiTx-i
sakiTx-ma
sakiTx-s
sakiTx-is
sakiTx-iT
sakiTx-ad
damoukideblad brunebis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, bruneba sruli iqneba da imoqmedebs is morfonologiuri wesic, romelic
Sesabamis fuZes Seefereba. mag.:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
197
romel-i
romel-ma
romel-s
roml-is
roml-iT
roml-ad
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
ra-c
ra-ma-c
ra-sa-c
r-isa-c
r-iTa-c
ra-da-c
aravi-n
aravi-n
aravi-s(a)
aravi-s(a)
[aravis-iT]
[aravis-ad]
arara
arara-m
arara-s(a)
arara-s(i)
arara-Ti
ararad
arafer-i
arafer-ma
arafer-s
arafr-is
arafr-iT
[arafer-o]
198
zogierT-i
zogierT-ma
zogierT-s
zogierT-is
zogierT-iT
zogierT-ad
zogierT-o
zog-i
zog-ma
zogzog-i
zog-i
zogzog-o
kac-i
kac-ma
kac-s
kac-is
kac-iT
kac-ad
kac-o
erTmaneT-i
[erTmaneT-ma]
erTmaneT-s
erTmaneT-is
erTmaneT-iT
[erTmaneT-ad]
erTimeore
[erTimeore-m]
erTimeor-s
erTimeor-is
erTimeor-iT
[erTimeore-d]
III. 5.5. nawilakian saxelTa bruneba. saxelis formawarmoebasTan mimarTebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia e.w. Serwymuli nawilakebi (-me, -ve, -Ga, -a).
199
saxl-i-c
saxl-ma-c
saxl-sa-c
saxl-isa-c
saxl-iTa-c
saxl-ada-c
bi-eb-i-Ga
bi-eb-ma-Ga
bi-eb-s{a}-Ga
bi-eb-is{a}-Ga
bi-eb-iT{a}-Ga
bi-eb-ad-Ga
xuT-i-ve
xuT-i-ve-m
xuT-i-ve-s
xuT-i-ve-s(i)
xuT-i-ve-Ti
xuT-i-ve-d
xuT-i-ve-n-i
xuT-i-ve-T
` _ ~
` _ ~
` _ ~
` _ ~
rogorc vxedavT, aq ori Taviseburebaa: pirveli is, rom nawilakiani brunebis (ricxvis warmoebis) fuZed aGebulia saxelobiTi brunvis forma (xuT-i); meore is, rom fuZes jer nawilaki
daerTvis, xolo Semdeg _ brunvis niSnebi, anu nawilakma aq erTmaneTisagan gaTiSa fuZe da brunvis (ricxvis) niSnebi. aseT
brunebas Sexorcebul variants uwodeben. igulisxmeba, rom nawilaki Seuxorcda fuZes, raki man brunvis niSnebi, fuZis uSualo
elementebi, mTlianad gamijna fuZisagan.
aseTi Sexorcebuli bruneba Zalze damaxasiaTebelia da ZiriTadia nawilakdarTuli nacvalsaxelebisaTvis. am metyvelebis
200
nawilakTan (Cveulebisamebr, kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebTan) Sexorcebulad gvevlineba -me, -ve, -Ra, -Raca nawilakebi.
brunebis nimuSebi nawilakebis mixedviT:
-me:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
vinme
vinme-m
vinme-s
vinme-s(i)
vinme-Ti
vinme-d
rame
rame-m
rame-s
ram-is
ram-iT
rame-d
(raime)
(raime-m)
(raime-s)
(raime-s{i})
(raime-Ti)
(raime-d)
viGa
viGa-m
viGa-s
viGa-s(i)
viGa-Ti
viGa-d
raGa
raGa-m
raGa-s
raGa-s(i)
raGa-Ti
raGa-d
romelime
romelime-m
romelime-s
romelime-s(i)
romelime-Ti
romelime-d
-Ra:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
-Raca:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
viGaca
viGaca-m
viGaca-s
viGac-is
viGac-iT
viGaca-d
raGaca
raGaca-m
raGaca-s
raGac-is
raGac-iT
raGaca-d
viGac-eb-i
viGac-eb-ma
viGac-eb-s
viGac-eb-is
viGac-eb-iT
viGac-eb-ad
raGac-eb-i
raGac-eb-ma
raGac-eb-s
raGac-eb-is
raGac-eb-iT
raGac-eb-ad
egve (egeve)
maganve
magasve
igive
imanve (manve)
imasve (masve)
naT.
moq.
viT.
amisve
amiTve
amadve
magisve
magiTve
magadve
201
imisve (misve)
imiTve (miTve)
imadve (madve)
igive
imave
imave
imave
imave
imave
(egeve)
(magave)
(magave)
(magave)
(magave)
(magave)
sakiTx-i
sakiTx-ma
sakiTx-s
sakiTx-is
sakiTx-iT
sakiTx-ad
erT-i
da
erT-ma da
erT-sa da
erT-isa da
erT-iTa da
erT-(sa) da
igive
imave-m
imave-s
imave-s(i)
imave-Ti
imave-d
III. 5.6. Taviseburebani saxelur formawarmoebaSi. 1. sruliad aSkaraa, rom brunebisa da ricxvis warmoebis TaviseburebaTa didi wili nacvalsaxelze modis. isini TviT nacvalsaxelebis
jgufobriv Tu kerZoobiTad warmodgenil formawarmoebaSia ganxiluli; radganac aq sistema upiratesad Taviseburebazea (anomaliazea) agebuli da ara wesebrivze, ZiriTadi am SemTxvevaSi TaviseburebaTa paradigmaa da ara is, rac saxelTa saerTo sistemas
qmnis.
2. arsebiTi saxelis formawarmoeba, rogorc ukve iTqva, sakmaod mwyobr sistemas warmogvidgens, Taviseburebani aq naklebad iCens Tavs; Tumca ramdenime gamonaklisi aqac aris aGniSnuli; aGvnusxoT isini anbanis mixedviT:
202
203
GmerT-i
GmerT-ma
GmerT-s
GmerT-is
GmerT-iT
GmerT-ad
GmerT-o
GmerT-i
GmerT-ma
GmerT-s
GmrT-is
GmrT-iT
GmrT-ad
GmerT-o
GmerT-i
GmerT-ma
GmerT-s
GvT-is
GvT-iT
GvT-ad
GmerT-o
xucesi: es sityva ori fuZiT dasturdeba: sruliT (xucesis...) da bolokveciliT (xuc-is, xuc-eb-i...). ivaraudeba, rom
Zvelad fuZe ikumSeboda da meore fuZe amis safuZvelze gaCnda
(v. Tofuria). rogorc Cans, am sityvis `mokle~ varianti (rac
albaT xarisxis warmoebis wesiT aris ganpirobebuli _ Sdr.
udidesi da udide) Zvel qarTulSive dasturdeba. aqedanvea
warmoqmnili xuceba; sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi dasturdeba nawarmoebi fuZe naxucar-i (na-xuc-ar) `xucesyofili~.
xbo: am saxelis alternatiuli fuZe xbor- eb-ian mravlobiTSi udasturdeba: amdenad, Tanaarsebobs mravlobiTis ori kanonieri forma: xbo-eb-i, xbo-eb-ma... da xbor-eb-i, xbor-eb-ma...
204
3. calke Taviseburebad iqna warmoCenili nawilakian saxelTa bruneba. oGondac aq mxolod fuZesTan nawilakTa `Sexorcebis~ SemTxvevebi igulisxmeba, ramdenadac, sazogadod, nawilaki
araviTar gavlenas ar axdens fleqsiur formaze, is mxolod mza
formas daerTvis:
kac-i-c
kac-eb-i-c
kac-n-i-c
kac-ma-c
kac-eb-ma-c
kac-Ta-c
. . . . .
. . . . .
. .. . .
magram nawilakis Sexorcebis SemTxvevaSi es suraTi sruliad icvleba da aseT mcirericxovan saxelTa (ricxviTTa da nacvalsaxelTa) jgufi calke moiTxovs daxasiaTebas (ix. paragrafi
`nawilakian saxelTa bruneba~).
4. tradiciulad zmnizeda formaucvlel metyvelebis nawilTa qveklass aris mikuTvnebuli. amas ganapirobebs is, rom
zmnizeda, rogorc zmnis SinaarsTan dakavSirebuli sagaremoebo
sityva, funqcionirebs rogorc ucvleli odenoba (zmnuri fleqsia mis formaze ver zemoqmedebs).
magram zmnizedas Taviseburi, SezGuduli formacvaleba mainc axasiaTebs; am mxriv is saxelebs ekedleba. kerZod, radganac
zmnizedebis umetesoba sivrcul da droul lokalizaciasTan
aris dakavSirebuli, swored lokaluri brunvebi da Tandebulebi ukeTdeba (zmnizedebis nawilic warmomavlobiT gaqvavebuli
formaa romelime brunvisa: micemiTisa, naTesaobiTisa, moqmedebiTisa an viTarebiTisa).
magaliTad, moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiT brunvebs (TandebuliT an uTandebulod) regularulad iwarmoeben adgilisa da
drois zmnizedebi:
aq _ aq-iT _ aq-a-mde
mand _ mand-id-an (mand-iT-gan) _ mand-a-mde
xval _ xval-idan _ xval-a-mde da misT.
sagulisxmoa Semdegi: im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac zmnizeda
formobriv (fuZiT) emTxveva arsebiT saxel, Tavs iCens paradigmatuli gansxvaveba, rac pirdapiri dasturia aGniSnulisa. Sdr.:
sax.
moT.
mic.
naT.
moq.
viT.
saxeli
dGe
dGe-m
dGe-s
dG -is
dG -iT
dGe-d
205
zmnizeda
dGe
_
_
dGe-is
dGe-idan
dGe-mde
SeniSvna: micemiTi brunvis forma am paradigmaSi ver Cajdeba, radganac is damoukidebeli zmnizedaa: dRes.
aseve damoukidebelia Zv. dRis[i], ax. dRiT da
ormagi sufiqsaciiT _ dRisiT.
SeadareT aseve saxeluri da zmnizeduri formebi:
`Game d G e s uTenebia~ _ `d G e s kargi amindia~;
`am d G i s bolos~ _ `d G e i s amas iqiT~;
`Game d G i T Seicvala~ _ `d G e i d a n daTbeba~.
zmnizedis aGniSnul brunvacvalebas masTan mdgomi msazGvrelic warmoaCens:
axlandel dGes
axlandeli dGidan
axlandel dGemde
III. 5.7. nacvalsaxelTa ricxvis warmoebis Taviseburebani.
nacvalsaxelebis formawarmoebiTi Tavisebureba da araerTgvarovneba ricxvis warmoebasac Seexeba. sruliad aSkaraa, rom nacvalsaxelTa klasSi gramatikuli (morfologiuri) sirTuleebi
ricxvis gamoxatvaSic iCens Tavs. kerZod:
a) nacvalsaxelTa nawili saerTod ver iwarmoebs mravlobiT ricxvs (mag.: vin, TviT, TviTon, Tavad, erTmaneTi, erTimeore...).
b) zogi nacvalsaxeli mxolod supletur fuZemonacvleobas
gviCvenebs simravlis gamosaxatavad, anu gramatikuli mravlobiTis warmoebis unars esec moklebulia (Cven, Tqven, Cveni...).
g) zogi fuZe erTdroulad avlens mravlobiTis rogorc
supleturi, ise morfologiuri gamoxatvis unars (ma-T, maga-T...).
206
207
2. nacvalsaxelTa formawarmoebiTi arqauloba vlindeba narTaniani mravlobiTis dominantobaSi (faqtobriv _ erTaderTobaSi) ZiriTad jgufebSi:
a) aseTia pirisa da CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi:
ese-n-i
ege-n-i
ama-T
maga-T
rogorc cnobilia, -T(a) sufiqsiani forma am SemTxvevaSi
asrulebs moTxrobiTi, micemiTi da naTesaobiTi brunvebis
rols, xolo wodebiTi am nacvalsaxelebs ar moepoveba.
b) kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTagan vin nacvalsaxels Tanamedrove
saliteraturo qarTulSi mravlobiTi ar ewarmoeba (vin-eb-i dialeqturia), xolo ra narTanian mravlobiTs ikeTebs (ra-eb-i dialeqturia):
ra-n-i
ra-T(a)
g) gansazGvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi yvela da yoveli aseve
narTaniani iqneba:
yvela-n-i
yovel-n-i
yvela-T(a)
yovel-T(a)
yvela-n-o
yovel-n-o
mag.: `Zvelo GmerTebo! da Tqven y v e l a n o _ Seupovarno
Zeno GmerTebis!~ (n. mgel. Targm.); `ai, iseTi, andaluzelno da saerTodac y v e l a n o, Zmebo, cuds da miSvebuls rom eZaxian!~ (g. doC.).
d) mavan-i, aseve, mxolod narTanian mravlobiTs iguebs:
mavan-n-i
mavan-T(a)
mag.: `igi iyo is, visac m a v a n n i Seudgnen~ (`arili~);
`jer kidev vapireb `axlebis~ weras... miuxedavad m a v a n T a
qirqilisa~ (g. alxaz.).
3. -eb-iani mravlobiTi, romelic Tanamedrove qarTulSi, sazogadod, gabatonebulia, nacvalsaxelebSi aSkarad mokrZalebul
poziciebs ikavebs; mas upiratesad narTanianis Tanabrad (an _
periferiul monacvled) gamoiyeneben. magaliTad:
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Cem-eb-i
Cem-eb-ma
_ _
Cem-eb-o
Cven-n-i
Cven-T(a)
_ _
Cven-n-o
Cven-eb-i
Cven-eb-ma
_ _
Cven-eb-o
Sen-n-i
Sen-T(a)
_ _
_ _
Sen-eb-i
Sen-eb-ma
_ _
da sxv.
rame-eb-i
rame-eb-ma
rame-eb-s
rame-eb-is
rame-eb-iT
rame-eb-ad
_ _ _
roml-eb-i-c
roml-eb-ma-c
roml-eb-sa-c
roml-eb-isa-c
roml-eb-iTa-c
roml-eb-ada-c
_ _ _
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ra nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba `romeli, rogori~ nacvalsaxelebis funqciiTac mogvevlinos: `komble r a kaciao?~ (xalx.).
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es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi nacvalsaxeli SeiZleba mogvevlinos zmnis subieqtad an obieqtad.
atributuli sintagmatikis nacvalsaxelebia: es, eg, is, Cemi,
Seni, misi, visi, risi, Tavisi, TavianTi, yvela, yoveli, TiToeuli,
romeli, viGac, raGac...
es imas niSnavs, rom aseTi nacvalsaxeli romelime sxva saxelis msazGvrelad gamodis (es saqme, Cemi wigni, visi brZaneba?
yoveli kaci da sxv.).
rogorc iTqva, zogierTi nacvalsaxeli ormag sintagmatur
unars avlens. aseTia, magaliTad, es, eg, is nacvalsaxelebi, romlebic Sesabamis jgufs swored am unaris mixedviT miekuTvneba:
substantiuri datvirTvis _ piris nacvalsaxelebs, atributulisa _ CvenebiTs (Sdr.: `eh, ar mjera me e g raGac!~ _ g. tab. _
`maS, gareke e g cxenebi!~ _ g. tab.). aseTive ormagi funqciisa:
yvela, viRaca, raRaca (Sdr.: `v i G a c mGeris mTaSi~... _ g. tab.
_ `aq ganisvenebs v i G a c mdidari~ _ g. tab.) da sxv.
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aRniSnaven, rom mimarTeba ufroobiTi formisa dadebiTisadmi iseTi ar aris, rogorc odnaobiTisa imave dadebiTisadmi:
sagnis Tvisebas ufroobiTi gamoxatavs meti odenobiT ganusazRvrelad, odnaobiTi ki _ naklebi odenobiT, magram erTgvari
gansazRvriT: miaxloebiT, odnav: momJavo-odnav mJave, mocxelo _
odnav cxeli (a. SaniZe).
is, rom ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi gamoxatavs met odenobas ganusazRvrelad, ufro Zvel qarTuls exeba, magaliTad, umaRl-es-i niSnavs meoreze ufro maRalsac da yvelaze maRalsac,
u-ufro-es-i aris sxvaze ufro metic da uxucesic, yvelaze ufrosi; Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki u_es mawarmoebliani formebi
gamoxataven raime Tvisebas yvelaze meti odenobiT. yvelaze lamazi, yvelaze swrafi da amis msgavsi Sinaarsis gadmosacemad
gvaqvs u-lamaz-es-i, u-swraf-es-i da a. S. sxvasTan SedarebiT meti
odenoba ki gadmoicema ZiriTadad aRweriTad: ufro lamazi, ufro swrafi...
u_es konfiqsi ufroobiTi xarisxis saxelebs awarmoebs yvelaze xSirad pirveladi anu viTarebiTi zedsarTavebisagan: uwiTl-es-i, u-magr-es-i, u-mZim-es-i, u-did-es-i... agreTve nazmnari
zedsarTavebis, zogi ricxviTi saxelisa da zmnisarTisagan, roca
maT viTarebiTi zedsarTavis funqcia aqvT miRebuli: u-mjob-es-i,
u-mwif-es-i, u-brwyinval-es-i, u-ganaTlebul-es-i, u-pirvel-es-i,
u-mravl-es-i, u-zena-es-i... nawarmoebi zedsarTavebisgan aris miRebuli ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi: u-patiosn-es-i, u-niWier-es-i,
u-ugnur-es-i... rTuli fuZeebisagan aris warmoqmnili: u-erTgules-i, u-keTilSobil-es-i...
ufroobiTi xarisxis ramdenime formaSi gvaqvs u_os mawarmoebeli: u-fr-os-i, u-mcr-os-i, Zv. qarT. u-tkb-os-i, u-msx-os-i
(u-msxv-es-i)...
zogjer SeiniSneba u- prefiqsis ormagi gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi, rac gvxvdeba zogjer sasaubro metyvelebasa da mxatvrul
literaturaSi: u-u-lamaz-es-i, u-u-did-es-i. aseTi formebi xelovnuria da maT gaZlierebul ufroobiTs uwodeben.
xarisxis mawarmoebelTa genezisis sakiTxs rac Seexeba, sayuradReboa, rom Zveli qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo u_e
afiqsebiani warmoeba (u-marTl-e, u-naTl-e...), romelic SemorCenilia Tanamedrove qarTulis zog dialeqtSi, kerZod, zemo ime-
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rulSi (u-maRl-e, u-xn-e...). amave dros Zvel qarTulSi gvxvdeboda u_o afiqsebiani warmoebac (u-mcr-o = ufro mcire, u-tkb-o
= ufro tkbili). varaudoben, rom xarisxis pirvandeli afiqsebia: u_e, u_o, sufiqsi -is ki warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi brunvis
niSania: -e-is > -es (u-did-es-i), aseve: -o-is > -os (u-mcr-os-i).
varaudoben, rom oden -e sufiqsiani warmoeba micemiT brunvian
saxelTan gvqonda (`ra uarea mamacsa~), -e-is sufiqsiani ki _
naTesaobiTSi dasmulTan (raa uaresi mamacisa) (t. gudava, T.
zurabiSvili).
rac Seexeba u- prefiqss, iTvleba, rom igi imave warmoSobisaa, rac sasxviso qcevis niSani u- (i. yifSiZe, a. SaniZe). ase rom
u-did-e-is nawarmoebia zmnuri u-did-e formisagan. ivaraudeba,
rom arsebobda m-i-did-e (Cemze didi), g-i-did-e (Senze didi)
formebi. xanmet teqstebSi ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi nawarmoebia xu_eis, haemet teqstebSi ki _ hu_eis/es afiqsebiT.
rac Seexeba odnaobiTi xarisxis formebs, isini qarTulSi
naklebad gamoiyeneba. zogi zedsarTavisagan ufroobiTi xarisxis
formebi gvaqvs, odnaobiTisa ki _ ara. gvaqvs, magaliTad, u-axles-i, u-mSvenier-es-i, magram ara gvaqvs maTi Sesatyvisi odnaobiTi
xarisxis formebi.
odnaobiTi xarisxis formebs (mo-did-o, mo-mwar-o, wa-yviTal-o...) zogi mkvlevari xarisxad ar miiCnevs, radgan aq ara
gvaqvs arc niSanTa iseTi Sedareba da arc iseTi sintaqsuri konstruqcia, rogoric SedarebiTi xarisxisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (g. rogava, T. zurabiSvili).
fiqroben, rom mo-, wa- prefiqsebi warmoSobiT igivea, rac
saTanado zmniswinebi (a. SaniZe). Zvel qarTulSi mo_o-sTan erTad iSviaTad gvxvdeba mo_e konfiqsic: mo-TeTr-o/mo-TeTr-e,
mo-wiTl-e... -el da -il sufiqsian saxelebs mo_o-s darTvisas
SordebaT sufiqsi: mo-msx-o, mo-tkb-o, mo-grZ-o...
sasaubro metyvelebaSi mo_o ifarToebs gamoyenebis ares
da im pirs aRniSnavs, romelsac cotaTi axasiaTebs zedsarTavis
fuZiT aRniSnuli Tviseba an cotaTi aris msgavsi fuZiT dasaxelebuli sagnisa da movlenisa: mo-maRl-o, mo-Ster-o, mo-sulelo, mo-ZvelbiW-o... aseTi formebi gvxvdeba mxatvruli literaturis enaSic.
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aRsaniSnavia, rom -ur sufiqsiani warmoeba zogjer vin jgufis saxelebTanac gvxvdeba. mxolod -ur sufiqsiania zmnisarTebisagan nawarmoebi formebi, romlebic adamianTa warmomavlobasac gamoxataven da araadamianTa warmomavlobasac: aqauri, mandauri, sadauri. aseve -ur vin jgufis saxelebis sadaurobas gamoxatavs zog saxelSi: gur-ul-i, quTaT-ur-i... aseTi formebi damaxasiaTebelia zogi dialeqtisaTvis: afxuSo-ur-i (fS.), garej-ul-i,
kakab-ur-i (kax.). es formebi imis maCvenebelia, rom -el da -ur
afiqsTa ganawileba vin da ra jgufis saxelebTan gviandeli gramatikuli movlenaa. amas adasturebs mTis dialeqtebSi gavrcelebuli anTroponimebi: zviada-ur-i, Rinj-ur-i, gogoT-ur-i... da
gvaris saxelebi: WinWara-ul-i, gabu-ur-i, qeTela-ur-i, gogolaur-i, wikla-ur-i...
gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom -ur sufiqsis Tavdapirveli
funqcia kuTvnilebis gamoxatva unda yofiliyo, razec miuTiTebs am sufiqsiT nawarmoebi toponimebi: gogola-ur-i, anane-uleb-i... es toponimebi miRebulia adamianTa sakuTar saxelebze -ur
mawarmoeblis darTviT da am saxelebiT aRniSnuli adamianebisadmi kuTvnil adgilebs aRniSnavs (g. xornauli).
-ur (disimilaciiT -ul) daerTvis rogorc qarTul, ise
ucxo warmomavlobis arsebiT saxelebs da saTanado niSan-Tvisebebis gamomxatvel zedsarTav saxelebs awarmoebs: kac-ur-i, bavSvur-i, mxatvr-ul-i, araadamian-ur-i, zedapir-ul-i, giJ-ur-i... kidev ufro gaaaqtiura es sufiqsi mTargmnelobiTma praqtikam.
-ur daubrkoleblad gamoiyeneba qarTulSi Semosul ucxo terminebTan: proza-ul-i, gramatik-ul-i, polemik-ur-i, paTetik-ur-i
da a. S.
-ur sufiqsis -iv moqmedebiTi brunvis Zvel niSanze darTviT miRebulia -iur mawarmoebeli, romelic ramdenime sityvaSia
Semonaxuli: amqveyn-iur-i, mz-iur-i, c-iur-i... -iur daerTvis arsebiTi saxelis fuZes da gamoxatavs msgavsebas an raime Tvisebis
mqoneblobas: marad-iul-i, miT-iur-i, mSobl-iur-i, wr-iul-i... am
sufiqsis Tavdapirveli funqcia, iseve rogorc -ur sufiqsisa,
kuTvnileba-warmomavlobis gamoxatva unda yofiliyo, romlis
modifikaciis Sedegia msgavseba-Tvisebis gamoxatva. drois aRmniSvnel sityvebze -iur sufiqsis darTva periodulad mimdinare
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III. 6.6. abstraqtuli saxelebi. abstraqtul cnebaTa aRmniSvneli saxelebi iwarmoeba -oba, -eba da si_e, si_o afiqsebiT. isini ganawilebulia sxvadasxva fuZesTan da maTi Canacvleba
Cveulebriv ar xdeba. unda aRiniSnos, rom Zveli qarTulis viTareba sxvagvari iyo, sadac -eba sufiqsi gamoiyeneboda, iq Tanamedrove qarTulSi -oba gvaqvs da piriqiT, aseve zog saxelTan
rom prefiqs-sufiqsi gamoiyeneboda, dRes sufiqsuri warmoeba
gvaqvs. Zvel qarTulSi -eba sufiqsiT da si_e-Ti nawarmoebi
formebi ufro produqtiuli iyo, axal qarTulSi ki abstraqtul saxelTa mawarmoeblebs Soris yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba oba sufiqsi.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi abstraqtulobis mawarmoebeli -oba
daerTvis: a) moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris mimReobebs: damajerebl-oba, Semrigebl-oba, vardnil-oba... b) arsebiT saxelebs:
kac-oba, Wabuk-oba, amxanag-oba... g) zedsarTav saxelebs: pataraoba, verag-oba, mxne-oba... d) ricxviT saxelebs: erT-oba... e) nacvalsaxelebs: me-oba, vina-oba, ra-oba... -oba SesaZlebelia daerTos zmnizedasa da nawilaksac ki: Sina-oba, ho-oba...
-oba sufiqsi garda ganyenebul cnebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa sxva funqciiTac gvxvdeba: igi daerTvis arsebiTi saxelebis fuZes da gamoxatavs krebiTobas: student-oba, biWbuW-oba,
mezobl-oba, axalgazrd-oba... es saxelebi abstraqtulia Tu krebiTi, amas konteqsti ganarCevs: es kaci axalgazrdobaSi sportsmeni iyo _ am winadadebaSi axalgazrdoba abstraqtuli saxelia, xolo aseT SemTxvevaSi _ aq axalgazrdoba ikribeba, axalgazrdoba krebiTia.
-oba-Ti iwarmoeba agreTve religiuri dResaswaulebis, saxalxo dResaswaulebis, ritualebis aRmniSvneli saxelebi: giorg-oba, Tamar-oba, alilo-oba da a. S.
-oba warmoSobiT rTuli sufiqsia: -ob Temis niSania, -a ki
_ masdaris mawarmoebeli: megobr-ob-s _ megobr-oba, mtr-ob-s _
mtr-oba, mezobl-ob-s _ mezobl-oba... Semdgom moxda -oba-s ganzogadeba. TandaTan igi calke sufiqsad Camoyalibda da daerTo
iseT fuZeebsac, romelTa Zirisagan zmna ar iwarmoeba: dReoba,
wyaldidoba, batonymoba da a. S. Semdgom ki -oba sufiqsma krebiTobis Sinaarsic SeiZina.
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miCneulia si_e-Ti nawarmoebi formebi, radgan -oba mawarmoebliani formebi emTxveva amave fuZisagan nawarmoeb sawyisebs. iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca si_e-s paralelurad gvxvdeba -eba:
si-borot-e _ borot-eba, si-myudrov-e _ myudro-eba, si-Zlier-e
_ Zlier-eba... paralelur formaTagan upiratesoba eniWeba -eba
mawarmoeblian saxels.
III. 6.7. xelobis (profesiis) saxelebi. erTi jgufi saxelebisa me_e, me_ur(me_ul), mo_e konfiqsebiT aris nawarmoebi
da aRniSnavs saxelis fuZiT gamoxatul saganTan an movlenasTan
dakavSirebul adamians: me-nav-e, me-anabr-e, me-ocneb-e, me-bad-ur-i,
me-zRva-ur-i, mo-val-e... am jgufSi Sesulia Sinaarsobrivad mravalferovani saxelebi: raime saqmianobis mimdevari (me-baR-e, meTevz-e, me-venax-e...), raimes mflobeli (me-duqn-e, me-mamul-e, mewil-e...), raime niSniT gamorCeuli (me-winav-e, me-Zvir-e...). maTgan
yvelaze metia saqmianobis, profesiis gamomxatveli saxelebi da
amitom am jgufis saxelebs xelobis saxelebs uwodeben.
me_e konfiqsi daerTvis ZiriTadad arsebiT saxelebs, rogorc xmovan- ise TanxmovanfuZeebs. me_e ucxouri warmoSobis
saxelebsac daerTvis: me-model-e, me-pai-e...
me_ur (rae-narev fuZeebTan me_ul) konfiqsiani saxelebi
naklebad aris gavrcelebuli. me_ur daerTvis ZiriTadad erTmarcvlian da ormarcvlian saxelebs: me-zRva-ur-i, me-sve-ur-i,
me-Ta-ur-i, me-did-ur-i, me-ZuZ-ur-i. maTi nawili Zvel qarTulSivea Seqmnili. Zvelad es konfiqsi saxelzmnebisaganac awarmoebda
axal saxelebs: me-sm-ur-i, me-rwy-ul-i, romlebic mimReobur
formebs uaxlovdeba. Tanamedrove qarTulSi me_ur konfiqsi naklebad awamoebs axal fuZeebs. zogjer mas mimarTaven terminTa
sawarmoeblad: me-rgol-ur-i, me-koSk-ur-i, me-Tof-ur-i...
Zalian mcire raodenobiT gvxvdeba mo_e mawarmoebliani saxelebi: mo-nadir-e, mo-zav-e, mo-en-e, mo-Txilamur-e... es saxelebi
warmoebiT da mniSvnelobiT imdenad axlos arian saSuali gvaris
mimReobebTan (mo-bibin-e, mo-curav-e, mo-cigav-e...), rom saxelisa
da zmnisagan miRebuli formebis gamijvna yovelTvis ar xerxdeba
(arn. Ciqobava). am mimReobaTa nawili gasubstantivebulia (moyvar-e, mo-nadir-e...), ramac xeli Seuwyo mo_e konfiqsian xelobis saxelTa jgufis zrdas (m. tuskia).
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me_e da mo_e mawarmoeblebi zogjer erTsa da imave fuZesTan gvxvdeba erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT: me-qaravn-e, mo-qaravn-e,
me-zar-e, mo-zar-e... zogjer ki paralelur formebs semantikuri
gansxvaveba axasiaTebT: me-sazRvr-e da mo-sazRvr-e, me-sakuTr-e da
mo-sakuTr-e, me-val-e da mo-val-e...
III. 6.8. adgilis gamomxatveli saxelebi. warmoqmnil saxelebs Soris erTi jgufi adgilis gamomxatveli saxelebia. samecniero literaturaSi aseTi saxelebis nawils (mag., -ob sufiqsian saxelebs) zogjer geografiul saxelebTan erTad ganixilaven
(m. tuskia), nawil ki (-nar sufiqsian saxelebs) calke jgufad
gamoyof mcenareTa krebulis saxelebad (a. SaniZe, m. tuskia).
ramdenadac rogorc -ob sufiqsiani, ise -nar-iT nawarmoebi saxelebi adgils aRniSnaven, maT calke gamovyofT adgilis gamomxatvel saxelebad.
-nar (r- narev fuZeebTan nal-) daerTvis arsebiTi saxelis
fuZes da gamoxatavs adgils, sadac mravlad moipoveba fuZiT aRniSnuli sagani. es sufiqsi gvxvdeba ZiriTadad mcenareTa saxelebTan: mux-nar-i, naZvn-ar-i, kopit-nar-i, vard-nar-i, wabl-nar-i,
ary-nal-i, ifn-(n)ar-i, buCq-nar-i, yvavil-nar-i, baR-nar-i... aseTive
warmoeba gvaqvs raime sxva sagnis simravliT gamorCeuli adgilis
aRmniSvnel saxelebSic: qviS-nar-i, Tix-nar-i, qvav-nar-i... gvaqvs
araerTi SemTxveva, roca -nar mawarmoebliT miRebuli saxeli iqca geografiul saxelad: dafnari, bardnala, qvarnala (qval-nara), muxrani (mux-nar-i) da a. S.
varaudoben, rom -nar rTuli Sedgenilobis sufiqsia, miRebulia -n mravlobiTobis sufiqsisa da -ar krebiTobis gamomxatveli sufiqsis SerwymiT: n_ar > nar.
adgilis saxelTa mawarmoebelia agreTve -ob sufiqsi, romelic gamoxatavs raime niSniT, TvisebiT gamorCeul adgils: maRlob-i, dabl-ob-i, Rrant-ob-i, taf-ob-i, gverd-ob-i, ferd-ob-i...
-ob sufiqsiani warmoeba gvxvdeba samecniero terminologiaSi: rbil-ob-i, farT-ob-i, navT-ob-i, qan-ob-i, kuTx-ob-i da a. S.
fiqroben, rom -ob-is Tavdapirveli funqcia simravle-krebiTobis aRniSvna unda yofiliyo.
samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom -ob
sufiqsis cveTiT aris miRebuli -o sufiqsi, romelic adgil-
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wina viTarebis saxelTa Soris yvelaze Zvelia na- prefiqsiani warmoeba (arn. Ciqobava). zogjer erT ZirTan sxvadasxva
warmoeba gvxvdeba: na-zamTr-i, na-zamTr-al-i, na-zamTr-ev-i; nasisxl-i, na-sisxl-ar-i; na-qalaq-ar-i, na-qalaq-ev-i; na-bag-ar-i, nabag-ev-i; na-fex-ar-i, na-fex-ur-i; na-Ram-ev-i, na-Ram-ur-i da sxv.
III. 6.12. kninobiT-saalerso saxelebi. kninobiT saxelebs
uwodeben im warmoqmnil saxelTa jgufs, romelic gamoxatavs simciris, alersis, damcirebis semantikas. sityvawarmoebis sxva jgufebisagan gansxvavebiT, kninobiT-saalerso saxelebSi mawarmobeli
sityvas leqsikur mniSvnelobas ki ar ucvlis, aramed emociurgamomsaxvelobiT iers aZlevs.
kninobiTi formebis warmoeba Tanamedrove salteraturo
qarTulSi gavrcelebuli ar aris. simciris semantika gamoixateba leqsikurad (knuti, lekvi, CiCqi, juja da a. S.) an aRweriT.
iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa saxli, ezo, baRi, xe, skami, magida da
mravali sxva, kninobiT formebs ver awarmoeben da am sagnebis
simciris gamosaxatavad ena aRweriT warmoebas mimarTavs: patara
saxli, patara ezo, patara baRi da a.S.
miuxedavad imisa, rom kninobiTi formebi saliteraturo
qarTulSi ise gavrcelebuli ar aris, rogorc, vTqvaT, rusulsa
da germanulSi, raodenobrivad mainc bevri mawarmoebeli gamoiyofa, romelTa funqcia kninobiTobis gamoxatvaa. esenia martivi
sufiqsebi: -a, -ak, -ik, -ok, -uk, -an, -in, -on -un, -al, -il, -at,
-ot, -ut, -ic, -uc, -iC, -uC, -iW, -uW, -ux da maTi SeerTebiT miRebuli rTuli sufiqsebi.
mawarmobelTa kombinaciebis mixedviT kninobiT saxelebSi
gvaqvs erTsafexuriani, orsafexuriani da samsafxuriani warmoeba. am safexurebis mixedviT es mawarmoeblebi ase SeiZleba
warmovadginoT:
erTsafexuriani
-ak (wign-ak-i)
-ik(bes-ik-i)
orsafexuriani
-i-a (Zam-i-a)
-i-o (wiTl-i-o)
-ak-a (Tofr-ak-a)
-ik-a (mar-ik-a)
samsafexuriani
-ak-un-a (eSm-ak-un-a)
-ik-on-a (ded-ik-on-a)
ik-an-a (Wor-ik-an-a)
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-uk (buSt-uk-i)
-uk-a (glax-uk-a)
-un (Tam-un-i)
-an-a (yaCaR-an-a)
-in-a (cot-in-a)
-un-a (Cit-un-a)
-ik-un-a (mam-ik-un-a)
-ik-el-a (var-ik-el-a)
-ok-in-a (wver-ok-in-a)
-uk-an-a (vaWr-uk-an-a)
-uk-un-a (vaWr-uk-un-a)
-uk-el-a (Zar-uk-el-a)
-in-ik-a (cot-in-ik-a)
-un-i-a (Tag-un-i-a)
-un-el-a (karg-un-el-a)
-un-ik-a (daT-un-ik-a)
-un-uk-a(cot-un-uk-a)
-al-a (Cum-al-a)
-el-a (giorg-el-a)
-il-a (mama-il-a)
-il-o (ded-il-o)
-ul-a (kunw-ul-a)
-ol-i-a (Cit-ol-i-a)
-ut (kak-ut-i)
-uc(kekl-uc-i)
-ur-a (gub-ur-a)
-at-a (kot-at-a)
-it-a (CiCq-it-a)
-ut-a (xap-ut-a)
-uq-a (bumbl-uq-a)
-uC-a (Tikn-uC-a)
-uc-a (gog-uc-a)
-ut-an-a (WuWr-ut-an-a)
-uC-un-a (yr-uC-un-a)
-uc-an-a (gog-uc-an-a)
-uc-un-a (gog-uc-un-a)
-ew-a (kop-ew-a)
-aW (gorgol-aW-i)
-eW (qer-eW-i)
-iW (kop-iW-i)
-uW (ka-uW-i)
-ox (gor-ox-i)
-ux (kinW-ux-i)
-aW-in-a (kvar-aW-in-a)
a-el-a (fafx-a-el-a)
-eW-el-a (qerq-eW-el-a)
-iW-a (kviW-iW-a)
-uW-an-a (park-uW-an-a)
-ux-an-a (bebr-ux-an-a)
-ux-un-a (bebr-ux-un-a)
-aj (axt-aj-i)
-uj-a (axta-uj-a)
-a (qal-a)
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funqciiT gvxvdeba: -gan (kacTa-gan-i, mTavarTa-gan-i...); -Tana (misTana-i, Tvis-Tana-i...); -Sina (qalaqis-Sina-i, queyanis-Sina-i...); kerZo (Cem-kerZo-i, mis-kerZo-i...); -mier (Cem-mier-i, RmrTisa-mieri...); -mimarT (kacisa-mimarT-i, RmrTisa-mimarT-i...); -momarT (CemmomarT-i, Cuen-momarT-i...); -ebr (RmrTe-ebr-i, kacisa-ebr-i...); gamo (wuer-gamo-i...); -mdin (ergasiswla-mdin-i...) (a. SaniZe, z.
srjvelaZe).
saxelTa warmomqmnel afiqsTa funqciiT Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvxvdeba: -gan, -ebr, -ebriv, -ebur, -mier, -Tana, -nair,
-gvar, -jer, -mag, -kec, -gzis.
-gan daerTis arsebiTi, zedsarTavi, ricxviTi saxelebis Taniani mravlobis formebs an nacvalsaxelebis naTesaobiTi brunvis formebs da gviCvenebs warmomavlobas, mravlidan erTs: kacTa-gan-i, mizez-Ta-gan-i, Zvel-Ta-gan-i, sam-Ta-gan-i, Cven-gan-i...
-ebr daerTvis arsebiTi saxelis an nacvalsaxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formebs da gamoxatavs msgavsebas: lom-is-ebr-i,
Sen-ebr-i... -ebr erTvis uSualod fuZesac: lom-ebr-i, kac-ebr-i...
es mawarmoebeli xSirad gamoiyeneba terminologiaSi: badis-ebr-i,
airis-ebr-i, vardis-ebr-n-i da sxv.
-ebr sufiqsis gavrcobili variantebia -ebur da -ebriv mawarmoeblebi. -ebr sufiqsi -ur-is gavleniT gadakeTda -ebur-ad
(a. SaniZe). igi daerTvis saxelis naTesaobiTi brunvis formas an
uSualod fuZes da gamoxatavs msgavsebas: lomis-ebur-i, Tavisebur-i, Zvel-ebur-i, Sen-ebur-i... Cven, Tqven nacvalsaxelebTan
-ebur warmomavlobasac gviCvenebs. Cveneburi `Cvens msgavssac~
gamoxatavs da `Cveni mxrisasac~ (a. SaniZe).
-ebriv rTuli sufiqsia: ebr-iv. igi daerTvis saxelis fuZes da gamoxatavs sagnis an movlenis daniSnuleba-ragvarobas: sazogado-ebriv-i, gon-ebriv-i, Cveul-ebriv-i...
-mier naTesaobiTi brunvis formas daerTvis da aRniSnavs
warmomavlobas (Sdr. Zv. qarT. qristes-mier-i), gamoiyeneba umetesad terminologiaSi: bagis-mier-i, cxviris-mier-i, xorxis-mier-i...
-Tana, -nair, -gvar derivatebi msgavsebis gamosaxatavad
gamoiyeneba arsebiT saxelTa da nacvalsaxelTa naTesaobiTi
brunvis formaze darTviT: kac-is-Tana, am-is-Tana, ded-is-nair-i,
Tav-is-nair-i, am-gvar-i, im-gvar-i...
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warmoSobiT -Tana-s ukavSireben sparsul sityvas dana `marcvali~, romelic SeiZleboda msgavsebis aRsaniSnad yofiliyo
gamoyenebuli (a. SaniZe), xolo -nair sufiqss ukavSireben arabul sityvas nazir (=Sesaxedavi, msgavsi) (a. SaniZe).
-jer, -mag, -kec, -gzis zmnizeduri warmoSobis mawarmoeblebia, ricxviT saxelebTan gvxvdeba da jeradobis gamosaxatavad
gamoiyeneba: mraval-jer-i, aT-mag-i, Svid-kec-i, mraval-gzis-i...
xSirad sityvawarmoebiTi funqciiT gamoiyeneba ara nawilakmorfemoidi, romelic uaryofa-uqonlobis gamosaxatavad daerTvis saxels. am daniSnulebiT ara gvxvdeba Zvel qarTulSi (araars-i, ara-Jam-i, ara-Rirs-i, ara-wmida da sxv.), Tumca igi xSirad
ar gamoiyeneba, Tanamedrove qarTulSi ki sakmaod gavrcelebulia.
ara- daerTvis arsebiT saxelebs (arakaci), ricxviT saxelebs
(araerTi), zedsarTavebs (arazusti, arasruli, araswori...), nawarmob saxelebsa da mimReobebs (araadamianuri, araamqveyniuri,
aragonivruli, aranormaluri, araorganizebuli da sxv.).
III. 6.15. ucxo afiqsiani saxelebi. qarTul warmoqmnil saxelTa ganxilvisas calke unda gamoiyos is saxelebi, romlebic
sxva enidan nasesxebi afiqsebiT aris nawarmoebi. rogorc cnobilia, ucxo warmoSobis afiqsi nasesxebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos maSin, roca igi damoukideblad aris gamoyenebuli fuZis sawarmoeblad. aseTi SemTxvevebi qarTulSi cotaa. sityvebis sesxeba advilad xerxdeba, ramdenadac enis leqsikuri fondis elementTa
raodenoba SeuzRudavia da maT Soris urTierTkavSiri sustia,
morfologiuri elementebi da sityvawarmoqmnis meqanizmebi ki
myaria da amdenad afiqsTa sesxeba iSviaTia.
afiqsis sesxeba mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, ucxo
enis intensiuri moZalebis pirobebSi SeiZleba moxdes: rodesac
enaSi didi raodenobiT aris Semosuli erTi da igive fuZe da
rodesac erTi da igive afiqsi mravaljer meordeba sxvadasxva
fuZeSi. mxolod aseT viTarebaSi aris dasaSvebi, gauCndeT molaparakeebs saTanado ucxo sityvaTa morfologiuri analizis SesaZlebloba (b. foCxua).
Cveulebriv, ucxo warmomavlobis fuZeebi maTze darTul
afiqsebTan erTad qarTuli enis gramatikis TvalsazrisiT daunawevrebel erTeulebs warmoadgens. qarTulad molaparakeTaTvis
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III. 6.16. afiqsoidebis saSualebiT warmoqmnili saxelebi. ucxo warmomavlobis afiqsebTan erTad terminologiur sistemaSi metad produqtiulia axali terminebis warmoqmna ucxo
warmoSobis afiqsoidebis saSualebiT. afiqsoidebad miiCneven im
struqturul elementebs, romlebsac damoukidebeli mniSvneloba hqonda (da zog SemTxvevaSi kidev aqvs SerCenili), magram
droTa ganmavlobaSi damoukidebloba daukargavs da sityvis mawarmoebeli afiqsis funqcia miuRia.
afiqsoidebis saSualebiT sityvaTa warmoqmna mxolod terminologiuri sistemisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da ara saerTo
saliteraturo enisaTvis. sazogadod, mecnierebis enis sityvaTa
Sedgenis wesebi mTlianad damyarebulia saliteraturo enis sistemaze, mis gramatikul saSualebebze, afiqsoidebis saSualebiT
Seqmnili modelebi ki ganasxvavebs terminologiur sistemas saerTo saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis saerTo gzisagan (r. RambaSiZe).
terminTa Sesaqmnelad gamoyenebuli afiqsoidebi, romlebic warmoSobiT ZiriTadad berZnullaTinuria, saerTaSoriso
enobriv masaladaa qceuli da TiTqmis yvela enaSia gamoyenebuli, amitom maT saerTaSoriso terminelementebs anu saerTaSoriso afiqsoidebs uwodeben. aseTebia prefiqsoidebi: anti- (antipaTia, antivirusi...), super- ( super-meni, super-marketi), makro- (makro-struqtura, makro-kosmosi...), mikro- (mikro-ekonomika,
mikro-klimati...), mono- (mono-grafia, mono-liTi...), kvazi- (kvazistatikuri, kvazi-optikuri...), kontr- (kontr-argumenti, kontrrevolucia...), poli- (poli-gloti, poli-fonia...), sub- (substandarti...), post- (postskriptumi, postpozicia), ultra- (ultrareaqciuli...) da sxv.; sufiqsoidebi: -grafi (anemo-grafi, heliografi...), -skopi (oscilo-skopi, fonendo-skopi...), -metri (fsiqometri, alti-metri...), -logia (eko-logia, orniTologia...), -foni (magnito-foni, foto-foni...) da sxv.
es afiqsoidebi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva terminologiur
sistemaSi aris gaCenili da SemdgomSi damkvidrebuli qarTul
terminologiur sistemaSi. isini axal saxelTa wamosaqmnelad
gamoiyeneba sakuTriv qarTul fuZeebTanac: anti-saxelmwifoebrivi, anti-xalxuri, makro-samyaro, mikro-sesxi, mikro-marcvlovani,
mono-baraTi, kvazi-mecnieruli, kvazi-erovnuli, kontr-Seteva,
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kontr-SekiTxva, post-sabWoTa, sub-SenaerTi, ultra-bgera, ultra-iisferi da sxv. maTgan zogi metad aqtiuria, zogi _ naklebad. erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mawarmoebelia laTinuri
warmoSobis afiqsoidi supe-, romelic aRniSnavs aRmatebiT xarisxs. es mawarmoebeli inglisuris gavleniT sul ufro xSirad
gamoiyeneba (super-saxelmwifo, super-Tasi...) da _ ara marto
terminologiaSi. gansakuTrebiT aqtiurad mimarTaven mas sasaubro metyvelebaSi. igi gvxvdeba rogorc saxelis fuZesTan, ise sawyisTan da mimReobasTan: supersaCuqari, superskola, superbileTi, supermanqana, supermoTxilamure, supermomxmarebeli, superSeiaraReba, supergaTamaSeba... aseTi formebis momravleba sasaubro metyvelebaSi ucxo sityvebiT gatacebis Sedegia.
saerTaSoriso afiqsoidebis gverdiT xSirad gamoiyeneba maTi qarTuli ekvivalentebi. sazogadod, saerTaSoriso afiqsoidebis Targmna miRebuli xerxia sxvadasxva enis terminologiur
sistemaSi. saerTaSoriso Tu rusuli afiqsoidebis qarTuli ekvivalentebi ZiriTadad damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis armqone morfemebia: gadamet- (gadamet-najeri, gadamet-grexa...), kma- (kma-datenianeba, kma-mJangavi...), Tbo- (Tbo-mavali, Tbo-sadeni...), -badi
(Jang-badi, naxSir-badi...), -nagi (ficar-nagi, Sua-nagi...) da sxv.
gvxvdeba srulmniSvnelobiani sityvebic, romlebic afiqsoidebis
rols asruleben: dabal- (dabalZabviani, dabaltemperaturuli...), maRal- (maRal-wneviani, maRal-aqtiuri...), wvril- (wvrilmasStabiani, wvril-ZarRvi...), -gamtari (wyal-gamtari, cecxl-gamtari...), -Sorisi (RerZT-Sorisi, fazaT-Sorisi...) da sxv. am afiqsoidebiT Seqmnili zogi derivaciuli modeli ar aris moxerxebuli, xelovnuria da verc ikidebs fexs enaSi (mag., gadamet-),
zogi ki sakmaod produqtiulia da sul ufro ifarToebs xmarebis ares.
afiqsoidebiT nawarmoeb sityvebs samecniero literaturaSi
sxvadasxva kvalifikacia eZleva, zogi maT rTul sityvebad Tvlis,
zogi ki _ nawarmoeb sityvebad, ramdenadac amgvar sityvaTa Semadgenl erT-erT nawils dakarguli aqvs damoukidebloba da regularulad gamoiyeneba rogorc yalibi sxva derivatebis sawarmoeblad, zogi mkvlevaris azriT ki, afiqsoidebiT nawarmoebi sityvebi erTgvarad gardamaval jgufs qmnian rTulsa da nawarmoeb
sityvebs Soris (r. RambaSiZe).
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iSviaTad fuZis bolokiduri xmovani SenarCunebulia: Zeoba, mxne-oba, mdelo-ian-i, soko-ian-i, me-zRva-ur-i, u-sufTa-o, ubina-o, u-tye-o, u-mze-o...
zog e-sa da o-ze daboloebul fuZesa da mawarmoebel sufiqss Soris Cndeba xmovanTgamyari v: me-rZe-v-e, me-wina-v-e, sa-rZev-e, sa-ezo-v-e, si-marto-v-e, si-mxne-v-e, na-abano-v-ar-i...
zogjer mawarmoeblis darTvasTan erTad fuZeSi Cndeba n an
r Tanxmovani: bed-n-ier-i, gem-r-iel-i, xvav-r-iel-i, sa-wuT-r-o...
es Tanxmovnebi naSTi unda iyos im sufiqsebisa, romlebic fuZes
erTvoda da reducirda sxva sufiqsis darTvis Sedegad, naSTis
saxiT ki dagvrCa maTi TanxmovniTi nawili (i. imnaiSvili, g. burWulaZe, m. tuskia...).
sityvawarmoebis dros fonetikuri procesebis (asimilaciis, disimilaciis, metaTezisis) Sedegad fuZis garda afiqsebic icvlebian. es saxecvlili variantebi warmodgenili iyo
warmoqmnili saxelebis Sinaarsobrivi jgufebis ganxilvisas.
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kompozitebis Semadgenel komponentebad sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawili gvxvdeba. gvaqvs substantiuri kompozitebi: arsebiTi saxeli + arsebiTi saxeli (mama-papa, navsadguri...), adieqtiuri: zedsarTavi + zedsarTavi (Sav-TeTri, alal-marTali...),
numeraluri: ricxviTi saxeli + ricxviTi saxeli (erTi-ori, ormocdaaTi, aserTi...), substantiur-adieqtiuri: arsebiTi + zedsarTavi an zedsarTavi + arsebiTi (gulkeTili, xelmokle, didguli, wiTelkaba...), substantiur-participiuli: arsebiTi saxeli + mimReoba (gulgatexili, wyalwaRebuli...), adverbialursubstantiuri: zmnisarTi + arsebiTi (zedapiri, zekaci...), adverbialur-participiuli (zedgamoWrili) da sxv.
komponentebis cvlilebis mixedviT kompoziti SesaZlebelia
iyos fuZeucvleli an fuZecvlili. Serwymis Sedegad, morfonologiuri da fonologiuri struqturebis urTierTgavleniT,
kompozitis Semadgeneli nawilebi icvleba da xSirad etimologiuri Ziebis gareSe gaurkvevelia aseTi sityvebis komponenturi
Sedgeniloba: Tayvaniscema < Tav-yanis-cema, WiSkari < bWis-kari,
wisqvili < wylis-fqvili, cameti < aT-sam-meti, patarZali < patara rZali da a. S.
III. 7.1. reduplikaciiT miRebuli kompozitebi. reduplikacia kompozitis Seqmnis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli gzaa. gaorkecebulia: 1) sityvis fuZe (TavTavi, erT-erTi...) an 2) damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis armqone marcvali, romelic gaormagebis Sedegad iqceva leqsikur erTeulad (laqlaqi, luRluRi...).
reduplikaciis dros kompozitSi Semaval komponentTa dakavSireba sxvadasxvagvaria:
a) martivia dakavSireba, roca arsebiT, zedsarTav, ricxviT
saxelTa fuZe, zmnisarTi an Sorisdebuli meordeba da Sedegad
viRebT saxels an zmnisarTs. aseTi kompozitebi erTcnebianic
aris da orcnebianic: TvalTval-i (Tval-Tval-i), maRal-maRali,
or-ori, tye-tye, gvian-gvian, viSviSi (viS-viS-i)... martivi fuZis
garda, SesaZlebelia gaormagebuli iyos nawarmoebi fuZe (mqoneblobis -a sufiqsiani): qonaqona (qon-a-qon-a).
zogjer fuZe meordeba, magram kompozitis pirveli komponenti (iSviaTad _ orive) romelime brunvis formiT aris warmo-
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dgenili: pirispir (pir-is-pir), erTaderTi (erT-ad-erT-i), erTmaneTi (<erT-man-erT-i), karikar (<kar-iT-kar), TavisTavad (Tavis-Tav-ad)...
martivi dakavSireba gvaqvs agreTve, roca gameorebulia
leqsikuri mniSvnelobis armqone marcvlebi: butbuti, kaSkaSi,
kiskisi, xiTxiTi, cimcimi...
b) komponentebi SeerTebulia da kavSiris gamoyenebiT, roca gameorebulia arsebiTi saxelis fuZe, zmnisarTi an Tandebuli: drodadro, kardakar, kvaldakval, xandaxan, windawin, maincdamainc, TandaTan...
reduplikaciis dros zogjer fuZe ucvlelia, zogjer ki
momxdaria fonetikuri cvlileba. es cvlilebebi Semdegi saxisaa:
a) kompozitis Semadgenel erT-erT komponentSi dakargulia
Tanxmovani: pawawa (< paw-pawa), gogora (< gorgora), beberi (<
ber-beri), ko-kori (< kor-kori)...
b) kompozitis meore wevrs daerTvis Tanxmovani: alTabalTa
(<alTa-balTa), aremare (<are-mare), oRroCoRro (<oRro-CoRro)...
g) kompozitis Semadgenel meore komponentSi Secvlilia
Tanxmovani: wanwali (< wan-wali), CurCuli (< Cur-Cul-i), waramara (< wara-mara)...
d) Secvlilia kompozitis meore wevris Tavkiduri marcvali: kuWmaWi (< kuW-maW-i), qoxmaxi (< qox-max-i)...
e) kompozitis erT-erT koponentSi Secvlilia xmovani: abda-ubda, daga-dugi, sxapa-sxupiT, erT-urTi, urTi-erTi, xev-xuvi,
bind-bundi, riJ-raJi...
v) kompozitis meore wevrs ecvleba xmovani da daerTvis
Tanxmovani: ala-bula.
III. 7.2. ori (an ramdenime) sxvadasxva fuZis SerwymiT miRebuli kopozitebi. fuZegansxvavebuli kopozitebi sxvadasxva
fuZis (sityvis) SerwymiT aris miRebuli. gamoiyofa da kavSiriani da ukavSirod warmoqmnili kompozitebi.
da kavSiriT SeerTebuli gansxvavebuli fuZis kompozitebi
cotaa. aseTia ZiriTadad ricxviTi saxelebi: ocdaerTi, ormocdaeqvsi, samocdaaTi da sxv. iSviaTad gvaqvs da kavSiriT SeerTebuli
arsebiT saxelTa fuZeebi an zmniswinebi: dRedaRam, midamo...
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Tad _ sawyisis an mimReobis) msazRvrelis rolSia: vaJkaci (vaJkac-i), dedaqalaqi (deda-qalaq-i), qvamarili (qva-maril-i), kldekari (klde-kar-i)...
Cveulebriv, kompozitis pirveli komponenti fuZis saxiT
aris warmodgenili, magram SeiZleba saxelobiTi brunvis formiTac iyos mocemuli: qaliSvili (qal-i-Svil-i), vaJiSvili (vaJ-iSvil-i), berikaci (ber-i-kac-i)... aris SemTxvevebi, roca erTi da
igive saxeli saxelobiTis formiTac gvxvdeba da fuZis saxiTac:
vaJikaci/vaJkaci, glexikaci/glexkaci...
kompozitSi arsebiTi saxeliT warmodgenili msazRvreli
komponenti zogjer naTesaobiT brunvaSi dgas: xevisberi (xev-isber-i), qinZisTavi (qinZ-is-Tav-i), Tavisufleba (Tav-is-ufleba)...
xSirad brunvis niSani an misi TanxmovniTi nawili mokvecilia:
TavSali (Tav-is-Sal-i), mamida (mam-is-da)... zogjer msazRvreli
komponenti mravlobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT
aris: TvalTaxedva (Tval-Ta-xedva), mkaTaTve (mka-Ta-Tve), navsadguri (< nav-T-sadgur-i)...
iSviaTad kompozitSi arsebiTi saxeliT warmodgenili pirveli wevri sxva brunvis formiTac gvxvdeba da igi ar aris aseve
saxeliT warmodgenili meore wevris msazRvrveli: Tavbru < Tavs-bru, Tavlafi < Tav-s-laf-i, yuradReba < yur-ad-Reba...
b) pirvel adgilze warmodgenilia zedsarTavi saxeli, romelic meore adgilze mdgari arsebiTi saxelis atributuli msazRvrelia: avdari, didvaWari, SuadRe, didmarxva... aseTi warmoebis saxelebi xSirad geografiuli saxelebia: axalqalaqi, axaldaba, SuamTa... zogjer msazRvrelsazRvrulis rigi postpoziciuria: adgilze arsebiT saxels mosdevs zedsarTavi saxeli: xorcmeti, Waladidi, ninowminda...
g) pirvel adgilze warmodgenilia ricxviTi saxeli, romelic gansazRvravs arsebiTs: orRobe, samfexi...
d) arsebiTis msazRvrelad warmodgenilia nacvalsaxeli,
romelic mosdevs mas: biZaCemi, mamaCemi, dedaSeni...
e) pirveli wevri zmnisarTi an Tandebulia, romelic gansazRvravs arsebiTs: zekaci, zedapiri, Tanadgoma, TanagrZnoba, winaswarmetyveli...
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III. 8.2. sasubieqto-saobieqto mimarTebaTa asaxva mimReobaSi. qarTuli mimReobis warmoebaSi Taviseburad aisaxeba subieqtisa da obieqtis mimarTeba zmnuri SinaarsiT gamoxatul moqmedebasTan; kerZod, gardamavali zmnisaTvis sakuTari mimRoba
warmoadgens im pirs, romelic pirian zmnaSi subieqtad warmodgeba (Sdr.: axvev-s [is mas] > damxvev-i `vinc axvevs~); aseve, zmnis
obieqtur pirs (pirebs) miesadageba ramdenime mimReoburi warmo-
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eba (Sdr.: axvev-s [is mas] > daxveul-i `rac daaxvies~, dasaxvev-i
`rasac daaxveven~ da misT. amdenad, aRniSnul Sinaarsobriv mimarTebaTa TvalsazrisiT upirvelesad gamovyofT sasubieqto da
saobieqto mimReobebs.
III. 8.2.1. sasubieqto mimReoba. sasubieqtoa mimReoba, romelic aRniSnavs moqmeds, subieqts, anu im pirs, romelic saTanado zmnur formaSi subieqtis niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli. mag.: mwer-al-i (vinc wers), m-Sen-eb-el-i (vinc aSenebs), mo-WikWik-e
(rac WikWikebs), mo-TamaS-e (vinc TamaSobs) da a. S.
drois TvalsazrisiT sasubieqto mimReoba, rogorc wesi,
awmyos (ufro sworad, zogadi drois) SinaarsiT aris datvirTuli, Tumca zmniswins aqvs unari, formas amavdroulad myofadis Sinaarsic mianiWos garkveul konteqstebSi. Sdr.:
m-keTeb-el-i (vinc axla an zogadad akeTebs)
ga-m-keTeb-el-i (vinc akeTebs an vinc gaakeTebs. Sdr.: amis
gamkeTebeli eg ar aris)
warsuli drois Sinaarsi aqvs zogi vnebiTi gvaris formisgan m-ar prefiqs-sufiqsebiT miRebul formebsac, romlebic
zmniswiniT ixmareba ZiriTadad da swored zmniswini aniWebs mas
namyos mniSvnelobas: gamTbari, gamSrali, damdnari...
vinaidan sasubieqto mimReobebis umetesi nawili moqmedebiTi gvaris awmyos fuZisaganaa nawarmoebi, mimReobaSi gadmoyolilia Temis niSnebic. aqedan -eb, -ob, -of ucvlelad gadmodis
yvela SemTxvevaSi; -av da -am mimReoburi sufiqsebis (-el, -ar...)
darTvis SemTxvevaSi ikumSeba, xolo -i, romelsac Temis niSnad
miiCneven, mimReobaSi arasodes gamoCndeba, mag.:
-eb: a-keT-eb-s > m-keT-eb-el-i
-ob: i-pyr-ob-s > da-m-pyr-ob-el-i
-of: y-of-s > ga-m-yof-el-i
-av: xat-av-s > da-m-xat-av-i; da-m-xat-v-el-i
-am: a-b-am-s > da-m-bm-el-i
-i: Tl-i-s > m-Tl-el-i
sasubieqto mimReobis ZiriTadi mawarmoebelia m- prefiqsi,
romelsac SeiZleba xmovniTi elementic axldes (mo-, ma-, me-).
m- prefiqsi mimReobas awarmoebs damoukidebladac da sxvadasxva
sufiqsebTan erTadac:
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m- (odenprefiqsuli warmoeba):
wer-s > da-m-wer-i;
tex-s > ga-m-tex-i
xatav-s > da-m-xat-av-i
ipyrob-s > da-m-pyr-ob-i
yof-s > ga-m-yof-i
odenprefiqsul mimReobebs gavrcelebis mxriv didi areali
ara aqvs da maT gverdiT sufiqsebiT garTulebuli paraleluri
variantebi gamoiyeneba:
tex-s > ga-m-tex-el-i
xatav-s > da-m-xat-v-el-i
ipyrob-s > da-m-pyrob-el-i
yofs > ga-m-yof-el-i
odenprefiqsuli warmoebaa organuli aseve saSuali gvaris
ramdenime zmnisTvisac:
cur-av-s > m-cur-av-i
coc-av-s > m-coc-av-i
gmin-av-s > m-gmin-av-i
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, dReisaTvis yvelaze gavrcelebulia
sasubieqto mimReobis prefiqs-sufiqsuri warmoeba, romlis drosac prefiqsad kvlav m- niSani gvevlineba, xolo sufiqsebad ki
sxvadasxva mawarmoeblebi:
m - el
Tli-s > m-Tl-el-i
akeTeb-s > m-keTeb-el-i
xnav-s > m-xvn-el-i
klav-s > m-kvl-el-i
ipyrob-s > da-m-pyrob-el-i...
ma - el (rodesac zmnuri fuZe a- xmovanprefiqsiT aris
warmodgenili):
a-arseb-s > da-ma-arseb-el-i
a-erTeb-s > Se-ma-erTeb-el-i
a-ioleb-s > ga-ma-ioleb-el-i
a-oxreb-s > ma-oxreb-el-i
a-uwyeb-s > ma-uwyeb-el-i
a-mxneveb-s > ga-ma-mxneveb-el-i
a-mkvidreb-s > da-ma-mkvidreb-el-i
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259
III. 8.2.2. saobieqto mimReoba. saobieqtoa mimReoba, romelic aRniSnavs samoqmedo sagans anu im pirs, romelic saTanado
zmnur formaSi obieqtis niSnebiTaa gadmocemuli. mag.: ga-keTeb-ul-i (rac gaakeTes), a-geb-ul-i (rac aages), sa-keTeb-el-i
(rac unda gaakeTon), da-sa-xat-i (rac unda daxaton), a-sa-Seneb-el-i (rac unda aaSenon) da a. S. amavdroulad, ramdenadac,
sasubieqto mimReobebisgan gansxvavebiT, saobieqto mimReobaTa nairgvarobaa, aq xdeba warmoebaTa gamijvna drois mixedviT.
saobieqto mimReobis forma kompozitis SemadgenlobaSi
zogjer sasubieqto mimReobis Sinaarss iZens. rogorc arn. Ciqobava marTebulad aRniSnavs, amas swored obieqtis mimReobis win
dasma ganapirobebs. aseTi warmoebaa:
xmalamoRebuli (vinc xmali amoiRo)
enagadmogdebuli (vinc ena gadmoagdo)
saxedaxokili (vinc saxe daixoka)...
sasubieqto mimReobis mniSvnelobiT SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes aseve saobieqto mimReobis -il/ -ul mawarmoeblebiT miRebuli zogi forma: ga-qce-ul-i (vinc gaiqca), da-mtvre-ul-i (vinc
260
3) ga-xar-eb-ul-i warmoebiT saobieqto formaa, sasubieqto mimReobis savaraudebel variantad `m-(a)-xar-eb-el-i~ forma
ivaraudeba, romelsac Semdgom specifikuri (saeklesio) mniSvneloba daukavSirda. amitom ena iZulebuli gaxda sasubieqto mimReobis Sinaarsis sawarmoeblad saobieqto mimReobis forma
gamoeyenebina.
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-ul:
ga-keTeb-ul-i (rac gaakeTes)
a-Sen-eb-ul-i (rac aaSenes)
Se-kr-ul-i (rac Sekres)...
-il, -ul sufiqsTa ganawileba aseTia:
-ul moudis:
1) -av, -am, -ev, -eb, -em TemisniSniani formebisgan miRebul
mimReobebs (da-mal-ul-i; da-dgm-ul-i; da-bne-ul-i; ga-keT-eb-ul-i;
da-cem-ul-i);
2) -il ki _ yvela danarCens, anu uTemisniSno, xmovanmonacvle, aseve -ob, -of da -i TemisniSniani zmnebisgan nawarmoeb mimReobebs (da-wer-il-i; da-Wylet-il-i; ga-Tbob-il-i; ga-yof-il-i;
ga-Tl-il-i);
SeniSvna: gamonaklisebis axsna xerxdeba: rodesac -av (-am)
TemisniSnian fuZeebTan -il gvaqvs, am dros fuZeSi o xmovani SeiniSneba (Se-bol-il-i; ga-zom-ili); an warmoSobiT es formebi uTemisniSno formebia (da-Tes-il-i);
warsuli drois saobieqto mimReobebi iwarmoeba aseve
na- prefiqsiT, an na - ar/ el prefiqs-sufiqsiT:
ga-na-sxl-av-i (rac gasxles)
da-na-yof-i (rac dayves)
da-na-Tes-i (rac daTeses)
na-Cuq-ar-i (rac aCuqes)
mo-na-cvl-el-i (rac moicvales).
Temis niSnebi am dros xan SenarCunebulia (ga-na-sxl-av-i),
xan ki - ara (na-xat-i).
aRniSnuli warmoebis mimReobebs gasubstantivebisken mzardi tendencia aqvT.
III. 8.3.2. myofadis saobieqto mimReoba. myofadi drois saobieqto mimReobas awarmoebs sa- prefiqsi, romelsac Tanamedrove qarTulSi umetesad -el sufiqsi daerTvis:
ga-sa-tex-i (rac unda gatydes, riTac unda gatexon)
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sawyisis warmoeba
I. mawarmoebeli -a. sawyisis ZiriTadi mawarmoebelia sufiqsi -a, romelic, Cveulebisamebr, damoukideblad daerTvis zmnur
fuZes; xolo zogjer is sxvadasxva damatebiTi mawarmoebliT aris
garTulebuli. ganvixiloT TiToeuli es SemTxveva cal-calke:
1) martivi -a sufiqsi
-a sufiqsi, rogorc wesi, daerTvis Sesabamisi zmnis awmyos
fuZes. Tu es fuZe uTemisniSnoa, mawarmoebeli uSualod zmnur
Zirs daerTvis; mag.:
v-wer _ wer-a
v-kref _ kref-a
v-wyvet _ wyvet-a
xolo Tu zmnuri fuZe TemisniSniania, is sawyisSic gadahyveba (anu sawyisSic warmodgenili iqneba Temis niSnebi, -i Temis niSnis garda):
a) -eb TemisniSniani awmyo:
v-a-Sen-eb
_ Sen-eb-a
v-a-mzad-eb _ mzad-eb-a
b) -ob TemisniSniani awmyo:
ga-v-a-Tb-ob _ ga-Tb-ob-a
ga-v-a-Sr-ob _ ga-Sr-ob-a
g) -av TemisniSniani awmyo:
v-xat-av _ xat-v-a
v-recx-av _ recx-v-a
d) -am TemisniSniani awmyo:
v-sv-am _ s-m-a
e) -em TemisniSniani awmyo:
v-c-em _ c-em-a
v) -ev TemisniSniani awmyo:
wa-v-a-qc-ev _ wa-qc-ev-a
z) -of TemisniSniani awmyo:
v-y-of _ ga-y-of-a...
rogorc gamoCnda, a-s darTvisas rigi fonetikuri procesebi xdeba, konkretulad:
1.
-av da -am Temis niSnebze sawyisis sufiqsis darTvisas
TemisniSniseuli xmovani amovardeba:
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xat-av-s _ xat-v-a
sv-am-s
_ s-m-a
2. -i Temis niSani saerTod ikveceba sawyisis warmoebisas:
Tl-i-s
_ Tl-a
3. Tuki -av TemisniSniani zmnebis Ziri n, r, l TanxmovnebiT mTavrdeba, xmovnis dakargvis Semdeg TemisniSniseuli v am
TanxmovnebTan metaTeziss ganicdis mag.:
xn-av-s
_ xvn-a, kl-av-s
_ kvl-a...
aqve SevniSnavT, rom rodesac paraleluri (zmniswiniani da
uzmniswino) warmoeba gvaqvs, am dros usruli aspeqtis formebi
ufro xSirad zogadi qmedebis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba da
drois gagebas moklebulia: wera icis; xatva SeuZlia; Seneba advili saqme ar aris... maSin, rodesac sruli aspeqtis formebi
konkretul moqmedebasa da konkretul droze miuTiTebs: am saxlis aSeneba momaval wels damTavrdeba; am suraTis daxatva minda; amis dawera xvalisTvis aucilebelia... Tumca, uzmniswino
formebmac SeiZleba gamoxatos konkretuli moqmedeba: am saxlis
Senebas ar daadga saSveli, amdeni wera ar gamigia da sxv.
2) martivi -a mawarmoebeli garTulebulia -n, -ol, -
om formantebiT.
a) -n formanti damatebiT CaerTvis -a sufiqsis win ramdenime formas (a. SaniZis marTebuli SeniSvniT, umetesad viniT daboloebul fuZeebs):
s-Txov-s _ Tx-ov-n-a
i-pov-i-s _ pov-n-a
b) -om formantiani sawyisebi:
dg-a-s
_
dg-om-a
krT-i-s _ krT-om-a
tyd-eb-a _ tyd-om-a
skd-eb-a _ skd-om-a
g) -ol formantiT garTulebuli sawyisi:
qr-i-s
_ qr-ol-a
Zrw-i-s
_ Zrw-ol-a
TrT-i-s _ TrT-ol-a
aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom am formebidan zogierTs
tendencia aqvs fuZis kidev ufro garTulebisa -v Tanxmovnis CarTvis, mag.: qr-i-s _ qr-ol-v-a...
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nawili IV
zmnis morfologia
Tavi I. zmna. zmnis piri da ricxvi
IV. 1.1. zmnis raoba (zogadi mimoxilva). zmna aris srulmniSvnelovani, formacvalebadi sityva _ metyvelebis nawili.
formacvaleba ori saxis aris _ bruneba da uRleba. zmna uRlebadi sityvaa.
funqciurad zmna gamoxatavs konstruqciaSi subieqtad warmodgenili piris moqmedebas an mdgomareobas.
moqmedeba aris gamoxatuli: wers, xatavs, emaleba, Sendeba...
mdgomareoba aris gamoxatuli: wuxs, duRs, dgas, zis...
moqmedeba da mdgomareoba aq gramatikul cnebebad gaigeba.
qarTul enaSi zmna (saxelisagan gansxvavebiT) metyvelebis
rTuli nawilia. sirTules, erTi mxriv, ganapirobebs zmnur kategoriaTa simravle da, meore mxriv, is, rom erTi da imave morfologiuri daniSnulebiT SeiZleba ramdenime afiqsi mogvevlinos da, piriqiT, ramdenime morfologiuri kategoria masalobrivad erTi da imave formantiT gamoixatos. swored am sirTulem aTqmevina Tavis droze platon ioselians: `qarTulisa enisa
zmnani yovelnive arian ukanononi~.
vTqviT, zmnis sirTulis mTavari mizezi zmnur kategoriaTa
simravlea. mniSvnelobasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT zmnis kategoriebi SeiZleba dalagdes or jgufad: uRlebisa da warmoqmnis
kategoriebad (a. SaniZe). u R l e b i s k a t e g o r i e b a d moiazreba is kategoriebi, romlebic cvlian zmnis gramatikul mniSvnelobas; aseTebia _ piri, ricxvi, mwkrivi, dro, kilo, gzisoba,
aqti, Tanamdevroba... (Sdr.: saxelisaTvis bruneba). w a r m o q m n i s k a t e g o r i e b a d miCneulia is kategoriebi, romlebic cvlian zmnis leqsikur mniSvnelobas; aseTebia gezi, orientacia, aspeqti, gvari, qceva, kontaqti (Sdr.: saxelisaTvis _ sityvawarmoeba).
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268
269
270
271
enebis zmnaSi morfologiurad SeiZleba mxolod erTi piri aisaxos (subieqti), qarTul zmnaSi subieqturis garda SeiZleba aisaxos obieqturi piric.
tradiciulad gramatikebSi saubari iyo erTpirian, orpirian, sampirian (da calkeul SemTxvevebSi oTxpirian) zmnebze.
pirianobisa da valentobis gansxvavebam es sakiTxi daazusta.
vTqviT, qarTuli zmna mravalpiriania. es niSnavs: erTdroulad zmnaSi SeiZleba aisaxos morfologiurad erTze meti piri.
pirianobas gansazRvraven imis mixedviT, Tu ramden piris nacvalsaxels Seiwyobs, anu ramdeni piris Sesaxeb gvaZlevs warmodgenas
zmnuri forma:
dgas is,
xatavs is mas,
ukeTebs is mas mas (miWmie Sen me is mas)... Tumca faqtia is,
rom amgvarad Sewyobil pirTa gamoxatva ar aris erTgvari;
zmnasTan dakavSirebul yvela pirs zmnaSi ar moepoveba Tavisi
niSani; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, erTdroulad yvela ar aisaxeba
zmnaSi morfologiurad.
faqtia: ar aris Sesabamisoba zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul pirTa raodenobasa da zmnaSi morfologiurad gamoxatul pirTa raodenobas Soris. swored am Seusabamobis gamo
moxda gamijvna valentobisa da pirianobisa. l. tenieris moZRvrebaze dayrdnobiT valentoba ase ganimarteba: `zmnuri formis
unars Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) anu `aqtantebis~ gansazRvruli raodenoba, SeiZleba zmnis `valentoba~ ewodos~ (T. gamyreliZe).
zmnuri forma ara mxolod Seiwyobs winadadebis birTvSi
subieqt-obieqturi mimarTebis gamomxatvel saxelebs (rac valentobiT ganisazRvreba), aramed zmnur struqturaSi xdeba am saxelTa Sesabamisi morfologiuri eqsponentis warmodgena; swored es eqsponentebi aris piris kategoriis gamomxatveli. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, am Teoriis mixedviT zmnasTan dakavSirebul
saxelTagan pirebad moiazreben mxolod imaT, romlebic zmnaSi
morfologiurad aisaxeba.
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273
mi-v-ec me mas
is
(I)
274
275
276
Sen me m-klav
Sen me mas m-Cuqni...
IV. 1.2.5.4. obieqtur pirTa gamoxatva. pirveli obieqturi
piris gamoxatva sxva pirTagan gansxvavebiT fleqsiur principzea
dafuZnebuli: mxolobiT ricxvSi m- prefiqsi gvaqvs, mravlobiTSi _ gv-:
me is m-xatavs, m-emaleba,
Cven is gv-xatavs, gv-emaleba...
meore obieqturi piris gamoxatva aglutinaciur princips
efuZneba: piris niSani aris g-, mravlobiTobas -T sufiqsi gamoxatavs:
Sen is g-axatavs, g-emaleba
Tqven is g-xatav-T, gemaleba-T
SevniSnavT: Tu gvaqvs aseTi kombinacia _ O2 mravlobiT ricxvSi da subieqti mesame mxolobiT ricxvSi, roca S3-is niSani
aris -s _ subieqtis niSani ikargeba:
Tqven is g-xatav-T ( g-xatav-s-T), Sdr.: g-emaleb-a-T...
Tu S3 mravlobiTSia, maSin O2-is mravlobiToba ar aRiniSneba:
Tqven isini g-xatav-en, g-emalebi-an...
moyvanili magaliTebidanac Cans, rom I da II obieqturi pirebis SemTxvevaSi pirdapir da irib obieqts morfologiuri
TvalsazrisiT garCeva ara aqvT _ isini erTgvarad gamoixatebian.
IV. 1.2.6. h- da s- prefiqsebi qarTul zmnaSi. vTqviT: subieqturi meore piris niSani aris h- da misi fonetikuri varianti s- an (x-s, rogorc gamonakliss, am msjelobaSi ar SemovitanT). igive prefiqsebi aris mawarmoebeli obieqtur mesame pirSi; ganawilebis wesic erTgvaria. amitom SesaZleblad migvaCnia
erTad vimsjeloT subieqtur meore da obieqtur mesame (S2O3) piris niSanTa Sesaxeb.
am prefiqsTa dRevandeli viTarebis analizisaTvis aucileblad migvaCnia mcire istoriuli eqskursi. S2O3-is niSanTa sistemam qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriaSi rTuli gza ganvlo:
277
V-VII saukuneebSi S2O3 gamoixateboda erTi prefiqsiT _ x- (swored am viTarebis naSTia x-ar, x-val / x-ved). am etaps aRvniSnavT
terminiT xanmetoba. es prefiqsi gvqonda rogorc xmovniT dawyebul, ise TanxmovniT dawyebul fuZeebTan (Se-x-ewie, Se-x-uabT...).
Zvel qarTulSi x prefiqsi gvqonda aseve inian vnebiTebSi (x-iyo,
x-iqma...) da zedsarTavi saxelis ufroobiTi xarisxis formebTan
(x-udids, x-umjobs...).
momdevno etapze (VII-IX saukuneebi) x prefiqss enacvleba h(am etaps aRvniSnavT terminiT haemetoba). xanis haeTi Canacvleba xdeba oTxive funqciis (S2, O3, iniani vnebiTebi da ufroobiTi
xarisxis formebi) SemTxvevaSi.
momdevno etapze h- prefiqss garkveul fonetikur garemocvaSi misi fonetikuri variantebi Caenacvleba _ s- da . am etaps sannarevi periodi hqvia. h-, s- da prefiqsebis ganawilebas
Tavisi wesi aqvs. erTia, radganac xmovanTa win fonetikur niadagze prefiqsi ikargeba, iniani vnebiTebi da ufroobiTi xarisxis formebi prefiqss aGar dairTaven; faqtia, Tu S2O3-is SemTxvevaSi xmovanTa wina poziciaSi vsaubrobT nulovan alomorfebze, radganac am formebSi mxolod nulovani varianti gvaqvs,
prefiqsze aRar vsaubrobT.
Zvel qarTulSi S2O3 prefiqsebis ganawilebas sakmaod mkacri wesebi hqonda, momdevno periodSi viTareba Seicvala; sakmaod
Wreli suraTi gvaqvs axali qarTuli mwerlobis ZeglebSi (XIX
saukunesa da XX s-is dasawyisSi). am viTarebas a. SaniZe ase axasiaTebs: `erTaderTi sazomi haesa da sanis xmarebis sakiTxis gadasaWrelad aris TviTeuli mwerlis survili da mowoneba: visac
rogor moswons, imgvarad xmarobs saubarSica da weraSic~. situacia qaosur STabeWdilebas qmnis, amitomac saWiro gaxda aseTi
normis miReba: `a) ar iqnes xmarebuli h- da s- prefiqsebi II subieqturi piris aRsaniSnavad. b) ixmarebodes h- da s- prefiqsebi
III iribobieqturi piris aRsaniSnavad~. wesi zustdeba: `h- datovebul iqnes g, k, q, b, p, f, y TanxmovanTa win. s- III iribobieqturi piris aRsaniSnavad unda ixmarebodes d, t, T, Z, w, c, j,
W, C TanxmovanTa win~. Tumca iqve normebSi daSvebulia gamonaklisi iseTi formebis mimarT, rogorebicaaa ga-s-tans, ga-s-wevs, as-wevs, gamo-s-cems, ga-s-cems... daSvebuli gamonaklisebis axsna
Wirs...
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miuxedavad sakmaod mkacrad gansazRvruli ganawilebis wesisa, h- da s- prefiqsebis xmarebaSi xSiria normis darRveva:
a) prefiqsebi gvxvdeba orpirian gardamaval zmnebSi: mo-hkla, Se-s-Zlo...
b) prefiqsebi ara gvaqvs III iribobieqtian formebSi: gamo-kiTxa, mi-wera...
g) prefiqsebs dairTavs erTpiriani formebi: s-Cans, h-yvavis...
d) dasturdeba ormagi prefiqsebic: hs-Cans, mi-hs-wer...
rac mTavaria, amgvari viTareba gvaqvs im klasikos mwerlebTan, romelTac TavianTi enobrivi pozicia aqvT da am prefiqsTa
xmarebas principulad moiTxoven orpirian gardamaval zmnebsa da
erTpirian formebSi (vaJa-fSavela, k. gamsaxurdia, m. javaxiSvili).
aRvniSnavT imasac, rom prefiqsian da uprefiqso paralelur formebs Soris semantikuri TvalsazrisiT sxvaoba araa:
gamo-hkiTxa || gamo-kiTxa, mi-swera || mi-wera;
mo-h-kla || mo-kla, Se-s-Zlo || Se-Zlo;
h-yvavis || yvavis, s-Cans || Cans...
es faqti gvafiqrebinebs, rom h- da s- prefiqsebs funqciuri datvirTva ecvleba: konkretul pirze miniSneba aRaraa maTi
funqcia. mwerlis komentari _ `ra qarTulia Cans, yvavis, unda
iyos s-Cans, h-yvavis~ mianiSnebs imaze, rom prefiqsian formebs
sxva funqciuri datvirTva eZleva (aramorfologiuri).
Tanamedrove qarTulSi erTi saintereso tendenciac ikveTeba: Tu Zvel qarTulSi II subieqturi piris SemTxvevaSi h-/s- prefiqsTa qona-arqona ganasxvavebda TxrobiTi da brZanebiTi kilos
formebs (Txr.: mo-h-kal, da-s-were; brZ.: mo-kal! da-were!...), Tanamedrove qarTulSi SeiniSneba piriqiTi movlena (TxrobiTi: mokali, dawere; brZanebiTi: mo-h-kal! da-s-were). klasikos mwerlebTan amgvari faqtebi dasturdeba.
saubroben `keTilxmovnebis~ principze Tu h-/s- prefiqsTa
esTetikur funqciaze; magram es aRar aris ukve morfologia. sakiTxi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs.
h-/ s- prefiqsebis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi
ar aris saliteraturo enis Tavisebureba. gacilebiT rTulia
mdgomareoba Tanamedrove qarTuli enis dialeqtebSi. qarTuli
279
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h
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fereidnuli
xevsuruli
mTiuluri
moxeuri
TuSuri
fSauri
javaxuri
aWaruli
imeruli
guruli
leCxumuri
raWuli
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klarjuli
+ +
z S
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+
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x R
+
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h
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hx
hS
hs
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II sqema:
h
s
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J
x
G
h
s
280
gamazZaxs (fS.)
daSWyivla, SaSWams, daSWriden (fS.)
hs
hS
hx
sul dadasturebulia 18 fonetikuri varianti. yvelaze meti kaxur dialeqtSia warmodgenili (cxadia, kilokauri TvalsazrisiTac aris sxvaoba); yvelaze naklebi varianti klarjulSi
gvaqvs (es SeiZleba imiTac aixsnas, rom es dialeqti (Tu dialeqtTa jgufi) SedarebiT naklebadaa Seswavlili).
SevniSnavT imasac, rom yvelaze met dialeqtSi x prefiqsia
damowmebuli (h- da s- prefiqsTa Semdeg). x- am SemTxvevaSi fonetikuri variantia h- prefiqsisa da ara _ arqauli movlena.
IV. 1.2.7. subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa sistema
IV. 1.2.7.1. zogadi viTareba. mTel am sistemaSi (subieqtur
da obieqtur pirTa gamoxatva gvaqvs mxedvelobaSi) gansakuTrebul viTarebas qmnis subieqturi mesame piri: pirveli, rogorc
iTqva, pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi sufiqsebia da, meore _ mxolobiT ricxvSi sxva niSnebi gvaqvs, mravlobiT ricxvSi _ sxva niSnebi; gavixsenoT: I da II subieqtur pirebSi piris niSani orive ricxvSi erTi da igivea; mravlobiTi ricxvi orive SemTxvevaSi erTi
da imave sufiqsiT gadmoicema: v-wer da v-wer-T, s-wer da
s-wer-T...
Tanamedrove viTarebis gasaazreblad da asaxsnelad saWirod
vTvliT sistemis cvlis istoriis gaazrebas. subieqturi mesame piris niSanTa sistema aseT suraTs qmnis Zveli qarTulisaTvis:
mx. ricxvi
-a
-o
-s
-n
-d
mr. ricxvi
-es
-en
-an
-n
-ed
281
axali qarTulis varianti ufro martivia: ara gvaqvs mxolobiTSi -n, -d da mravlobiTSi -ed sufiqsebi; samagierod gaCnda -nen sufiqsi. am rTuli sufiqsis Camoyalibeba Cven Tvalwin
moxda: meore komponenti n-en sufiqsisa igive -en sufiqsia, romelic mravlobiTis mawarmoebelTa rigSia; pirveli komponenti (n)
xmovandakarguli variantia Zvel qarTulSi moqmedi e. w. pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTis -en bolosarTisa (movkal me igi _
movkl-en me igini), romelic Tavs iCens vnebiTis formebSic
(davizard-en-iT, daizard-en-iT, daizard-n-es dai-zard-n-en).
cnobili faqtia: roca pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTis gamoxatvis saWiroeba aRar iyo qarTul zmnaSi, -en sufiqsis bedi
ori gziT warimarTa:
a) dasavlur dialeqtebSi e. w. pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis aRniSvnis moSlis Semdeg -en ( -n) sufiqsi qreba samive
piris formidan;
b) aRmosavlur dialeqtebSi igive sufiqsi qreba I-II piris
formebSi; xolo III piris formaSi miuxorcda mravlobiTobis -en
sufiqss da miviReT n-en:
da-v-izard-en-iT
da-izard-en-iT
da-izard-n-en
da-v-izarde-T
da-izarde-T
da-izard-en
da-v-izarde-T
da-izarde-T
da-izard-nen (!)
282
ga-izard-en-i-T
ga-izard-e-T
ga-izard-n-en
ga-izard-(e)-en
ase rom, nen sufiqsi specifikur viTarebas qmnis.
amgvarad, Zveli qarTuli rTuli sistema axal qarTulSi
aseT saxes iRebs:
mx. ricxvi
a
o
s
mr. ricxvi
es
en
an
n
283
284
dadasturebuli kanonzomierebis sawinaaRmdego, procesis moqmedebis dasamtkiceblad erTi SemTxveva araa sakmarisi.
Cven ar uarvyofT -n da -en sufiqsebs Soris SesaZlo genetur kavSirs; aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom sxvaoba maT Sedgenilobas Soris araa momxdari zmnur formebSi. isini ar warmoadgenen erTmaneTis fonetikur variantebs maTi zmnur afiqsebad
Camoyalibebis Semdeg.
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom -an sufiqsi miCneulia -en-is fonetikur variantad. kerZod, i-s momdevno poziciaSi e disimilirdeba
da gvaZlevs a-s. ie ia procesis dros gavlena progresulia
da xdeba viwro xmovnis gafarToeba, rac arabunebrivia qarTulisaTvis. gamonaklisis arseboba moqmed fonetikur procesSi dasaSvebia, magram amjerad ar xerxdeba am gamonaklisis axsna, vfiqrobT, arca gvaqvs safuZveli misi daSvebisaTvis.
ie ia procesis arsebobis Sesaxeb seriozul eWvs badebs
agreTve isic, rom -an sufiqsi dasturdeba Tanxmovnis momdevno
poziciaSi da es iseT zmnebTan, romlebic uZvelesi formaciis
zmnebadaa miCneuli: w u x -an, d u m -an... Tu es SemTxveva SeiZleba imiT aixsnas, rom am tipis zmnebs i sufiqsi hqondaT da is
iyo mizezi en an procesisa, imaves ver vityviT d g a n - an,
y v a n - an... tipis formebze, sadac i sufiqsis arseboba arc dadasturebulia da arc Teoriulad savaraudo. saeWvoa agreTve
analogiis procesis daSvebac.
yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqtic, rom ie kompleqsi ar Cans
arabunebrivi qarTulisaTvis. Zvel qarTulSi sakmaod gavrcelebulia ie daboloeba statikuri zmnebis awmyosa da gardamavali
zmnebis pirvel TurmeobiTSi: u p y r i e s, h g i e s... d a u w e r i e s, g a u k e T e b i e s... ie kompleqsis ia-Ti Secvla axal qarTulSi (u p y r i a , d a u w e r i a ...) ar Cans fonetikuri procesis Sedegi, aramed aRniSnul formaTa warmoebis tipis Secvlas
unda ukavSirdebodes.
ie kompleqsis bunebriobas unda uWerdes mxars isic, rom
-an sufiqsis adgils rig dialeqtSi iWers -en sufiqsi da warmoiqmneba swored is kompleqsi, romlis gamartivebis Sedegad miRebuladac ivaraudeba -an sufiqsi: m o d i - e n, a r i - e n, t i r i - e n, y v i r i - e n...
amgvarad, iseve rogorc wina SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, rom -an
285
Ca-v-i-cv-i
Ca-i-cv-i
Ca-i-cv-a Ca-i-co
286
faqtobriv, aq o-s gamoyofa sufiqsad ar SeiZleba: igi bifonemuri monacemia _ fuZiseuli Tanxmovnisa da S3 -a sufiqsis
Serwymis Sedegia...
sxva viTarebaa aiR-o tipis formebSi. am tipis zmnaTa SemTxvevaSi -o TavisTavadi sufiqsia da misi gamovlena araa dakavSirebuli v-a kompleqsis arsebobasTan. sxvagvarad: pirvel SemTxvevaSi o fonetikuri procesis produqtia, meore SemTxvevaSi
_ TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli sufiqsi.
-o sufiqsis gamovlenas qarTulSi (saliteraturo enis ganviTarebis yvela etapze) ori piroba gansazRvravs: a) wyvetilis
sayrdeni fuZe unda iyos umarcvlo da b) wyvetilis mawarmoebeli _ e:
avi-R-e
gava-Tb-e
dava-tkb-e
ai-R-e
gaa-Tb-e
daa-tkb-e
ai-R-o
gaa-Tb-o
daa-tkb-o
wesi ugamonaklisoa. yvela e. w. gamonaklisi ixsneba (ix. IV.
5.6.4).
ase rom, -o Zvel qarTulSi ukve Camoyalibda damoukidebel
sufiqsad, -a bolosarTis tolfasad. es ar gamoricxavs imas,
rom o miRebuli iyos va/ve/a/e-sagan ufro adrindel periodSi
an saerTo qarTveluri fuZe enis diferenciaciamde. -a-s da -o-s
ganawilebas fonologiuri safuZveli aqvs.
aqedan gamomdinare, S3 piris niSanTa sistemaSi maT damoukidebeli, TavisTavadi adgili uWiravT, Tumca mis meoreulobaze
saubari SesaZlebelia.
IV. 1.2.7.4. Zveli sistemidan axlisaken. subieqturi mesame
piris niSanTa Tanamedrove sistemis gasaazreblad da arsebuli
tendenciebis gasarkvevad sairod vTvliT Tvali gadavavloT
sistemis ganviTarebis gzas.
erTi mxriv, sistemis istoriis gaTvaliswineba da, meore
mxriv, sistemis wevrTa urTierTSesabamisoba da ganawilebis
principi saSualebas gvaZlevs, sqema Zveli qarTulisaTvis ase
warmovadginoT:
mx. ricxvi
a, (o)
s
n
d
287
mr. ricxvi
es
en, an, n
ed
(-a),
-a
-a
-a
mx. ricxvi
-s
-n
-n
-s
-s
-o
-n
-s
-n
-s
-s
-s
-n
-o
-s
-s
-d
-d
-d
-d
mr. ricxvi
-en -an
-ed
-ed
-ed
-es
-an
-an
-n
-es
-d
-d
-en,
-an
-an
-an
-an
-ed
-ed
-n
-ed
-es
-an
-n
Seqmnili viTareba ubiZgebs enas, moxdes, erTi mxriv, morfologiurad identur afiqsTa sistemis gamartiveba da, meore
mxriv, sinonimur afiqsTa funqciuri gadanawileba.
mxolobiTisa da mravlobiTis sufiqsebi dawyvildnen:
-a
(-o)
-s
-n
_
_
_
-es
-en, -an, -n
-ed
288
zogadi awmyo
wer-n igi
wer-ed igini
meore rigis formebs awmyos xolmeobiTi uwodes da damoukidebel mwkrivad aRiares... ramdenadac formobrivi paralelizmi gvqonda mxolod III subieqtur pirSi, amdenad I-II piris formebi (v-wer, s-wer...) itvirTavdnen rogorc konkretuli, ise zogadi awmyos gadmocemas da amitomacaa, rom mkvlevarTa erTi nawili e. w. awmyos xolmeobiTs pirnakl mwkrivad miiCnevs (I-II subieqtur pirs sakuTari forma ara aqvso), meore nawili srul paradigmas warmoadgens _ I-II piris formebi emTxveva awmyosas.
awmyo
v-wer
s-wer
wer-s
v-wer-T
s-wer-T
wer-en
`awmyos xolmeobiTi~
v-wer
s-wer
wer-n
v-wer-T
s-wer-T
wer-ed
rogorc iTqva esaa erTi mwkrivis paradigma, sadac formobrivi paralelizmi III pirSi gamoyenebuli iqna funqciuri sxvaobis aRsaniSnavad.
wer-n / wer-ed formaTaTvis xolmeobiTis funqciis miniWeba
rom meoreulia, isic mianiSnebs, rom amave funqcias warmatebiT
289
iTavsebs wers / weren formebi; sakiTxi vrclad ganixileba, magram TiTqos ara Cans iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca wern / wered formebi konkretuli awmyos mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebodes... nebismier
SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, rom am ukanasknel formaTaTvis xolmeobiTis gamoxatva gviandeli funqcia Cans...
sakiTxi msgavsadve daismis uwyvetlisa da wyvetilis paralelur formaTa Sesaxeb. uwyveteli da wyvetili Cveulebriv
TxrobiTi kilos gamomxatveli mwkrivebia. es mwkrivebi gamoiyeneba warTqmiTi brZanebiTebis gadmosacemad; am SemTxvevaSic enam
gamoiyena formobrivi paralelizmis SemTxveva pirTa gamoxatvisas da ase ganasxvava TxrobiTi da brZanebiTi formebi:
TxrobiTi
v-wer-d-(i)
s-wer-d(i)
werd-a
v-werd-i-T
s-werd-i-T
werd-es
brZanebiTi
_
werd-(i)
werd-i-n
_
werd-i-T
werd-ed
brZanebiTi
_
were
were-n
_
were-T
wer-ed
cxadia, arc am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba meore rigis paradigmaTa damoukidebel mwkrivebad miCneva.
rogorc Cans, amgvari gadanawileba funqciebisa daiwyo Zveli qarTuli enis adreul safexurzeve _ V-VIII s.s.-Si, magram
sistemis gamartivebis tendencia ufro Zlieri aRmoCnda da -n _
-ed wyvili asparezidan gadis. es procesi iwyeba Zveli qarTuli
enis gviandel safexurze, Sesabamisad qreba e. w. awmyos xolmeobiTi da e. w. brZanebiTebi...
290
mr. ricxvi
-es
-en, -an, -n
-es
-en, -an,
-n
-ed
291
v-dga-var
dga-xar
dga-s
292
v-icini-var
icini-xar
icini-s...
b) Cveni azriT, aseTive viTarebaa ia daboloebis SemTxvevaSic: I-II piris formebi meSvelzmniania, mesame pirisa _ ara:
v-anTi-var
anTi-xar
anTi-a...
a-v-uSenebi-var
a-uSenebi-xar
a-uSenebi-a...
Sdr.:
mo-v-uklav-var
mo-uklav-xar
mo-uklav-s...
swored es gvafiqrebinebs, rom -ia daboloebis a komponenti kvalificirebuli unda iqnes, rogorc subieqturi mesame piris niSani.
IV. 1.2.7.6. subieqturi mesame piris -s, -a, -o sufiqsTa
ganawilebisaTvis axal qarTulSi. rogorc viciT, axal qarTulSi subieqturi mesame piris mxolobiT ricxvs sami sufiqsi
aRniSnavs: -s, -a, -o. TiToeul maTgans gamoyenebis mkacrad gansazRvruli sfero aqvs. erTi da imave zmnis erTsa da imave formasTan ar xdeba maTi Tavisufali monacvleoba.
SevniSnvT: -a da -o sufiqsTa Tavisufali monacvleobis magaliTad asaxeleben darga / dargo, morwya / morwyo tipis paralelur formebs. am tipis zmnebSi paralelizms sxva safuZveli aqvs: isini sxvadasxva paradigmis wevrebi arian (dawvrilebiT
ix. aqve, $ IV. 5.6.4.7.).
-s, -a, -o sufiqsebi, erTi SexedviT, ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT rTul suraTs qmnian. gavixsenoT isic, rom CvenTvis sarwmunoa mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac -o bolosarTi istoriulad
-a-sagan aris miRebuli (amosavali fonetikuri viTareba iyo v's
mezobloba), magram Semdeg -o analogiis mixedviT sxva zmnebsac
gauCndaT. radgan es asea, visaubrebT -a da -s sufiqsTa ganawilebis safuZvelze da Semdeg SevecdebiT vaCvenoT, ra SemTxvevaSi
gamovlindeba -o sufiqsi -a-s adgilas.
axali qarTulis martivma sistemam Zveli qarTulis rTuli
sistemis adgili daiWira. yovelive es ki uflebas gvaZlevs, gan-
293
294
avaSen-e
mov-kal
_
_
aaSen-es ( aaSen-e-es)
mo-kl-es
295
296
Taobaze iTqva, safiqrebelia, rom III piris fuZe ganzogadda Semdeg sxva pirebSi. ase rom, es SemTxvevac SemoTavazebuli wesis
farglebSi eqceva: -a sufiqsisaTvis sayrdenia -e, romelic
monacvleobs nulTan.
IV. 1.2. 8. inversia. i n v e r s i a zmnur sistemaSi gaigeba
rogorc `piris niSanTa daniSnulebis Secvla~ (a. SaniZe); anu,
ganmartebis mixedviT, inversia unda gavigoT rogorc istoriuli
kategoria,
romelic
gulisxmobs
mniSvnelovan
diaqroniul cvlilebas zmnis pirianobasa (valentobasa) da mis
morfologiur gamoxatvas (markirebas) Soris. es istoriuli
cvlileba
SeiZleba
mokled
ase
iyos
formulirebuli:
`Tavdapirvelad zmnis TvalsazrisiT obieqti realuradac
obieqtad iyo warmodgenili da is, rac zmnaSi subieqtis rols
asrulebs, realurad subieqtad iyo dasaxuli, sxvanairad rom
vTqvaT, yvelgan pirdapiri an swori wyoba iyo. Semdeg azrovnebis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT Seicvala gageba obieqturi viTarebisa, zmnam ki SeinarCuna winandeli gagebis Sesaferisi agebuleba, erTi sityviT, metyveleba CamorCa azrovnebas, dairRva
korelacia azrovnebasa da metyvelebas Soris, da Semdeg miviReT
inversiuloba (arn. Ciqobava, Wanuris gramatikuli analizi, gv.
93-94).
amdenad, inversiis cneba genezisis TvalsazrisiT istoriuli kategoriaa, magram sakiTxavia: ra adgili uWiravs mas
konkretuli enis gramatikaSi, rogorc sinqroniul sistemaSi?
am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba orgvari midgoma arsebobdes:
a) inversia ganisazRvreba morfologiuri paradigmatikis
doneze; anu: inversia aris subieqtur da obieqtur piris niSanTa urTierTCanacvleba erTi sauRlebeli paradigmis doneze:
m-xatav-s is meo
b) inversia ganisazRvreba valentobisa da pirianobis (sintaqsisa da morfologiis) doneze; anu: inversia niSnavs zmnis
297
298
doneze da ra paradigmatuli viTareba aqvs maT (rasac gamoviyenebT kidec qvemoT); magram TavisTavad konkretuli zmnis inversiis (an _ arainversiis) gansazRvra unda moxdes erTi da
saerTo kriteriumiT _ zmnis valentobis (subieqt-obieqtebis)
realuri viTarebisa da pirTa morfologiis sinqroniuli
urTierTmimarTebis safuZvelze. sxvagvari midgoma aucileblad
gamoiwvevs interpretaciis nairgvarobas.
konkretulad:
rodesac vambobT, rom damedo (vali) forma ar aris inversiuli (pirdapiri wyobisaa), vgulisxmobT Semdegs:
a) subieqturi piria is (vali), obieqturi piri _ me;
b) Sesabamisad, S3 _ o, O1 _ m.
anu da-m-e-d-o is me.
xolo rodesac vambobT, rom damedo (unda fuli) forma
aris inversiuli, vgulisxmobT Semdegs:
a) subieqturi piria me, obieqturi piri _ is (fuli);
b) magram: S3 _ o, O1 _ m.
anu: pirTa viTareba `Sebrunebulia~, piris niSnebi ki igivea:
da-m-e-d-o me is
gardamaval anu aqtiursubieqtian zmnebSi es procesi ufro
gamokveTilia da xelSesaxebi im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom aq
subieqtisa da obieqtis Sinaarsi, maTi uflebrivi mimarTeba,
ufro mkveTrad aris gamoxatuli (damiweria, amiSenebia... me).
xolo, magaliTad, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebSi Sesabamisi subieqti (e. w. ganmcdeli subieqti) Sinaarsobrivad esoden mkveTrad
ar aris gamijnuli obieqtisagan (miyvars, maciebs... me).
Sesabamisad, inversiis cnebis mixedviT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT ramdenime tipis zmnaTa jgufi:
1. gardamaval zmnaTa III seriis (samive mwkrivis) formebi.
rogorc cnobilia, am mwkrivebSi orpiriani da sampiriani zmnebi
gaTanabrdeba, radganac sampiriani zmnac orpiriani xdeba (iribi
obieqti e. w. ubralo damatebad iqceva). Sdr.:
kveT-s (is mas) _ mo-u-kveTi-a (mas is)
299
v-u-yvar(var) mas me
4. m-a-kankaleb-s tipis zmnebi, romelnic xelSesaxebad warmoaCenen pirdapiri wyobis gardamavali zmnis inversiul statikur zmnad transformaciis process:
300
301
m-civ-a me
8. m-goni-a, Se-m-i-Zli-a... am SemTxvevaSic obieqtis pozicia
Seryeulia, is xSirad warmodgenili ar aris; Sdr. ra ggonia?
da rogor ggonia?
rac Seexeba m{a}xuravs, macvia, maxvevia, mkidia... obieqturi wyobis zmnebs, maTi pirianobisa (valentobisa) da morfologiis mimarTeba inversias realurad ar warmoaCens; albaT mxolod tendenciaze SeiZleba saubari:
m-axvevi-a is me
es miT ufro xelSesaxebia maSin, rodesac konkretul orpirian zmnas Sesabamisi erTpirianic udgas gverdiT da gramatikuli subieqtis pozicias amgvari opoziciac ganamtkicebs; Sdr.:
kidi-a is
h-kidi-a is mas
302
303
Tqven wer-T
am SemTxvevaSi -T mianiSnebs mxolod ricxvze piris ganurCevlad.
III subieqturi piri gamoixateba -en, -an, -n, -es da -nen sufiqsebiT: isini akeTeb-en, modi-an, movid-nen...
maT gaakeT-es, gaakeTo-n... mravlobiTobis aGmniSvneli sufiqsebi pirsac gamoxataven...
inversiuli wKobis SemTxvevaSi realuri subieqtis mravlobiToba gamoixateba I pirSi gv- prefiqsiT, II da III pirebSi -T
sufiqsiT (anu: moqmedebs iribiobieqturi piris mravlobiTobis
gamoxatvis principi):
pird. wyoba
Cven
Tqven
isini
inversiuli wyoba
v-wer-T
wer-T
wer-en
Cven
Tqven
maT
da-gv-iweria
da-g-iweria-T
da-uweria-T
Cven
Tqven
Cven mas
Tqven mas
(p. ob.)
(ir. ob.)
gv-xatav-s
g-xatav-T
gv-ixatavs
g-ixatav-T
specifikuri viTarebaa III obieqturi piris SemTxvevaSi: rogorc wesi, saliteraturo enaSi III piris obieqtis mravlobiToba aGiniSneba inversiis dros:
Cven is
Tqven is
maT is
da-gv-iweria
da-g-iweria-T
da-uweria-T
Cven
Tqven
maT
gv-civa
g-civa-T
s-civa-T
304
da-v-xate
da-v-emale
me isini
me maT
da-v-xate
da-v-emale
mo-v-kal
mo-kal
mo-kl-a
me igini
Sen igini
man igini
mo-v-kl-en
mo-kl-en
mo-kl-n-a
micemiTSi dasmuli obieqtis simravle zmnaSi ar aGiniSneboda, ganurCevlad imisa, pirdapiri iyo es obieqti Tu iribi:
Se-s-Zen-s igi mas/maT mas/maT
mo-h-guri-s igi mas/maT mas/maT
mo-u-Txrob-s igi mas/maT mas/maT da a. S.
305
unebs
mas / maT igi
h-nebav-s
mas / maT igi
aqu-s
mas / maT igi
s-wyuri-s
mas / maT igi
h-yvand-a
mas / maT igi
uyuard-a
mas / maT igi da a. S.
axal qarTulSi mkveTrad gamoixata tendencia micemiTSi
dasmuli obieqtis ricxvis aGniSvnisa zmnaSi. inversiul zmnebSi
es TiTqmis sistemebr gatarda. rogorc iTqva, amas xeli iman
Seuwyo, rom gramatikuli iribi obieqti realur subieqtad
aris gagebuli (arn. Ciqobava). Tumca es procesi pirdapiri wyobis zmnebSic ganviTarda. es wesi samwerlobo qarTulSi aGmosavluri kiloebidan Semonatanad iTvleba (arn. Ciqobava):
aedevna
misdevs
ekiTxeba
Seuyvira
is mas
is mas
is mas
man mas
da
da
da
da
is maT
is maT
is maT
man maT
aedevna-T
misdev-T
ekiTxeba-T
Seuyvira-T
306
307
zog zmnasTan zmniswini dResac Zveli saxiT gvxvdeba (gan-azogada, aR-zarda, war-adgina, STa-agona, garda-iqmna...).
umetes SemTxvevaSi Zveli da axali saxeobani Tavisuflad
enacvlebian erTmaneTs (ga-Tavisuflda da gan-Tavisuflda, ga-meorda da gan-meorda...), an stilistur sxvaobas iZlevian (Sdr.: aasrula da aR-asrula, Ca-unerga da STa-unerga, ga-arida da ganarida...). gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca Zveli da axali formis
zmniswinebiT gansxvavebuli leqsikuri mniSvnelobis zmnebi iqmneba (Sdr.: Caagona _ STaagona, adgoma _ aRdgoma, wamateba _
warmateba...).
zmniswinebis darTvis mixedviT gamoiyofa sami jgufi: 1.
zmnebi, romlebic zmniswins ar dairTaven: swams, uyvars, sZuls,
sZinavs... 2. zmnebi, romlebic uzmniswinod ar gvxvdeba: mivida,
gavida, Sevida... 3. zmnebi, romelTac SeuZliaT dairTon zmniswini an ar dairTon: daxata / xata, mokrifa / krifa, dagrixa / grixa...
romel zmniswins iyenebs esa Tu is fuZe, damokidebulia
rogorc zmnis, ise zmniswinis semantikaze.
IV. 1.2. zmniswinTa genezisi. zmniswinebi damoukidebeli sityvebisagan momdinareoben, romlebmac droTa ganmavlobaSi dakarges damoukidebloba da daukavSirdnen saxelsa da zmnas. qarTulSi aSkaraa zmniswinebisa da Tandebulebis saerTo warmomavloba: gan Tandebulia saxelTan (xisa-gan), zmniswinia zmnasTan
(gan-vida > ga-vida); garda Tandebulia saxelis brunvis formasTan
(amas garda, gogonas garda), zmniswinia zmnebSi (garda-icvala,
garda-iqmna... garda-s gamartivebuli saxea gada: gada-vida, gadagzavna). geneturad erTi da igivea -Si Tandebuli da Se- zmniswini (saxl-Si, Se-vida); mi- zmniswini da mde, mdis TandebulebSi
gamoyofili mi formanti; mo- zmniswini da moaqamomde formaSi
gamoyofili mo formanti; aR- zmniswini da wiaR sityvaSi gamoyofili aR formanti.
zmniswinebiTa da TandebulebiT sivrceSi myofis adgilis
kodirebisas aseTi ganawileba, ra Tqma unda, ar aris SemTxveviTi. Tandebulebi azusteben zmniswinebiT gamoxatul sivrcul
mimarTebebs.
308
309
gamoxatuli ar aris. maTgan gansxvavebiT, mifrinavs, mirbis, Sedis, moaqvs, aitana, gamoaRo zmnebi gamoxataven moqmedebas, romelic garkveuli mimarTulebiT sruldeba, sivrceSi mdebare romelime punqtisaken aris mimarTuli. punqti SeiZleba iyos maRla
an dabla, SigniT an gareT, gadaRma an gadmoRma, zedapirze an
siRrmeSi, win an ukan.
garda amisa, moZraoba, moqmedeba SeiZleba gamoixatos orgvarad: rogorc moubaris anu I pirisaken mimarTuli da mis sawinaaRmdegod mimarTuli. ase rom, TiToeul saxes mimarTulebisas orientaciis mawarmoebeli wyvili zmniswini gamoxatavs:
1) qvevidan zeviT: a- (avida, afrinda...) da amo- (amovida,
amofrinda...);
2) zevidan qveviT: da- (davida, dafrinda...) da damo-, romelic Zv. qarTulSi gvqonda (damohkides Zelsa...) da dRes naSTis
saxiTRaa SemorCenili (damokidebuli);
3) Signidan gareT: ga- (gavida, gafrinda) da gamo- (gamovida, gamofrinda...);
4) garedan SigniT: Se- (Sevida, Sefrinda...) da Semo- (Semovida, Semofrinda...);
5) dabrkolebis gadalaxviT: gada- (gadavida, gadafrinda...)
da gadmo- (gadmovida, gadmofrinda...);
6) zmniswinebi: Ca-, Camo- gamoxatavs mimarTulebas zemodan
qvemoT da amave dros _ garedan SigniT (rac am zmniswinebis
rTuli Sedgenilobis Sedegia: Se- + da- Sda- Ca-): Cavida,
Cavarda, Camovida, Camovarda.
SeniSvna: Zvel qarTul saliteraturo enaSi gvqonda zmniswinTa kidev erTi wyvili: wiaR- da wiaRmo-, romelic gada-,
gadmo- zmniswinTa msgavsad dabrkolebis gadalaxviT moZraobas
gamoxatavda, oRond wyalTan dakavSirebiT: wiaR-da _ wyalze
gadavida, wiaR-moda _ wyalze gadmovida. Tanamedrove qarTulSi es zmniswinebi aRar gamoiyeneba.
zmnis kategorias, romelic gviCvenebs, rogoria zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTeba sivrceSi mdebare romelime punqtTan, gezi ewodeba. roca zmnis formiT moqmedebis mimarTuleba
gamoxatuli ar aris, gvaqvs miumarTavi gezi: wers, xatavs, akeTebs, muSaobs da misT. roca gansazRvrulia moqmedebis mimarTuleba, moqmedeba garkveuli mimarTulebiT sruldeba, gvaqvs mi-
310
marTuli gezi: miswera, Caxata, Seagdo, gadaifrina da a. S. mimarTulebis, da Sesabamisad, gezis gamomxatveli zmnaSi aris
zmniswini. gezi, rogorc zmnis kategoria, mxolod zmniswinis saSualebiT aris gamoxatuli (a. SaniZe).
rogorc aRiniSna, moqmedebis mimarTuleba mosaubris, I piris poziciidan fasdeba da mas ukavSirdeba kidev erTi zmnuri
kategoria _ orientacia.
orientacia gviCvenebs zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedebis mimarTulebas I piris poziciidan: saiT aris moqmedeba mimarTuli _
mosaubre pirisaken, Tu sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT. amis mixedviT gvaqvs saaqeTo anu maaxloebeli da saiqeTo anu maSorebeli orientacia.
orientacia, a. SaniZis gansazRvris mixedviT, saaqeToa, Tu
moqmedebis subieqti an pirdapiri obieqti I pirisaken miemarTeba
(mogoravs qva, Semoagora qva), xolo saiqeToa, Tu moqmedebis subieqti an pirdapiri obieqti Sordeba I pirs (migoravs qva, miagora qva). a. SaniZis azriT, mosalodneli iyo, rom orientaciis
aRniSvnisas enaSi gamoixateboda II piris arec, rogorc es garCeulia CvenebiT nacvalsaxelebsa da zmnizedebSi (Sdr.: es _ eg _
is, aseTi _ egeTi _ iseTi, aq _ mand _ iq...), magram ase ar
moxda. II pirTan igive zmniswinebi gamoiyeneba, rac I pirTan. ramdenadac II piri is piria, romelsac mimarTaven, igi I piris sivrceSi moiazreba da masTanac saaqeTo orientacia igulisxmeba.
SemdgomSi orientaciis kategoriis gageba dazustda; aRiniSna, rom saaqeTo orientacia gamoxatavs moqmedebas I pirisaken an II pirisaken (ganurCevlad imisa, imyofeba II piri I piris
areSi Tu ara; Sdr.: me gamogigzavne werili moskovSi), saiqeTo
orientacia ki gvaqvs maSin, roca moqmedeba mimarTulia iqiT, sadac I da II piri ar imyofeba (S. kekelia, a. daviTiani, a. focxiSvili, a. oniani).
amdenad, orientaciis mixedviT opoziciis wevrTa raodenoba samia: neitraluri (curavs), saaqeTo (mo-curavs) da saiqeTo
(mi-curavs).
mosaubris, I piris, poziciidan fasdeba, saiT aris moqmedeba mimarTuli: I an II pirisaken, Tu I an II piris sawinaaRmdegod.
Tu moqmedeba mimarTulia im poziciisaken, romelic I an II pirs
ukavia, orientacia saaqeToa, Tu moqmedeba I an II piris pozici-
311
312
313
314
315
zmniswini
keT-eb/keT-d-eb
0, ga, gamo
amo
gada
gadmo
da, Se
mo
Semo, Ca
wa
wamo
xmovanprefiqsebi
moqm. gv.
xmovanprefiqsebi
vn. gv.
a,
a
a,
a
a,
a,
0, u
_
0
0
0, u
0
u
0
0
i
i
i, u
i, u
u
i
316
1.
2.
3.
1930 w.
`qarTuli gramatika~
1953 w.
`qarTuli gramatikis
safuZvlebi~
I seria
I seria
a) awmKos wre
a) awmKos wre
awmKo
namKo uwKveteli
I kavSirebiTi
1.
2.
3.
b) mKobadis wre
4.
5.
6.
mKobadi
pirobiTi
I kavSirebiTi
awmKo
uwKveteli
awmKos kavSirebiTi
b) mKofadis wre
4.
5.
6.
mKofadi
xolmeobiTi
mKofadis kavSirebiTi
318
II seria
7.
8.
9.
10.
namKo wKvetili
namKo xolmeobiTi
brZanebiTi (II subieqturi
pirisa mxolod da isic
warTqmiTad)
II kavSirebiTi
II seria
7.
8.
9.
wKvetili
brZanebiTi
II xolmeobiTi
10.
II kavSirebiTi
III seria
11.
12.
13.
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
III seria
11.
12.
13.
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
saKuradGeboa is faqti, rom 1930 wlis gramatikaSi terminiT I kavSirebiTi ori mwkrivia aGniSnuli. gavxazavT: or
mwkrivs erTi da igive saxeli hqvia. es uxerxuloba 1942 wlis
gramatikaSi gamosworda: erTs ewoda awmKos kavSirebiTi, meores
_ mKobadis kavSirebiTi, Tumca sqemaSi isev I kavSirebiTi darCa,
oGond frCxilebSi mieTiTa: I kavSirebiTi (awmKosi), I kavSirebiTi
(mKobadisa) (a. SaniZe).
`safuZvlebSi~ sqemas axlavs SeniSvna, rom ori mwkrivi _
brZanebiTi da II xolmeobiTi _ kiloebSia Semonaxuli. Tumca sailustraciod brZanebiTisaTvis saliteraturo qarTulis formebia moxmobili: were (dawere), aSene (aaSene); xolo II xolmeobiTisaTvis _ Zveli qarTulisa: vweri (davweri), vaSeni (avaSeni)
(a. SaniZe).
momdevno msJelobaSi a. SaniZe SeniSnavs: `mwkrivebs rom
gamovakloT II xolmeobiTi, romelic dGevandel qarTulSi iSviaTadGa ixmareba da brZanebiTi, romelsac sxva mwkrivebisagan gansxvavebuli formebi TiTqmis aGar aqvs, 13 mwkrivisagan 11 dagvrCeba~ (a. SaniZe).
amgvarad, saKovelTaod gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT,
axal qarTulSi 11 mwkrivi gvaqvs. zog SemTxvevaSi sxvaobas mxolod terminologia qmnis (amJerad amas CvenTvis principuli
mniSvneloba ara aqvs).
319
320
Zod, TurmeobiToba ar aris am JgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli: kavSirebiTi mesamisaTvis TurmeobiTis gageba ucxoa. TurmeobiTi
meore ar iZleva TurmeobiTis Sinaarss, roca risame pirobaze
miuTiTebs; xolo roca TxrobiTi kilos funqcia aqvs TurmeobiT meores, maSin misTvis ganmsazGvrelia sxva drosTan fardoba
(e. i. `Tanamimdevroba~)... (arn. Ciqobava). mxolod nawilobriv
egueba es Sinaarsi TurmeobiTs meores; TurmeobiTs pirvelSic
unaxaoba ar gadmoicema pirvels pirSi, uarKofiTi nawilakebis
xmarebisas ki _ sxva pirebSic.
sami Jgufis gamoKofa zmnis uGvlilebaSi nawilobriv gamarTlebulia sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT, nakvTebis warmoeba ki
sintaqsis sagani ar aris, igi fuZeTa warmoebas ganekuTvneba da
morfologiis sagani unda iKos (im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, rac am rigis fuZeTa warmoebas axasiaTebs). nakvTebis
warmoeba aris fuZeTa warmoeba da, maSasadame, nakvTebis sistemaSi ama Tu im nakvTma is adgili unda daikavos, rac mas ekuTvnis
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT~.
es vrceli amonawerebi imisTvis moviKvaneT, rom naTeli
iKos avtoris Teoriuli pozicia mwkrivTa sistemis daJgufebis
sakiTxebze (es pozicia CvenTvisac amosavalia am sakiTxebze msJelobisas).
amgvari Teoriuli safuZveli _ formobrivi monacemebis gaTvaliswineba _ arn. Ciqobavas saSualebas aZlevs mwkrivebi or
wKebad daaJgufos. ZiriTad mwkrivebad, romelTaganac iwarmoeba
Kvela sxva mwkrivi uSualod Tu SualobiT, pirdapiri wKobiT
Tu inversiulad, miiCneva awmKo da namKo ZiriTadi. avtori daaskvnis: `amisdakvalad nakvTebis warmoebisas gveqneba ori Jgufi:
awmKos Jgufi da namKo ZiriTadis Jgufi. awmKos Jgufi amjamad
Kvelaze mravalricxovania~.
I. gardamavali zmnis awmKosagan (cvl-i-s) iwarmoeba:
a) pirdapiri wKobis nakvTebi:
1. namKo usruli (cvl-i-d-a) 3. kavSirebiTi pirveli
(cvl-i-d-e-s).
2. mKofadi (Se-cvl-i-s) 4. mKofadiseuli namKo usruli (Se-cvl-i-d-a).
[5. 6. 7. TurmeobiTi I, II, kavSirebiTi III gardauval orpirian zmnaTa ({Se}scvlia, scvloda, scvlodes)].
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
s u l i, ise m o m a v a l i dro.
II kavSirebiTi m o m a v a l T a n erTad iTavsebs a x l a n d e l i drois mniSvnelobasac.
I TurmeobiTi SeiZleba Segvxvdes a x l a n d e l i, w a r s u l i an m o m a v a l i drois funqciiT.
II TurmeobiTi ZiriTadad n a m y o dros gadmoscems, magram misi kavSirebiTi kilos funqciiT xmarebisas SefardebiT
m o m a v a l s a c gamoxatavs.
III kavSirebiTi upiratesad w a r s u l dros iTvaliswinebs,
mas SeiZleba hqondes m o m a v a l i drois gagebac~ (l. geguCaZe).
cxadia, es analizi amomwuravi ar aris; zogi ram SeiZleba
kidev dazustebuliyo. mag.: wyvetilis formam SeiZleba garkveul
SemTxvevaSi awmyo drois gagebac gadmosces. radgan `brZanebiToba Tavisi bunebiT iseTi aqtia, romelic SeiZleba awmyoSi an momavalSi xorcieldebodes~ (f. erTeliSvili). aqedan gamomdinare,
wyvetilis formisaTvis awmyo drois gagebac ar Cans uCveulo.
uzmniswino formebs namyo ZiriTadisas brZanebiTi kilos SemTxvevaSi awmyo drois gageba SeiZleba hqondes:
`aqre, sinaTle aqre, me mainc avanTeb mas~ (W. lomT.);
`ismine, swavlis mZebnelo~ (d. guram.)...
awmyos gagebas Seicavs agreTve zogi zmnis wyvetilis pirveli piris forma msgavs SemTxvevaSi:
`elizbari: me wavedi (wamodgeba), miriani: moica~ (a. Cx.);
`uceb qalbatoni dora SeCerda da Tqva: `me wavedi~
(T. Wil.);
`aba gaviqeci, Torem damagvianda~ (o. mamf.).
miaCniaT, rom `me wavedi~, `gaviqeci~ marTlac awmyos gagebas Seicavs mocemul konteqstSi, oRond isini kalkebs warmoadgenen da amave dros maTi gamoyenebis are Zalian SezRudulia
(g. kvaracxelia). Cven vsaubrobT enobriv faqtebze, romlebic
dasturdeba Tanamedrove mxatvruli literaturis enaSi. maT
warmomavlobas amjerad CvenTvis naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs; amgvari
warmoSobis araerTi forma dRes bunebriv qarTulad aRiqmeba.
mTavari isaa, rom amgvari formebis gamoyeneba ar tovebs arabunebriobis STabeWdilebas.
amgvarad, wyvetilis formisaTvis awmyo drois gamoxatvac
ar aris ucxo.
329
uwyveteli
awmyos kavSirebiTi
myofadi
xolmeobiTi
myofadis kavSirebiTi
wyvetili
II kavSirebiTi
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
dro
axlandeli
momavali
zogadi awmyo.
warsuli
axlandeli
momavali
momavali
axlandeli
momavali
warsuli
momavali
warsuli
momavali
axlandeli
momavali
axlandeli
warsuli
axlandeli
warsuli
momavali
warsuli
momavali
warsuli
momavali
SeniSvna: sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis a. SaniZis mwkrivTa sistemas mivmarTavT. mwkrivTa raodenobis Sesaxeb Cvens
Tvalsazriss qvemoT warmovadgenT.
TerTmeti mwkrividan mxolod ori mwkrivi gamoxatavs erT
330
dros; or dros gamoxatavs xuTi mwkrivi; sam dros _ sami mwkrivi; awmyos mwkrivs sami drouli gageba SeiZleba hqondes (erTi _
zogadi awmyo, anu daclilis konkretuli drouli mniSvnelobisagan).
faqti Zalian STambeWdavad gveCveneba. kiTxvas _ aris Tu
ara dro morfologiuri kategoria? _ uaryofiTi pasuxi unda
gaeces:
1. ar xdeba drois gamoxatva morfologiuri saSualebiT;
2. erTi da igive forma ama Tu im mwkrivisa sxvadasxva konteqstSi sxvadasxva drois gagebas iZens, anu mwkrivis formas
droul mniSvnelobas konteqsti aniWebs. konteqstis buneba da
xasiaTi, konstruqciaSi Semavali wevrebis mniSvneloba Seapirobeben am formis droul gagebas.
miuxedavad imisa, rom specialur literaturaSi orive am
momentze gvxvdeba miniSneba, ZiriTadi debuleba _ dro morfologiuri kategoriaa; dro ucvalebeli elementia formisa _ ZalaSi rCeba.
roca mianiSneben erTi da imave formis mier sxvadasxva
drouli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobaze, saubroben ZiriTad droul funqciaze. romelia ZiriTadi drouli mniSvneloba gaakeTe formisaTvis _ warsuli Tu momavali? warsulSi
erTgzisi, dasrulebuli moqmedebis gamoxatva Tu momavalSi Sesasrulebel moqmedebaze yuradRebis miqceva? vfiqrobT, orive.
II piris warTqmiTi brZanebiTis gamoxatva mxolod am formiT
xdeba. riT SeiZleba aixsnas an dasabuTdes, rom frazaSi _ `gibrZaneb, gaakeTe!~ _ ukanaskneli formis drouli mniSvneloba
warsulia, magram am SemTxvevaSi momavals gamoxatavs? amgvari
msjeloba, vfiqrobT, alogikuric iqneba. pasuxs moiTxovs kiTxvac:
Tu gaakeTe formis ZiriTadi drouli mniSvneloba warsulia,
ra aniWebs mas am gagebas saTanado konteqstSi, anda ra iwvevs
sxva SemTxvevaSi momavali drois mniSvnelobis miniWebas. sxvagvarad: warsuli drois mniSvnelobis gamocvlas? da, saerTod,
konteqstis gareSe, izolirebulad, SeiZleba Tu ara zmnuri
forma daxasiaTdes drouli mniSvnelobis mixedviT?
roca erTi da igive forma sxvadasxva konteqstSi SeiZleba
sxvadasxva drouli mniSvnelobiT mogvevlinos, TavisTavad cxadia, konteqstis gareSe droul mniSvnelobaze saubari gaumarTlebeli xdeba.
331
332
333
334
335
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roca aris msjeloba kilos morfologiur gamoxatvaze, saubaria mxolod kavSirebiTze; TxrobiTisa da brZanebiTis kiloTa
morfologiuri gamoxatva ar xdebao. gamodis: kilos samwevriani
sistemidan (rogorc iTqva, zogi klasifikaciiT kiloTa raodenoba metia...) markirebulia erTi; es TavisTavad eWvqveS svams sakiTxs a, e, o sufiqsTa amgvari kvalifikaciisas. am winaaGmdegobis moxsnis cdaa kilos orwevriani sistemis daSveba, rac aseve
sadavod migvaCnia.
SeiZleboda, ar gveZebna kilos kategoriis gamomxatveli morfologiuri elementi da am kategoriis gamomxatvelad ama Tu
im mwkrivis forma CagveTvala (formis struqtura, yalibi), rom
erTi arsebiTi xasiaTis dabrkoleba ar iyos: Tu davuSvebT, rom
mwkrivis forma aris ama Tu im kilos morfologiuri gamoxatuleba, maSin ama Tu im formas mxolod erTi kilouri mniSvneloba unda hqondes. aRniSnaven kidec, rom kilos kategoria erTi
mwkrivis farglebSi ucvalebeli kategoriaa (a. SaniZe, l. kvaWaZe...).
aris ki ase? mivmarTavT isev specialur literaturas:
`...SeiZleba, rom mwkrivi, romelic umTavresad erT kilos
emsaxureba, zog SemTxvevaSi sxva kilos gadmosacemad iyos gamoyenebuli~; `damoukideblad (ukavSirod) xmarebuli kavSirebiTi
SeiZleba brZanebiTad iqnes gamoyenebuli: wavides! wavideT!~;
`brZanebiTi kilos sakuTari formebi ar gaaCnia, iyenebs an
TxrobiT, an kavSirebiT kilos formebs~ (a. SaniZe).
sxva Tvalsazrisebic SeiZleboda mogvexmo, magram faqtia,
rom erTi da igive zmnuri forma sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva kilouri mniSvnelobis gamomxatveli SeiZleba iyos. sxvagvarad: kilouri mniSvnelobis cvla damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu im
zmnuri formisaTvis; kilo araa ucvalebeli kategoria erTi
mwkrivis formebSi.
samecniero literaturaSi imasac aRniSnaven, rom kilouri
mniSvnelobis gamovlenas konteqsti Seapirobebs.
gavixsenoT: ukavSirod xmarebuli kavSirebiTis mwkrivi
brZanebiTi kilos funqcias iZens (a. SaniZe). gamodis: kavSirebiTis funqcia konteqstiTaa Sepirobebuli. im konteqsturi garemos moSla kilouri mniSvnelobis cvlas iwvevs. anda:
`am ori kilos gageba (pirobiTisa da SedegobiTis) Txro-
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vnelobas ama Tu im mwkrivis formas konteqsti aniWebs. konteqstis saxeoba, konstruqciaSi Semaval wevrTa semantika Seapirobeben formis kilour mniSvnelobas.
saerTod, aris ki SesaZlebeli calke aRebuli, konteqstisagan izolirebuli, zmnuri formis kilour mniSvnelobaze saubari? vfiqrobT, ara: rogorc zemoTmoyvanili Tvalsazrisebidan
Cans, TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi xdeba gaTvaliswineba konteqstis
xasiaTisa, konstruqciis saxeobisa ama Tu im formis kilouri
mniSvnelobis daxasiaTebisas.
kilouri mniSvnelobis gamovlena rom konteqstzea damokidebuli, amis gamoa isic, rom araa erTgvarovani azri kiloTa
raodenobis Sesaxeb. morfologiuri kategoria, formobrivad Sepirobebuli mniSvneloba amgvar sxvadasxvaobas kategoriis Semadgenel erTeulTa raodenobis Sesaxeb ar unda iZleodes.
iseve, rogorc drois kategoriis SemTxvevaSi, ama Tu im
formis `ZiriTad~ da `meoreul~ kilour mniSvnelobaze msjeloba imis mixedviT, Tu rogoria sixSire romelime kilouri mniSvnelobis gamovlenisa, aseve ar Cans gamarTlebuli. faqtia, wyvetilis formis gamoyenebis SemTxvevebi TxrobiTi kilos mniSvnelobiT ufro xSiria, vidre brZanebiTi Tu kavSirebiTi kilos
mniSvnelobiT... es ki Sedegia imisa, rom enaSi imgvar konstruqciaTa sixSire, romelSic wyvetilis formas TxrobiTi kilos
mniSvneloba aqvs, Warbobs im tipis konstruqciaTa sixSires, romelSic igive forma sxva kilour mniSvnelobas iZens. aseve SeiZleba iTqvas sxva mwkrivis formaTa Sesaxebac.
daskvna aseTia: k i l o a r a r i s m o r f o l o g i u r i
k a t e g o r i a, radgan: a) a r x d e b a m i s i g a m o x a t v a m o r f o l o g i u r a d; b) k i l o u r i m n i S v n e l o b a c v a l e b a d i a e r T i m w k r i v i s f a r g l e b S i. konteqstis gareSe
formis kilouri mniSvneloba ver gairkveva; k i l o u r m n i S v n e l o b a s f o r m a s k o n t e q s t i a n i W e b s.
sakiTxi amgvaradve SeiZleba daisvas gzisobis Sesaxebac (axali qarTulisaTvis).
IV. 3.5. gzisoba, rogorc zmnis kategoria. rogorc iTqva,
a. SaniZis moZGvrebis Tanaxmad, gzisoba, msgavsad sxva kategoriebisa (dro, kilo, aqti, Tanamdevroba), mwkrivis elementia. gziso-
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ba, iseve rogorc dasaxelebuli kategoriebi, ucvalebelad moiazreba: `elementebi daerqva mwkrivis farglebSi ucvalebel kategoriebs... mwkrivis elementebia dro, kilo, gzisoba, aqti, Tanamdevroba~ (a. SaniZe).
ra aris gzisoba da aris Tu ara igi morfologiuri kategoria axal qarTulSi; Sesabamisad _ ucvalebeli kategoria?
`gzisoba aris zmnis forma, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu ramdengzis aris moqmedeba Cadenili, erTgzis Tu mravalgzis, anu erTxel Tu mravalJer~ (a. SaniZe).
aqve ganmartavs avtori, rom gzisobas ori forma aqvs: erTgzisi da mravalgzisi: `erTgzisia forma, romelic erTxel momxdar moqmedebas aGniSnavs da mravalgzisia forma, romelic
ramdenJerme ganmeorebul moqmedebas gamoxatavs. magaliTebi: daJda da daJdis, moitana da moitanis, mokla da moklis da misT.~.
gzisobasTan dakavSirebuli zogadi sakiTxebis ganxilvisas,
rogorc davinaxeT, a. SaniZe mravalgzisobis magaliTad Zveli
qarTulis (Tu Tanamedrove qarTulis mTis dialeqtebis) magaliTebs moixmobs: daJd-i-s, moitan-i-s, mokl-i-s...
faqtobrivad, amiT iTqva, rom mravalgzisobis morfologiuri gamoxatva axal qarTulSi ar xdeba.
gzisoba, rogorc mwkrivis elementi, ucvalebelia mwkrivis
farglebSio, zemoT iTqva. mravalgzisobis gamomxatvel mwkrivTaTvis (uwKveteli, xolmeobiTi) mravalgzisoba ar aris ucvalebeli elementi. amitomacaa, uwKvetlis daxasiaTebisas mwkrivis
elementTa mixedviT gzisobaze ar mianiSneben. erTi da igive
forma faqtia, gzisobis mixedviT SeiZleba erTgzisic iKos da
mravalgzisic:
erTgzisia: is rom movida, davalebas v w e r d i.
mravalgzisia: sadilis Semdeg davalebas v w e r d i, gakveTilebs v s w a v l o b d i da mere v T a m a S o b d i...
Kovelive Tqmuli ki imis dasturia, rom gzisoba cvalebadi
kategoriaa mwkrivis farglebSi; e. i. gzisoba ar aris morfologiuri kategoria, axal qarTulSi ar xdeba am kategoriis
morfologiuri gamoxatva. Tumca gzisoba, rogorc semantikuri
kategria axal qarTul saliteraturo enaSi, udaod sainteresoa.
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moqmedebis mravalgzisobis gamoxatva qarTuli zmnis erTerTi arsebiTi damaxasiaTebeli niSania. erTgzisi (erTxel Sesrulebuli moqmedeba) da mravalgzisi (mravalJer Tu Cveulebriv Sesrulebuli moqmedeba) qarTuli saliteraturo enis istoriis manZilze gairCeoda erTmaneTisagan; Tumca am garCevas
sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxe hqonda: organuli warmoeba xolmeobiTisa Cven Tvalwin bardeba warsuls da mis adgils aGweriTi warmoeba iyers. Cven SevecdebiT am tendenciasac gavadevnoT
Tvali: ra gziT miemarTeba es cvlileba...
vTqviT: mravalgzisoba Zvel qarTulSi organulad gamoixateboda _ iKo sagangebo mwkrivebi: I xolmeobiTi (uwKvetlis
xolmeobiTi), II xolmeobiTi (wKvetilis xolmeobiTi) da III xolmeobiTi (II TurmeobiTi xolmeobiTi). axal qarTul saliteraturo enaSi mravalgzisoba organulad aGar gamoixateba.
xolmeobiTis organuli warmoebis aGweriTiT Secvla erTerTi principuli xasiaTis gansxvavebaa Zvelsa da axal saliteraturo qarTuls Soris. `mravalgzisobis gamomxatvel organul
formaTa moSlis es procesi (ise ki, rom mravalgzisobis funqcia SemogvrCa) enaSi mimdinare formobrivi abstraqciis TvalnaTlivi nimuSia~ (b. JorbenaZe). TavisTavad sainteresoa: ena sayirod miiCnevs funqciurad daapirispiros erTgzisi da mravalgzisi moqmedeba, magram cvlis am dapirispirebis saxes: erT SemTxvevaSi es morfologiurad xdeboda (da xdeba dGesac zog
dialeqtSi), meore SemTxvevaSi am dapirispirebas aramorfologiuri saSualebebi axdenen. `formaTa erTi sistemis funqcionirebis gafarToebis xarJze xdeba formobrivi mravalferovnebisa da
nairgvarobis nivelireba, morfologiuri dapirispirebis adgils
konteqsturi gansxvavebis kriteriumi ikavebs~ (b. JorbenaZe).
msgavsi SemTxveva araerTia. gavixsenoT: momavali drois gamoxatvis Zveli qarTulis viTareba rogor icvleba; Tundac aspeqtis
gamoxatvis sistema; enaSi rCeba aucilebloba amgvari dapirispirebisa (axlandeli _ momavali _ warsuli; sruli _ usruli),
icvleba dapirispirebis saxe... Tumca es ufro zogadi msJelobaa.
konkretulad: qronologiurad organuli warmoebis moSla da
aGweriTze gadasvla im periods emTxveva, roca qarTulSi `aspeqtis kategoriam aGniSna, ase vTqvaT, didi moxveuli qarTuli sa-
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Kovelive amaze imitom vamaxvilebT KuradGebas, rom davinaxoT, Tu ra viTareba Seiqmna axal qarTulSi xolmeobiTis organuli warmoebis moSlis Semdeg: mravalgzisobis gamoxatvis enobrivi SesaZleblobebi gaizada, gamravalferovnda. es TavisTavad
am mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisas damatebiTi niuansebis gadmocemis
SesaZleblobas iZleva. zmnur formaTa funqciuri analizis
dros Kovelive amaze KuradGeba unda iqnes gamaxvilebuli...
IV. 3.6. aqti, rogorc zmnis kategoria. `a q t i anu s a q m e
aris zmnis forma, romelic gviCvenebs, naxa moubarma zmniT gamoxatuli moqmedeba, Tu ara~. qarTul zmnas aqvs saSualeba, aGniSnos ara marto iseTi moqmedeba, romelsac moubari daswrebia da
unaxavs, aramed iseTic, romelsac is ar daswrebia da ar unaxavs.
amis mixedviT gvaqvs ori aqti: naxuli da unaxavi (anu daswrebuli da dauswrebeli) (a. SaniZe).
aqti mwkrivis elmentad aris miCneuli da iseve, rogorc
sxva elementebi mwkrivisa, `mwkrivis farglebSi ucvalebel kategoriad~ moiazreba~. zemoTac aGvniSneT: ucvalebel kategoriad
SeiZleba moviazroT is kategoria, romelic aris warmodgenili
zmnis ama Tu im formaSi da nebismier konteqstSi xdeba misi gamoxatva anu: nebismier konteqstSi aqvs es mniSvneloba. Tu xdeba
cvla am mniSvnelobisa sxvadasxva konteqstSi, unda aixsnebodes
am cvlis mizezi; anu: formas ram daukarga am konkretul SemTxvevaSi es mniSvneloba, an ram mianiya sxva konteqstSi sxva
mniSvneloba. amis Taobaze drois, kilosa da gzisobis kategoriebze saubris drosac mivaniSnebdi.
ra viTarebaa am mxriv aqtis kategoriasTan dakavSirebiT.
aqti (unaxavi), rogorc mwkrivis elementi, I TurmeobiTSi
aris warmodgenili: `I TurmeobiTSi sami elementia: dro (wars.),
kilo (Txr.) da aqti (unaxavi)... unaxavi aqtis moqmedeba gviCvenebs moqmedebas, romelic gaTvaliswinebulia Sedegis mixedviT an
sxvisgan aris gagonili~. a. SaniZe unaxav aqts mwkrivis elementad
asaxelebs II TurmeobiTSic: `Sedgenilobis TvalsazrisiT II TurmeobiTi I-sagan erTi elementiT gansxvavdeba. es elementia Tanamimdevroba (uwinaresi). mwkrivi gadmogvcems iseT unaxav moqmedebas,
romelic sxvas uswrebda~ (a. SaniZe).
III seriis mwkrivebs a. SaniZe `unaxavi aqtis mwkrivebs~ uwo-
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debs, Tumca ar Cans, III kavSirebiTsac unaxavi aqtis mwkrivad miiCnevs Tu ara.
Tu TurmeobiTebi unaxavi aqtis mwkrivebia, ivaraudeba, rom
sxva mwkrivebi naxuli aqtis mwkrivebia.
aris Tu ara aqti ucvalebeli kategoria TurmeobiTis
mwkrivebisaTvis? sakiTxi sagangebod Seiswavla i. qavTaraZem. misi
azriT, `udavoa, rom qarTul enaSi TurmeobiTis nakvTi Zalian
xSirad ixmareba iseTi moqmedeba-mdgomareobis gadmosacemad, romelic subieqtma Tavisi TvaliT naxa, daeswro mas, unaxavi moqmedebis gamosaxatavad misi gamoKeneba srulebiTac araa erTaderTi, piriqiT, es ufro gviandeli Cans, roca drois gageba masSi
ramdenadme daiCrdila~ (i. qavTaraZe). anu unaxaoba SeiZleba
gadmosces sxva formamac da piriqiT... `es imas niSnavs, rom qarTulSi ara gvaqvs unaxaobis kategoriis morfologiuri warmoebis saSualeba, igi araa imgvarad gamoxatuli gramatikuli kategoria, rogoradac dro, qceva da sxva, romelTac moepovebaT specialuri morfema, aglutinaciuri tipis qarTuli enisaTvis Sesaferisi~ (iqve). avtori gaxazavs imasac, rom morfologiurad
ar xdeba dapirispireba, magram `dGevandel qarTulSi faqtia
aseTi dapirispireba~ (iqve); da kidev: `unaxaobis Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad qarTulSi gvaqvs erTgvari saSualeba (Turme nawilaki
da pirveli TurmeobiTi garkveul SemTxvevaSi) da ara gramatikuli kategoria~ (i. qavTaraZe).
arn. Ciqobavas azriT, `unaxaoba, saerTod, ar unda iKos niSandoblivi TurmeobiTis SinaarsisaTvis. Kovel SemTxvevaSi, unaxaobas ver vivaraudebT, roca realuri subieqti pirvel pirSia~.
avtori eTanxmeba i. qavTaraZes da daaskvnis: `amrigad: TurmeobiTis Jgufis nakvTebi funqciuri TvalsazrisiT ver gaerTiandeba;
Turmeobas ar gulisxmobs kavSirebiTi mesame; mxolod nawilobriv
egueba es Sinaarsi TurmeobiTs meores; TurmeobTs pirvelSic
unaxaoba ar gadmoicema pirvels pirSi, uarKofiTi nawilakebis
xmarebisas ki _ sxva pirebSic~.
warmodgenili msJeloba da dasaxelebul avtorTa mier Catarebuli analizi cxadKofs, rom aqti ar aris morfologiuri
kategoria da, Sesabamisad, ucvalebeli erTi mwkrivis farglebSi. ase rom, am TvalsazrsiT aqti dgeba drois, kilosa da gzisobis gverdiT.
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IV. 3.7. Tanamdevroba, rogorc zmnis kategoria. mexuTe kategoria, romelsac mwkrivis elementad miiCnevs a. SaniZe, aris Tanamdevroba: `Tanamdevrobis saxeliT aGvniSnavT zmnis formas, romelic gvagebinebs, Tu rogoria drouli mimarTeba ori moqmedebisa warsulsa an momavalSi. ori moqmedebis Sefardebisas SeiZleba
aGmoCndes, rom orive erT dros mimdinareobs da gvaqvs erTdrouloba moqmedebisa, magram Tu gansxvavebaa droSi, maT Soris iseTi urTierToba iqneba, rom erTi unda uswrebdes, meore mosdevdes. rogorc swreba, ise modevneba xdeba mxolod or gramatikul
droSi, warsulsa da momavalSi, magram erTdrouloba mxolod
warsulSia gamoxatuli~ (a. SaniZe). `Tanamdevrobis formebi qarTulSi samgvaria: erTdrouloba, uwinaresoba da Semdgomoba~
(iqve). warmodgenili msJelobidan da moxmobili magaliTebidan
Cans, rom zmnuri formis mier gamoxatuli moqmedebis Sefaseba
xdeba rTul konstruqciebSi; anu zmnuri formis erTdrouloba,
uwinaresoba Tu Semdgomoba sxva zmnis mier Sesrulebuli moqmedebis mixedviT gairkveva. es ukve sintaqsis sferoa. roca arn. Ciqobava III seriis gamoKofis safuZvlebze msJelobs da ganixilavs
aqtisa da Tanamimdevrobis kategoriebs, aseT daskvnas gvTavazobs:
`sami Jgufis gamoKofa zmnis uGvlilebaSi nawilobriv gamarTlebulia sintaqsuri TvalsazrisiT, nakvTebis warmoeba ki sintaqsis
sagani ar aris, igi fuZeTa warmoebas ganekuTvneba da morfologiis sagani unda iKos (im TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, rac am
rigis fuZeTa warmoebas axasiaTebs)~.
amgvarad, Tanamdevroba ar aris morfologiuri kategoria
da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleba iKos ucvalebeli erTi mwkrivis
farglebSi.
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rogorc warmodgenilma msJelobam gviCvena, erTi mwkrivis
formas konteqstisda mixedviT SesaZlebloba aqvs sxvadasxva
droisa Tu kilos mniSvnelobis gadmocemisa; aseve erTgzisi da
mravalgzisi moqmedebisa; unaxavi an nanaxi aqtisa; aseve erTdrouli, uwinaresi Tu Semdgomi moqmedebis gamoxatvisa... (SevadaroT: brunvis forma da brunvaTa funqciebi).
mwkrivis formaTa semantikuri daxasiaTeba SesaZlebeli
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aris am kategoriaTa mixedviT, Tumca rogorc aGiniSna, ar xdeba maTi gamoxatva morfologiurad. Sesabamisad, CamoTvlili
kategoriebi ar aris morfologiuri kategoriebi.
IV. 3.8. aspeqti da mwkrivi a. SaniZis moZGvrebis mixedviT. a. SaniZis moZGvrebis mixedviT, aspeqti qarTulSi ar aris
mwkrivis elementi, uGlebis kategoria. igi warmoqmnis kategoriaa. `aspeqti Zvelad uGlebis kategoria iKo: is aucilebeli elementi iKo TviTeuli mwkrivisa I-sa da II seriaSi, magram axal sistemaze gadasvliT es kategoria gamovida uGlebidan da warmoqmnaSi daiyira adgili, radganac am gziT man zmnis paralelur
formebs (uzmniswinosa da zmniswinians) mwkrivebSi sxvadasxva
gramatikuli mniSvneloba misca: grixa _ dagrixa, grixos _ dagrixos, ugrexia _ daugrexia da sxva~. es imas niSnavs, rom mxolod aspeqtiT gansxvavebuli formebi ar CaiTvleba sxvadasxva
mwkrivis formebad: wera da dawera, weros da daweros erTi da
imave mwkrivis formebia.
sxvagvari iKo viTareba Zvel qarTulSi: `Zvel qarTulSi aspeqti uGlebis kategoria iKo da mwkrivSi Sedioda, rogorc misi elementi: I seriis mwkrivebi usruli aspeqtiani iKvnen. II serisa ki _ srulisani. zmniswins am sakiTxSi araviTari Zala ar
hqonda: is an gezs aGniSnavda, orientaciiTurT, an axali zmnis
sawarmoebeli morfema iKo. amitom awmKos mwkrivis exlandel
dros zmniswinis darTva momavlisad ver gadaaqcevda, ....samagierod II seriis mwkrivebi Kvela srul-aspeqtiani iKo~ (a. SaniZe).
momxdari cvlilebis ZiriTadi Sedegi, a. SaniZis azriT, aris is,
rom I seriis formebi or wred gaiKo: `paralelur formaTa gansxvavebuli gamoKenebiT axalma sistemam awmKos Jgufis sami wevrisagan warmoqmna sami axali mwkrivi, gansxvavebuli erTi-meorisagan Sesabamisad ara marto aspeqtis mixedviT, aramed droisa da
sxva elementebis mixedviTac~ (iqve).
erTi mniSvnelovani Sedegi isicaa, rom `aspeqti SeiZina III
seriis formebma da saxelzmnebma~ (iqve).
aq KuradGebas gavamaxvilebT im faqtze, rom aspeqtian
zmnebSi zmniswini apirispirebs srul da usrul formebs samsave
seriaSi da saxelzmnebSi. am faqts kvlavac movubrundebiT. moswrebulad Tqva mecnierma: `zmniswinma zmnas misca aspeqti axal
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safuZvelze, magram am aspeqtma usrulobis SemTxvevaSi zmnas waarTva zmniswini~... (a. SaniZe).
Tumca ase erTmniSvnelovnad, rogorc Cans, Znelia saubari.
a. SaniZe wers: `eyvi ar aris, rom dGevandeli aspeqti sazogadod warmoqmnis kategoriaa, magram ver vitKviT, rom mas
mTlad gawKvetili hqondes kavSiri uGlebasTan~. sxvagan: `daskvna: aspeqts uGlebis farglebidan sul gamosulad ver miviCnevT, mas ramdenadme kidev SerCenili aqvs uGlebis kategoriis niSnebi~.
aq Cven im SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, erTi enobrivi movlenis orgvari kvalifikacia rom xdeba erTsa da imave avtorTan...
aspeqti ar aris uGlebis kategoria, amitom dro-kiloTa sistemis
agebisas aspeqtiT gansxvavebuli formebi (akeTa _ gaakeTa, akeTos
_ gaakeTos, ukeTebia _ gaukeTebia...) ar CaiTvleba sxvadasxva
mwkrivis formebad. amitom sistema 11 erTeuls (mwkrivs) Seicavs.
es ZiriTadi Tvalsazrsia avtorisa, Tumca imasac uSvebs, rom `aspeqts uGlebis farglebidan sul gamosulad ver miviCnevT, mas
ramdenadme kidev SerCenili aqvs uGlebis kategoriis niSnebio~.
da aq gvTavazobs SemaJamebel paragrafs _ `cxrili~ ($ 343):
`dagvrCa erTi: SevaJamoT zemoT naTqvami (igulisxmeba aspeqtisadmi miZGvnili msJeloba) cxrilSi, romelic mokled da TvalsaCinod warmogvidgens aspeqtis viTarebas dGevandel qarTulSi. magaliTebad moKvanilia sami zmna: `texa~ zmnis sruli uGleba subieqturi pirebis mixedviT TiTo seriis TiTo mwkrivSi (I seriaSi
orive wrisaTvis), merme ki samive zmnis 1-li sub. piris formebi
TviTeul mwkrivSi, garda warTqm. brZanebiTisa, sadac me-2 piris
formebia moKvanili~ (a. SaniZe).
SeJamebuli saxiT warmodgenili sruli uGleba TiTo seriis TiTo mwkrivSi faqtobriv emTxveva dimitri Kifianis princips,
romelsac `gramatikis safuZvlebSi~, swored `cxrilis~ win, sagangebo paragrafi eZGvneba _ `dimitri Kifianis tabula~.
d. Kifians orgvari paradigma aqvs _ rTuli da martivi;
rTuli _ zmniswinian da uzmniswino dapirispirebul formaTa
paradigma _ 16 erTeuli (martivi 8 erTeuliani iKo)...
a. SaniZis SeJamebuli cxrili swored d. Kifianis rTuli
paradigmis msgavsia. es cxrili garkveulwilad mxars dauyers
Cvens Tvalsazrissac. Tumca amis Taobaze mogvianebiT.
349
mKofadi
(s r u l i )
ga-vtex
ga-stex
ga-texs
ga-vtexT
ga-stexT
ga-texen
II seria
wKvetili
(u s r u l i )
vtexe
stexe
texa
vtexeT
stexeT
texes
(s r u l i )
ga-vtexe
ga-stexe
ga-texa
ga-vtexeT
ga-stexeT
ga-texes
III seria
I TurmeobiTi
(u s r u l i )
mitexia
gitexia
utexia
gvitexia
gitexiaT
utexia(T)
(s r u l i )
ga-mitexia
ga-gitexia
ga-utexia
ga-gvitexia
ga-gitexiaT
ga-utexia(T)
I seria
u s r u l i (awmKos wre)
awmKo
vtex
vaqeb
vmalav
350
uwKv.
awmK. kavS.
vtexdi
vtexde
s r u l i (mKofadis wre)
mKofadi
ga-vtexe
I xolm.
ga-vtexdi
mKof. kavS. ga-vtexde
vaqebdi
vaqebde
vmalavdi
vmalavde
Se-vaqeb
Se-vaqebdi
Se-vaqebde
da-vmalav
da-vmalavdi
da-vmalavde
II seria
wKvet.
II xolm.
II kavS.
brZan.
(u s r.)
vtexe
vtexi
vtexo
texe
(s r.)
ga-vtexe
ga-vtexi
ga-vtexo
ga-texe
(u s r.)
vaqe
vaqi
vaqo
aqe
(s r.)
Se-vaqi
Se-vaqi
Se-vaqo
Se-aqo
(u s r.)
vmale
vmali
vmalo
male
(s r.)
da-vmale
da-vmali
da-vmalo
da-male
III seria
I Turm.
II Turm.
III kavS.
(u s r.)
mitexia
metexa
metexos
(s r.)
ga-mitexia
ga-metexa
ga-metexos
(usr.)
miqia
meqo
meqos
(s r.)
Se-miqia
Se-meqo
Se-meqos
(u s r.)
mimalavs
memala
memalos
(s r.)
da-mimalavs
da-memala
da-memalos
xatav
xatav-s
m-xatav-s
g-xatav-s
m-xatav
g-xatav
Sen
is
is
is
Sen
me
mas
mas
me
Sen
me
Sen
xatav-T
xatav-en
m-xatav-en
gv-xatav-en
gv-xatav
g-xatav-T
351
Tqven
isini
isini
isini
Sen
me
mas
mas
me
Cven
Cven
Tqven...
352
sa, romelic warmodgenilia yvela mwkrivis formaSi. Sesabamisad: kauzatiur formebSi `martivi
fuZe~ iqneba keTebin, donian vnebiTebSi _ keTd. Zireuli am SemTxvevaSi ar udris Zirs etimologiuri gagebiT...
martivi fuZe aris is nawili zmnuri formisa, romelic saerToa zmnis sruli paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis.
SeniSvna: skolarul gamocemebSi paradigmis yvela wevrisaTvis saerTo nawils Zirs uwodeben; Tumca Zirad dauSleli nawili gaiazreba, rac ar iTqmis
sruli paradigmis saerTo nawilis Sesaxeb. pirobiTia terminic martivi fuZe; SedgenilobiT
`martivi fuZe~ SeiZleba iyos `rTuli~ (`Tvalwin gaisigrZegana _ am formaSi sigrZegan `martivi fuZea~).
Temis niSani _ aris is nawili zmnuri formisa, romelic
ganasxvavebs I seriis rTul Temas II seriis martivi Temisagan.
xat-av-as _ xat-a.
savrcobi aris is nawili zmnuri formisa, romelic awmyos
(myofadis) mwkrivis formas ganasxvavebs uwyvetlis (xolmeobiTis) fuZisagan:
xat-av-d-a _ xat-av-s
Tl-id-da Tl-i-s
tir-od-a tir-i-s
mwkrivis niSani aris is elementi zmnuri formisa, romelic or, erTmaneTTan formobrivad dakavSirebul mwkrivis fuZes ganasxvavebs:
SeniSvna: erTmaneTTan formobrivad urTierTdakavSirebulad miviCnevT im fuZeebs, romlebic erTmaneTs
miemarTebian an xazovani, an Canacvlebis principiT (ix. $ I. 10.).
wer-s wer-d-a, erTi mxriv, da
da-v-wer-e
353
v-tir-od-i
v-xat-av
v-xat-av-d-i
SeniSvna: mwkrivis formaTa nulovani warmoebisas (e. i. roca mwkrivis niSani nulovani morfemaa), mwkrivis
fuZe da mwkrivis sayrdeni fuZe erTmaneTs emTxveva.
mwkrivis formaTa warmoebis Canacvlebis principis SemTxvevaSi urTierTCanacvlebad mwkrivebs saerTo sayrdeni fuZe aqvs:
v-wer-d-i
v-wer-dv-wer-d-e
v-wer-e
v-werv-wer-o
mwkrivis fuZeze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba moqmedi
fonetikuri procesis Sedegad momxdari cvlilebebiT miRebuli
gansxvavebani.
mag. v-wer-e
wer-a
354
kilo
aspeqti
gzisoba
aqti
Txr.
Txr.
usr.
usr.
mravalgz.
erTgzisi
nanaxi
nanaxi
formobrivad gansxvavebuli ori erTeuli sxvadasxva mwkrivis formaa, radganac isini funqciur sxvaobasac avlenen.
funqciurad gansxvavebuli ori erTeuli ar CaiTvleba sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebad, Tu maT Soris araa formobrivi sxvaoba:
gaakeTe
(TxrobiT
konteqstSi)
gaakeTe
(brZanebiT
konteqstSi)
dro
kilo
aspeqti
gzisoba
aqti
warsuli
TxrobiTi
sruli
erTgzisi
nanaxi
momavali
brZanebiTi
sruli
erTgzisi
nanaxi
da
da
da
da
mo-v-a-swr-e
mo-v-rwy-e
i-qn-a-s
da-u-xat-i-a
355
ver CaiTvleba sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebad, radganac funqciurad identuri odenobebia: nebismier konteqstSi SeiZleba
moxdes maTi urTierTCanacvleba. warmodgenili wyvilebi erTi
da imave mwkrivebis formobrivi variantebia.
IV. 3.10. mwkrivTa raodenoba axal qarTulSi. rogorc
aGiniSna, axal qarTulSi 11 mwkrivi gamoiKofa. pirveli seria 6
sauGlebeli erTeuliTaa warmodgenili:
awmKos wre
1. awmKo _ vwer
2. uwKveteli _ vwerdi
3. awmKos kavSirebiTi _ vwerde
mKofadis wre
1. mKofadi _ davwer
2. xolmeobiTi _ davwerdi
3. mKof. kavSirebiTi _ davwerde
formobrivi TvalsazrisiT dapirispireba
vwer _ da-vwer
vwerdi _ da-vwerdi
vwerde _ da-vwerde
imave rigisaa, rogoric
vwere _ da-vwere
vwero _ da-vwero
miweria _ da-miweria
mewera _ da-mewera
meweros _ da-meweros
Tu pirveli seriis zmniswiniani da uzmniswino formebi
sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebadaa miCneuli, meore da mesame seriis
SemTxvevaSi amgvaradve dapirispirebuli formebi sxvadasxva
mwkrivisebad ar gaigeba:
vwer _ awmKo
magram
vwere
wKvetili
da-vwer _ mKofadi
da-vwere
rogorc cnobilia, Zvel qarTulSic gvaqvs amgvarive dapi-
356
dro _
kilo _
umetesad axlandeli
TxrobiTi
mKofadi:
dro _
kilo _
momavali
TxrobiTi
xolmeobiTi
dro _ w a r s u l i
kilo _ T x r o b i T i
gzisoba _ m r a v a l g z i s i
357
a. SaniZe uwKvetlis mwkrivis daxasiaTebisas xazgasmiT ar mianiSnebs mravalgzisobaze, magram xolmeobiTis kategoriaze msJelobisas aGniSnavs, `cocxal kiloTa umetesobam da saliteraturo
qarTulma es formebi (e. i. mravalgzisobis gamomxatveli formebi _ g. g.) dakarga, samagierod maTi gamoxatva uwKvetelsa da
misgan nawarmoeb xolmeobiTis mwkrivs daakisra~ (a. SaniZe). amdenad, `uGlebis kategoriaTa~ mixedviT uwKvetlisa da xolmeobiTis mwkrivebs Soris sxvaoba araa. Tumca xolmeobiTis mwkrivisagan uwKvetlisaTvis ganmasxvavebel niSnad Tanamdevrobac miiCneva:
`zogJer is Tanamdevrobasac Seicavs, _ saxeldobr erTdroulobas warsulSi~ (a. SaniZe). araa SemTxveviTi, rom avtori Tanamdevrobas uwKvetlis formisaTvis Cveulebriv damaxasiaTeblad
ar miiCnevs (`zogJer is Tanamdevrobasac Seicavs~...). rogorc
aGvniSneT, Tanamdevroba, Tuki saerTod SeiZleba CaiTvalos kategoriad, araa morfologiuri kategoria. msJeloba _ `erTdroulia zmnis forma, romelic gvagebinebs, rom erTi moqmedeba sxva dasaxelebul (an nagulisxmev) moqmedebasTan erTad
xdeboda~ _ gulisxmobs, rom Tanamdevrobaze mxolod rTul
konstruqciebSi SeiZleba saubari. moKvanili magaliTebic amis
dasturia: `Sin rom mivedi, Tovda~. `Tovda~ formiT gamoxatuli dro emTxveva Sin dabrunebis dros~. martiv konstruqciebSi
xmarebul uwKvetlis formiT gamoxatul Tanamdevrobaze ver visaubrebT. faqtobriv Tanamdevroba gamodis sxvadasxva konstruqciaSi sxvadasxva zmniT gamoxatul moqmedebaTa urTierTmimarTeba drois TvalsazrisiT, rac ama Tu im zmnis morfologiur
maxasiaTeblad ar SeiZleba miviCnioT.
garda amisa, a. SaniZe uwKvetelsa da xolmeobiTs Soris aspeqtur sxvaobazec mianiSnebs: ufro zustad, uwKvetlisaTvis
damaxasiaTeblad usruli aspeqtis gamoxatvas miiCnevs: `zogJer
agreTve sruli aspeqtis gadmocema ekisreba~, magram aspeqti, avtoris azriT, warmoqmnis kategoriaa da uGlebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, kerZod, mwkrivTa gamoKofisas, mxedvelobaSi ar
miiGeba. winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi akeTa da gaakeTa sxvadasxva
mwkrivis formebad CaiTvleboda...
gamodis, rom a w m K o - m K o f a d i s g a m o K o f a m o x d a uGlebis erT-erTi kategoriis _ d r o i s _ m i x e d v i T. u w K v e t e l i da x o l m e o b i T i u G l e b i s k a t e g o r i a T a m i x e d v i T
358
359
qiT _ sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebad unda miviCnioT meore da mesame seriis zmniswiniani da uzmniswino variantebic (rogorc es
gaakeTa d. Kifianma).
TiTqosda sxvagvaria viTareba awmKosa da mKofadis SemTxvevaSi. marTalia, zmniswinian da uzmniswino formebs Soris aspeqturi sxvaoba aqac iseTivea, rogorc sxva SemTxvevaSi _ awmKos
formebi usruli aspeqtisa, mKofadisa _ srulis (a. SaniZe) _
magram maT Soris drouli mimarTebis sakiTxi dgeba gansxvavebulad. aris Tu ara es sakmarisi awmKosa da mKofadis sxvadasxva
mwkrivad miCnevisaTvis?
vfiqrobT, ara:
awmKo-mKofadis formaTa dapirispirebaSi zmniswins gansakuTrebuli roli aqvs miniyebuli; rogorc iTqva, awmKos safuZvelze ori mwkrivis gamoKofa _ awmKosa da mKofadis _ Sedegia
zmniswinis mier drouli dapirispirebis funqciis SeZenisa.
zmniswins mwkrivTa mawarmoebladac miiCneven: `zmniswins qarTulSi da, saerTod, qarTvelur enebSi, rogorc cnobilia, ramdenime
funqcia akisria: mimarTulebis (gezisa da orientaciis) Cveneba,
sruli aspeqtis gamoxatva, mwkrivTa warmoeba da zmnis fuZis
mniSvnelobis Secvla~ (z. yumburiZe) (xazi Cvenia _ g. g.). miuxedavad imisa, rom mKofadis wris mwkrivTa gamoKofa samecniero
gramatikaSi a. SaniZem daamkvidra, mis naazrevSi zmniswinis funqciad mwkrivTa warmoeba araa miCneuli. a. SaniZe miuTiTebs
zmniswinian da uzmniswino formaTa Soris arsebul droul dapirispirebaze awmKosa da mKofads Soris da amis safuZvelze axdens axali mwkrivis gamoKofas. awmKo-mKofadis analogiiT xdeba
mKofadis wris sxva mwkrivTa gamoKofac: `paralelur formaTa
gansxvavebuli gamoKenebiT axalma sistemam awmKos Jgufis sami
mwkrivisagan warmoqmna sami axali mwkrivi, gansxvavebuli erTimeorisagan, Sesabamisad ara marto aspeqtis mixedviT, aramed
droisa da sxva elementebis mixedviTac~ (a. SaniZe).
rogorc vxedavT, aspeqtis sistemaSi momxdari cvlilebebi
iwvevs zmniswinTa funqciebis zrdas, rac safuZvlad edeba mKofadis wris gamoKofas. avtori Tavs aridebs, miiCnios zmniswini
mwkrivis mawarmoeblad. es aris safuZveli imisa, rom mwkrivTa
warmoebis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas cal-calke ar ganixilavs awmKosa
da mKofadis wris mwkrivTa warmoebas; miuTiTebs kidec: `pirvel
360
mKofadi
ga-akeTebs
a-aSenebs
da-xatavs
da-wers da mravali sxva.
361
momavali
vyam
vyam _ Se-vyam
362
ba.
aseTivea viTareba mxolod u- prefiqsiani moqmedebiTi gvaris formebSi: uanderZebs, uboZebs, udepeSebs, uTanagrZnobs, uTvalTvalebs, ukarnaxebs da misTanani (z. yumburiZe).
zmniswins ar dairTavs agreTve mozrdili Jgufi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebisa, romelTa umetesoba nasaxelaria da -eb Temis
niSniT aris nawarmoebi... `am tipis zmnaTa saarviso qcevis forma
gvxvdeba moqmedebiT gvarSi rogorc axlandelis, ise momavali
drois gagebiT: abanakebs, (ar) aboginebs, adardebs, adGegrZelebs, avaxSmebs, aTareSebs, aTevzavebs... da mravali sxva~ (iqve).
`axlandeli da momavali drois formebi garCeuli araa uzmniswino zmnaTa SualobiTi kontaqtis formebSic, rogoricaa,
magaliTad: agebinebs, akurTxebinebs, azGvevinebs, aceminebs, abanavebinebs, Tavs adebinebs da sxva~ (iqve).
g) `aris zmnaTa sakmaod didi Jgufi, romelic moqmedebas
upiratesad xangrZlivi procesis saxiT warmogvidgens da usruli aspeqtis formiT ixmareba. aseTi zmnebi mKofadSi ufro xSirad uzmniswinod gvxvdeba, ase rom, awmKosa da mKofadis (usruli aspeqtis) formaTa damTxveva am zmnebSi sistematur xasiaTs
atarebs. aseTia, magaliTad: abodebs, aTamaSebs, akvnesebs, akivlebs, akotrialebs... da sxvani~ (iqve).
Cven is SemTxvevebi warmovadgineT, roca uzmniswino forma
gamoxatavs rogorc axlandeli, aseve momavali drois mniSvnelobas.
d) `formiT awmKoa da umTavresad axlandeli drois gagebas atarebs, magram amjamad momavali drois gagebiTac SeiZleba
Segvxvdes eniani vnebiTis formebi: ealerseba, earSiKeba, ebaaseba,
eduduneba, eTamaSeba... zogi amgvari forma mKofadSi zmniswiniTac SeiZleba warmogvidges, riTac gairCeva mKofadis sruli da
usruli aspeqti; magaliTad: ealerseba _ moealerseba, earSiKeba
_ gaearSiKeba, ebaaseba _ gamoebaaseba da sxvani~ (iqve).
e) aris SemTxvevebi, roca zmniswiniani formebi gamoxatavs
rogorc axlandeli, aseve momavali drois mniSvnelobasac. `zmnebi, romlebic awmKoSic zmniswiniania, zmniswins ver icileben im
Sinaarsobrivi sxvaobis gamo, rac am zmniswinis meSveobiT aris
gamoxatuli... magaliTad: mi-brZandeba, mi-agebs... mo-aswavebs, mouwodebs, mo-ixseniebs... da-edgomeba, da-eJereba, da-iSveba... gadmo-
363
364
axlandeli dro
365
366
da
da
da
da
da
ga-akeTa
ga-akeTos
ga-ukeTebia
ga-ekeTebina
ga-ekeTebinos
zmniswini am SemTxvevaSi fuZiseulad aGar gaiazreba: winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi akeTa da gaakeTa sxvadasxva mwkrivis formebad unda iqnes gagebuli (rogorc akeTebda da gaakeTebda), ramdenadac mwkrivTa Soris sxvaobas fuZeTa sxvaoba qmnis.
mokled: zmniswinisa da zmnuri fuZis mimarTebis sakiTxi
problemuria da rTuli. garkveuli pasuxi kiTxvaze _ zmniswini
Sedis Tu ara zmnur fuZeSi (mwkrivis fuZeSi) _ araa gacemuli.
metic, es sakiTxi arcaa dasmuli samecniero literaturaSi. Cveulebriv, zmnur fuZeze msJelobisas uzmniswino formebs ganixilaven. ufro metic, Tuki amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs, uGlebis
tipebsa da saxeobebze msJelobisas ZiriTadad uzmniswino formebs warmogvidgenen.
aris faqtorebi, romlebic zmniswins fuZiseulad gagvaazrebinebs. Jer erTi: calkeuli Jgufis zmnebi ama Tu im mwkrivis
formebSi uzmniswinod ar gvxvdeba. mag.: `uzmniswinod doniani
vnebiTi (keTda, Senda, Zlierda...) wKvetilSi SeuZlebelia (arn.
Ciqobava); isic cnobilia, rom zmniswini zmnas leqsikur mniSvnelobas ucvlis. garda amisa, iseTi zmnebic gvxvdeba, romlebic
uzmniswinod ar ixmareba; gvaqvs: mi-vida, mo-vida... magram calke
vida amjamad ar mogvepoveba (a. SaniZe). zmniswinian da uzmniswino formaTa sxvadasxva saleqsikono erTeulebad miCneva (mag.,
`qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi~) zmniswinis fuZiseulo-
367
368
369
da
da
da
mKofadi
i-mef-eb-s
u-patron-eb-s
da-xat-av-s
370
mKofadis kavSirebiTis damoukidebel mwkrivebad miCneva ara marto arGvevs am princips, aramed arsebiTad ewinaaGmdegeba mas.
Tu awmKo-mKofadis SemTxvevaSi zogJer SeiZleba semantikuri momenti (drouli dapirispireba) mogveSveliebina, mKofadis wris
sxva mwkrivTa SemTxvevaSi esec gamoiricxeba.
vimeorebT: mKofadis wris gamoKofis gamarTleba zmniswins
fuZiseulad gagvaazrebinebs. maSin, aseve unda gadawKdes II da III
seriebis mwkrivTa fuZis sakiTxic _ zmniswins aqac unda gaewios
angariSi; amgvari daSvebis SemTxvevaSi aspeqti gamova is semantikuri maxasiaTebeli, romlis mixedviTac zmniswinian da uzmniswino formebs sxvadasxva mwkrivad CavTvlidiT, ase ki sakiTxi Jer
ar dasmula da, albaT, arc unda daisvas. rogorc aGiniSna, angariSgasawevia da gasaziarebeli d. Kifianiseuli gadawKveta sakiTxisa: `aucilebelia, unda Semokldes rogorme es uGvlileba...
gana ar SeiZleba, erTxel iTqvas da amiT gaTavdes, rom zmnas saxe sruli KovelTvis maSin miecema, rodesac Tavs prefiqsad erTerTi mimZGoli Tandebuli miuJdebao~ (d. Kifiani).
am Tvalsazriss isic dauyers mxars, rom, Cveni azriT, dro
da kilo, iseve rogorc Tanamdevroba, gezi da orientacia, araa
morfologiuri kategoriebi da mxolod drouli da kilouri
mniSvnelobebis mixedviT gansxvavebuli formebi damoukidebel
mwkrivebad ar unda CaiTvalos.
amgvarad, zmnis fuZis ganmartebisas CvenTvis ZalaSi rCeba
tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi Semdegi dazustebiT: mwkrivis fuZe
aris is nawili zmnisa, romelsac CamoSorebuli aqvs zmniswini, pirisa da ricxvis niSnebi.
ramdenadac mwkrivTa gamoKofa da daJgufeba sawarmoebeli fuZis princips emKareba, imden mwkrivze unda visaubroT,
ramdeni gansxvavebuli fuZec arsebobs.
mwkrivis fuZis amgvari gagebis safuZvelze uGlebis sistema
unda gaimarTos im principze, ra principiTac aris warmodgenili II da III seriaSi. es Tvalsazrisi I seriaSi sami mwkrivis gamoKofas varaudobs. amisdakvalad, axal qarTulSi zmnuri formebi daJgufdeba sam seriad da 8 mwkrivad.
I seria
1-li mwkrivi (awmKo-mKofadi) _ (z m n i s w.)- a k e T e b s
me-2 mwkrivi (uwKveteli-xolmeobiTi) _ (z m n i s w.)- a k e T e b d a
371
372
373
S e v n i S n a v T: mwkrivTa raodenobis sakiTxi mxolod formobrivi principis mixedviT ar gairkveva. gvaqvs paraleluri
warmoebis SemTxvevebic:
i-Tq-m-i-s
Se-v-i-pKar
da-v-a-mKn-a
da-u-xat-av-s
ga-e-keT-a
da
da
da
da
da
i-Tqm-eb-a
Se-v-i-pKr-e
da-v-a-mKn-o
da-u-xat-i-a
ga-e-keT-eb-in-a
da misTanani.
awmKo (mKofadi)
374
(da)-v-wer
(da)-wer
(da)-wer-s
2.
(da)-v-wer-T
(da)-wer-T
(da)-wer-en
uwKveteli (xolmeobiTi)
(da)-v-wer-d-i
(da)-wer-d-i
(da)-wer-d-a
3.
(da)-v-wer-d-i-T
(da)-wer-d-i-T
(da)-wer-d-nen
I kavSirebiTi
(da)-v-wer-d-e
(da)-wer-d-e
(da)-wer-d-e-s
(da)-v-wer-d-e-T
(da)-wer-d-e-T
(da)-wer-d-nen
II seria
4.
5.
wKvetili
(da)-v-wer-e
(da)-wer-e
(da)-wer-a
(da)-v-wer-e-T
(da)-wer-e-T
(da)-wer-es
II kavSirebiTi
(da)-v-wer-o
(da)-wer-o
(da)-wer-o-s
(da)-v-wer-o-T
(da)-wer-o-T
(da)-wer-o-n
III seria
6.
I TurmeobTi
7.
(da)-m-i-wer-i-a
(da)-g-i-wer-i-a
(da)-u-wer-i-a
II TurmeobiTi
da-m-e-wer-a
(da)-gv-i-wer-i-a
(da)-g-i-wer-i-a-T
(da)-u-wer-i-a-T
da-gv-e-wer-a
8.
da-g-e-wer-a
da-e-wer-a
III kavSirebiTi
da-m-e-wer-o-s
da-g-e-wer-o-s
da-e-wer-o-s
375
ga-g-e-wer-a-T
da-e-wer-a-T
da-gv-e-wer-o-s
da-g-e-wer-o-T
da-e-wer-o-T
IV. 3.14. mwkrivTa daJgufebisa da Tanamimdevrobis sakiTxisaTvis. iTqva, rom mwkrivebi sawarmoebeli fuZis mixedviTaa
daJgufebuli. Tu pirveli da meore seriis gamoKofa davas ar
iwvevs, amas ver vitKviT mesame seriis mimarT. `TurmeobiTis
Jgufs ar moepoveba saerTo fuZe, amosavlad rom gvqondes warmoebisas, amiT gansxvavdeba TurmeobiTis Jgufi awmKos da namKo
ZiriTadis (n. maris mixedviT: aoristis) Jgufisagan: awmKos Jgufi awmKos fuZezea damKarebuli, namKo ZiriTadisa _ namKo ZiriTadis fuZeze. Tu mesame Jgufi (TurmeobiTis Jgufi) mainc gaerTianda, es imitom, rom am JgufSi Semavali droebi `erTi da imave wesiT iwarmoeba. marTlac, am JgufSi inversiuli wKoba gvaqvs
maSin, rodesac awmKosa da namKo ZiriTadis JgufebSi wKoba pirdapiria...~ pirvel da meore JgufSi `warmoebaa amosavali, mesame
Jgufi sxva princips daemKara~ (arn. Ciqobava).
is, rac mesame Jgufis Taobaze iTqva, zustia da gamarTlebuli Zveli saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. mesame Jgufis
mwkrivTa warmoebaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi ganxorcielda da, Cveni azriT, am cvlilebebma saintereso saxe miiGo. amis
Taobaze mesame seriis mwkrivTa warmoebisas visaubrebT. Tumca
mesame seria axal qarTulSic ZiriTadad ar eTanxmeba mwkrivTa
daJgufebis im princips, romelic I da II seriaSi gatarda. rogorc iTqva, I da II seriaSi mkacrad gatarebuli sauGlebeli fuZis principi III seriaSi sxva saxes iGebs. dairGva klasifikaciis
erTiani principi.
klasifikaciis erTiani principis gatarebis cdam mwkrivTa or
Jgufad dalagebis sakiTxi dasva (arn. Ciqobava). Tumca, SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom es cda warumatebeli aGmoCnda. roca am sakiTxze vsaubrobdiT, kiTxva davsviT: aris ki SesaZlebeli saklasifikacio
niSnad sawarmoebeli fuZis principis bolomde gatareba, e. i.
mwkrivTa or seriad daJgufeba? ukve, roca gamoikveTa Cveni Tval-
376
sazrisi mwkrivis raobisa da mwkrivTa raodenobis Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia am sakiTxze msJelobac.
sawarmoebeli fuZis principi gulisxmobs imis garkvevas,
warmoebis TvalsazrisiT rogor miemarTeba erTi romelime
mwkrivis saKrdeni fuZe meores.
gavixsenoT: fuZeTa Senebis or princips gamoKofen _ xazovani principi da Canacvlebis principi. mwkrivTa warmoebaSi xazovani principis magaliTad SeiZleba CaiTvalos awmKo-mKofadisa
da uwKvetel-xolmeobiTis mimarTeba: akeTeb akeTeb-d. e. i.
xazovania mimarTeba, roca erTi fuZe srulad meordeba meoreSi.
Canacvlebis principiT miemarTeba erTmaneTs fuZeebi, Tu maT saerTo saKrdeni fuZe aqvT:
akeT-e / akeT-o (b. JorbenaZe).
fuZeTa warmoebis am ori principis safuZvelze aris faqtobriv daJgufebuli I da II seriebSi mwkrivebi. Tavad seriebs
saerTo fuZe moepovebaT (igive Tema). sworia msJeloba, rom
`awmKos Jgufi awmKos fuZezea damKarebuli, namKo ZiriTadisa _
namKo ZiriTadis fuZeze~, magram zogi ram mainc dazustebas moiTxovs: kerZod, rogorc iTqva, unda gairCes mwkrivis fuZe da
mwkrivis saKrdeni fuZe. awmKo-mKofadis fuZe vnebiTi gvaris
zmnebSi -i elementian formebs varaudobs: v-Tbeb-i, v-berdeb-i,
v-izrdeb-i... mwkrivis fuZis kuTvnileba -i elementi mwkrivis mawarmoeblad gaiazreba imitom, rom I seriis sxva mwkrivebSi igi
ar gadahKveba.
v-Tb-eb-i
v-izrdeb-i
v-Tb-eb-od-i
v-izrdeb-od-i
v-Tb-eb-od-e
v-izrdeb-od-e
I seriis meore da mesame mwkrivSi figurirebs awmKo-mKofadis saKrdeni fuZe _ Tb-eb. awmKo-mKofadis mwkrivis fuZe ki aris
Tb-eb-i. ase rom, roca mwkrivTa fuZeebis urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxs vsvamT, unda daisvas mwkrivis saKrden fuZeTa urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi da ara mwkrivis fuZeTa mimarTebis sakiTxi.
*
*
377
378
uwKveteli _ a-keT-eb-d-0/ i
I kavSirebiTi _ a-keT-eb-d-e
am SemTxvevaSic Canacvlebis principze unda visaubroT.
II seriis mwkrivebi _ wKvetili da II kavSirebiTi
_ erTmaneTs Canacvlebis principiT miemarTebian.
saKrdeni fuZe saerToa:
wKvetili
_ a-keT-e
II kavSirebiTi _ a-keT-o
amgvarad, I da II seriaSi sami saKrdeni fuZe gamoiKo: akeT
_ akeT-eb _ akeT-eb-d, romlebic erTmaneTs xazovani principiT
miemarTeba. pirveli maTgani saKrdenia meore seriis mwkrivebisaTvis:
akeT-e _ wKvetili
akeT
akeT-o _ II kavSirebiTi
II saKrdeni fuZisagan awmKos mwkrivis fuZe iwarmoeba:
akeT-eb _ akeT-eb-0
III saKrdeni fuZisagan _ uwKvetel-xolmeobiTi da I kavSirebiTi.
akeT-eb-d-i _ wKvetili
akeT-eb-d
akeT-eb-d-e _ II kavSirebiTi
I-II seriis mwkrivebis daJgufeba saKrdeni fuZis urTierTmimarTebis mixedviT aseT suraTs mogvcems:
wKvetili _ akeT-e
II kavSirebiTi _ akeT-o
379
Tu zedmiwevniT Tanmimdevrulni viqnebiT sawarmoebeli fuZis principis bolomde gatarebaSi, mwkrivebi zemowarmodgenili
TanmimdevrobiT unda dalagdes. meore seriad miCneuli mwkrivebis saKrdeni fuZe SedarebiT martivia. I seriis mwkrivTa saKrdeni fuZe rTulia, martivisagan warmoebuli. faqti cnobilia, magram sistemis gadaJgufebis sakiTxi ar dasmula. aq, albaT, tradicias gaewia angariSi. da meorec, rogorc Cans, droul semantikas eweoda angariSi, roca uGlebis erTeulTa dasaxelebas
awmKo drois gamomxatveli mwkriviT iwKebdnen... samecniero gramatikaSi am tradiciis darGvevis cdaa a. SaniZis mier adreul
naSromSi sauGlebel erTeulTa pirvel (A) Jgufad `namKo srulis Jgufis~ miCneva, xolo meore Jgufad (B) _ `awmKos Jgufis~
warmodgena (a. SaniZe).
miGebuli Tanamimdevrobis Secvlis sxva cda ar Kofila. am
SemTxvevaSi tradicias angariSi unda gaewios.
kidev: rogori unda iKos urTierTCanacvlebul fuZeTa
Tanmimdevroba? rogorc iTqva, wKvetili da II kavSirebiTi warmoebis mixedviT araa erTimeoreze damokidebuli mwkrivebi. Tanmimdevrobis Secvla sawarmoebeli fuZis princips ar daarGvevda,
magram tradiciul Tanmimdevrobas formobrivi gamarTlebac
aqvs: reducirebadi xmovnis Semcvel fuZeebSi wKvetili amosavali xmovniani variantiTaa warmodgenili, II kavSirebiTi _ reducirebuliT:
v-kal-i
kal
v-kl-a
amosavali varianti, bunebrivia, win uswrebdes mis meoreul, fonetikur variants. Tumca sagulvebelia, rom tradiciuli
TanmimdevrobisaTvis semantikuri momentia amosavali. urTierTCanacvlebul fuZeTagan, orive SemTxvevaSi, erTi upiratesad
TxrobiTi kilos gamomxatvelia, meore _ kavSirebiTisa. Tanmimdevrobis sakiTxic, rogorc Cans, am faqtma gadawKvita. gavixsenoT: praqtikuli gramatikebidan moKolebuli (da ara mxolod
qarTulSi) Kvela SemTxvevaSi Jer TxrobiTi kilos gamomxatveli
formebi ganixileboda, Semdeg _ kavSirebiTisa da a. S.
380
_
_
_
gamTbar-xar,
gamTbar-iKavi,
gamTbar-iKo,
gazrdil-xar
gazrdil-iKavi
gazrdil-iKo
381
elementad warmogvidgens (gavixsenoT: mwkrivis fuZe aris is nawili zmnisa, romelsac CamoSorebuli aqvs zmniswini, pirisa da
ricxvis niSnebi), I da II seriis mwkrivTa paradigmebSi xmovanprefiqsi ucvalebeli elementia (vsaubrobT moqmedebiTi gvaris
zmnebze, prefiqsian vnebiTebsa da orpirian sufiqsian vnebiTebze):
-xatavs,
a-keTebs,
i-keTebs,
u-keTebs,
e-zrdeba,
-xatavda,
a-keTebda,
i-keTebda,
u-keTebda,
e-zrdeboda,
-xatavdes,
a-keTebdes,
i-keTebdes,
u-keTebdes,
e-zrdebodes,
-xata,
a-keTa,
i-keTa,
u-keTa,
e-zarda,
-xatos
a-keTos
i-keTos
u-keTos
e-zardos...
_
_
_
_
da-e-xata,
ga-e-keTebina,
ga-e-keTebina,
ga-e-keTebina,
da-e-xatos
ga-e-keTebinos
ga-e-keTebinos
ga-e-keTebinos
xmovanprefiqsTa TvalsazrisiT erTferovania viTareba gardamaval zmnaTa I TurmeobiTSi, gansxvavebuli I-II seriisagan; aseve: erTferovania viTareba II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi,
gansxvavebuli, erTi mxriv, I-II seriisagan da, meore mxriv, I Tur-
382
meobiTisagan.
Tu fuZis warmodgenil ganmartebas gaviziarebT, sawarmoebeli fuZis principis mixedviT III seriis formebi gansaxilvel
zmnaTa I da II seriaSi ver gadanawildeba. winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi
sayiro gaxdeba fuZis ganmartebis Secvla _ xmovanprefiqsTa
ugulebelKofa.
sakiTxi aseve dadgeba e- prefiqsian zmnaTa mimarTac: zmnebi, romelTac I-II seriaSi e- prefiqsi aqvT, III seriaSi Cveulebriv
xmovanprefiqsis gareSea warmodgenili:
e-zrdeba _ ga-zrdia
_ ga-zrdoda
_ ga-zrdodes
III seria am SemTxvevaSi erTgvar viTarebas gviCvenebs da gansxvavdeba principulad I-II seriisagan.
i- prefiqsian erTpirian zmnebSic viTareba analogiuria: III
seriaSi aGweriTi warmoeba gvaqvs da xmovanprefiqsis sakiTxi ar
dgas:
i-Sleba _ ga-Slil-a
ga-Slil-iKo
ga-Slil-iKos
xmovanprefiqsTa viTarebis gaTvaliswineba mxars dauyers III
seriis mwkrivTa calke Jgufad gamoKofas. es iTqmis, pirvel Kovlisa, Kvela tipis vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa Sesaxeb. rogorc iTqva,
gardamavali zmnebi am niSnis mixedviT ver gaerTiandeba I an II seriasTan, Tumca maTi erT Jgufad gaerTianebac ar iqneba gamarTlebuli: I TurmeobiTi sxvaobs danarCeni mwkrivebisagan (SevniSnavT imasac, rom a. SaniZe xmovanprefiqss TemaSi ar ganixilavs...).
viTarebas ar gaamartivebs xmovanprefiqsTa monacemebis gauTvaliswineblobac. erTpiriani vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa III seriis
formebis Sesaxeb ukve iTqva. es Jgufi gancalkevebiT dgas.
iseve rogorc xmovanprefiqsebis SemTxvevaSi, fuZis struqturis TvalsazrisiTac Kvela SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxvagvar viTarebas gviCvenebs, erTi mxriv, I TurmeobiTi, xolo, meore mxriv, II
TurmeobiTi da III kavSirebiTi. am SemTxvevaSic erTgvaria viTareba am ori mwkrivis warmoebisa.
Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviGebT xmovanprefiqsebs, I TurmeobiTis fuZis struqtura erT SemTxvevaSi emTxveva awmKo-mKofadis
383
xat-av-s
dg-am-s
a-keT-eb-s
drek-s
I TurmeobiTi
da-u-xat-av-s
da-u-dg-am-s
ga-u-keT-eb-i-a
mo-u-drek-i-a
_ a-q-o
I TurmeobiTi
ga-a-Tb-o
Taviseburia viTareba gardauvali orpiriani zmnebisa: I TurmeobiTis saKrdeni fuZe ar emTxveva arc I da arc II seriis fuZeebs:
awmKo-mKofadi
wKvetili
I TurmeobiTi
_
_
_
u-keT-d-eb-a
ga-u-keT-d-a
ga-h-keT-eb-i-a
e-zrd-eb-a
ga-e-zard-a
ga-zrd-i-a
u-dn-eb-a
ga-u-dn-a
ga-s-dn-ob-ia
xat-av-s
a-q-eb-s
drek-s
384
wKvetili
II TurmeobiTi
_
_
da-xat-a
da-e-xat-a
Se-a-q-o
Se-e-q-o
mo-drik-a
mo-e-drik-a
_
_
a-keT-eb-s
ga-e-keT-eb-in-a
a-Sen-eb-s
a-e-Sen-eb-in-a...
SeniSvna: am SemTxvevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, in daboloeba erTiani sufiqsia, Tu SeiZleba misi daSla
_ i-n.
g) orpirian gardauval zmnaTa II TurmeobiTis fuZis struqtura gansxvavebulia rogorc I seriis, ise II seriis mwkrivis
fuZeTa struqturisagan. gansxvavebas qmnis -od sufiqsi, romelic Kvela SemTxvevaSi gamovlindeba. igive -od uwKvetelSic
gvaqvs, magram sxvaobas zog SemTxvevaSi vnebiTobis sufiqsis
uqonloba qmnis, sxva SemTxvevaSi _ Temis niSani; suraTi aseTia:
uwKveteli
II TurmeobiTi
u-keT-d-eb-od-a
e-zrd-eb-od-a
e-mal-eb-od-a
u-Sr-eb-od-a
u-kvd-eb-od-a
ga-h-keT-eb-od-a
ga-zrd-od-a
da-mal-v-od-a
ga-Sr-ob-od-a
mo-kvd-om-od-a
Tu am SemTxvevaSic xmovanprefiqsTa viTarebas gaviTvaliswinebT, sxvaoba III seriis mwkrivTa saKrden fuZeebsa da I-II seriis
fuZeTa Soris ufro aSkara gaxdeba...
is, rac vTqviT III seriis formaTa warmoebis Taobaze, cnobili faqtebia. Cvens mizans ar Seadgens mwkrivTa warmoebis sakiTxebis gamowvlilviTi analizi. gvsurda mxolod zogadi suraTi
warmogvedgina da gveCvenebina, rom saKrdeni fuZis struqturis
TvalsazrisiT III seriaSi sakmao siyrelea, araa erTgvarovneba,
rac gamoricxavs SesaZleblobas sawarmoebeli fuZis principis
mixedviT am mwkrivTa I da II seriaSi gadanawilebisas.
amgvarad, sirTule da araerTgvarovneba III seriis mwkrivTa
formebis warmoebisa Seapirobebs am seriis calke Jgufad ga-
385
moKofas. vfiqrobT, Kvelaze optimaluri varianti mwkrivTa daJgufebisa n. mariseuli variantia im naklovanebiT, rac TviT avtorma aGniSna Tavis droze.
IV. 3.15. qarTuli zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizisaTvis. sayovelTao aGiarebiT, qarTuli zmnis fleqsiur erTeulTa analizi, gansakuTrebiT, mniSvnelobisa da funqcionirebis
TvalsazrisiT, did sirTuleebs awydeba. imdeni sxvadasxvagvari
da urTierTgamomricxavi Tvalsazrisi, ramdenic e. w. zmnuri kategoriebis Sesaxeb arsebobs, Znelad rom sxva romelime gramatikul sakiTxs warmoeSvas. vinaidan TvalsazrisTa da terminTa
mravalgvaroba Sesabamisi sakiTxebis Seswavlasa da swavlebasac
aZnelebs, problemas, wminda mecnieruli, Teoriuli damokidebulebis garda, garkveuli pedagogiuri interesic axlavs. zmnur
formaTa ZiriTadi semantikuri maxasiaTeblebis Tanmimdevruli
aGwera aucilebeli winapirobaa Sesabamisi sakiTxebis saTanadod
gaazreba-aTvisebisa.
imisaTvis, rom analizis procesi Tanmimdevruli iyos, ramdenime amosavali wertili unda gavixsenoT.
uGlebis _ zmnuri fleqsiis rTuli sistemis _ yoveli
wevri (yoveli mwkrivi) aris zmnis arsebobis, misi enobrivi funqcionirebis forma; mwkrivis semantika ki SeiZleba ganisazGvros
rogorc zmnuri formis funqcionirebis Sinaarsi. mwkrivi gramatikuli formaa, romlis enobrivi warmodgena mniSvnelobis gareSe ar xdeba. formasa da mniSvnelobas Soris ganuyofeli erTobaa; maTi dacalkeveba mxolod analizis (abstraqciis) doneze
aris SesaZlebeli; mniSvnelobis warmodgena ki swored funqcionirebis procesSi xdeba.
ramdenadac mwkrivebis analizis procesSi funqcionirebis
cnebisa da Sinaarsis Semotana aucilebelia (mniSvneloba funqcionirebaSi vlindeba), ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi, arsebiTi da
meorexarisxovani mniSvnelobebis gasamijnavad sairoa funqcionirebis doneebis gansazGvra. formaTa funqcionirebisas unda davadginoT ZiriTadi da kerZoobiTi gramatikuli mniSvnelobebi,
TviT formisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli da konteqstidan momdinare
mniSvnelobebi. amisaTvis ki, pirvel yovlisa, aucilebelia funqcionirebis sazGvrebis dadgena.
386
387
388
mimarTebebs warmogvidgens. amitomac laparakoben ara morfologiur, aramed gramatikul Tu semantikur kategoriebze...
Cveulebriv, zogadi enobrivi mniSvnelobebi zmnur formebSi, mwkrivebSi mxolod nawilobriv aisaxeba (es Seexeba drosac,
kilosac, aspeqtsac, sxva modalobebsac...), maTi (am mniSvnelobebis) enobrivi ganxorcieleba sul sxvadasxva saSualebebiT xdeba
(morfologiuriT, sintaqsuriT, leqsikuriT, konteqsturiT...).
roca enobriv mniSvnelobaTa analizs visaxavT miznad, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, albaT umjobesi iqneboda zogadad moxazuliyo ama Tu im enobrivi mniSvnelobis sazGvrebi da Semdgom,
Sesabamisad, dadgeniliyo maTi `montaJis~ wesebi, maTi realizaciis SesaZleblobebi formobriv monacemebSi. egeb es gza ufro
xelovnuri da sqematuri yofiliyo, magram, samagierod, Tavidan
agvacilebda analogiur mniSvnelobaTa gafantvas gansxvavebul
enobriv monacemTa mixedviT.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove qarTulSi udavod mkvidrad arsebobs e. w. u n a x a o b i s semantika. amasTanave, im mwkrivebisaTvis,
romelTa saxeldeba am mniSvnelobis mixedviT xdeba (I da II TurmeobiTebi), rogorc specialur literaturaSia miTiTebuli,
unaxaobis gamoxatva garkveulad fakultaturia, gamoxatvis ZiriTadi enobrivi saSualeba leqsikuria (Turme), Tumca arc amiT
amoiwureba aGniSnuli semantikis gamoxatvis SesaZleblobebi
(Sdr. dialeqturi: minavala, midenila... modaluri saSualebebi:
Cans, etyoba...).
I TurmeobiTis formis mimarTeba aGniSnul zogad mniSvnelobasTan sqematurad rom gamovsaxoT, am mwkrivs unaxaobis semantikur velTan mxolod nawilobrivi Sexebis are aGmoaCndeba:
I TurmeobiTi
unaxaoba
Sedeg.uwinaresoba
unaxaoba
_____
_____
_____
_____
389
Tu ufro zust analizze midgeba saqme, e. w. unaxaobis semantika SeiZleba ufro mcire niuansobriv Semadgenlebadac danawevrdes.
analogiuri suraTi ganmeordeba mravalgzisobis, SedegobiTobis da sxva semantikuri erTeulebis analizis drosac.
amgvari aGwera, cxadia, saintereso suraTs daxatavda, magram mas ver gavyvebiT, roca mizani konkretulia _ zmnis mwkrivTa mniSvnelobebis gansazGvra.
erTi sakiTxic:
semantikuri analizisas zogjer mosaxerxebelia perifrazirebis, sinonimuri `gardaTqmis~ xerxi, romelic ukeT gamoavlens
enobrivi erTeulis Semadgeneli semantikuri komponenentebis
struqturas, ramdenadac sinTezur formebSi ufro metad aris
xolme abstrahirebuli semantikuri mimarTebebi; analizur perifrazebSi ki am mimarTebebis nawilobrivi ganwilva (diferenciacia) xerxdeba, Tumca amgvari perifrazebic enobrivad mTliani semantikuri erTeulebia; magaliTad: damiweria _ d a w e r i l i m a q v s; sweria _ d a w e r i l i a r i s.
roca enaSi garkveuli semantikuri monacemebi sxvadasxva
enobrivi saSualebebiT SeiZleba gamoixatos, roca enobrivi perifrazireba xerxdeba, yovelTvis unda vivaraudoT, rom perifrazuli variantebi absoluturi sinonimebi ar iqneba, winaaGmdeg SemTxvevaSi enas isini ar dasirdeboda; magaliTad, Sesityveba `dawerili aqvs~ mTlianad ver faravs `dauweria~ erTeulis mniSvnelobas, Tumca am ukanasknelis SedegobiTobas kargad usvams xazs.
am mxriv metadre safrTxilo Cans `perifrazireba~ ucxo
enebis masalis safuZvelze, rac zogjer enobrivi specifikis nivelirebas iwvevs. magaliTad, xSirad mimarTaven qarTuli enis
TurmeobiTis mwkrivebis morgebas indoevropuli perfeqtis Targze. miuxedavad imisa, rom I-II TurmeobiTebis perfeqtuli buneba
390
391
zmnuri formebis mniSvnelobaTa kvlevisas am formebis funqcionirebisadmi amgvari midgoma SesaZleblobas iZleva `konstruqciuli~ niSniT Tavidanve or jgufad gavyoT mwkrivebi.
pirvel jgufSi Semova is formebi, romelTac unari SeswevT martivi konstruqciebis, `neitraluri konteqstis~ Seqmnisa, meoreSi ki _ isini, romlebic rTuli sintaqsuri konstruqciebis
Seqmnas emsaxurebian, dasrulebul martiv konstruqciebs (`neitralur konteqsts~) ver iZlevian.
*
aq ukve aucilebeli xdeba kilos kategoriis adekvaturi
gansazGvra. magram sanam kilos cneba ganimartebodes, mwkrivis
ZiriTadi semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi unda gamoikveTos.
romeli semantikuri kategoriebia ganmsazGvreli zmnuri
formis, rogorc damoukidebeli funqciuri erTeulis, mniSvnelobis SeqmnaSi?
tradiciulad, yoveli zmnuri forma, rogorc uGvlilebis
sistemis wevri, romelime piris, ricxvis, kilos, droisa da aspeqtis gagebas iZleva.
amaTgan yvela elementi erTi rigis semantikuri monacemi
ar aris. piri da ricxvi araa ganmsazGvreli kategoriebi zmnur
formaTa semantikuri opoziciis SeqmnaSi; isini, ase vTqvaT,
mwkrivisSida kategoriebia (TumcaGa formaTa mniSvnelobebis niuansobrivi aGwerisas maTi gaTvaliswinebac zogjer sairo xdeba. aseTebia, mag., brZanebiToba, TurmeobiToba da sxv.).
gvrCeba sami kategoria: kilo, dro da aspeqti. yoveli
mwkrivis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba SeiZleba daxasiaTdes am sami semantikuri kategoriis gamoyenebiT; maTi kombinacia gvaZlevs
mwkrivs _ rogorc funqciur erTeuls.
ra mimarTebaa am sam semantikur erTeuls Soris?
logikuri iqneba mimarTebaTa dadgenisas im kategorias mienios prioriteti, romelic formaTa ufro zogad korelacias
gamoxatavs, mwkrivTa ufro martivi klasifikaciis SesaZleblobas
iZleva.
mwkrivTa amgvari ZiriTadi (binaruli) dapirispirebis Semqmnelia kilos kategoria, oGond cnebis arcTu mTlad tradiciuli SinaarsiT. kilouri opozicia iZleva zmnur formaTa tradiciuli gamijvnis SesaZleblobas. amiT es kategoria pirveli sa-
392
393
itraluri forma, romelsac opoziciis Sesaqmnelad unda daupirispirdes kilos semantikurad markirebuli saxe.
magram e. w. kavSirebiTi kilos forma _`vaSeno~ _ ukonteqstod arafers ar gamoxatavs (arc `arafaqts~, arc `SesaZlebel-savaraudebels~), radganac ver qmnis, TxrobiTi kilosagan
gansxvavebiT, neitralur Sesityvebas (amitomac gaxda sairo misi
kiTxviT winadadebaSi warmodgena). kavSirebiTi formis mniSvneloba gamovlindeba mxolod konteqstiseul garemocvaSi:
saxli me avaSeno?
iqneb saxli avaSeno!
saxli unda avaSeno.
saxli ro avaSeno, masala aris sairo.
Sercxvenili viyo, Tu saxli ar avaSeno da misT.
amgvar funqcionirebaSi gamovlenili mniSvnelobebis Sepirispireba TxrobiTi kilos semantikasTan iqneba am kiloTa opoziciis semantikuri niSani, magram mxolod meore rigis niSani!
sxvaTa Soris, TxrobiTi kilos formaTa yvela funqciuri SesaZleblobis aGwera kavSirebiTi kilos formebTan mraval urTierTgadamkveT mniSvnelobas warmoaCens.
SeniSvna: istoriulad kavSirebiTis formam ikisra brZanebiTobis gamoxatva: gaakeTos, idges; dial. Camoirbine, moxvidode... rogor warmogvidgeba es procesi? enis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi moxda
zmnis formis semantikuri rangis Secvla (gadanacvleba), rac swored kavSirebiTobaSi iGebs saTaves:
I etapze (minda, ginda) unda, rom gaakeTos.
II etapze: unda gaakeTos (unda-s nawilakad qceva
zmnis semantikis cvlis niSania).
III etapze: gaakeTos! modaluri nawilakis Camocileba dasturia formis brZanebiTad qcevisa (Sdr.
raTamca eqmna, qmna _ II TurmeobiTi -mca nawilakTan TxrobiTi kilos mwkrivad iqca). analogiurive meqanizmi unda moqmedebdes ar(a) nawilakTan
kavSirebiTis formis brZanebiTad gamoyenebisas (ar
gaakeTo).
394
amgvarad, Tanamedrove qarTulSi zmnur formaTa funqcionirebaSi realurad monawileobs kilo, rogorc konstruqciuli
elementi, zmnur formaTa SexamebiTi unaris ganmsazGvreli
monacemi. TxrobiTi kilos funqciaa martivi konstruqciisa da
realuri, gansazGvruli semantikis Seqmna. kavSirebiTi kilos
formebi rTul konstruqciebis qmnian da enobrivad ganusazGvrel, konteqstiT dasazustebel irealur (ufro swored,
sarealizacio, potenciur) semantikas gadmoscemen. kavSirebiTi
kilos formaTa tradiciulad aGnusxuli semantikur-modaluri
maxasiaTeblebi (survili, miswrafeba, Txovna, gafrTxileba, akrZalva, natvriToba, saevooba, varaudi, valdebuleba, SesaZlebloba, pirobiToba...) kavSirebiTobis funqcionirebis donis kerZoobiTi mniSvnelobebia...
sxvaTa Soris, kilos amgvar gansazGvraSi siaxle mxolod
movlenebis daxasiaTebis TanamimdevrobaSia. saqme is aris, rom,
Cveulebriv, kavSirebiT kilos semantikur-modaluri monacemebiT
gansazGvravdnen, magram arasdros ar tovebdnen mxedvelobis gareSe mis konstruqciul SesaZleblobebs. terminologiuradac
swored es momenti iqna asaxuli _ Conjunctivus `damakavSirebeli,
SemareTebeli~; qarTuli Sesatyvisi termini kavSirebiTi kargad
gamoxatavs movlenis arss. TviT termini kilo mniSvnelobis dones asaxavs da albaT ukeTesi iqneboda, formaTa funqciur
unars saxelic ufro Sesaferisi mosZebnoda (aq SeiZleboda imis
miTiTeba, rom filologiur gramatikebSi kilos daxras eZaxdnen), movlenis semantikur-modaluri daxasiaTebisagan gasarCevad.
sakiTxis amgvarad dasmas principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. ukve
aGiniSna, rom zmnuri semantikis gamovlena sintaqsis, konteqstis
gareSe SeuZlebelia, da simptomuria, rom mwkrivebis pirvelmave
arsebiTma saklasifikacio erTeulma moiTxova konstruqciuli
sazGvrebis dadgena. am nabijiT Cven zmnuri formebi (mwkrivebi)
gamogvyavs raGac TavisTavad arsebuli (abstrahirebuli) kategoriis CarCoebidan da potenciis realizaciis, funqcionirebis
SesaZleblobas vaniebT. amiT SesaZlebeli xdeba semantikuri
maxasiaTeblebi (kategoriebi) aGvweroT maTs dinamikaSi...
*
mwkrivTa kilouri klasifikaciis Semdgom sairoa droisa
da aspeqtis kategoriebis mixedviT ganvsazGvroT TiToeuli
395
jgufis formebi. qarTuli zmnis mwkrivebis semantikuri struqturis ZiriTadi erTeulebi swored dro da aspeqtia. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom qarTuli zmnis uGlebis erTeulebi _ mwkrivebi,
semantikurad droul-aspeqturi erTeulebia. amaTgan dro SedarebiT martivi, xolo moqmedebis saxe, anu aspeqti, bevrad
ufro rTuli kategoriaa.
bunebrivia, rom droul da aspeqtur opoziciebs srulyofilad mxolod TxrobiTi kilos mwkrivebi warmoadgenen, radganac e. w. `neitraluri konteqstebs~ mxolod isini qmnian.
kavSirebiTi kilos mwkrivebisaTvis am semantikuri erTeulebis
gansazGvrac mxolod konteqsturi funqcionirebis doneze xdeba.
a. SaniZis `safuZvlebSi~ aGniSnulia, rom `pirian zmnebSi dro
yvela kiloian formas aqvs, magram yvelaze ufro naTlad da
srulad es kategoria TxrobiT kiloian formebSia gamoxatuli~.
iqve arn. Ciqobavas misamarTiT aris aseTi SeniSvna: `Tu a. Ciqobavas magaliTebs davakvirdebiT, Zneli ar iqneba SevniSnoT, rom
`drod~ mas marto TxrobiTi kilos Semcveli mwkrivebi miaCnda,
sxva mwkrivebi mas kilod hqonda gagebuli...~ iqve msjelobaa imis
Taobaze, rom arn. Ciqobavas (`zogad enaTmecnierebaSi~) kavSirebiTis kilod qceva meoreul movlenad miaCnia. arn. Ciqobavas debulebaSi kargad aris asaxuli zmnuri kategoriebis urTierTSepirobebuloba da isic, rom drouli diferencireba TxrobiTi
kilos mwkrivebis specifikaa.
aGniSnuli ori semantikuri kategoriidan dro ufro
farTo (zogadi) mniSvnelobis cnebaa; is TxrobiTi kilos
mwkrivebis ZiriTadi semantikuri saklasifikacio erTeulia,
TxrobiTi kilos formaTa semantikuri ganawilebis ZiriTadi safuZveli.
amgvari ganawilebisaTvis relevanturia drois tradiciuli
samwevrovani kategoria: namyo _ awmyo _ myofadi.
rogor ganimarteba drois semantikuri kategoria?
a. SaniZe: `gramatikaSi dro ewodeba iseT formas zmnisas,
romelic gviCvenebs moqmedebis momentis Sefardebas ubnobis (anu
laparakis) momentTan. am Sefardebis mixedviT irkveva, rom zmniT
gamoxatuli moqmedeba xdeba an ubnobis momentSi, an sxva dros.
drouli gamoxatva imazea damokidebuli, rom yovelgvari ambavi,
396
397
es gamoxatavs drois ganzomilebebis aSkara anTropocentrulobas. Tumca, sazogadod, unda virwmunoT, rom adamianis cnobiereba da, amdenadve, enac obieqturad asaxavs dros (sakiTxis
gaGrmaveba Cvens amocanas scildeba). amitomac drois kategoriis
amgvar ganmartebas varCevdiT: drois kategoria asaxavs zmnuri
formiT gadmocemuli moqmedebis droul lokalizacias.
aTvlis wertilad (awmyod) yovelTvis moiazreba sametyvelo situacia, damatebiTi aTvlis wertili SeiZleba gaxdes
romelime sxva drouli situacia, warmodgenil moqmedebaze uwin
gansazGvruli.
sxvagvarad: gramatikuli dro aris zmnuri formis semantikuri unari enobrivad asaxos sinamdvilis drouli diferencireba. amave kategoriis ufro diferencirebul asaxvas
emsaxureba sxva enobrivi saSualebebi (pirvel rigSi, leqsikuri).
ramdenime sityva drois gramatikuli kategoriis danawevrebis Sesaxeb.
tradiciulad, drois gramatikuli kategoriis danawevrebis
safuZvelia drois kategoriis zogadi dayofa. magram cnobilia,
rom SesaZlebelia drois gramatikuli kategoria drois zogad
kategorias ar Seesabamebodes; SesaZlebelia gramatikuli dro
naklebi iyos (magaliTad, gramatikuli myofadi drois kleba iSviaTi ar aris), SesaZlebelia ramdenime namyo da myofadi dro
iyos garCeuli gramatikulad.
cnobilia iespersenis drouli sqema indoevropuli enebis
masalis mixedviT:
A namyo
winarewars. wars.
Aa
Ab
B myofadi
momdevno wars.
Ac
awmyo
myofadamdeli
myofadi
Ca
myofadi
Cb
momdevno
myofadi
Cc
am TvalsazrisiT qarTulSi saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens II TurmeobiTis forma, romlis Zveli saxelwodebebi _ na-
398
myo usrulesi da winarewarsuli _ swored am specifikis amsaxveli iyo. ZiriTadad swored am mwkrivis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyo
a. SaniZem Tanamdevrobis kategoria (uwinaresoba da Semdgomoba).
mkvlevari wers: `Tanamdevroba axlo dgas drois kategoriasTan,
magram imiT gansxvavdeba misgan, rom gramatikuli drois gageba
gamomdinareobs ubnobis momentisa da moqmedebis momentis Sefardebisagan, Tanamdevroba ki _ ori moqmedebis erTmaneTTan
Sefardebisagan. drois dasadgenad erTi moqmedebaa sairo, TanamdevrobisaTvis ki _ ori, romelTaganac erTi SeiZleba igulisxmebodes~.
amgvari drouli mimarTebebis TvalsazrisiT mravalmxriv
saintereso suraTs warmogvidgens Semdegi rTuli konstruqciebi:
a) `sanam mividodi, Gobe ukve gaemagrebina da axla iSkars kidebda~ (rac amas niSnavs: `rom mivedi, ukve gamagrebuli
hqonda Cems misvlamde gaemagrebina~, an: `iSkris dakidebamde
gaemagrebina~).
b) `simarTle rom m e T q v a, ar m i v i d o d i~, an:
g) `imitom m i v e d i, simarTle rom m e T q v a ~ da sxv. da sxv.
magram garkveviT unda aGiniSnos, rom amgvar SemTxvevebSi,
iseve, rogorc a. SaniZis saTanado magaliTebSi, drouli mimarTebebi, drouli uwinaresoba Tu Tanamdevroba sxvadasxva zmnuri
formebiT asaxuli moqmedebebisa mxolod konteqsturad aris Sepirobebuli da qarTuli zmnis mwkrivebis damatebiTi drouli
diferencireba realuri ara Cans. aqve isic unda aGiniSnos, rom
ZiriTadad analogiuri viTareba Cans iespersenTanac, aGniSnuli
sqema sxvadasxva enobrivi saSualebebis gaTvaliswinebiT aris agebuli da ZiriTadad zogad xasiaTs atarebs. sayuradGeboa, rom
e. w. rTul droebSi uwinaresobas gamoyofs e. benvenistic, magram aGniSnavs, rom uwinaresobis gamomxatveli formebi ver funqcionireben rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulebi, calke
isini droul miTiTebas arc Seicaven.
amgvarad, qarTulSi drois gramatikuli kategoriisaTvis
gamosadegia drois samwevrovani sistema. amaTgan awmyo da myofad droebs TxrobiTi kilos formaTagan neitralur garemocvaSi TiTo erTeuli gamoxatavs (wers dawers), xolo namyo
droSi tradiciuli oTxi mwkrivi (Cveni aGweriT _ Svidi forma)
399
Tavsdeba: wyvetili, uwyveteli, I da II TurmeobiTi (formebi: dawera, wera, werda, uweria, dauweria, ewera, daewera).
saintereso kanonzomiereba SeiniSneba awmyosTan dakavSirebiT. drois skalaze awmyo, Cveulebriv, wertilad warmoidgineba,
magram awmyos enobrivi drois sazGvrebi usasrulod SeiZleba
ganivrcos. Sdr.: qurdi kars texs bavSvs sZinavs marCieli
mkiTxaobs dedamiwa brunavs... amitomac aris ase bunebrivi awmyo drois ganzogadeba (e. w. zogadi awmyo: wers, mkiTxaobs,
qurdobs...).
funqcionirebis doneze droTa urTierTmimarTebis sxva saintereso SemTxvevebic gamoikveTeba: awmyo myofadis funqciiT,
e. w. istoriuli Tu dramatuli awmyo (awmyo warsulSi), Tanamdevroba da sxva mimarTebebi (e. w. relatiuri droebi).
amgvari movlenebis ganxilva mwkrivebis semantikuri analizis meore _ funqcionirebis donis _ safexuria.
*
mwkrivTa drouli ganawilebis Semdeg ukve aucilebelia aspeqtis kategoriis roli ganisazGvros mwkrivTa semantikuri
struqturis SeqmnaSi.
a. SaniZis mixedviT, `aspeqti anu saxe aris forma, romelic
zmnis mier aGniSnul moqmedebas warmoaCens an ise, rom mas bolo ar uCans, an ise, rom mas bolo uCans. pirvel SemTxvevaSi
gvaqvs dausrulebeli moqmedeba, meoreSi _ dasrulebuli~. mecnieris azriT, `aspeqtis sawarmoeblad Tanamedrove qarTul
enas marto erTi saSualeba moepoveba~ _ zmniswini; uzmniswino
zmna usruli saxisaa (imperfeqtulia), zmniswiniani _ sruli
(perfeqtuli). aspeqtiani zmnebi droebis mixedviT ase nawildeba: usrulaspeqtian zmnas samive dro aqvs, srulaspeqtians ki _
mxolod ori:
usruli: 1. axlandeli: vwer...
2. momavali: (xvalec) vwer... vwero... were...
3. warsuli: vwerdi... vwere... miweria... meweros...
sruli:
1. momavali: davwer... davwero... dawere!..
2. warsuli: davwere... damiweria... damewera...
am klasifikaciidan ramdenime momenti unda aGiniSnos: a)
dapirispireba sruloba-usrulobis mixedviT myofadSi (vwer _
davwer); b) brZanebiTis formebi; g) ara Cans formebi ramdenime
400
401
C (usruli)
A (sruli I)
daeweros.
imisaTvis, rom samwevrovani korelacia ganxorcieldes, korelaciis samive wevri erTi niSniT unda daxasiaTdes. rogorc
iTqva, es niSani grZliobaa, grZliobis xarisxia. am niSnis geometriuli daxasiaTeba (wertili, monakveTi, wrfe) TiTqos er-
402
dawera
procesi
+
Sedegi
+
wera
werda
+
_
403
_
_
proc. dasrulebuli
wera
uweria
ewera
sruli
dawera
dauweria
daewera
magram SedegobiToba damatebiTs siZneleebs qmnis. amitomac varCevT ZiriTadad tradiciuli klasifikaciis CarCoebSi davrCeT iq, sadac tradiciuli klasifikacia aGwerisas nakleb winaaGmdegobebs Seicavs.
ganvixiloT TxrobiTi kilos mwkrivTa sistema am TvalsazrisiT.
rogorc aGiniSna, TxrobiTi kilos mwkrivebi sam droul
jgufs qmnian: awmyo, myofadi da namyo. amaTgan awmyo da myofad
droebs TiTo (Sesabamisive saxelwodebis) erTeuli gamoxatavs
(wers _ dawers). es drouli dapirispireba imavdroulad aspeqturic aris: awmyo _ usruli, myofadi _ sruli. TviT am droTa
SigniT, mwkrivTa doneze, aspeqturi dapirispireba ar aris relevanturi. Tumca aq sagangebod unda aGiniSnos ori SemTxveva:
a) cnobilia, rom awmyos formebi xSirad e. w. zogadi awmyos funqcias gamoxataven. zogad awmyos sakuTari gramatikuli
gamoxatuleba ar gaaCnia, amitomac es mniSvneloba awmyos formis
erT-erTi semantikaa _ funqciuri semantika, gansazGvrul SemTxvevebSi gamovlenili. amgvari semantikis gamoxatva im leqsikuri jgufis zmnebs SeuZliaT, romlebic Cvevas, Tvisebas, profesias gamoxataven: wers (=mweralia), frinavs (=mfrinavia, frinvelia), swavlobs (=moswavlea)... amitomac, SesaZloa, maTTvis upri-
404
sruli
dawera
dauweria
daewera
405
sruloba
+
_
_
wyvetiloba
+
+
_
406
SedegobiTi
usruli
dauweria[daewera]
wera, werda
wyvetili
wera
sruli
usruli
uweria[ewera]
uwyveteli
werda
SeiZleboda sqemis sxvagvari agebac, kerZod, sruloba-usrulobis pirvel rigSi dasmiT, magram amgvari sqema nakleb Tanmimdevruli da naTeli gamovidoda.
Catarebul analizSi aspeqtur mniSvnelobaTa rigidan gamoiricxa gzisobis cneba (opozicia: e r T g z i s i _ m r a v a l g z i s i).
es principuli sakiTxia, amitomac pozicia unda gairkves.
rogorc cnobilia, aGniSnuli semantikuri opoziciis safuZvels ZiriTadad qmnis e. w. I xolmeobiTis forma (Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia zogi sxva SemTxvevac). Cven vfiqrobT, rom e.w.
I xolmeobiTi ar aris TxrobiTi kilos forma, is ver iZleva neitralur konteqsts, ris gamoc mas ar ZaluZs Seqmnas raime aspeqturi opozicia TxrobiTi kilos formebTan.
qarTul saenaTmecniero literaturaSi am mwkrivis aGwerisas cnebebSi SeuTanxmebloba da aGreva aSkarad gamoikveTeba.
a. SaniZe 1930 wlis `qarTul gramatikaSi~ gviandel I xolmeobiTs pirobiTs uwodebda. arn. Ciqobava 1939 w. aGniSnavda,
rom `pirobiTisa da natvriTi kilosaTvis gvaqvs kavSirebiTi
407
408
409
410
kilo
kavSirebiTi
TxrobiTi
dro
namyo
myofadi
awmyo
aspeqti
araSedegobiTi
SedegobiTi
sruli
usruli
sruli
usruli
wyvetili
uwyveteli
mwkrivis forma
xatavs
xatavda
xatavdes
daxatavs
daxatavda
daxatavdes
xata
daxata
xatos
daxatos
uxatavs
dauxatavs
exata
daexata
exatos
daexatos
411
ramdenime SeniSvna:
1. ZiriTadi funqcionaluri niSnis mixedviT (`neitraluri
konteqstis~ Seqmnis unari) kavSirebiTi kilos formebad miviCnevT, erTi mxriv, daxatavda, xolo meore mxriv, _ exata, daexata erTeulebs. istoriuli analizic naTlad warmoaCens, ra gza
gaiara Zveli qarTuli II TurmeobiTis TxrobiTi kilos formebma
Tanamedrove kavSirebiTis gamoxatvamde. es monacemi ZiriTadi
niSnebiT sruliad daemTxva III kavSirebiTis formebs, ramac uTuod ganapiroba is, rom es ukanaskneli Tanamedrove qarTulSi
TiTqmis mTlianad aris atrofirebuli (SesaZlebelia, Tanamedrove sistemas bolo ori erTeuli sabolood aGmoCndes CamoSorebuli).
2. kavSirebiTi kilos formebis daxasiaTeba drois niSnebiT sakmaod pirobiTia, vinaidan, maTi bunebidan gamomdinare, am
mwkrivebis Sesabamisi maxasiaTeblebi vlindeba mxolod funqcionaluri semantikis doneze da, rogorc araerTgzis mieTiTa, es
semantika sakmaod labiluria.
3. sauGlebel erTeulTa zmniswiniT garCeva mxolod zmnaTa nawils axasiaTebs. sxva SemTxvevebSi paradigma igeba fuZis
monacvleobiT (cxovrobs _ icxovrebs _ icxovra _ ucxovria...),
anda supleturi warmoebiT (aris _ iyo _ iqneba...). am SemTxvevaSi ufro xelSesaxebia paradigmatul erTeulTa formaluri
gansxvaveba, Tumca maTTvis niSandoblivia sistemis wevrTa kleba,
paradigmis defeqturoba.
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ZiriTadi orientiria qarTuli zmnis paradigmis warmodgenili sruli modeli aucilebeli semantikuri niSnebis (kategoriebis) gaTvaliswinebiT. am niSnebiT, formalurad (fuZiT) da
funqcionaluri datvirTviT es sistema enobrivi realobaa. marTalia, formaluri TvalsazrisiT TvalSisacemia zmniswinian da
uzmniswino formaTa paralelizmi (rogorc SeCveul _ xatavs /
daxatavs, ise SeuCvevel _ xata / daxata _ SemTxvevaSi), magram
enobriv sistemaSi maTi damoukidebeli arseboba _ formaluradac da semantikuradac _ sruliad aSkaraa.
funqcionirebis TvalsazrisiT warmodgenil formaTa distribucia namdvilad ver CaiTvleba Tavisufali varirebis SemTxvevad, rom maTi `aloformebad~ miCneva iyos SesaZlebeli.
uGlebis es sruli sistema, bunebrivia, savaldebulo ver
iqneba yvela tipis zmnisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, arsebobs araerTi nakluli paradigma, ZiriTadad, gardauval, statikur
zmnebSi. magram ZiriTad modelad unda miviGoT ara nakluli,
aramed sruli sistema. rogorc Cans, enobrivi (Sinagani) modelebi sruli sistemis mixedviT yalibdeba da Semdeg enaSi mTeli
procesebi mimdinareobs nakluli modelebis srulTan gaTanabrebisa. magaliTad, dialeqtebSi Cans, rogorc ergeba Taniani mravlobiTi saxelis brunebis srul models: maT-ma, maT-s, maT-is...
amis nimuSia mwkrivnakl zmnebSi paradigmatuli Canacvlebis, sxva
fuZis gamoyenebis Tu sxva magaliTebi.
moTxovna garkveuli zmnuri mniSvnelobis (semantikur niSanTa gansazGvruli `konis~) gamoxatvisa aris is Sinagani
`xelmZGvaneli~, romelic aiZulebs enis matarebels, daicvas arsebuli optimaluri modeli da, sairoebis SemTxvevaSi, misi
karnaxiT `Seavsos~ nakluli modeli.
amis magaliTad gamodgeba Zveli supleturi warmoeba zmnisa: aris _ iyo. aoristi iyo erTdroulad iTavsebda aspeqtobriv Sinaarss srulisas da usrulisas, wyvetilisas da uwyvetlisas; amitomac enam es `anomalia~ nawilobriv daZlia paradigmis
gasworebiT: iyof(v)is _ iyof(v)oda _ iyo...
anda: tiris formas wyvetilSi enacvleba itira. am formaSi aspeqturi diferenciacia ar aisaxeba. amitomac amgvar SemTxvevaSi ena usruli aspeqtis danakliss avsebs formis gameorebiT (itira da itira), meore SemTxvevaSi ki dialeqturi itiri-
413
la formiT. itirila _ itira opozicia ukve iseTsave mimarTebas gamoxatavs, rogorsac aSena _ aaSena...
anda, Sdr.: ikvnesa, iWikWika da Caikvnes-CaiWikWika da misT.
Tu ara sistemis `dawola~ (zemoqmedeba), cxadia, amgvari
`gasworeba~ ar moxdeboda.
amgvarad, qarTuli zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizi,
gansakuTrebiT sauGlebel erTeulTa aGwera Semadgeneli semantikuri elementebis (`diferencialuri niSnebis~) principiT,
gvafiqrebinebs, rom zmnis uRlebis sruli sistema (paradigma)
Tanamedrove qarTulSi warmodgenili SeiZleba iyos 16 sauRlebeli erTeulis saxiT.
IV. 3.16. zmnis mniSvnelobis (`zmnurobis~) dakargvis SemTxvevebi; zmnis gadaqceva nawilakad, kavSirad, modalur
elementad. qarTulSi zmnis piriani forma zogjer kargavs zmnurobas da sxva metyvelebis nawilad gvevlineba sxvadasxva modifikaciiT, damoukidebeli saxiT an romelime elementTan SerwymiT.
warmoSobiT nazmnari formebia calkeuli sityvebi, romlebic
Sorisdebulis funqciiT gvxvdeba da gamoiyeneba misalmebis, madlobis gadaxdis, Tavaziani mimarTvis, ficis dros: gagimarjos,
gmadlobT, genacvale / genacva, geTayva (< geTayvane), RmerTmani
(< RmerTman icis).
zogi zmnis piriani forma gamoiyeneba modaluri daniSnulebiT da iqceva nawilakad, kavSirad, morfemoidad.
nazmnar formaTagan modaluri elementi miiReba TviT amosaval zmnaTa semantikis safuZvelze. zmnuri mniSvnelobis daCrdilvis Semdeg zogi zmnis forma fonetikuradac icvleba da
nazmnari modaluri elementi formiTac gansxvavdeba Zireulisagan (daxe, egeb, iqneb, dae). gvaqvs iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca nazmnari modaluri elementi Zireulisagan formalurad ar gansxvavdeba (Cans, unda, etyoba).
zogi zmnuri forma sakuTriv zmnis funqciiTac gvxvdeba da
modaluri elementis statusiTac (unda, iqneba, etyoba), zogi ki
_ mxolod modaluri daniSnulebiT (-Tqo, -meTqi, egeb, lamis).
zmnuri warmomavlobis modaluri elementebi:
egeb/ egeba nawilakad qceuli zmnuri formaa; igi Tanamedrove qarTulSi mxolod modaluri elementis statusiT gvxvde-
414
415
unda nawilaki gamoxatavs valdebulebas, aucileblobas: saWiroa, aucilebelia; unda vakeTebde, unda gavakeTo. warmoSobiT
igi damoukidebeli zmnaa. unda zmna Tanamedrove qarTulSi ori
mniSvnelobiT ixmareba: a) surs, swadia: qurds ra unda da bneli
Rameo (andaza)... b) esaWiroeba, misTvis saWiroa: karg mTqmels
kargi gamgone undao (andaza).
rodesac unda pirveli mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, iuRleba
rogorc subieqturi, aseve obieqturi wyobiT (vundivar, vundodi, vundode. minda, mindoda, mindodes), xolo rodesac meore
mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba, mxolod obieqturi wyoba aqvs da mxolod awmyos wris paradigmebi moepoveba (kargi gamgone minda,
kargi gamgone mindoda, kargi gamgone mindodes). swored am meore mniSvnelobisagan ganviTarda is semantika, romelsac modaluri elmenti unda gamoxatavs: surs > sWirdeba > saWiroa...
morfemoidis funqciiT gamoyenebisas unda mxolod kavSirebiTis formebs exameba da pirebis mixedviT ucvlelia, ar iuRleba. dialeqtebSi igi formobrivad icvleba. fonetikuri cveTis
Sedegad kaxurSi, aWarulsa da mesxur-javaxurSi gvaqvs: unda
una > nda na da (iq-nda mivides).
unda gvxvdeba Tu nawilakTan Serwymuli: Tunda Tund;
Tunda-s zogjer c nawilakic erTvis: Tundac (dialeqtebSi
gvxvdeba Tumdac formiTac). es forma kavSirad aris qceuli da
gamoxatavs: a) pirobas (`dae, Tund movkvde, ar meSinian~. ilia).
b) saTqmelisadmi ganurCevel damokidebulebas (`Tund amodi,
mzeo, da Tund nu amoxval~. vaJa). Tundac gvxvdeba agreTve CarTul sityvad winadadebaSi da imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac
_ magaliTad: aviRoT, Tundac, erTi SemTxveva.
modaluri daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneba agreTve unda zmnis II
piris forma sxvadasxva modifikaciiT (damoukidebeli saxiT an
Tu nawilakTan SerwymiT): ginda gind, Tuginda Tugind.
ginda (iseve, rogorc Tund) kavSirad aris qceuli da aRniSnavs: a) pirobas (daerTvis c nawilakic _ gindac: gindac moklan, mainc arafers ityvis; b) ama Tu im garemoebis mimarT
ganurCevel damokidebulebas (gind gaakeTe, gind ara). Zvel qarTulSi gvqonda gina, romelic kaxur dialeqtSi dRemdea SemorCenili.
416
417
Cans, etyoba varaudis modalobas gamoxatavs: `mxedrebi daqanculni Candnen~ (k. gamsax); `rogorc etyoba, ...aq bevri gzebic
ukeTebiaT~ (gogeb). modi waqezebis funqcias asrulebs: `modi
da, fatman, mewie, vecadneT maTsa rgebasa~ (vefx). modi SeiZleba
mxolod zmniswinis saxiTac Segvxvdes: `mo, davsxdeT, tarielisTvis cremli gvdis SeuSrobeli~ (vefx).
adga eqspresiulobas matebs frazas: adga da miswera werili. igi xSirad gamoiyeneba zRaprebSi (adgnen da daiweres jvari.
adga da wavida bedis saZebnelad).
nazmnari formebis garda modaluri mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba
zmnuri Sesityvebebic. zmnuri SesityvebebiT miRebuli modaluri
elementebia:
vinicobaa < vinicoba aris < vin icis-oba < vin icis, gamoxatavs piroba-SesaZleblobas (vinicobaa dagvagviandes, ar dagvelodoT!).
TiTqmis < Tu iTqmis, gamoxatavs miaxlovebiTobas (TiTqmis
mivaRwieT mizans).
TiTqos / TiTqo < Tu iTqvas, esec miaxlovebiTobas gamoxatavs. gamoiyeneba mosalodneli an dasaSvebi moqmedebis gamosaxatavad (TiTqos yvelaferi kargad iyo).
SesaZloa < SesaZlo aris; gamoiyeneba mosalodneli an dasaSvebi moqmedebis gamosaxatavad (SesaZloa ise ver gavakeTe, rogorc mindoda).
kia < ki aris; dadasturebiTi nawilak-morfemoidia, romelic saliteraturo enaSi naklebad gamoiyeneba, gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos dialeqtebSi: gauxarda kia Zalian.
ragind < rac ginda; gvxvdeba pirobiT-daTmobiTi funqciiT
(`ragind bediT viyo kruli..., ar Sedrkeba Cemi guli~. akaki).
SesaZloa, zmnuri warmomavlobisa iyos vinZlo elementic:
vin-Se-iZlo > vinZlo (b. jorbenaZe, m. kobaiZe, m. beriZe), romelic waqezeba-waxalisebas gamoxatavs (`vinZlo, qveyana ar gaacino!~ yazbegi). arsebobs sxva mosazrebac: vin-Zi-ro(m) > vinZlo (a.
SaniZe).
zmnuri warmoSobisaa sxvaTa sityvis gamomxatveli nawilakebi: -Tqo, -o, -meTqi. maTi saSualebiT gadmoicema visime naTqvamis gameoreba (ukve giTxari, gavakeTeb-meTqi; uTxari, gavakeTebTqo; uTxra, gavakeTebo). -Tqo da -o miRebulia Tqva zmnisagan:
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419
421
Tanadod aris asaxuli. am literaturis mixedviT gvaris kategoria arsebiTad ganisazRvreba rogorc 1. leqsikur-gramatikuli
(a.SaniZe...); 2. sintaqsur-morfologiuri (f. erTeliSvili, b. jorbenaZe...); 3. morfologiuri (arn. Ciqobava, a. oniani...) kategoria.
gvaris gansazRvra a. SaniZis qarTuli gramatikis safuZvlebSi (1953, 1973, 1981 w.w.) tradiciulad asea warmodgenili:
gvari aris zmnis forma, romelic gviCvenebs, Tu rogoria
urTierToba gramatikulad moqmed pirsa da zmniT aRniSnul moqmedebas Soris: g a m o m d i n a r e o b s m o q m e d e b a s u b i e q t u r i p i r i s a g a n d a s x v a p i r z e a d a m a r T e b u l i, g a n i c d i s a m m o q m e d e b a s, T u g a m o m d i n a r e o b s m i s g a n , magram ise, rom arc sxva pirzea damarTebuli da arc gancdilia
sxvisi zemoqmedebiT (a. SaniZe). gvaris kategoriis am tradiciuli sampunqtiani ganmartebis Sesabamisad, gamoiyofa gvaris sami
forma: m o q m e d e b i T i , v n e b i T i d a s a S u a l i .
gvaris definiciaSi `sxva pirzea damarTebulis~ SemotaniT,
ukve sintaqsSi gavdivarT da, Sesabamisad, saopozicio wevrebis
daxasiaTebaSi sintaqsuri kategoriebis _ qvemdebarisa da pirdapiri damatebis _ urTierTobebi airekleba.
moqmedebiTia (a q t i u r i a ) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs, rom
gramatikulad moqmedi piri, romelsac subieqturis saxeliT vicnobT, igivea, rac realurad moqmedi piri da mas moepoveba samoqmedo piri, pirdapir-obieqturis saxeliT cnobili: v a g o r e b
me mas.
vnebiTia (p a s i u r i a ) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs, rom subieqturi piri imasve ganicdis, rasac pirdapir-obieqturi piri saTanado moqmedebiTSi, oRond zmnis formiT ar Cans, Tu visgan
an risgan: g o r d e b a .
saSualia (m e d i a l u r i a ) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs, rom
subieqturi piri `moqmedebs~ ise, rom samoqmedo obieqti ara
aqvs, magram am moqmedebas ar `ganicdis~, rogorc amas adgili
aqvs vnebiTSi: g o r a v s (a. SaniZe).
am ganmartebis mixedviT, gvaris kategoria oraqtantiani
gardamavali zmnis kategoriaa, romelic zmnasTan semantikurad
da sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli saxelebis, kerZod, s u b i e q t i s a
da p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i s (qvemdebarisa da pirdapiri dama-
422
tebis) mimarTebas asaxavs. es mimarTeba realizdeba subieqtis aqtiuroba-pasiurobis zogadi mniSvnelobis farglebSi gramatikulad dapirispirebul formaTa safuZvelze. saSuali gvari am
TvalsazrisiT neitraluria.
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi subieqtis moqmedebis samizne
pirdapiri obieqtia, subieqti aqtiuria; vnebiTebSi Tavad subieqti xdeba moqmedebis samizne, Sesabamisad, subieqti pasiuria; realuri moqmedi zmnis formaSi ar aRiniSneba; saSual zmnebSi subieqtis moqmedebis mizani ar ikveTeba, _ subieqts samoqmedo
obieqti ar uCans.
irib obieqtTan (irib damatebasTan) mimarTeba gvaris definiciaSi ar aisaxeba.
gvaris kategoriis a. SaniZis mier mocemul ganmartebaSi axsnilia gvaris formaTa Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis meqanizmi _ k o n v e r s i a . konversiuli urTierToba (upiratesad, aqtiv-pasivisa) ganixileba, rogorc erTi da imave Sinaarsis realizacia gansxvavebuli gramatikuli formebiT:
biWi agorebs u r i k a s _ u r i k a gordeba (biWis mier) _
u r i k a goravs
mze aTbobs d e d a m i w a s _ d e d a m i w a mzisagan Tbeba
mxatvari xatavs s u r a T s _ s u r a T i ixateba mxatvris
mier...
konversiis gziT logikuri pirdapiri damateba gramatikul
qvemdebared gardaiqmneba, logikuri qvemdebare wyvets zmnasTan
kavSirs da Tandebuliani ubralo damatebis rolSi gvevlineba.
gvaris sistema, rogorc iTqva, samwevrovania, magram es samwevrovani sistema enaSi yovelTvis ar aris realizebuli.
gvxvdeba rogorc samwevrovani, ise orwevrovani sistemebis saxiT: a w u x e b s _ w u x d e b a _ w u x s... T l i s _ i T l e b a
( u T l i s _ e T l e b a ) tipisa. realuria, magram mainc SedarebiT iSviaTi, gvaris opoziciuri sistemis erTwevriani mocemulobac: a. SaniZis terminiT, gvaris mixedviT `ucalo~ zmnebi,
romlebic formalurad miekuTvnebian gvaris ama Tu im saxeobas:
ucalo moqmedebiTi:
h - p a r a v - s ... `guguli kvercxebs h p a r a v s Citebs~... (T. razik.)
423
a b i a b r u e b - s ... saxels utexs, arcxvens... `Sen a b i a b u r e b Cems saxels, Se aramzadav~ (s. SanS.)
a n a x v e b s... aCvenebs. momakvdavs Svilebi anaxves...
c q v e t - s... yurebs cqvets...
C i n C x v r a v - s... CinCxvars agrovebs. gzaze erTi uRrani tye
iyo. erTi berikaci CinCxvars C i n C x v r a v d a (zRap.) (qegl)...
ucalo vnebiTi:
i l e S e b - a... 1. Zalian Tvreba. 2. kuTx. (fS.) Zalian ZReba
i z m u z n e b - a... saub. isvreba, iTxvreba... bavSvebi i z m u z n e b i a n yurZniT (n. lorTq.)
i R r u b l e b - a... 1. ca mali-mal i R r u b l e b a (i. gogeb.)
(qegl)...
al. harisi ucalo vnebiTis (iniani, eniani da uniSno) aTeulobiT formas asaxelebs: i-badreba, i-buzeba, i-buteba, i-zunzleba, i-turtleba, e-bRauWeba, e-mcnaureba, e-kveTeba, e-fereba..,
drkeba, Svreba, xvdeba da a.S.
ucalo saSuali:
c u c u n e b - s... mokle nabijebiT moZraobs || fusfusebs...
m e r y e o b - s... raime garkveul mtkice gadawyvetilebas ver
adgeba...
C x i k i n o b -s ... codvilobs, Cxirkedelaobs
Zaladob-s ... Zalas xmarobs, Zalmomreobs... (qegl)...
orwevrovan sistemebSi saopozicio calebad upiratesad moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris formebia warmodgenili (T l i s _
i T l e b a , b a r a v s _ i b a r e b a, a b r u e b s _ b r u v d e b a ,
a v e d r e b s _ e v e d r e b a ...), an moqmedebiTi da saSuali (a b a l a x e b s _ b a l a x o b s ...). gamoricxuli ar aris vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris formebiT Seqmnili saopozicio wyvilic: mag.,
y i n d e b a `yinvam mouWira, acivda, a y i n d a ~ (ilia) (qegl) da
y i n a v s ; c u c q d e b a _ c u c q s . Sdr.:
c u c q d e b - a ... muxlCakeciT jdeba (adamiani), an ukana fexebze, alaze jdeba (cxoveli)
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c u c q - s ... cucqze, muxlebCakeciT, Cacucquli zis (adamiani), ukana fexebze zis, alaze zis (cxoveli), _ dacucqebulia
(qegl).
IV. 4.1.2. gvaris adgilisaTvis gramatikul kategoriaTa
sistemaSi. gramatikul kategoriebs Soris enebSi rom garkveuli
saxis ierarqiuli mimarTebebi gamovlindeba, faqtia (vandriesi,
e. benvenisti...); calkeuli am kategoriaTagani mxolod kerZo saxeobas warmoadgens ufro zogadi kategoriisa.
e. benvenisti indoevropul enaTa zmnuri kategoriebis sistemaSi gvars miiCnevs fundamentur kategoriad im azriT, rom
yvela uRlebadi zmnuri forma ama Tu im diaTezas ganekuTvneba;
gvaris kategorias ganekuTvneba zmnuri saxelebic _ infinitivi
da mimReoba.
sxva enebSi SeiZleba sxva viTareba iyos, aq enaTa siaxlove
yovelTvis ar wyvets sakiTxs; magaliTad, rusulSi gramatikul
kategoriebs Soris ZiriTad rols aspeqti (moqmedebis saxe) asrulebs, laTinursa da frangulSi ki es kategoria gadmonaSTis
saxiTRa gvevlineba xolme (vandriesi).
aqedan daskvna, rom gramatikuli kategoriis statusi sxva
gramatikul kategoriebTan mimarTebiT unda daxasiaTdes romelime konkretul enaSi da am enis garkveuli periodisaTvis.
qarTulSi, zmnuri kategoriebis sistemaSi, gvari, miuxedavad garkveuli araTanmimdevrulobisa, sagramatiko literaturis
mixedviT, erT-erTi warmmarTveli kategoriaa. aqtiv-pasivisa da
saSuali gvaris dapirispireba arsebiTad moicavs ZiriTad zmnur
leqsikas, yvela uRlebadi (da, _ arauRlebadi) zmnuri forma
gvaris kategoriis romelsame saxeobas ganekuTvneba. gvari upiro
formebTan qarTulSi iseve ganixileba, rogorc pirian formebTan. kerZod: `gvari aris zmnis forma, romelic gviCvenebs, rom
sagani, romelsac aRniSnavs an romlis mimarTac naxmaria es mimReoba: a) sxva sagnis mimarT aris moqmedebis Camdeni, b) an moqmedeba mas aqvs `gancdili~ (anu `damarTebuli~), g) an kidev
gamoyvanilia moqmedad, magram sxva saganTan mimarTebis gareSe da
ganucdelad.
[
g a ] m g o r e b e l i `vinc agorebs~ _ moqmedebiTi gvaris mimReobaa.
425
vnebiTi
Sewuxebuli
aRelvebuli
aSenebuli
gagzav nili
saSuali
mwuxare
mRelvare
da a.S.
i x a t e b a is
e x a t e b a is mas
k e T d e b a is u k e T d e b a is mas
T b e b a is
u T b e b a is mas
saSuali
C a n s is
u C a n s is mas
w u x s is
u w u x s is mas...
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs aqvT rogorc u s r u l i , aseve
s r u l i aspeqtis formebi (vnebiTebs ufro SezRudulad):
moqmedebiTi
aSena
_
a-aSena
akeTa
_
ga-akeTa
xata
_
da-xata
vnebiTi
ixata
_
da-ixata
Senda
_
a-Senda
426
vneb. e - T r - e v i n - e b - a
e-Tl-evin-eb-a
e-kvl-evin-eb-a
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428
Tumca markirebuli SeiZleba iyos moqmedebiTi gvaris formac, Tu mas saopozicio calad `uniSno vnebiTi~ moudis:
a-Tbobs _ Tbeba, a-xmobs _ xmeba, a-Srobs _Sreba...
gvaris orwevrovani opoziciis mqone zmnaTa erT jgufSi
markirebulia rogorc moqmedebiTi, aseve vnebiTi gvaris formebi:
a-vsebs _ i-vseba, a-rRvevs _ i-rRveva, a-rCevs _ i-rCeva,
a-keTebs _ keT-d-eba, a-Senebs _ Sen-d-eba...
e.i. gamoxatulebis planis mixedviT qarTulSi gvari morfologiuri kategoriaa: samwevrovan sistemebSi markirebulia
minimum ori wevri, orwevrovan sistemebSi _ minimum erTi wevri.
gvaqvs garkveuli gamonaklisebic.
orwevriani sistemebis im jgufSi, romelSic fuZedrekad aqtivebs saopozicio calad uniSno vnebiTebi moudiT _ bned-s,
bnida _ bndeba,
dreks, drika _ drkeba, sxlets, sxlita _
sxlteba, cveTs, cviTa _ cvdeba, wyvets, wyvita _ wydeba... moqmedebiTi gvaris formebi markirebulia ablautiT. sayuradReboa, rom uniSno vnebiTebs i- prefiqsiani vnebiTic SeiZleba Seenacvlos: bndeba || i-bnideba, drkeba || i-drikeba, sxlteba ||
i-sxliteba, cvdeba || i-cviTeba, wydeba || i-wyviteba... paraleluri iniani formebi, i-sxlitebas garda (romelic TavisTavad realuri forma Cans) qeglSia damowmebuli.
gvaris sistemis wevrTa markirebis wesi darRveuli Cans
a-dgen-s _ dgeba _ dgas, a-wvens _ wveba _ wevs, a-krTobs _
krTeba _ krTis samwevrovan sistemebSi _ markirebulia mxolod
moqmedebiTis forma, Tu, ra Tqma unda, vnebiTis models (-eb-i,
-eb-a) formalur niSnad ar miviCnevT.
samwevrovan a - d g e n s _ d g e b a _ d g a s, a - w v e n s _
w v e b a _ w e v s, a - k r T o b s _ k r T e b a _ k r T i s... sistemebSi
markirebuli gamodis mxolod moqmedebiTis formebi, aqedan, Sinaarsis planis mixedviT a - w v e n s _ w v e b a _ w e v s iseve,
rogorc a-dgens _ dgeba _ dgas ver CaiTvleba udavo konversiul calebad, Sdr.: konversiuli wyvili a-dgens _ dgindeba (T.
uTurgaiZe) da faqtobrivad orwevrovani sistema gvaqvs aramarkirebuli vnebiTisa da saSuali gvaris formebiT: w v e b a _
w e v s da d g e b a _ d g a s .
429
aqtiv-pasivis srulfasovani konversiuli dapirispireba (akrTobs _ krTeba) yovelTvis ar realizdeba akrTobs _ krTeba
_ krTis sameulSi, radgan pasiuri k r T e b a paralelurad
k r T i s medialuri statikuri formis mniSvnelobasac iTavsebs,
Sdr.: krTeb-a 1. (SekrTa, SemkrTala) grduv. vneb. a k r T o b s
zmnisa _ uecrad mTeli taniT aranebismierad Setokdeba (SiSisagan, moulodnelobisagan...)... 2. (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) grduv. stat. igivea, rac k r T i s (mniSvn. 2). mTvaris Suqi
aTasnairad k r T e b o d a oqrosa da Tvalmargalitze (v. barn.)...
(qegl).
rac Seexeba Sinaarsis plans: orwevrovan sistemebSi, sadac
vnebiTebi prefiqsiTaa markirebuli: recxs _ i-recxeba (viRacis
mier), a-vsebs _ i-vseba (viRacis mier)... moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi
gvaris formebSi subieqtis aqtiuroba-pasiuroba xelSesaxebia
(ra Tqma unda, ar igulisxmeba deponensuri zmnebi). aqtiurobapasiurobis Sinaarsi morfologiurad gamoixateba: - da a- markeriT _ aqtivebSi (-recxs, a-vsebs), i-/ e- markerebiT _ pasivebSi:
i-recxeba _ e-recxeba, i-vseba _ e-vseba (v i R a c i s m i e r )...
samwevrovan sistemebSi (a-wuxebs _ wux-d-eba _ wuxs, a-gorebs _ gor-d-eba _ goravs) markirebulia moqmedebiTis forma
(a- prefiqsi) da vnebiTi (-d sufiqsi), aramarkirebulia saSuali
gvaris forma, moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi gvaris mniSvnelobebi Sinaarsobrivad upirispirdeba erTmaneTs subieqtis aqtiuroba-pasiurobis mixedviT, magram bevr SemTxvevaSi vnebiTis semantika
orazrovania: w u x d e b a i s v i R a c i s m i e r / g o r d e b a i s
v i R a c i s m i e r , v i R a c i s d a x m a r e b i T _ tipis SesityvebebSi subieqti pasiuri ganmcdelia; w u x d e b a , g o r d e b a;
T v i T o n _ aqtiuri ganmcdeli. am Sinaarsebis realizacia imazecaa damokidebuli, vnebiTi gvaris subieqti sulieri saxelia
Tu usulo (v i n jgufis Tu r a jgufis). usulo saxeli pasiuri
ganmcdelia, sulieri saxeli _ aqtiuri, magram arc sulieri
subieqti gamoxatavs, rom moqmedeba yovelTvis nebelobiTi aqtia,
Sdr.: b i W i d a g o r d a (T v i T o n ) d a b i W i d a a g o r e s d a
d a g o r d a; Tumca sulier subieqtTan konstruqciaSic yovelTvis ar iZebneba subieqtis moqmedebis gamomwvevi gareSe mizezi:
430
431
432
i-prefiqsiani vnebiTebi
ibereba _ beraven
ibneva _ abneven
ibriceba _ brecen
ileseba _ lesaven
iparseba _ parsaven
iptyvneba _ ptyvnian
ipoba _ apoben
waesmeba _ wausvamen
waeWireba _ wauWeren...
doniani vnebiTebi
bardeba _ abareben
gubdeba _ agubeben
grovdeba _ agroveben
gamaimundeba _ gaamaimuneben
niavdeba _ aniaveben
zustdeba _ azusteben
mTeldeba _ amTeleben
Txovdeba _ aTxoveben
e-prefiqsiani vnebiTebi
eboZeba _ uboZeben
ekrZaleba _ ukrZalaven
gamoericxeba _ gamouricxaven
moerTmeva _ miutanen, moarTmeven
SeebRaleba _ SeubRalaven
SeeTleba _ SeaTlian; SeTlian
Semoeglijeba _ Semohglejen
uniSno vnebiTebi
lpeba _ alpoben
qreba _ aqroben
Tbeba _ aTboben
cdeba _ gamouyeneblad rCeba,
ver(ar) moixmareben
da sxv.
433
da sxv.
434
435
436
437
qarTulSi gardamavali zmnis moqmedebiTi gvaris ori modelis arseboba 1. a - S e n e b s , a - S e n a ... (a + fuZe + sufiqsi)...
2. x a t a v s , x a t a (fuZe + sufiqsi) istoriuli cvlilebis Sedegi SeiZleba iyos; arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs im faqts, rom
uxmovanprefiqso moqmedebiTi gvaris formaTa sapirispiro pasiuri zmnebi ZiriTadad prefiqsuli vnebiTis formebia (x a t a v s _
i - x a t e b - a ...).
aqtivisa da pasivis formaTa am rigis dajgufebebi gramatikuli movlenis ZiriTad viTarebas asaxaven. gamonaklisebi ki sakmaod dasturdeba. ase, magaliTad,
a-gzneb-s, a-vseb-s,
a - m k o b - s , a - n d o b - s , a - q e b - s da a.S. formebi savaraudo
sufiqsiani vnebiTis nacvlad prefiqsian vnebiTebs iZlevian:
i - / e - g z n e b a , i - / e - v s e b a , i - m k o b a , e - n d o b a , i - q e b a ...
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa a- xmovanprefiqsiani da uxmovanprefiqso modelebis dapirispireba aseT suraTs warmoaCens:
a + fuZe + eb modeliT nawarmoeb aqtiur zmnebs ZiriTadad uprefiqso vnebiTebi Seesabameba (a - k e T e b - s _ k e T - d e b a , a - w u x e b - s _ w u x - d - e b a ...). aq yuradRebas iqcevs is
SemTxvevebi, roca moqmedebiTi gvaris formebSi a- xmovanprefiqsi
ikargvis da sapirispiro vnebiTis formebi prefiqsiania (anda, sapirispiro vnebiTis formebi ar ewarmoeba): h - p a t i J e b s / / a - p a t i J e b s : TviTonac muxlTan miujda, purs a p a t i J e b s aludsa
(vaJa, qegl) _ epatiJeba, h - p o v e b s _ i - p o v e b a (potencialisi), a m o - s - Z a x e b s _ a m o - i - Z a x e b - a (`am sityvas, romelic
gulidan a m o i Z a x e b a pirdapir, meore gulamde Suamavali ar
unda~; ilia), t o v e b - s (Sdr.: m i - a - t o v e b - s ) _ d a i t o v e b a
(`saxlSi ar d a i t o v e b a ~), g a d a h k i d e b s (`aq ar g a d a i k i d e b a ~), b a d e b s _ i b a d e b a... vnebiTebi ara aqvs ax. qarTulSi
s t a c e b s (Sdr.: Zv. qarT. m i m o d a i t a c e b i n ), a Z a g e b s (Zv.
qarT. sZagebs) formebs.
a + fuZe + ob modeliT nawarmoeb moqmedebiTi gvaris
zmnebs ZiriTadad uniSno vnebiTebi Seesabameba (a - T b - o b - s _
T b - e b - a, a - q r - o b - s _ q r - e b - a...).. gamonaklisebia: a - m k o b s
_ i - m k o b - a, a - w r T o b s _ i - w r T o b - a , a - m x o b - s _ i m x o b - a ... moqmedebiTi gvaris formebTan amgvar modelSi a-s dakargvac dasturdeba: Zv. qarT. a - g r Z n o b - s _ a - g r Z n - a (gauk-
438
439
440
wers
_
dawers
_
dawera
a-wers
_ d a - a - w e r s _ d a - a - w e r a ...
gardauv.
wevs _
a - w e v s , j d e b a _ a - j d e b a ...
sazedao Sinaarss am zmnebSi saTanado zmnur fuZeTa semantika ganapirobebs, Sdr.,
v-wer,
v - a - w e r wignze
v - x a t a v , v - a - x a t a v kedelze...
sxva SemTxvevaSi, roca zmnis fuZis semantika amgvar Sinaarss ver iguebs, es mniSvnelobac ar dasturdeba. gvaqvs `sazedaos~ mniSvneloba rogorc gardamaval, ise gardauval zmnebTan,
gvaqvs opoziciuri wyvilebi am mniSvnelobis qona-arqonis TvalsazrisiT dapirispirebuli, gvaqvs saTanado markeri da, Sesabamisad, gramatikuli kategoria. ufro zustad, uxmovanprefiqso, neitraluri qcevis pirveladi zmnebis erT jgufSi warmoqmnili
situaciis qvekategoria, romlis gavrcelebis areuli SezGudulia.
rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs, funqciuri gansxvaveba uniSno
(xazavs...) da a- prefiqsian (a-xazavs...) zmnebs Soris kuTvnilebadaniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT ar arsebobs: `uniSno warmoebaca da
anianic Tanabrad upirispirdeba iniansa da unian warmoebas,
erT-obieqtiani iqneba zmna Tu or-obieqtiani~.
a- xmovani prefiqsis arqona gardamaval zmnaTa erT nawilSi (x a t a v s , w e r s , S l i s . ..) meoreulia (am faqts qarTveluri enebic amowmebs). aseTi daskvnis gamotanis SesaZlebloba sinqronuli aRweris Sedegadac Cndeba: Tanamedrove qarTulSi dadasturebuli, paralelurad xmarebuli uxmovanprefiqso da -a
xmovanprefiqsiani gardamavali formebis Sejereba istoriulad
SesaZlebel semantikur da sintaqsur cvlilebaTa Tanmimdevrul
suraTsac warmoaCens:
441
442
443
444
axali qarT.
Zv. qarT.
wyvetili
Se-v-wux-d-i
Se-v-wux-en
Se-wux-d-i
Se-s-wux-en
Se-wux-d-a
Se-wux-n-a
i- prefiqsiani vnebiTebi
wyvet. da-v-i-xat-e
da-i-xat-e
da-i-xat-a
445
axali qarT.
Zv. qarT.
II kavSirebiTi
Se-v-wux-d-e
Se-v-wux-n-e
Se-wux-d-e
Se-s-wux-n-e
Se-wux-d-e-s
Se-wux-n-e-s
II kavS.
da-v-i-xat-o
da-i-xat-o
da-i-xat-o-s
446
447
sufiqsiani vnebiTebi
Semo-aber-d-eba
Semo-aRam-d-eba
Semo-aTen-d-eba
xat-i-a
a-xat-i-a
u-xat-i-a
xat-av-s
i-xat-av-s > ixateba
u-xat-av-s > e-xat-eb-a
2.
wux-s
a-wux-eb-s >
i-wux-eb-s
u-wux-eb-s >
u-wux-s
wux-d-eb-a
u-wux-d-eb-a
448
aq SeiZleba ase daisvas sakiTxi: Tu prefiqsiani da sufiqsiani vnebiTebi gansxvavdebian ara marto formiT, aramed funqciiTac, maSin isini erT _ vnebiTi gvaris _ kategoriaSi ver
gaerTiandebian. es ase iqneboda, Tu aqtivisa da pasivis mimarTeba qarTulSi ganvixilavT, rogorc erTi da imave Sinaarsis realizacias sxvadasxva formiT: k a c i w e r s w e r i l s = w e r i l i
i w e r e b a k a c i s m i e r; Tu vnebiT gvars qarTulSi pasivis universaluri gansazRvrebis mixedviT SevafasebdiT rogorc bazisuri (logikuri) pirdapiri damatebis qvemdebared gardaqmnis Sedegs zedapirul struqturaSi, sadac bazisuri qvemdebare zmnasTan formalur kavSirs wyvets da mxolod Tandebuliani ubralo damatebis saxiT gvevlineba.
aseTi vnebiTebi, romlebic semantikurad da sintaqsurad
Seesabameba vnebiTis universalur models, qarTulSi aRweriTi
vnebiTebia: g a g z a v n i l i q n a , w a y v a n i l i q n a , a R d g e n i l
i q n a ... calkeul SemTxvevebSi sinTezuri vnebiTebic akmayofileben am universalur moTxovnas: gaigzavna (= gagzavnil iqna) v i R a c i s m i e r , moikla (= moklul iqna) m t r i s m i e r ...
magram aqtiuri winadadebis pasivizacia qarTulSi yovelTvis am wesiT ar xorcieldeba, moqmedebiTi gvaris subieqti
(qvemdebare) pasiur konstruqciaSi yovelTvis ar iguebs m i e r
Tandebulian ubralo damatebas (qvemdebarisebr damatebas):
*y v a v i l i i f u r C q n e b a m z i s m i e r. aseve ver iguebs R l i s
_ i R l e b a opoziciuri wyvilis pasiuri wevri konstruqciaSi
m i e r .- Tandebulian ubralo damatebas miuxedavad imisa, rom aqtiuri winadadebis subieqti agenturia; Sdr., e s k a c i m R l i s ,
magram _ *v i R l e b i a m k a c i s m i e r qarTulisaTvis xelovnuria, mocemul konteqstSi ufro bunebrivia - g a n Tandebuliani ubralo damateba: a m k a c i s a g a n v i R l e b i an sulac instrumentuli (moqmedebiT brunvaSi dasmuli) damateba _ a m
k a c i T v i R l e b i . yovel SemTxvevaSi, vnebiTur konstruqciebSi instrumentuli damateba uCveulo ar aris: `ii dasaqcevi,
uwin ver m R a l a v d a m u S a o b a da am bolo dros ki Zalian
v i R l e b i ~ (e. ninoS.) (qegl).
aq aseTi konversiuli gardaqmna ganxorcielda:
mRalavs muSaoba > viRlebi [muSaobiT]
449
450
451
a-lpobs x i l s _ x i l i lpeba...
aqtivis pirdapiri (pacienturi) obieqti vnebiTSi subieqtis
adgilze dgas, magram vnebiTis subieqti araa erTmniSvnelovnad
pacienturi subieqti, subieqtis mier gancdili procesi ara mxolod garegani mizeziT, aramed Tavad subieqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sinagani Tvisobrivi cvlilebiTacaa gapirobebuli. es kargad Cans dasaxelebuli vnebiTis formebis saleqsikono ganmartebebidanac: mwifdeba (xili), Sreba (sarecxi) da misTanani aRiqmeba rogorc `TavisiT~, `TviTon~ mwifdeba, Sreba.
prefiqsiani vnebiTebis mniSvneloba ki arsebiTad subieqtze
damarTebuli garegani moqmedebis SedegiTaa motivirebuli, Sdr.:
i-qeb-a... qebiT ixsenieba, _ aqeben
i-wereb-a... weriT aRibeWdeba (aso, cifri, sityva...), _ weren
i-xateb-a... [gamo]isaxeba; xatva SesaZlebelia; xataven da sxv.
rom sufiqsiani da uniSno vnebiTebis mniSvnelobisaTvis Tavad subieqtSi mimdinare Sinagani procesualuri cvlilebebis
(gardaqceviToba, dawyebiToba...) gamoxatvaa niSandoblivi, es am
tipis zmnaTa ganmartebebiTac dasturdeba, Sdr.:
mwifdeb-a... 1. mwife xdeba, _ Semodis (xili, yana)...
duRdeb-a... 1. duRils iwyebs...
cxeldeb-a... cxeli xdeba...
xurdeb-a... 1. Zlier cxeldeba...
zvavdeb-a... zvavad iqceva, zvaviviT modis...
Cqardeb-a... 1. siCqares umatebs, ufro Cqara moZraobs...
Cerdeb-a... moZraobas (svlas), moqmedebas, muSaobas wyvets,
_ dgeba (erT adgilas)...
Zvaldeb-a... Zvalad iqceva, ZvaliviT magrdeba...
wvrildeb-a... wvrili xdeba...
civdeb-a... civi xdeba, siTbo akldeba...
wiTldeb-a... wiTel fers iRebs, wiTeli feris xdeba...
xevdeb-a... xesaviT xdeba, _ SeSdeba; [ga]irindeba...
krTeb-a... uecrad mTeli taniT aranebismierad Setokdeba
(SiSisgan, moulodnelobisgan) [Se]TrToldeba, frTxeba...
lxveb-a... dnobas iwyebs, dneba (yinuli, sanTeli...)...
tkbeb-a... 1. tkbili xdeba, sitkbo eZleva 2. gadat. kmayofilebas, siamovnebas ganicdis, gancxromaSi aris, netarebs...
frTxeb-a... Sindeba, feTdeba, krTeba...
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
an: u-wuxs, u-duRs da misT. calkeul SemTxvevebSi Camnacvleblad aq SeiZleba doniani vnebiTis saTanado qcevis formebi vivaraudoT: uwuxs _ Seuwuxdeba, Seuwuxda, Seswuxebia (guli)...
ase rom, terminebi `mediopasivi~, `medioaqtivi~ zedmiwevniT
ver aRwers saSuali gvaris formebs. medialuri formebis aqtiuri semantika aucileblad ar gulisxmobs saTanado zmnebis uRlebis srul paradigmas da, Sesabamisad, II seriis mwkrivebSi subieqtis ergatiul brunvaSi, xolo III seriaSi _ micemiT brunvaSi dasmas, Tumca es tendencia aSkaraa.
medioaqtivebis sistema erTiani, mTliani paradigmis saxiT
qarTulSi jer ar Camoyalibebula. is Zveli qarTulis gviandel
periodSi isaxeba da es procesi kvlavac grZeldeba.
SeniSvna: qarTuli zmnis aqtiurobis hipoTeza (g. klimovi,
g. hopi, l. nozaZe, a. harisi...) swored medioaqtiuri zmnebis semantikur-sintaqsuri maxasiaTeblebis urTierTgapirobebulobis mtkicebas emyareba.
aqtiurobis Teoriis momxreTa azriT, medialur zmnaTa fuZis aqtiuri semantika realizebulia sintaqsur doneze: II seriis
mwkrivebSi am zmnaTa subieqti ergatiul (resp. aqtiur) brunvaSi
dgas, III seriis mwkrivebi inversiulia: wuxs is, iwuxa man, uwuxia
mas; mefobs igi, imefa man, umefia mas...
qarTuli (resp. qarTveluri) zmnis aqtiurobis hipoTeza
qarTuli zmnis ZiriTad saklasifikacio erTeulad ara gardamavloba-gardauvalobas, aramed aqtiuroba-inaqtiurobas miiCnevs.
IV 4.1.6. gvaris saopozicio formaTa semantikuri maxasiaTeblebi (gardamavloba _ gardauvaloba, dinamikuroba _ statikuroba, zRvruloba _ arazRvruloba)
gvaris saopozicio formebi (moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da saSuali) qarTulSi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian gardamavloba _
gardauvalobis, dinamikuroba _ statikurobisa da moqmedebis
saxis anu zRvradoba-arazRvradobis semantikuri maxasiaTeblebiT (amasTan, gardamavloba qarTulizmnis sintaqsuri maxasiaTebelicaa).
461
462
463
464
riis SinaarsSi subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtis pirTa mimarTebis (e.i. gardamavlobis) sakiTxic wamoswia.
moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi da saSuali gvaris formebis ganmartebebSi (isev a. SaniZis mixedviT) ki ukve erTmniSvnelovnad fiqsirdeba pirdapiri obieqtis (pirdapiri damatebis) ganmsazRvreli roli gvaris saopozicio formebis dapirispirebaSi da, zogadad, gvaris kategoriis funqcionirebaSi.
es ganmartebebi aseTia:
`m o q m e d e b i T i a (aqtiuria) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs,
rom gramatikulad moqmedi piri, romelsac subieqturis saxeliT
vicnobT, igivea, rac realurad moqmedi piri, da mas moepoveba
samoqmedo piri, p i r d a p i r - o b i e q t u r i s (xazi Cvenia, m.s.) saxeliT cnobili;
magaliTi: `vagoreb~ (me, mas).
v n e b i T i a (pasiuria) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs, rom subieqturi piri imasve ganicdis, rasac p i r d a p i r - o b i e q t u r i
saTanado moqmedebiTSi, oRond zmnis formiT ar Cans, Tu visgan
an risgan;
magaliTi: `gordeba~.
s a S u a l i a (medialuria) gvari, romelic gviCvenebs, rom
subieqturi piri `moqmedebs~ ise, rom s a m o q m e d o o b i e q t i
ara aqvs, magram am moqmedebas ar `ganicdis~, rogorc amas adgili aqvs vnebiTSi;
magaliTi: `goravs~ (a. SaniZe).
warmodgenili ganmartebebis mixedviT, moqmedebiTi, vnebiTi
da saSuali gvaris formebi erTmaneTs upirispirdebian ara marto subieqtis aqtiuroba-pasiurobis, aramed samoqmedo obieqtis
anu pirdapiri obieqtis (resp. pirdapiri damatebis) qona-uqonlobiTac, kerZod:
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa gramatikuli subieqti a q t i u r i (realuri) subieqtia:
465
m x a t v a r i xatavs suraTs.
b i W i agorebs urikas
m z e amwifebs xils...
m x a t v a r i , b i W i , m z e aqtiuri subieqtebia saTanado
formis zmnebTan Sewyobili.
vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa gramatikuli subieqti p a s i u r i ,
ganmcdeli subieqtia (realuri pirdapiri obieqti gardamavali
zmnisa):
s u r a T i ixateba.
u r i k a gordeba.
x i l i mwifdeba.
466
xili mwifs
[mzeze]
467
468
469
cxovrob-s is
i-cxovreb-s is
i-cxovr-a man
u-cxovr-i-a mas
swavlob-s is / is mas
i-swavl-is is / is mas
i-swavl-a man / man is
u-swavl-i-a mas / mas is
ase rom, a. SaniZis TvalsazrisiT, s w a v l o b s , a n g a r i Sobs, galobs, glovobs, TamaSobs, nanobs, lapar a k o b s , f i q r o b s ... tipis zmnebi, romlebic absoluturi da
470
relatiuri (anu gardauvali da gardamavali) mniSvnelobebiT ixmareba, gvaris kategoriis gareT mdgomi, ugvaro, gardamavali
zmnebia: absoluturi da relatiuri konteqstis mixedviT ganirCeva:
galob-s i s / i s m a s :
aq SaSvi galobs, iq wyaro kldeze Camorbis CqrialiT (S.
mRvim.)
igi dRes sul sxva s a g a l o b e l s a galobs (ilia)
laparakob-s i s / i s m a s :
vlaparakob, vlaparakob gacxarebiT, is _ ki, visac velaparakebi, zis gaunZrevlad (d. kld.)
Tina... kargad ver laparakobda q a r T u l s (ek. gab.) qegl.
nanob-s i s / i s m a s :
`eg iyo Cemi bediswera... ara vnanob, ara...~ _ kvlav miubrunda giorgi gawyvetil sityvas (ilia)
bagrata ara Tu nanobda Tavis s a q c i e l s , piriqiT, emuqreboda kidec mezoblebs (e. ninoS.) qegl.
zmnaTa erTi nawili mxolod relatiuri mniSvnelobiT dasturdeba: qiraobs, xmarobs, Civis... i s m a s :
qaCali savarcxlis g a Z v i r e b a s a Ciodao (andaza) qegl.
dasturdeba sampiriani formac:
s-Tavazob-s, uTavazeb-s (i s m a s m a s ),
uTavaza (m a n m a s i s ).
a. SaniZe gardamaval sampirian zmnebSi ganixilavs `medioaqtivisebr~ u C i v i s (myof. uCivlebs) formasac, Tumca am zmnas
faqtobrivad pirdapiri obieqti ar Seewyoba da, Sesabamisad, misi gardamavlad (da sampirianad) kvalifikaciac saTuoa:
erTi glexi sasamarTloSi misuliyo da u C i o d a Tavis mezobels (i. gogeb.)
`waval, v u C i v l e b !~ _ fiqrobs gamwarebuli (mix. mrevl.)
qegl...
SeniSvna: `qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi~ zemoCamoTvlil `medioaqtivisebri~ uRvlilebis zmnebs
gardauvali statikuri zmnebis kvalifikacia eZleva.
471
472
gansaxilvel zmnaTa gvaris ama Tu im formisadmi mikuTvnebis sakiTxi SeiZleba gadawydes gvaris morfologiuri opoziciis cnebis ara absoluturi realizaciis _ aramed SefardebiTi
realizaciis moTxovniT (g. nebieriZe): aucilebeli ar aris saopozicio erTeulebi yvela SesaZlo poziciaSi dadasturdes (morfologiuri opoziciis dizunqciuri realizacia).
gvaris samwevrovani sistema (moqmedebiTi : vnebiTi : saSuali), rogorc ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, enaSi yovelTvis ar
aris realizebuli: a w u x e b s : w u x d e b a : w u x s, a g o r e b s :
g o r d e b a : g o r a v s... gvaqvs orwevriani (moqmedebiTi : vnebiTi
da moqmedebiTi : saSuali) : a n g r e v s : i n g r e v a ... da a c x o v r e b s : c x o v r o b s ... da erTwevriani realizaciebic : mxolod
moqmedebiTi : h p a r a v s..., mxolod vnebiTi : i l e S e b a, mxolod
saSuali : c u c u n e b s... (ix. a. SaniZis `ucalo moqmedebiTi~,
`ucalo vnebiTi~, `ucalo saSuali~).
s w a v l o b s tipis zmnebi formis TvalsazrisiT saSuali
gvaris medioaqtiuri zmnebia, gramatikuli funqciis TvalsazrisiT _ polisemiurebi: absoluturi konstruqciiT saSuali gvarisani arian da gardauvalebi (`gigla swavlobs titina~), relatiuri konstruqciiT (`gigla swavlobs gakveTils~) ki moqmedebiTi gvaris funqciiT gvevlinebian, aqvT pirdapiri damateba (subieqtis moqmedeba gadadis pirdapir obieqtze).
sqematurad gvaris kategoriis sistema (SesaZlo varianti)
ase gvesaxeba:
samwevriani:
orwevriani:
a-ngrev-s
a-cxovreb-s
i-ngrev-a
_
_
cxovrob-s
erTwevriani:
a-patimreb-s
_
_
_
ileSeba
_
_
_
s-wavlob-s is
s-wavlob-s is mas
Takilob-s is mas
s-wavlob-s
Takilob-s
_
_
473
sqemaze gamosaxuli saSuali gvaris absolutur da relatiur formaTa mimarTeba _ absolutur-gardauvali (saSuali gvari) > relatiur-gardamavali > moqmedebiT gardamavali (swavlobs is > swavlobs is mas) gapirobebuli Cans zmnis fuZis semantikis cvlilebiT.
a. SaniZis mier gaanalizebuli da saxeldebuli `medioaqtivisebri gardamavali~ zmnebis jgufi (a n g a r i S o b s , g a l o b s ,
g l o v o b s , T a o b s , T a k i l o b s , T a m a S o b s, l a p a r a kobs, nanobs, ocnebobs, fiqrobs, Civis, qiraobs,
x m a r o b s ...) arsebiTad cnobierebis (ZiriTadad, metyvelebis)
wris zmnebia, romlebic adamianis fsiqikur aqtivobasa da misi
Sesabamisi Sinaarsebis erTobliobas gamoxataven. es fsiqikuri
aqtivoba arsebobs realuri gancdebis, realuri Sinaarsebis saxiT siRrmul struqturaSi, romelic SeiZleba zedapirul
struqturaSic amotivtivdes; am saxis gardaqmnebs met-naklebad
zmnaTa ZiriTadi da gadataniTi mniSvnelobebis Sejerebac warmoaCens:
laparakob-s... 1. laparakSi aris garTuli, _ saubrobs, baasobs. `sxvebTan rom l a p a r a k o b d i , guli mwydeboda~ (akaki)...
2. laparaki icis, _ metyvelebs raime enaze... [qalma] sixaruliT
wamoiZaxa: `maS aqac l a p a r a k o b e n Cerqezulad?~ (a. yazb.). Tina kargad l a p a r a k o b d a q a r T u l s (ek. gab.) qegl.
laparakobs is (saerTod) > laparakobs is (Cerqezulad).
laparakobs is m a s (qarTuls).
nanob-s... sananeblad aqvs; Tavisi namoqmedariT ukmayofiloa, nawyenia. `eg iyo Cemi bediswera... ara v n a n o b , ara! _
kvlav miubrunda giorgi gawyvetil sityvas (ilia)... bagrata ara
Tu n a n o b d a Tavis s a q c i e l s , piriqiT, emuqreboda kidec mezoblebs (e. ninoS.) qegl.
nanobs is > nanobs is m a s (saqciels)
fiqrob-s... 1. TavisTvis gunebaSi msjelobs, azrs ikrebs, _
sazrobs, azrovnobs. glexi midis da f i q r o b s , ra miyo im beberma, raze damRupao (zRap.)... 2. visime (an risame) fiqri aqvs,
fiqrSi aris (visime an risame) fiqri awuxebs, ar asvenebs, _
474
475
saTaviso
i-wer-s
i-naxav-s
_
sasxviso
u-wer-s
u-naxav-s
_
aseve: s w a v l o b s tipis formebi ver awarmoeben SualobiTi kontaqtis sufiqsian formebs, magram, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,
am kategoriiT gamoxatuli Sinaarsis sxvagvarad gadmocema SeuZliaT:
swavlob-s is gakveTils (uSual. kontaqti) _ a-swavl-i-s
is m a s gakveTils (Sual. kontaqti).
`vswavlob~ da `vaswavli~ iseTs mimarTebaSia erTmaneTTan,
rogorc, vTqvaT, `vWam~ da `vaWmev~, an `vicvam~ da `vacmev~ (SaniZe).
a-Wm-ev-s, a-cm-ev-s da misT. is erTeuli SemTxvevebia, romlebSic SualobiTi kontaqtis mawarmoeblad arqauli -ev sufiqsi daCndeba.
aris sxva sakiTxebic.
4. moqmedebiTi gvaris formis semantika gulisxmobs, rom
gramatikulad moqmedi piri, subieqti, igivea, rac realurad moqmedi piri da mas moepoveba samoqmedo, pirdapirobieqturi piri.
s w a v l o b s tipis gardamaval zmnebs aseTi aqtiuri gardamavali semantika ar uCans. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom `es pirdapiri obieqti ar aris iseTi Zalisa da mniSvnelobisa, rogorc moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis pirdapiri obieqtia da, amasTan, meryevi bunebisaa: xan ixmareba aseTi tipis
zmnebTan da xan ara~ (e. babunaSvili). marTlac winadadebaSi
g i g l a s w a v l o b s g a k v e T i l s gamokveTilad ar Cans, rom
realuri subieqtis moqmedeba gadadis pirdapir obieqtze, swavlobs zmnas erTgvari refleqsuri, ukuqceviTi Sinaarsi aqvs, moqmedebis Sedegi subieqts ubrundeba: Sdr.:
476
swavlob-s ... codnas iZens, ganaTlebas iRebs (qegl). pirdapir obieqtze gadasuli moqmedebis ukuqceviToba kargad Cans am
tipis sxva zmnaTa ganmartebebiTac:
nanob-s ... sananeblad aqvs; Tavisi namoqmedariT ukmayofiloa
glovob-s ... visame gardacvalebis gamo mwuxarebaSia
Takilob-s ... saTakilod miaCnia
fiqrob-s ... TavisTvis gunebaSi msjelobs...
xmarob-s ... iyenebs, sargeblobs rameTi... (qegl).
unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom yovelTvis arc moqmedebiTi gvaris formebTan ikveTeba mkafiod pirdapir obieqtze gadasvlis
mniSvneloba (a. SaniZis mixedviT, pirdapir obieqtze damarTeba),
mag.:
apireb-s ... fiqrobs gaakeTos; ganzraxuli aqvs; samoqmedod
emzadeba
amCnev-s ... xedavs, [mi]xvdeba, grZnobs, SeniSnavs
aoceb-s ... akvirvebs, acvifrebs...
zogav-s ... aaridebs, ar SeamTxvevs visme (an rasme) raime
cuds, usiamovnos..., _ ar imetebs, ufrTxildeba, indobs... 2. moixmars, xarjavs... rasme Tadarigianad, rom mosaxmari metxans eyos, _ momWirneobs... (qegl) da sxv.
vfiqrobT, rom medioaqtivisebri relatiuri gardamavali
formebis moqmedebiTebSi, xolo absoluturi wyobis formebis
saSual gvarSi ganxilva garkveul sabuTianobas emyareba.
gansaxilvel zmnaTa gramatikuli statusis Sesaxeb arsebobs
sxva Tvalsazrisic, romelsac aseve Tavisi logika aqvs: pirdapiri obieqtis gareSe isini saSuali gvaris gardauvali zmnebia,
pirdapiri obieqtis darTviT ki _ saSuali gvaris gardamavali
zmnebi (e. babunaSvili).
s w a v l o b s g i g l a t i t i n a _ swavlobs saSuali gvaris
gardauvali zmnaa.
g i g l a s w a v l o b s g a k v e T i l s _ swavlobs aq saSuali
gvaris gardamavali zmnaa.
477
zemoT warmodgenili sqema, rogorc erT-erTi varianti gvaris sistemisa, saSuali gvaris zmnaTa gardamavlobis gaTvaliswinebiT aseT saxes miiRebda:
gardamavali
moqmedebiTi gvari
a-wuxeb-s
a-ngrev-s
a-patimreb-s
_
_
_
_
gardauvali
vnebiTi gvari
wux-d-eb-a
i-ngrev-a
_
i-leSeb-a
_
_
_
gardauvali
gardamavali
saSuali gvari
wux-s is
_
_
_
swavlob-s is, swavlob-s is mas
Takilob-s is mas
478
moTvlili tipis zmnebi `naxevrad gardamaval~ zmnebad daasaxela: ergativsubieqtiani (ixara m a n ...) da saxelobiTsubieqtiani
(daixata i s ) zmnebi erT, gardauval zmnaTa klasSi ver gaerTiandeboda. am terminis (`naxevrad gardamavali~ zmnebi) kvlav Semotana saenaTmecniero mimoqcevaSi gardamavlobis gansazRvraSi
brunvacvalebadi subieqtis rolis dafasebaa.
rogorc `medioaqtivisebri gardamavlebi~ _ s w a v l o b s ,
a n g a r i S o b s , T a k i l o b s _ aseve oden brunvacvalebadsubieqtiani ixara m a n , Sexeda m a n m a s da misT.; pirdapiri damatebis SewyobiTac da mis gareSec, gardamavali, ufro zustad,
fsevdogardamavali zmnebia; SesityvebaSi pirdapiri damatebis Sewyobis gareSec maT SerCenili aqvT gardamavlobis sxva maxasiaTeblebi: pirvel rigSi brunvacvalebadi subieqti, subieqtis III
piris mravlobiTis -es sufiqsi wyvetilSi, inversia III seriis
formebSi; amasTan, fsevdogardamaval zmnebSi srulyofilad ver
gamoixateba gvaris, qcevis da sxva gramatikuli kategoriebis
mniSvnelobebi.
SeniSvna: 1930 wlis `qarTuli enis gramatikaSi~ a. SaniZe
saSuali gvaris zmnebs ugvaro zmnebad miiCnevs:
`saSuali zmnebi is jgufia ugvaro zmnebisa, romelnic gardauvalni arian, magram formiT moqmedebiTisagan ar ganirCevian~... SeniSvnaSi a. SaniZe wers: `saSuali zmnebi sapirispiro gvarovnuli formebis uqonlobis gamo arsebiTad ugvaro zmnebia. magram xSirad maT calke gvars
ganukuTvneben (`saSuali gvario~) $104~. SemdgomSi, rogorc vnaxeT, a. SaniZe ugvaro zmnebad mxolod zmnaTa erT mcire jgufs asaxelebs,
romelTac saopozicio formebi (arc moqmedebiTisa da arc vnebiTisa) ara aqvT.
Tu saSual gvarSi gaerTianebuli formebi ugvaro zmnebia, maSin, gvaris mixedviT, qarTulSi
aqtiv-pasivis opozicia SemogvrCeba da, bunebrivia, am kategoriaSi saSual gvarad saxeldebuli
formebi aRar ganixileba. asec iqceva arn. Ciqobava: gvaris kategoriis saopozicio formebad
479
480
481
482
483
aseTi zmnebia:
apaWunebs Tvalebs
abartyunebs yurebs
afarTxalebs xelebs
afaxulebs Tvalebs
acecebs Tvalebs
acmacunebs pirs, tuCebs da a.S.
somaturi pirdapiri obieqti aseT zmnebSi subieqtis organul kuTvnilebas warmoadgens da, Sesabamisad, maTi (subieqtisa
da pirdapiri obieqtis) urTierTmimarTebiT gamoxatuli moqmedebebi subieqtis fizikur da inteleqtualur-emociur mdgomareobas (SiSs, gaocebas, tkivils, dabneulobas...) afiqsirebs,
Sdr.:
a f e T e b - s (Tvalebs)... SeSinebuli TvalebiT aqeT-iqiT iyureba
a f a c i c e b - s (Tvalebs)... daZabuli yuradRebiT mali-mal
aqeT-iqiT ixedeba
a p a W u n e b - s (Tvalebs)... `[bermonazoni] mwuxarebis niSnad
Tvalebs a p a W u n e b d a ~ (g. wereT.)
m o k u m a v - s... `molas brazisagan piri m o e k u m a ~ (s. SanS.)...
mniSvnelobiT aseTi zmnebi moqmedebiTi gvaris Sinaarssac
iTavsebs, _ Seiwyobs pirdapir obieqts, Tumca es pirdapiri
obieqti, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aris ara `samoqmedo piri~,
aramed _ subieqtis nawili, e.i. subieqti moqmedebs TavisTavze
rogorc pirdapir obieqtze da Sinaarsobrivad amiT emsgavseba
vnebiTs, radgan vnebiTis formaSi `subieqturi piri imasve
`ganicdis~, rasac pirdapir-obieqturi saTanado moqmedebiTSi~;
aseTi moqmedebiTi hgavs saSualsac, `romelic gviCvenebs, rom subieqturi piri `moqmedebs~ ise, rom samoqmedo obieqti ara aqvs~,
realurad es samoqmedo obieqti igive subieqtia.
Cveulebriv, moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi aqtiuri subieqti
sulieri, ZiriTadad vin jgufis saxelia, pirdapir obieqtad ZiriTadad mainc ra jgufis saxeli (sulieri da usuloc) gvaqvs.
rolebis Secvlas, rodesac ra jgufis saxeli subieqtad gamodis,
xolo vin jgufis saxeli _ pirdapir obieqtad, personifikaciis
ieri dahkravs.
484
485
486
487
488
v i R a c i s m i e r, ibekneba v i R a c i s m i e r, ibeWdeba v i R a c i s
m i e r da a.S.
amgvari vnebiTebis pasiurobis xarisxi imiTac mowmdeba, rom
vnebiTis Sinaarsi qeglSi moqmedebiTi gvaris ganzogadebulpiriani mravlobiTi ricxvis formiT ganimarteba: ibereba _ `baraven~, ibdRvneba _ `bdRvnian~, ibekneba _ `beknian~, ibeWdeba _
`beWdaven~, isxvleba _ `sxlaven~ da a.S.
IV. 4.3.2.2. doniani vnebiTebi. prefiqsianebisagan gansxvavebiT pasivis mniSvneloba sufiqsian vnebiTebSi TiTqos naklebad
igrZnoba, aq gardaqceviTobis mniSvneloba ufro arsebiTi Cans:
b r t y e l d e b - a _ brtyeli xdeba, g u b d e b - a _ gubed dgeba,
gubed iqceva da sxv. aseTi formebis semantika orazrovania: wuxdeba, gordeba... v i R a c i s m i e r _ sakuTari nebisagan damoukidebeli subieqti aseT konstruqciaSi pasiuri, ganmcdelia, magram konstruqciaSi w u x d e b a, g o r d e b a... T v i T o n, T a v i s i
n e b i T _ subieqti aqtiur ganmcdelad gvevlineba. qeglSi wuxdeba zmnasTan damowmebul ilustraciaSi _ grZnoba gvekargvis,
suli SfoTavs, guli w u x d e b a (g. tab.) _ gulis Sewuxebis mizezi _ realuri subieqti, konteqstis mixedviT ar Cans; aseve
ar Cans mizezi g o r d e b a zmnasTan damowmebul ilustraciaSi:
`lodi lodze swydeba kldes da raxraxiT g o r d e b a Zirs~ (i.
gedev.); sxva magaliTSi: `erTmaneTs a w y d e b o d n e n da g o r d e b o d n e n ~ (s. SanS.) dagorebis mizezi (`erTmaneTs awydebodnen~)
gramatikulad ar realizdeba da konteqstidan amoicnoba.
donian vnebiTebTan, romelTac ra jgufis subieqti Seewyoba, pasiuroba ufro xelSesaxebia.
Sdr.:
g a n a R d d e b - a... ganaRdeba moxdeba, gaanaRdeben...
g a n a w i l d e b - a... gaanawileben, ganawileba SesaZlebeli iqneba, gaiyofa, ganawildeba... aTasi Tumani g a n a w i l d a da daurigda movaleebs (l. ardaz.)
g a n a x e v r d e b - a... gaanaxevreben; naxevramde dava, naxevari
(nawili) darCeba...
g a n a x l d e b - a ... gaanaxleben, _ axaliviT gaxdeba...
g a n e l d e b - a... gaaneleben; Sesustdeba (cecxli) ...
489
g a n i a v d e b - a... gaaniaveben
g u b d e b - a... gubed dgeba, gubed iqceva (wyali...) ...
d u R d e b - a... duRils iwyebs. wyali cecxlze d u R d e b a ...
m a g r d e b - a... 1. magari xdeba, simagre emateba, _ mkvrivdeba... CurCxelebi mzisagan m a g r d e b i a n, xmebian (l. asaT.). gadat.
Seupovari, amtani xdeba...
m a r T l d e b - a... 1. simarTle mtkicdeba; udanaSauloba dasturdeba; amarTleben...
m z a d d e b - a... amzadeben...
o b d e b - a... obi edeba, obiani xdeba...
o r T q l d e b - a... orTqlad iqceva...
t y d e b - a... texen... (qegl)
doniani vnebiTebis pasiuri semantikis Semowmeba m i e r Tandebuliani frazebis SewyobiT garkveuli tipis zmnebTan saTanado konteqstebis aRdgeniT sirTules ar warmoadgens:
ganaRddeba, ganawildeba, ganaxldeba, ganiavdeba, gamagrdeba,
damokldeba (viRacis mier). zogjer realuri subieqtis funqcias
-gan an sxva Tandebuliani ubralo damatebac asrulebs: CurCxelebi m z i s a g a n m a g r d e b i a n , xmebian (l. asaT.); c e c x l S i
rkina r b i l d e b a (ilia) qegl da sxv. pasiuri semantikis Semowmeba aseve SeiZleba donian vnebiTebisaTvis moqmedebiTi gvaris
ganusazRvrelpiriani mravlobiTis formebis SenacvlebiT, rac
qeglis zemoT moyvanili ganmartebebiTac dasturdeba: ganaRddeb-a... `gaanaRdeben~, ganawildeb-a... `gaanawileben~, ganaxevrdeba... `gaanaxevreben~, ganeldeb-a... `gaaneleben~, mzaddeb-a... `amzadeben~, gubdeb-a... `agubeben~, grovdeb-a... `agroveben~ da sxv.
IV. 4.3.2.3. uniSno vnebiTebi
iseTi uniSno vnebiTebi, romlebic subieqtad mxolod ra
jgufis saxelebs Seiwyoben naklebad Cans (lRveba, lxveba, cvdeba,
cxveba...):
l R v e b - a... dauSvebelia natriumis wvis Catareba rkinis
kovzze... radgan... rkina l R v e b a da wvas ganicdis (`saxalxo ganaTl.~). || figur. dafnis foTlebSi mze dawuruli l R v e b o d a, rogorc Taflis sanTeli (i. abaS.)
490
l x v e b - a... dnobas iwyebs, dneba (yinuli, sanTeli...). Tovli l R v e b o d a, pir-mziTSi bardani Camodioda (vaJa)
c v d e b - a... xSiri xmarebiT Zveldeba (icriceba, ileva, ixeva...)
c x v e b - a... gaxurebul RumelSi (ToneSi, kecze...) moTavsebuli comi SuSdeba da saWmelad vargisi xdeba...
gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT uniSno vnebiTebi subieqtad vin
jgufis saxelebsac igueben:
l b e b - a... rbili xdeba siTxeSi debiT an dasvelebiT; dasvelebiT rbildeba. lavaSebi l b e b i a n wvnisagan (S. aragv.). ||
gadat. Zalian sveldeba. [pozua] lbeboda amosasxmeli saqalamne
tyaviviT (b. Cx.)
l p e b - a... 1. iSleba, ixrwneba (aracocxali organuli sxeuli), _ alpoben. mcenarec bolos berdeba, xmeba da l p e b a (i.
gogeb.). 2. saub. gadat. Zalian didxans, xangrZlivad imyofeba
(cixeSi...)...
S r e b - a... 1. mSrali xdeba; sisvele, sineste ecleba. mzeze
Sreba... _ mzisagan gaxurebuli rkinis gembani uceb S r e b o d a
(a. lom.) ... 2. rZis gamoyofis unars kargavs (droebiT), rZe eleva, uSreba (saqonels). makeobaSi furi S r e b a. 3. gadat. moulodnelobisagan saxtad rCeba, ena uvardeba...
c d e b - a... 1. gamouyeneblad rCeba, ver(ar) moixmaren. naxevari miwa saqarTveloSi yovel weliwads c d e b a (i. gogeb.). ||
usaqmodaa, dros tyuil-ubralod kargavs...
x m e b - a ... xmeli xdeba; sinedles, sicocxlis unars kargavs
(mcenare). raki fesvebi ufuWdeba mcenaresa, male yviTldeba da
x m e b a (i. gogeb.). || Sreba: CurCxelebi mzisagan magrdebian, x m e b i a n (l. asaT.). 2. saub. Zlier xdeba, mWlevdeba, ileva. zaalis
nabiWvari orive banakSi wiravda da SiSisagan x m e b o d a (m. javax.) (qegl).
uniSno vnebiTebSi pasiuri mniSvnelobebi SedarebiT mkrTalad aisaxeba. -m i e r Tandebuliani frazebi vnebiTebTan Znelad
aRdgeba (es miwebi a m a T m i e r tyuilad c d e b a ). aq ufro medialuri, subieqtis wreSi Caketili moqmedebis mniSvnelobebi
warmoCndeba; Tumca pasiuri semantikac gamoixateba da amas uniS-
491
no vnebiTTa mniSvnelobis moqmedebiTi gvaris subieqtis ganusazRvrelpiriani mravlobiTis formebiT ganmartebebic cxadyofs:
c d e b - a... gamouyeneblad rCeba, v e r ( a r ) m o i x m a r e n...
l p e b - a... iSleba, ixrwneba (aracocxali organuli sxeuli), _ a l p o b e n... (qegl)
vnebiTuri da medialuri mniSvnelobebis Canacvlebis karg
magaliTs warmoadgens polisemiuri k r T e b a zmna, romlis pirveli mniSvneloba vnebiTur-medialuria da es qeglis ganmartebisa da sailustracio nimuSis mixedviTac amoicnoba, xolo meore
mniSvneloba _ medialuri (mniSvnelobiTa da uRvlilebiT
utoldeba statikur-medialur zmnas).
k r T e b - a... uecrad mTeli taniT aranebismierad [Se]tokdeba (S i S i s a g a n, m o u l o d n e l o b i s a g a n...). [onise] mudam dafiqrebuli... dadioda... xSirad k r T e b o d a , TiTqos v i R a c a m
S e a S i n a o (a. yazb.)... 2. (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi)
grduv. stat. igivea, rac k r T i s (mniSv. 2). mTvaris Suqi aTasnairad k r T e b o d a oqrosa da Tvalmargalitze (v. barn.)... (qegl)
IV. 4.3.3. vnebiTebi, romelTac subieqtad moudis rogorc ra, aseve vin jgufis saxelebi. vnebiTTa erTi nawili subieqtad Seiwyobs rogorc ra jgufis (usulo), aseve vin jgufis
(sulier) saxelebs.
a) i n i a n i v n e b i T e b i
sxva vnebiTTa msgavsad iniani vnebiTebic subieqtad iguebs
rogorc ra, aseve vin jgufis saxelebs. subieqtis raobis cvla
zmnis mniSvnelobaSic aisaxeba da warmoaCens mniSvnelobis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas _ pasiuri subieqtis gaaqtiurebas, an
sxvagvarad _ pasiuri `ganmcdeli~ subieqtis, TviTmoqmed, Semsrulebel subieqtad gadaqcevas, Sdr.:
i b e r e b - a... beraven, 1. haeriT (gaziT an sxva rameTi) ivseba
da farTovdeba. marcxena guda ifukeboda da amave dros marjvena
i b e r e b o d a (T. razik.)... || saub. gadat. Zalian bevrs svams, _
iWyipeba. [sakoncentracio] banakSi yavanarevi wyliT v i b e r e b o d i T da xSirad gvixdeboda gareT sirbili (a. quTaT.). 2. saub.
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gadat. ibRinZeba, medidurobs. igi Tavisi mxriT erTiaTad i b e r e b a, Tavs iwonebs (vaJa) ...
i g z a v n e b - a... gzavnian, [mi]avlenen; gagzavna warmoebs... gazeTi [`iskra~]... gamZle qaRaldze ibeWdeboda da farulad i g z a v n e b o d a ruseTSi... ...samuSaod damatebiT i g z a v n e b a 3 eqimi...
i g z n e b - a... agzneben; inTeba, CaRdeba, cecxli ekideba, ali
edeba, || poet. gadat. aRfrTovandeba, aRfrTovanebulia, agznebulia, iwvis... mec es leqsi davuwere erT qvriv ymawvil kacs,
romelic i g z n e b o d a erTi qalis siyvarulisagan (r. erisT.)...
i g r i x e b - a... grexen; grexa SeiZleba, nedli saxre i g r i x e b a o (andaza) ... 2. imanWeba; iklakneba, ikrunCxeba. mas gverdiT
misdevs koxta biWi, romelic i g r i x e b a da ipranWeba...
warmodgenil vnebiTebSi ZiriTadi mniSvneloba pasiuria,
gadataniTi mniSvnelobebi aqtiuri xdeba, radgan subieqtad vin
jgufis (sulieri) saxelebi gvaqvs, Sdr.: ibereba guda, magram
ibereba kaci _ `iWyipeba~; `ibRinZeba~, `medidurobs~...
b) d o n i a n i v n e b i T e b i
g v i a n d e b - a... risame (daniSnuli, winaswar gansazRvruli)
vada, dro gadis, _ igvianebs, yovndeba... `gaswi, biWo, gautie,
Torem Zalze g v i a n d e b a ~ (S. mRvim.)... `wadi... nu g v i a n d e b i ~... (ilia).
m c i r d e b - a... mcire xdeba, _ klebulobs, cotavdeba, roca
sityva xSirdebao, maSin saqme m c i r d e b a o (andaza)... 2. Rirseba
elaxeba, akldeba. `rom gTxov, miT me ufro v m c i r d e b i ~ (i. maCab. Targm.).
g r o v d e b - a... erTad Tavs iyris; agroveben. [futkrebi]
g r o v d e b i a n da Rames uZilod atareben (i. gogeb.). xalxi
g r o v d e b a saWidaoze sasaxlis win (akaki)...
c x a r d e b - a... 1. cxare, mxurvale xdeba. 2. gadat. Zalian
brazdeba, _ cecxldeba, wiwmatdeba. [kikoliki] TandaTan ufro
c x a r d e b o d a (g. wereT.).
w i T l d e b - a... wiTel fers iRebs, wiTeli ferisa xdeba.
kalmaxiani Samfuri gamwkrivda nakverCxalzeda, Tevzi SiSinebs,
w i T l d e b a, ali edeba cvarzeda (baC.) || sircxvilisagan saxe
493
elanZeba. diplomati ar unda w i T l d e b o d e s , magram griboedovma qebas veRar gauZlo da odnav ailanZa (m. javax.).
f u W d e b - a... afuWeben. 1. uvargisi xdeba, ziandeba. yvela
Wirnaxuli f u W d e b a (vaJa)... 2. gadat. iSleba, ifuSeba, iRupeba. moxda is, riTac imaTi saqme f u W d e b o d a, iSleboda (vaJa).
3. gadat. zneobrivad ecema, iryvneba. arian iseTi susti bunebisani, romlebic ilos mdgomareobaSi suliT ecemian, guliT iryvnebian da xasiaTiT f u W d e b i a n (i. ekal.).
zemoT ukve CamovTvaleT is uniSno vnebiTebi, romelTac
subieqtad moudis rogorc ra, aseve vin jgufis saxelebi: sarecxi Sreba da saqoneli Sreba (`rZe eleva~), moulodnelobisagan
kaci gaSra (`saxtad darCa~), miwa cdeba da kaci cdeba (`tyuilubralod dros kargavs~) da sxv.
magaliTebis CamoTvla SeiZleba gagrZeldes. magram Cans,
rom ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi upiratesad TiTqos usulo (ra
jgufis) subieqts Seiwyoben (Cveulebrivia ra jgufis sulieri
subieqtebic: T e v z i SiSinebs, w i T l d e b a, futkrebi grovdebian...) gadataniTi mniSvnelobebi ki _ suliers (vin jgufisas):
mcirdeba (`klebulobs~) s a q m e da mcirdeba (`Rirseba elaxeba~)
k a c i, cxardeba s a W m e l i da cxardeba (`brazdeba~) k a c i, fuWdeba W i r n a x u l i da fuWdeba (`zneobrivad ecema~) k a c i da
a.S. usulo (ra jgufis) saxeliT gamoxatuli subieqti pasiuria
Tundac amave ra jgufis sulieri saxeliT gamoxatul subieqtze
(futkrebi grovdebian...), vin jgufis saxeliT gadmocemuli subieqti _ aqtiuri. vnebiTis es mniSvnelobebi (ZiriTadic da
gadataniTic) saTanado moqmedebiTebSic SeiZleba daCndes:
a m c i r e b - s... 1. apataravebs, acotavebs... 2. akninebs _
m c i r d e b -a 1. pataravdeba, cotavdeba... 2. knindeba
a f u W e b - s... uvargiss xdis... || znes wauxdens, ryvnis _
f u W d e b -a... 1. uvargisi xdeba... 2. zneobrivad ecema, iryvneba...
Tumca aseTi Sesabamisoba vnebiTsa da moqmedebiTebis mniSvnelobebSi yovelTvis ar dasturdeba, Sdr.:
a S r o b - s... svels mSralad aqcevs... _ Sreb-a... 1. mSrali
xdeba... 2. gadat. moulodnelobisagan saxtad rCeba, ena uvardeba
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vnebiTis gadataniT mniSvnelobas Sreba _ gadat. `moulodnelobisagan saxtad rCeba~... moqmedebiTis Sesabamisi mniSvneloba ar udasturdeba.
IV. 4.3.4. vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi, romelTac subieqtad vin
jgufis (sulieri) saxelebi Seewyoba. vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa
erT nawils (prefiqsianebs, sufiqsianebsa Tu uniSnoebs) subieqtad mxolod vin jgufis saxelebi Seewyoba. aseT vnebiTebs ufro
aqtiuri Sinaarsi uCanT, imaTgan gansxvavebiT, romelTac subieqtad ra jgufis saxelebi aqvT. Sesabamisad, am zmnebis konversiul
moqmedebiTebs pirdapir damatebad aseve vin jgufis saxelebi moudiT:
b r m a v d e b - a... brma xdeba, Tvalis Cini uqreba...
a b r m a v e b s... brmasa xdis, _ mxedvelobas ukargavs, usinaTlod aqcevs...
b r u v d e b - a... cnobiereba bundovani uxdeba, _ retiandeba...
a b r u e b - s... brus axvevs, _ aretianebs...
b r i y v d e b - a... 1. briyvi xdeba. 2. tyuvdeba, cdeba.
a b r i y v e b - s... motyuebiT mcdar nabijs gadaadgmevinebs, sisuleles [Ca]adeninebs, _ asulelebs...
d u n d e b - a... dune xdeba, _ [mo]eSveba, sustdeba...
a d u n e b - s... dunes xdis, mouSvebs, daasustebs
c v i f r d e b - a... ocdeba...
a c v i f r e b s... akvirvebs, aocebs...
m S v i d d e b - a... mSvidi xdeba, simSvide eufleba, _ wynardeba...
a m S v i d e b - s... mSvids xdis, mSvidad amyofebs, xels uwyobs
damSviddes, _ awynarebs...
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499
aq ar igulisxmeba mravlobiTi ricxvis III subieqturi piris formebi wyvetilSi: Seigin-en, gailanZRn-en isini da igin-es, ilanZR-es maT...
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`marTals ambob, gvianoba aRar varga _ upasuxa moxevem, Seibertya da qudis moxdiT daumata (a. yazb.); (Seibertya
man?);
imuqreba: `axla-ki mogivli, Se lawirako!~ _ daimuqra g i o r g i da meore dResve boqauls ewvia~ (i. gedev.);
`Ciles samxedro-faSisturi xuntis m e T a u r m a pinoCetma daimuqra, rom sastikad gauswordeba qveynis im
Zalebs...~ (`komunisti~);
iwyevleba: `roca mabrazeben, rom ar daviwyevlo, ara maqvs moTmineba, viwyevlebi (vaJa, qegl);
`rom ar daviwyevlo~ _ aq zmna TiTqos ergativSi dasmul subieqts ufro iguebs, magram Sdr.: `javrismosvliT daiwyevla i v a n e ~ (e. ninoS.);
itanjeba: `i g i itanja siyvarulisTvis~ (vaJa);
`mec magas veZeb, leSma itanjos, mxolod ki, mxolod
suli ar wawymdes~ (vaJa);
i-wev-a: `mze odnav aiwia~ (n. dumb.);
Sdr. `mzem isev aiwia~ (n. dumb.);
i-keceb-a: `p a t a r Z a l i SiSisagan iqve Caikeca~ (g. leon.);
`Cveni banaki Saragza xom ar aris, rom yvela v i g i n d a r a m aq moikecos~ (m. javax.);
`Tamar mefeze ufro Zlieri mefeebi ki ar iyvnen? _
ikiTxes meurmeebma, r o m l e b m a c
moikeces~ (s.
mgal.);
`patiosanma p i r u t y v m a tkivilisagan ukana muxlebiT Caikeca~ (a. yazb.);
i-zmor-eb-a: `mahmudi jer gaizmora ~ (W. amirej.);
`kacebma gaiRviZes, gaizmornen~ (`iveria~);
`ymawvilma gangeb gaizmora~ (n. lorTq.);
`qalma agznebiT gaizmora~ (n. lorTq.);
i-turneb-a || itruneba || itvrineba:
`biWebi gaitrunen~ (l. mrel.);
`axla ki gaitruna moedani~ (l. mrel.);
`T e v d o r e m iturna da TavisTvis mijda gamxmari
joyrebis ZirSi~ (vaJa);
`ZaRlma itvrina~ (g. xorg.);
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(iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda); awmyos droebSi warmoqmnil xarvezs vnebiTis saTanado aqtiuri Sinaarsis formebiT avsebs (ixedavs || ixedeba, igineba, izmoreba...); SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom
amgvari vnebiTebi `Tavs arideben~ e. w. myofadis wris mwkrivebis
warmoebas. saTanado mniSvneloba moqmedebiTis formebiTac gamoixateba (gaixedavs, Seiginebs, gaizmorebs, daiyefebs...); iqmneba
STabeWdileba, TiTqos moTxrobiTsubieqtiani formebi vnebiTis
paradigmis gagrZelebaa II seriaSi. es `gaTaviseba~ ki damokidebulia Sesabamisi gardamavali formis awmyoSi xmarebis sixSireze.
mag.: romelime ixedeba is _ gaixeda man qarTulSi ukve erT paradigmad aRiqmeba da amis mizezi ixedavs formis xmarebis iSviTaobaa (ixedavs _ gaixeda > ixedeba _ gaixeda); iCoqebs is _
daiCoqa man ki SedarebiT myari paradigmaa, radgan iCoqeba _
daiCoqa formaTa xmareba qarTulSi imdenad iSviaTia, rom ganmartebiT leqsikonSi arc aRnusxula (`CaiCoqebi da atirdebi~
(`lit. saq.~); `dabneuli daviCoqe~ (dia Cianeli); `TaTia wamoiCoqa~ (`ciskari~). aseve iSviaTia imuxleba forma (`fiqrebi xan
ZirkvebmoqceuliviT... imuxlebodnen~ (`nobaTi~) da amdenad Caimuxlebs is _ Caimuxla man myari Sesityveba Cans.
ixedeba igi _ gaixeda man (Sereuli paradigmis) tipis
zmnaTa analogiiT SeiZleboda agvexsna moTxrobiTsubieqtian icqira, daimuqra, wamoifxora, SeikurTxa... (man) formaTa arseboba II seriaSi; maT awmyoSi saTanado moqmedebiTis calebi ar eZebnebaT, e. i. ar gvaqvs *icqers, *imuqrebs, *ifxorebs, *ikurTxebs..., samagierod dasturdeba vnebiTis formebi icqireba,
imuqreba, ifxoreba, {Se}ikurTxeba wyebisa... magram, radgan es
`analogia~ mxolod gansazRvruli rigis _ aqtiuri Sinaarsis _
vnebiTebs moicavs, vfiqrobT, rom swored vnebiTis formaTa aqtiuri Sinaarsis mizezia mosaZiebeli.
imis mizezad, rom vnebiTis zog formas moqmedebiTis funqcia aqvs, a. SaniZe vnebiTis am formaTa (inian vnebiTebis) saTaviso qcevidan warmomavlobas Tvlis; Tu mxolod esaa mizezi, maSin aqtiuroba amgvari gziT miRebuli vnebiTebis yvela formas
(e. i. yvela inian vnebiTs) unda Seexos, es ki ase araa.
aq gasaTvaliswinebelia qarTulSi gvaris kategoriis funqcionirebis ganmsazRvreli piroba: gvaris sakiTxi wydeba sapirispiro formaTa paraleluri arsebobiT konversiis niadagze.
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vnebiTis forma moqmedebiTidan iwarmoeba konversiis gziT. konversiis meqanizmi ki aseTia _ moqmedebiTi gvaris pirdapiri obieqti vnebiTi gvaris formaSi subieqtad gvevlineba xolme.
Tu CvenTvis saintereso aqtiuri Sinaarsis inian vnebiTebs
gverdiT saTanado moqmedebiTebs amovuyenebT, gveqneba moqmedebiTi gvaris formaTa ori modeli: 1. a + fuZe + sufiqsi, 2. fuZe + sufiqsi
pirveli modeliT (a + fuZe + sufiqsi) nawarmoebi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi upiratesad kauzatiuri Sinaarsisani arian:
ayefebs is mas, {ga}aRimebs is mas, alocebs igi mas, aCxubebs is
mas... obieqti aq yovelTvis a q t i u r i a (s u l i e r i), moqmedebis Sesrulebeli, Sesabamisi vnebiTis subieqtic agreTve, aqtiuria: iyefeba, iRimeba, iloceba... (is), waiCxubebian (isini)...
is faqti, rom moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebis obieqti TviTon gvevlineba moqmedebis Semsruleblad, SegveZlo CagveTvala Sesabamisi
vnebiTis subieqtis aqtiurobis mizezad (moqmedebiTi gvaris pirdapiri obieqti = vnebiTi gvaris subieqts).
amaT gverdiT gvaqvs azmorebs is || mas, afurTxebs is (an,
is mas), aWyets is Tvalebs... a + fuZe + sufiqsi modeliT nawarmobi formebi da, aseve, fuZe + sufiqsi modeliT nawarmoebi
bertyavs is mas, kecavs is mas... formebi.
CamoTvlil formaTagan azmorebs is / mas, afurTxebs is
mxolod formiTaa moqmedebiTi gvarisa _ uaxloesi obieqti
amaT ar moeZevebaT. konteqstSi afurTxebs forma orpirianadac
SeiZleba warmogvidges (is mas), magram es obieqti pirdapiri
obieqti araa (afurTxebs is m a s _ miafurTxa man m a s); amdenad konversiis piroba am e. w. moqmedebiTi (azmorebs is / azmorebs mas, afurTxebs is mas / afurTxebs is da vnebiTi gvaris
(izmoreba is, ifurTxeba is) formebs Soris aq ver iqneba daculi. rac Seexeba formebs _ bertyavs is mas, kecavs is mas,
aWyets is Tvalebs _ maT aqvT Sesabamisi ordinaruli vnebiTebi
(ibertyeba viRacisgan, ikeceba bade viRacis mier). am zmnaTa
pirdapiri obieqti araa is aqtiuri obieqti, romelic iWyiteba,
ibertyeba (TviTon ibertyavs), ikeceba (TviTon moikecavs) formebTan subieqtad warmogvidgeba.
vnebiTis aqtiur formebTan subieqtis fardi saxeli sulierTa klasis (ZiriTadad vin jgufis) warmomadgenelia, magram,
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IV. 4.4.2. ukuqceviToba qarTulSi. ukuqceviToba (refleqsuroba) zogadad binarul mimarTebas gulisxmobs; ukuqceviTobis, rogorc gramatikuli kategoriis realizaciisaTvis aucilebeli pirobaa subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtis koreferentuloba da am mimarTebis markirebuloba; mimarTeba refleqsuria,
Tuki yoveli sagani Tavis TavTan imyofeba aseT mimarTebaSi.
qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi ukuqceviTebad ganixileba rogorc gardamavali, aseve gardauvali, rogorc moqmedebiTi da vnebiTi, aseve saSuali gvaris, konkretulad ki i-prefiqsiani zmnebi. ukuqceviToba miCneulia zogad, i- prefiqsis mqone
yvela formisaTvis saerTo funqciad (b. jorbenaZe).
i- prefiqsis distribucia qarTulSi ki sakmaod farToa; is
gvxvdeba gvarisa da qcevis mixedviT gansxvavebul zmnaTa formebSi, saxeldobr:
a) vnebiTis formebidan _ sakuTriv vnebiTebSi: i-Wreba,
i-msxvreva, i-ngreva.., potencialisebSi: i-Wmeva, i-smeva.., aqtiuri
mniSvnelobis vnebiTebSi (deponensebSi): i-rwmuneba, i-furTxeba...,
doniani da uniSno vnebiTis sasxviso qcevis I da II piris formebSi: m-i-wux-d-eb-a, g-i-wux-d-eb-a... m-i-Tb-eb-a, g-i-Tb-eb-a...
b) moqmedebiTis formebidan _ saTaviso qcevis formebSi:
v-i-xatav, i-xatav, i-xatav-s... sasxviso qcevis I da II piris formebSi: m-i-xatav-s, g-i-xatav-s...
g) saSuali gvaris formebidan _ zmnaTa erT mcire nawilSi: i-glov-s, i-nani-s, i-cini-s, i-Rimi-s... oriode mediopasiuri
formisa da absolutur medioaqtiur formaTa myofadisa da II
seriis formebSi: dga-s _ i - d g e b a, i - d g - a, wev-s _
i - w v e b - a, i - w v - a..., xarob-s _ i - x a r e b - s, i - x a r - a , wvalob-s
_ i - w v a l e b - s, i - w v a l - a..., sasxviso qcevis I da II piris formebSi: m-i-wuxs, g-i-wux-s...
distribuciis Sesabamisad, nairgvaria i- prefiqsiT gamoxatuli mniSvnelobebi. es mniSvnelobebi (saTaviso da sasxviso
qcevis, medialur zmnaTa myofadisa da II seriis) realizebulia
gvarisa da qcevis saTanado formebiT. ukuqceviTobas (refleqsurobas), iseve, rogorc potencialiss, deponensebs, sakuTari
forma ara aqvT.
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sakuTriv ukuqceviTebad saxeldebul zmnur formaTa analizis mixedviT CvenSi ZiriTadad ukuqceviTobis orgvari gageba ikveTeba:
1. subieqti moqmedebs sakuTar Tavze, sakuTari Tavis mimarT da imavdroulad obieqticaa (pirdapiri obieqti); gvaqvs
refleqsuri mimarTeba da gamoixateba sakuTriv refleqsuri
mniSvneloba: T a v s iklavs, T a v s iqebs... imaleba (`Tavis Tavs
malavs~), iZabeba (`Tavis Tavs Zabavs~)...
2. moqmedeba subieqtis wres ar/ver scildeba, subieqtis sazRvrebSia Caketili; aRiniSneba medialuri mniSvneloba: iglovs,
iRimis, icinis...
faqtobriv, ukuqceviTobis meore gansazRvreba _ medialuri mniSvnelobis aRniSvna _ gaTvaliswinebulia pirveli gansazRvrebis viTarebiTac: Tu subieqti moqmedebs sakuTar Tavze,
e.i. subieqti funqciurad pirdapiri obieqtis identuria (anu
subieqti da pirdapiri obieqti koreferentulebi arian). es ukve TavisTavad imasac apirobebs, rom moqmedeba subieqtis sazRvrebs ar gascildeba. Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom moqmedebis
Caketilobas subieqtis sazRvrebSi mxolod subieqtisa da pirdapiri obieqtis igiveoba ar qmnis, gardamavali zmnis SesityvebaSi
pirdapiri obieqtis eliminaciis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis moqmedeba
subieqtis wreSive eqceva:
Sdr.: imuSavebs y a n a s _ imuSavebs
awi imanac eiRos Toxi da imuSaos y a n a (ninoS.)
simonas Cveulebad hqonda, dilas karga mzis amosvlamde
ezos maxlobel yanaSi imuSavebda (ninoS.). imuSavebda = muSaobda.
moisustebs x m a s _ moisustebs:
stvirma TandaTan x m a moisusta (vaJa)
Sdr.: bgera moisustebs...
i- prefiqsis nairgvari mniSvnelobebidan Cven gamovarCieT
ZiriTadi mniSvnelobebi, romelTa safuZvelze specialur lite-
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515
aseve, medialuri, subieqtis sazRvrebSi Caketili mniSvneloba SeiZleba gadmoices aramedialuri zmnebis meSveobiTac. magaliTad, rigi gardamavali zmna ixmareba rogorc relatiuri,
aseve absoluturi mniSvnelobiTac. relatiuri zmnis absoluturad warmodgena sintaqsis (valentobis) cvlas ukavSirdeba:
wer-s _ 1. `eqimi ... sxvadasxva wamlebs werda~ (l. ardaz.).
Sdr.: 3. (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) Txzavs l i t e r a t u r u l n a w a r m o e b e b s . winaTac vwerdi, ra Tqma unda,
magram es iyo pirveli nawarmoebi, romelic imdenad momwonda,
rom gavbede mecada bedi (W. lomT.) (qegl).
wer-s nawarmoebs > wers `saerTod wers, mweralia~.
xatav-s 1. rasme gamosaxavs ferebis an xazebis saSualebiT,
_ qmnis (suraTs), akeTebs (naxats).
Sdr.: [arsakiZe] ukeT xatavs, vidre aSenebs (k. gams.) (qegl).
am konteqstis mixedviT xatavs da aSenebs absoluturi
mniSvnelobisaa: xatavs (saerTod); aSenebs (saerTod):
xatavs s u r a T s > xatavs (saerTod)
aSenebs S e n o b a s > aSenebs (saerTod).
anaTeb-s : s a m o T x e s a c aqedamve eg anaTebda (ilia).
Sdr.: Tqven iciT, rom qveyanazed maSin ufro Tbila, roca
mze anaTebs (gog.).
anaTebs s a m o T x e s > anaTebs (saerTod)...
gardamaval zmnaTa SesityvebaSi momxdari struqturuli
cvlilebebis, kerZod, pirdapiri obieqtis eliminaciis Sedegad
zmnam medialuri mniSvneloba SeiZina.
i- prefiqsiani vnebiTis modelis rig zmnas medialuri mniSvneloba udasturdeba. aseT zmnebad b. jorbenaZe asaxelebs iqeqeba, ikenkeba, iqafeba, icremleba da misT. da aRniSnavs: `es
zmnebi funqciurad `saSual~ formebs uaxlovdebiano~ (jorbenaZe, 1971, 158). igive avtori am zmnebs ukve sxvagan (b. jorbenaZe,
1983, 142) ukuqceviT zmnebad ganixilavs. es sapirispiro ganmartebani faqtobriv viTarebas asaxavs. saSuali gvaris medioaqtiuri formebi Sinaarsobrivad sxva enebSic (mag. rusulSi) Znelad
ganirCevian refleqsivebisgan. subieqturi piri am rigis zmnebSi
TviTmoqmedi piria, magram misi moqmedeba subieqtis sazRvrebSia
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moqceuli, pirdapir obieqtze mimarTebas (rac advilad sagulisxmebelia) ar iTvaliswinebs: iqeqeba, ikenkeba (s a e r T o d ).
Sdr.:
iqeqeb-a (mxolod nakvTa awmyos wyebaSi). 1. iqeqavs, ifxans.
jagebSi narCita ijda da iqeqeboda (T. razik.) (qegl).
gardamavali zmniT gadmocemul qeglis am ganmartebaSi iqeqeba _ i q e q a v s , ifxans, pirdapir obieqtze miTiTeba ar gvaqvs,
Tumca sxva msgavsi formebis ganmartebisas sagulvebeli pirdapiri obieqti Tavs iCens xolme:
ibertyeb-a ... 1. vneb. b e r t y a v s zmnisa _ bertyaven; bertyva SeiZleba... 2. (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) vneb. bertyviT icilebs (m t v e r s , wylis w v e T e b s da misT.) (qegl).
zemoTqmulis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, rom unda Sejerdes qarTul gramatikul literaturaSi ukuqceviTebad moazrebul
zmnebSi gamovlenili gansxvavebuli _ refleqsuri, medialuri
da a.S. mniSvnelobebi da sakuTriv refleqsuri mniSvnelobis matarebeli zmnebi sxvaTagan gamocalkevdes. refleqsuri mimarTeba
gulisxmobs medialur mniSvnelobasac, magram ara piriqiT: medialuri mniSvneloba refleqsur mimarTebas mxolod refleqsiis
farTo gagebiT gulisxmobs (ix. filosof. leqsik.). ukuqceviT
formaSi imaleba `Tavs imalavs; Tavis Tavs malavs~ subieqti da
obieqti erT pirad, Tavis Tavze moqmed subieqtad aris Serwymuli, erTgvarad aqtiuricaa da pasiuric; es moqmedeba, bunebrivia, sakuTari Tavis irgvliv trialebs, e.i. medialuricaa da arsebiTad daiyvaneba subieqtis mdgomareobis garegnul gamoxatvaze, Sdr.:
ibnideb-a ... cnobierebis dakargvamde midis, guli uRondeba (Zlieri gancdis gamo); bruvdeba (sunisagan...). liza ... wamdauwum ibnideboda, iqnevda xelsa da fexs, abrialebda Tvalebs
(ek. gab.)
igangleb-a ... mTlianad isvreba (fqvilSi, bumbulSi, mtverSi...), titveli bavSvebi mtverSi iganglebian (`axalg. komunisti~)
igudeb-a ... sunTqva ekvris; ixuTeba; ixrCoba. uceb mixvda,
rom Tavisi xeli aqvs yelSi waWerili, myisve daapirebs moiSo-
517
518
519
520
SeniSvna:
521
522
523
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525
526
527
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529
530
531
532
533
534
535
tis funqciuri identuroba gardamaval zmnaSi da subieqtis moqmedebis ukuqceva Tavis Tavze gardauval zmnaSi.
Teoriulad iniani (absoluturi) vnebiTebis konstruqciaSi SesaZlebelia refleqsurobis realizacia: pasiuri konstruqcia arsebiTad (Tumca ara yovelTvis) warmoadgens Sesabamisi aqtiuri konstruqciis konversiul formas, romelSic aqtiuri
konstruqciis pirdapiri damateba pasiur konstruqciaSi qvemdebared (subieqtad) gvevlineba, e.i. arsebobs pirobebi zedapiruli subieqtisa da amosavali pirdapiri obieqtis funqciuri
identurobis zedapirul doneze warmoCenisaTvis anu refleqsuri semantikis realizaciisaTvis, gramatikuli subieqtisa da realuri pirdapiri obieqtis erT pirad SerwymisaTvis:
T a v s imalav-s: Tavis Tavs malavs, _ imaleba. Sdr.: T a v s
Zlivs imalavs jejilSi WiaRuebis mteri [mwyeri] (S. mRvim.);
`vaWari da daviTi T a v s imalavdnen, radgan sulTnis eSinodaT~ (i. gogeb.).
imalvi-s _ [lomi] nadirTa Tavzardamcemi axla imalvis
Tavada (vaJa) (qegl).
vnebiTis konstruqciaSi refleqsurobis mniSvnelobis gamovlenisaTvis Sesabamisi aqtivis pirdapiri damatebis poziciaSi
ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxeli `T a v i ~ an sxva romelime somaturi
elementi unda iwerebodes da Sesabamisad, vnebiTis subieqti sulieri saxeli (agensi) unda iyos:
ibaneb-a... tans ibans. indoT mefe abanos ibaneboda da dalaqi Tavs parsavda (saba).
iparseb-a... wvers, Tmas... iparsavs. kviraSi erTxel iparseba.
itanjeb-a... Tavs itanjavs
iqeqeb-a... `qeqavs Tavisas~, Tavs, cxvirs... iqeqavs
iWmuxneb-a... `Subls, warbebs... iWmuxnis~
ikeceb-a... (muxlebSi, welSi) ixreba, idrikeba, izniqeba. indoeli welSi ikeceba (n. lorTq.) muxlebi moekeca.
iRebeb-a... iRebavs Tavisas [TinaTini] iRebavda Tmas (e. ninoS.).
536
> 1. imanWeba s a x e
2. imanWeba
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538
539
540
541
dauval zmnas pirdapiri obieqti ar Seewyoba. Sesabamisad, gardauvali zmnis absoluturi (ganukuTvneli) forma relatiur,
subieqtis iribi obieqtisadmi gankuTvnebis gamomxatvel opoziciaSi saqceo opoziciis neitralur wevrad moiazreba: S e n d e b a _ u S e n d e b - a, T b e b - a _ u - T b e b - a, i - x a t e b - a _ e - x a t e b - a... w u x - s _ u - w u x - s... rogorc vxedavT, gansxvaveba
gvaqvs markirebaSic: doniani da uniSno vnebiTebis, aseve, saSuali gvaris formaTa erT nawilSi neitraluri formis nulovan
(-) da saobieqto formis u- prefiqss, prefiqsiani vnebiTebis
neitralur da sasxviso qcevis formebSi i- da e- prefiqsebi
enacvleba; Sdr.:
neitraluri
saobieqto
Sendeba
u-Sendeba
Tbeba
u-Tbeba
i-xateba
e-xateba.
es Senacvleba bunebrivad svams prefiqsian vnebiTebSi i- da
e- prefiqsTa statusis sakiTxs: zogi mkvlevari maT qcevis niSnebad miiCnevs, zogi _ gvarisad.
i- da e- prefiqsebi vnebiTis niSnebia. qcevis mniSvneloba
maT SeTvisebuli aqvT: i- prefiqsian absolutur vnebiTSi qcevis
Sinaarsi (ukuTqmiTi) SeiZleba mxolod kuTvnilebis Sinaarsis
mqone relatiur vnebiTebTan SepirispirebiT gaCndes. a. SaniZe
aRniSnavs, rom i-wereba da e-wereba orive ukuTvneli formaa da
e-wereba formam kuTvnilebiToba saTanado konversiul aqtivTan
SepirispirebiT SeiZina: `amis mixedviT, enian vnebiTSi qceva aris,
magram ise mkafiod gamoxatuli ara, rogorc sufiqsiansa da
uniSno vnebiTSi, an kidev saSual zmnebSi~.
masalis analizi gviCvenebs, rom absolutur inian vnebiTebSi gamoxatuli pasiuroba, romelic subieqts miewereba, enian
vnebiTebSi irib obieqts ganekuTvneba (an miemarTeba), Sdr.: ewereba _ iwereba m i s i, m i s T v i s an m a s z e, evarcxneba _ ivarcxneba m i s i, eleweba _ ileweba m i s i, enaxeba _ inaxeba m i s i,
ezrdeba _ izrdeba m i s i an m i s T v i s, epoba _ ipoba m i s i da
sxv.
rigiTobis mixedviT, zmnis xmovani prefiqsebis pozicia
identuria, _ daismis Zireuli morfemis win (piris niSnis momdevnod); qcevis morfemaTa erT rangSi gaerTianebis pirobad mi-
542
kuTvnileba ganusazRvreli
|
neitraluri
grdm. xatavs, a-Senebs
grduv. Tbeba, wux-d-eba, i-maleba
543
kuTvnileba gansazRvruli
/\
sasubieqto saobieqto
i-xatavs,
u-xatavs,
i-Senebs
u-Senebs
u-Tbeba,
u-wuxdeba,
e-maleba
IV. 4.5.3. qceva da gardamavloba. qcevis zogadi ganmartebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis mixedviTac qceva ganisazRvreba `subieqtsa da irib obieqts Soris an obieqtebs Soris~ kuTvnilebadaniSnulebis urTierTobiT (ix. lingvisturi enciklopediuri
leqsikoni, 1990; g. rogava, z. keraSeva, 1966); qcevis saxeobaTa
(saarviso, saTaviso, sasxviso) a. SaniZiseuli ganmartebebi p i r d a p i r i o b i e q t i s k u T v n i l e b a - d a n i S n u l e b a s afiqsireben, rac TavisTavad gulisxmobs, rom am TvalsazrisiT qceva
g a r d a m a v a l i z m n i s k a t e g o r i a a . a. SaniZe aRniSnavs kidec, rom `qcevaTa bunebisa da Tvisebis gamoxatva ufro gardamavali zmnis saSualebiT aris SesaZlebeli~. es sakiTxi samecniero
literaturaSi drodadro ismis. Sdr., `qcevis kategoria zogadad iqmneba subieqtisa da obieqtis urTierTobis niadagze da
amitom: iq, sadac obieqti ar moipoveba (e.i. erTpirian zmnebSi),
qcevis sakiTxic ar daismis. qcevaze laparaki mxolod orpirian
da sampirian zmnebSi SeiZleba~ (arn. Ciqobava). am faqtidan keTdeba iseTi daskvnac, rom qcevis kategoria gardamavali zmnis kategoriaa da gardauval zmnebs (vnebiTsa da saSuals) qcevis mixedviT sapirispiro formebi da, Sesabamisad, qcevis kategoria
ar ewarmoeba. aRniSnulia, rom qcevis aseTi gaazreba gardauval
zmnebSi agvacilebs vnebiTis i-, e- prefiqsTa qcevis formantebad
miCnevas, xolo i-/u- prefiqsebs (m-i-Sendeba, g-i-Sendeba, u-Sendeba) oden iribi obieqtis gamoxatvis kvalifikacia miecema (a. oniani).
Tumca es realoba imasac afiqsirebs, rom mag., gardauvali
relatiuri vnebiTebi: uSendeba (mas saxli), ukeTdeba (mas saqme),
ufiTrdeba (mas saxe), uSreba (mas piri)... yvela gadmogvcems kuTvnilebas, yvelgan kuTvnileba saobieqtoa. yvelgan am saobieqto
544
qcevis Sesabamisi u- TavsarTi gvaqvs. saobieqto qcevaSi ori obieqti unda gvqondes, erTi obieqti unda iyos gankuTvnili meorisaTvis, magram aq mxolod erTi obieqti gvaqvs: aq saobieqto qceva aRniSnavs, rom obieqtisaTvis subieqtia gankuTvnili: skolas
uSendeba axali saxli _ saxli skolisaa, skolisaTvis axali saxli Sendeba. zmnis subieqti (saxli) gankuTvnilia obieqtisTvis
(skolas) (arn. Ciqobava).
warmovadgenT gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi qcevis gamoxatvis ZiriTad Taviseburebebs.
gardamavali da gardauvali zmnebi saqceo sistemebis realizaciis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian rogorc 1) gamoxatulebis, aseve 2) Sinaarsis planebis mixedviT:
1) gamoxatulebis planis mixedviT, gardamaval (moqmedebiTi
gvaris) zmnebSi qcevis samwevrovani sistema gvaqvs (neitraluri,
sasubieqto, saobieqto): xatavs, i-xatavs, u-xatavs..., a-Senebs,
i-Senebs, u-Senebs...
gardauval (vnebiTebsa da saSuali gvaris) zmnebSi _ orwevriani (neitraluri, saobieqto): i-xateba, e-xateba... Sendeba,
u-Sendeba..., Tbeba, u-Tbeba; wuxs, u-wuxs..., Cans, u-Cans... gardauval zmnebs ara aqvT sasubieqto qceva.
2) Sinaarsis planis mixedviT, gardamaval zmnebSi neitraluri qcevis forma aRniSnavs, rom pirdapiri obieqti aravisi
kuTvnileba ar aris: xatavs is suraTs. sasubieqto _ aRniSnavs,
rom pirdapiri obieqti ekuTvnis subieqts: i-xatavs is suraT-s;
saobieqto qcevis forma aRniSnavs, rom pirdapiri obieqti miekuTvneba irib obieqts: u-xatavs is mas s u r a T s , u-Senebs is mas
saxls.
gardauvali zmnebis neitraluri qcevis formiT subieqti
aravisi kuTvnileba ar aris: ixateba s u r a T i , Sendeba s a x l i,
Tbeba o T a x i, wuxs g u l i, Cans f s k e r i; sasxviso qcevis formiT ki subieqti ekuTvnis irib obieqts: e-xateba mas s u r a T i,
u-Sendeba mas s a x l i, u-Tbeba mas o T a x i..., u-wuxs mas g u l i,
u-Cans mas f s k e r i...
gardamavali (moqmedebiTi gvaris) da gardauvali (vnebiTi
da saSuali gvaris) zmnebis qcevaTa sistemebSi dafiqsirebuli
sxvaoba gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planis mixedviT, gardama-
545
546
neitraluri qceva:
saobieqto qceva:
ase rom, vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa absoluturi formebi kuTvnilebis gamomxatvel saTanado relatiur formebTan opoziciaSi (i-xateba is _ e-xateba is mas, Sen-d-eba is _ u-Sen-d-eba is
mas, Tbeba is _ u-Tbeba is mas...) saqceo sistemis neitraluri
wevris adgils ikaveben (T. uTurgaiZe); es exeba saSuali gvaris
absolutur formebsac; saSuali gvaris absoluturi forma gvaris mixedviT upirispirdeba saTanado aqtivs (a-wuxeb-s _ wuxs...) da pirianobis mixedviT _ relatiur saSuals (wuxs is _
u-wuxs is mas, Rirs is _ u-Rirs is mas, Cans is _ u-Cans is mas).
formobrivad, rogorc gardamavali zmnebis samwevriani sistemis, aseve, gardauval zmnaTa orwevriani sistemis opoziciuri
calebi erTmniSvnelovnad akmayofileben morfologiuri opoziciis funqcionirebisaTvis saWiro moTxovnebs: gardamaval samwevrovan sistemebSi markirebulia opoziciis minimum ori wevri:
neitraluri: xatavs, sasubieqto: i-xatavs, saobieqto: u-xatavs
a-Senebs
i-Senebs
u-Senebs
gardauval orwevrovan sistemebSi markirebulia opoziciis
minimum erTi wevri:
neitraluri:
Sendeba
Tbeba
i-xateba
wuxs
Cans
saobieqto:
u-Sendeba
u-Tbeba
e-xateba
u-wuxs
u-Cans
547
da
saarv.
sasxv.
saarv.
sasxv.
saarv.
sasxv.
II seria
awmyo
Sendeba
u-Sendeba
Tbeba
u-Tbeba
i-xateba
e-xateba
wyvet.
a-Senda
a-u-Senda
ga-Tba
ga-u-Tba
da-i-xata
da-e-xata
III seria
I Turm.
II Turm.
a-Senebula a-Senebuliyo
a-h-Senebia a-h-Seneboda
ga-mTbara
ga-mTbariyo
ga-sTbobia ga-s-Tboboda
da-xatula da-xatuliyo
da-h-xatvia da-h-xatvoda
548
549
550
`qarTuli enis zogad daxasiaTebaSi~ arn. Ciqobava sasubieqto da saobieqto qcevebis daxasiaTebis Semdeg ganixilavs saarviso (neitralur) qcevas.
qcevis kategoriis saopozicio formaTa aseTi rigi sxva
mkvlevrebTanac gvaqvs (m. damenia; a. oniani). aq Cven isev tradiciulad dadgenil rigiTobas davicavT.
IV. 4.5.6. neitraluri (saarviso) qceva. saarvisoa (neitraluri) forma, romelic gviCvenebs, rom pirdapiri obieqti aravisi kuTvnileba ar aris da arc visTvismea gankuTvnili (daniSnuli): `saxls vaSeneb~ (a. SaniZe). v-a-Seneb forma arafers gveubneba obieqtis (s a x l i ) kuTvnilebiTobis Sesaxeb; arsaidan Cans,
rom is visTvisme iyo gankuTvnili an daniSnuli. saxls, marTalia, me vaSeneb, magram zmna arafers gveubneba C e m T v i s vaSeneb
Tu s x v i s T v i s, amis dakonkretebisTvis aSenebs zmnas unda davurToT saTanado kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi: C e m T v i s vaSeneb, S e n T v i s vaSeneb, m i s T v i s vaSeneb... an unda SevucvaloT
qcevis saxeoba: sasubieqto _ v-i-Seneb, saobieqto _ v-u-Seneb.
neitraluri (saarviso) qceva sasubieqto da saobieqto qcevebTan
SepirispirebiT dgindeba, rogorc mniSvnelobis, aseve formis
TvalsazrisiT. qcevis warTqmiTi (sasubieqto, saobieqto) formebisagan gansxvavebiT, is ukuTqmiTi formaa, amitomac neitraluria, masSi kuTvnilebiTi urTierToba gansazRvruli ar aris arc
formalurad _ gamoxatulebis planSi da arc funqciurad _
Sinaarsis planSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom neitraluri qcevis formebSi kuTvnilebiTi urTierToba gamoxatuli ar aris, mainc gamoiyofa qcevis uniSno da niSniani warmoeba - da a- prefiqsiT:
uniSno: wers, grexs, Txris, Wris, texs, xatavs, yris da sxv.
niSniani: a-gebs, a-Senebs, a-Tbobs, a-qrobs, a-Srobs, a-ngrevs...
gardamaval da gardauval zmnaTa erT wyebasTan, neitraluri qcevis formebSi gamovlenili dapirispireba a- xmovan-prefiqsian da uxmovanprefiqso formebs Soris (xatavs _ a-xatavs, xatia _ a-xatia...), moqmedebis ama Tu im saganTan lokalizaciis
TvalsazrisiT situaciis qvekategoriad ganixileba (ix. aqve).
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552
1. gardauvali zmnis orwevrovan sistemaSi gvaqvs opoziciuri mimarTeba: markirebulia erTi wevri _ saobieqto qcevis
forma.
2. gardauvali zmnis saobieqto qcevis Sinaarsobrivi gansxvaveba gardamavali zmnis saobieqto qcevisagan gapirobebulia
konversiis meqanizmiT.
3. amave konversiis meqanizmiT aris gapirobebuli gardauval zmnebSi neitraluri qcevis saopozicio calad qcevis Sinaarsis realizaciisaTvis arasakmarisi erTpiriani formis warmodgena. moqmedebiTi gvaris bazisur struqturaSi (yovel SemTxvevaSi, i- prefiqsiani vnebiTebisaTvis) amosavali orpirianobaa.
4. konversivebsa da bazisur formebs Soris daculia funqciuri identoba: moqmedebiTi gvaris saqceo sistemis neitralur (saarviso) wevrs Seesabameba vnebiTi gvaris saqceo sistemis
neitraluri wevri.
da kidev: qcevis neitralur formebs SeiZleba hqondeT
kuTvnilebiTi Sinaarsi: dalia, SeWama, Sesva da misT. formiT saarvisoa, SinaarsiT _ saTaviso. Sdr.: `daviTma saxli aiSena~: aiSena saTaviso qcevaa; i- prefiqsi miuTiTebs imaze, rom `obieqti~
saxli subieqtisTvisaa gankuTvnili. `daviTma erTi xelada Rvino
d a l i a ~, `dalia~ saTaviso qceva aRar aris, s a a r v i s o a . gana
cxadi ar aris, rom Tu `daviTma dalia~, daleuli Rvino `subieqtisTvis gankuTvnili~ aRmoCndeba. rasakvirvelia, amaSi eWvis
Setana SeuZlebelia, magram amaze fuZe miuTiTebs da ara zmnis
prefiqsi (i-); sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saTavisooba aq morfologiuri saSualebebiT ki ar aris aRniSnuli, aramed leqsikuri saSualebiT; es rom qcevas aCendes, zmna ( )
rusulSi saTaviso qceva iqneboda, rusul zmnas ki qceva ara
aqvs _ q c e v a m o r f o l o g i u r i k a t e g o r i a a d a s a T a n a d o a f i q s i T u n d a i q n e s w a r m o d g e n i l i da ara fuZis mniSvnelobiT (arn. Ciqobava). aseTi zmnebia svams, Wams,
xvreps, wrupavs, nTqavs da misT. leqsikurad saTaviso da morfologiurad saarviso (neitraluri) qcevis zmnebi. saarviso
qcevis formebiT kuTvnilebiTobis gamoxatvis sakiTxs a. SaniZem
`safuZvlebSi~ calke paragrafi uZRvna ($ 413).
es Seusabamoba zogadad formisa da Sinaarsis mimarTebis
sakiTxebs aCens. aseve: p i r i daaRo, T v a l i gaaxila da ara *pi-
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gv-i-rCev-s is Cven
g-i-rCev-T is Tqven
i-rCev-s is maT
gv-i-rCev Sen Cven
g-i-rCevT me Tqven
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isrutav-s _ iwovs, isvams. niadagi wyals isrutavs. || figur. cxviris nestoTi haers isrutavda (`iveria~).
isvam-s3 (isva, usvams) _ grdm. isrutavs, iwovs. miwa... isvams
wvimis wyals (n. lom.)
inTqav-s (dainTqa, daunTqavs TavisSi) _ grdm. sub. qc. ix.
i n T q a m s figur. magram, zogjer rom tkbili xma sanugeSod mifrens aRma da CemT giJTa ocnebaTa xarbad inTqavs ufskruli
Rrma (akaki)
iwov-s _ isrutavs
iWam-s _ Wams T a v i s a s , _ kbiliT iglejs, iwiwknis, ikvnets. frCxilebs iWams. || figur. sibrazisagan... xorcs kbiliT
viWamde (vaJa). TiTebs iWams _ TiTebs ikvnets (metis meti aRelvebis, nerviulobis gamo).
morfologiuri kategoria saTanado afiqsiT unda iyos
warmodgenili, magram marto afiqsic ver qmnis kategorias. w a i - y v a n a gardamavali zmnaa, orpiriani, i-xmovanprefiqsiani, magram sasubieqto qcevis mniSvnelobas ar aRniSnavs, formiT sasubieqtoa, funqciiT _ neitraluri. aseT kategoriebs, romlebic
formalurad ganekuTvnebian ama Tu im kategorias, magram sapirispiro formebis uqonlobis gamo saTanado kategoriis funqcias moklebulni arian, a. SaniZem m o C v e n e b i T i k a t e g o r i e b i
uwoda.
formisa da funqciis araadekvaturobis nimuSad a. SaniZe
sasubieqto qcevis sxva formebsac moixmobs: a-i-Ro, da-i-Wira, dai-wyo (laparaki), Se-i-naxa, ga-i-tana, da-i-cva, ga-i-go, mo-i-wona,
da-i-wuna, Se-i-pyro, da-i-naxa _ yvela forma sasubieqto qcevisaa, funqciiT ki neitralurebi arian. ar Cans, rom maincdamainc
TavisTvis aiRo, daiWira, daiwyo, Seinaxa, gaitana da a.S. SeewyobaT saobieqtos calebi: a-u-Ro, da-u-Wira, da-u-wyo, Se-u-naxa, gau-tana, da-u-cva, ga-u-go, mo-u-wona, da-u-wuna, Se-u-pyro... (man
mas is), magram ar uCanT neitraluri formebi.
a. SaniZe wers: `da-i-wyebs zmna `saTaviso~ qcevaa, magram saTavisoa formis mixedviT, warmoebis ZaliT, Torem funqciiT saarvisod aris qceuli. gramatikuli Sinaarsis dacileba garegnuli formisagan, anu funqciis gadanacvleba aqac imiT aris gamowveuli, rom mesame forma gvaklia, ar moipoveba saarvisosTvis
gankuTvnili forma: *da-wyebs an *da-a-wyebs da sistemaSi saarvi-
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so qcevis formis naklebobis gamo `da-i-wyebs~ formis `saTavisoba~ moCvenebiTia. sruli paradigmis SemTxvevaSi, am rigis
cvlileba saopozicio formaTa mniSvnelobaSi ar Cans, Sdr.: saarv. daawyo (wignebi magidaze) _ daiwyo (wignebi magidaze) _
dauwyo (wignebi magidaze)... qcevis aseTi, formisa da funqciis
mixedviT arawinaaRmdegobrivi paradigmebi Zalian xSiria da isini ZiriTadad uzmniswino formebis dapirispirebiTaa Seqmnili:
akeTebs _ ikeTebs _ ukeTebs, aSenebs _ iSenebs _ uSenebs,
amzadebs _ imzadebs _ umzadebs, alamazebs _ ilamazebs _ ulamazebs, angrevs _ ingrevs _ ungrevs, aTbobs _ iTbobs _ uTbobs, aqrobs _ iqrobs _ uqrobs, amkobs _ imkobs _ umkobs,
abams _ ibams _ ubams, arCevs _ irCevs _ urCevs... wers _ iwers
_ uwers, Wams _ iWams _ uWams, fxeks _ ifxeks _ ufxeks, xatavs
_ ixatavs _ uxatavs, keravs _ ikeravs _ ukeravs, Wris _ iWris
_ uWris, Tlis _ iTlis _ uTlis da bevri sxv. zmniswinebs,
bevr SemTxvevaSi, zmnis fuZis semantikaSi garkveuli cvlilebebi
SeaqvT da qcevis paradigmebis formalur-funqciuri Tanxmoba
irRveva (c. kvantaliani).
zemoCamoTvlil sasubieqto formis zmnebs aqvT saTanado
saopozicio calebi obieqturi wyobisa, akliaT neitraluri (saarviso) qcevis formebi da am funqcias sasubieqto qcevis formebi anacvleben. saTanado wesi, gardamavali zmnis saqceo samwevrovan sistemaSi arsebuli xarvezis gamo, ase Camoyalibdeba:
Tu saqceo sistemaSi gvaklia neitraluri wevri, magram
gvaqvs sasubieqto da saobieqto qcevis formebi, maSin saobieqto
qcevis formaSi aisaxeba saTanado mniSvneloba, sasubieqto qcevis
formaSi ki qcevis saTanado gageba qreba da mniSvnelobiT is neitraluri wevris adgils ikavebs (pirianobis mxriv cvlileba ar
gveqneba).
ra Tqma unda, qcevis saopozicio formaTa mniSvnelobis
cvlis mizezi marto nakluli paradigma ar aris. zemoCamoTvlili e.w. moCvenebiTi saTavisos formebi sintaqsurad srulia,
formis Sesatyvisi, e.i. orpiriani; amaTgan gansxvavdeba saTaviso
qcevis sintaqsurad arasruli (uobieqto) erTpiriani formebi,
romlebic, bunebrivia, `gankuTvnebis~ mimarTebas da, Sesabamisad,
mniSvnelobas ver gamoxataven: ikbens (TiTze, nekze, tuCze), iSvebs, ixarebs, amoiZuebs, iZinebs, iqorwinebs, imarjvebs, iyruebs
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sasubieqto qceva
saobieqto qceva
neitraluri qceva
i-xatavs
i-Senebs
u-xatavs
u-Senebs
-xatavs
a-Senebs
_
_
e-xateba
u-Sendeba
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i-xateba
Sen-d-eba
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IV. 4.5.8. saobieqto (sasxviso) qceva. saobieqto qceva aRniSnavs kuTvnilebiT urTierTobas obieqtebs Soris, is `gviCvenebs, rom pirdapiri obieqti iribs ekuTvnis an iribisTvisaa gankuTvnili: `saxls vuSeneb~ (a. SaniZe).
a. SaniZis es ganmarteba ukve gamoricxavs gardauval zmnebSi saobieqto qcevis aRniSvnas, radgan gardauval zmnebTan pirdapiri obieqtis mikuTvneba iribi obieqtisaTvis ver aisaxeba:
gardauval zmnebSi ori obieqti ara gvaqvs, Tu ar CavTvliT iSviaT formebs ori iribi obieqtiT, mag., m-i-cvia me mas is (`cols
ar micvia kabao~ vaJa) da misT. da rac arsebiTia, gardauval
zmnebSi ar gvaqvs pirdapiri obieqti. amitom a. SaniZe gardauval
zmnebTan qcevis ganmartebas azustebs: `qcevebrivi urTierTobis
warTqmiTi saxis dasamyareblad gardauval zmnaSi marto ori
sintaqsuri odenoba gvaqvs: subieqti da iribi obieqti (an maTi
morfologiuri fardebi: subieqturi piri da iribobieqturi piri), amitom gansazRvra kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis mixedviT SeiZleba subieqts (an subieqtur pirs) Seexebodes~ (a. SaniZe).
maSasadame, saobieqto qceva aRniSnavs kuTvnilebiT urTierTobas obieqtebs Soris gardamaval zmnaSi da obieqtsa da subieqts Soris gardauval zmnaSi; ufro zustad: saobieqto qceva
aRniSnavs, rom pirdapiri obieqti ekuTvnis irib obieqts gardamaval zmnaSi: u-xatavs is mas suraTs, u-Senebs is mas saxls, u-Tbobs is mas xelebs...~ subieqti ekuTvnis irib obieqts gardauval
zmnaSi: u-Sendeba mas saxli, u-Tbeba mas xelebi, e-xateba mas suraTi... amdenad, gardamaval da gardauval zmnebSi ara saobieqto, aramed s a i r i b o b i e q t o qceva gvaqvs.
saobieqto qceva gardamavali zmnisa sampiriania, gardauvali
(vnebiTi da saSuali zmnisa) _ orpiriani. saobieqto qceva gardamaval zmnebSi da gardauval zmnaTa erT nawilSi (sufiqsianebSi, uniSno vnebiTebsa da saSuali gvaris zmnebSi) gamoixateba
morfologiurad Sepirobebuli ori, i-/u- alomorfiT:
i- alomorfi gvaqvs maSin, roca iribi obieqti I an II piris
formaa (mxolobiTsa Tu mravlobiTSi); es exeba rogorc gardamaval, aseve gardauval zmnaTa erT nawils:
gardamavali:
m-i-Seneb-s is me mas
gv-i-Seneb-s is Cven mas
gardauvali:
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m-i-Sendeb-a me is
gv-i-Sendeb-a Cven is
g-i-Sendeb-a Sen is
g-i-Sendeba-T Tqven is...
m-i-wux-s me is
gv-i-wux-s Cven is
g-i-wux-s Sen is
g-i-wux-T Tqven is
u-Sendeb-a mas is
u-Sendeba-T maT is
u-wux-s mas is
u-wux-T maT is...
gansxvavebulad aris markirebuli saqceo mimarTeba prefiqsian vnebiTebSi:
v-i-xatebi me
v-e-xateb-i me mas
i-xateb-i Sen
e-xateb-i Sen mas
i-xateb-a is
e-xateb-a is mas
absoluturi da relatiuri formebis dapirispireba aq
aseT suraTs gvaZlevs: `absoluturi (iniani) saarvisod midis,
relatiuri (eniani) _ sasxvisod~ (a. SaniZe). a. SaniZis ganmartebiT, kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis TvalsazrisiT, urTierToba prefiqsiani vnebiTebis absolutur da relatiur formebs Soris:
da-i-karga _ da-e-karga (`cxeni daikarga~ _ `cxeni daekarga~),
iseTivea, rogorc doniani da uniSno vnebiTebis absolutur da
relatiur formebs Soris. i- prefiqsiani absoluturi vnebiTebis qcevis saopozicio neitralur wevrad ganxilvis marTebulobis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda msjeloba.
a. SaniZe aRiarebs, rom i- da e- xmovani prefiqsebi vnebiTi
gvaris zmnebSi gvaris niSania, `magram saTanado aqtivTan mimarTebiT da agreTve sxva tipis vnebiTebTan funqcionaluri damokidebulebiT maT SeuZliaT qcevis magivroba gaswion~.
roca saopozicio mimarTebebi (rogorc gare, ise Sida mimarTebebi) daculia, kuTvnilebiTi mniSvneloba (subieqti ekuTvnis an daniSnulia iribi obieqtisaTvis) eniani vnebiTis formeb-
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gardamavali zmnebisaTvis saqceo sistema, saopozicio formaTa mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, ZiriTadad aseT suraTs gviCvenebs:
1. Tu qcevis paradigmaSi neitraluri wevri gvaqvs, sasubieqto da saobieqto qcevebi warmodgenili gveqneba saTanado
formiTa da mniSvnelobiT:
wer-s, i-wer-s, u-wer-s
a-Seneb-s, i-Seneb-s, u-Seneb-s
2. Tu qcevis paradigmaSi ara gvaqvs neitraluri wevri da
gvaqvs sasubieqto da saobieqto qcevis formebi, maSin saobieqto
qcevis formaSi saTanado mniSvneloba aisaxeba, xolo sasubieqto
qcevis formaSi gamqralia qcevis gageba da mniSvnelobiT is neitraluri wevris adgils ikavebs (pirianobis mxriv cvlileba ar
Cans):
_ , i-naxav-s, u-naxav-s
_ , i-wyeb-s, u-wyeb-s
_ , gamo-i-Sveb-s (sisxls), gamo-u-Sveb-s (sisxls)
3. SeiZleba paradigmaSi ar gvqondes neitraluri da saobieqto an neitraluri da sasubieqto formebi, maSin darCenili
forma (sasubieqto an saobieqto) mniSvnelobiT neitraluri wevris adgils ikavebs, saobieqto qcevis formaSi SeiZleba daikargos pirdapiri an iribi obieqti; paradigmaSi SeiZleba mxolod
neitraluri wevri gvqondes:
_ , i-ci-s, _
_ , i-xil-a, _
_ , _ , u-Sveb-s is patimars
_ , _ , u-yureb-s is speqtakls
a-naxveb-s _ _
qcevis paradigmaSi neitraluri wevri sayrden wevrad gvevlineba.
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qcevis struqturaTa identurobisa da saobieqto qcevis formidan sasubieqto qcevis miRebis Sesaxeb. mtkicebisaTvis gamoyenebuli iqna aRweriTi (b. rudenko, g. rogava, g. maWavariani...) da
diaqroniuli analizi (m. damenia), zedapiruli da siRrmuli
struqturebis Sedareba (v. boederi, g. nebieriZe, r. asaTiani, T.
uTurgaiZe, b. jorbenaZe...); g) saobieqto da sasubieqto qcevebis
amosavali formis Ziebam dasva sakiTxi sasxviso qcevis III pirisaTvis `kuTvnileba-daniSnulebis~ mimarTebis gamomxatveli u- prefiqsis gansxvavebuli kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb: gviandeli warmonaqmnia is (iv. qavTaraZe, v. Tofuria, h. fogti...), i-prefiqsis fonetikurad Sepirobebuli varianti (h. fogti, v. boederi, a. harisi, k. breitveiti...) Tu III pirisaTvis `kuTvnileba_daniSnulebis~ es specifikuri gamoxatuleba gamowveulia I /II_III pirebis
diqotomiurobiT (r. asaTiani).
qcevis kategoriis kvlevis Semdgomi etapi am kategoriis maxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli xmovnebis zogadi funqciebis dadgeniskenaa mimarTuli. kvlevis principebSi SeiniSneba erTgvari ukuqceva warsulisaken: h. Suxardti, mere g. deetersi, h. fogti da
sxvebic qcevisa da gvaris formalur maCveneblebs saerTo terminiT `maxasiaTebeli xmovani~ (Charaktervokale) aRniSnavdnen da versiis kategoriaSi ganixilavdnen. gavixsenoT aseve n. maris navyi
(jiSi), a. SaniZis qcevis adreuli gavrcobili sqemebi, romlebic
qcevis garda sxva kategoriebsac aerTianebda. am tendenciis asaxvaa gvarisa da qcevis kategoriebis prefiqsebis erTi rangis niSniT gaerTianeba, rogorc urTierTgamomricxveli niSnebisa (m.
damenia).
qcevis kategoriis Seswavlis dRevandel etapze yvelaze sayuradRebo mosazrebebi swored qcevis prefiqsul xmovanTa zogadi morfosintaqsuri funqciebis Ziebebs exeba, rac zmnis pirianobis cvlas, kerZod ki, piris mateba-klebas ukavSirdeba. es Teoria kvlevaSi realizebulia deskrifciuli (m. maWavariani, m.
damenia, b. jorbenaZe...) da generatiuli (r. asaTiani) meTodebiT.
ra Sedegi eqneba polipersonaluri qarTuli enis faqtebis
piris mateba-klebis, zogad-abstraqtuli da imave dros imanenturi kategoriis mixedviT Seswavlas, rogori sruli da adekvaturi iqneba qarTuli enis aseTi aGwera, ra qvekategoriebi gamoiyofa am zogad kategoriebSi, es momavali kvlevis saqmea.
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S u a l o b i T i a kontaqti, romelic aRniSnavs, rom subieqturi piri moqmedebs pirdapir obieqtze sxva piris SualobiT:
v a w e r i n e b, v a x a t v i n e b, v a S e n e b i n e b, v a W e r i n e b.
kontaqtis kategoriis mocemuli ganmartebidan (rogorc
uSualo kontaqtis, aseve SualobiTis formebSi monawileobs
pirdapiri damateba) Cans, rom is gardamavali zmnis kategoriaa.
magram arsebobs kauzativis ufro farTo gagebac, romelic gardauvali zmnisgan nawarmoeb moqmedebiTsac moicavs: `zogi gardauvali zmnac SeiZleba `gavakauzatiuroTo~ _ wers arn. Ciqobava
da CamoTvlis: dum-s is _ a-dum-eb-s is mas, wux-s is _ a-wuxeb-s is mas,... dgas is _ a-dg-en-s is mas... Can-s is _ a-C-en-s is
mas~.
am CamonaTvals literaturaSi formis mixedviT gansxvavebuli, gardauval da gardamaval zmnaTa sxva opoziciuri wyvilebic emateba: r b - i - s _ a-rb-ev-s, T b - e b - a _ a-Tb-ob-s, k v d e b - a (Zv. qarT. kud-eb-is) _ a-kvd-in-eb-s (Zv. qarT. a-kud-in-eb-s)
da zogjer aqve ganixileba a - k e T e b s , a - S e n e b s ... tipis nasaxelari gardamavali zmnebic.
gardauval zmnaTagan warmoebuli `kauzaciis~ meqanizmi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gardauvali zmnis subieqti (wuxs, dgas,
Cans, rbis, tiris, mReris, cxovrobs... i s ) kauzaciis Sedegad miRebul orpirian gardamaval formaSi (a-wuxebs, a-dgens, a-Cens, arbevs, a-tirebs, a-mRerebs, a-cxovrebs... i s m a s ) realizdeba rogorc pirdapiri obieqti, romelsac damatebiTi aqtanti subieqtis rolSi iZulebis wesiT avaldebulebs gardauvali zmnuri
mniSvnelobiT gamoxatuli qmedebis (w u x i l i s , d g o m i s , g a m o C e n i s , s i r b i l i s , t i r i l i s , m R e r i s ...) Sesrulebas;
e.i. a-wuxebs, a-tirebs, a-mRerebs, a-rbens da a.S. formebis subieqti iniciatoric aris da Semsrulebelic.
SeniSvna: semantikuri kavSiri Zireul (arakauzatiur) da
warmoqmnil (kauzatiur) formebs Soris dRevandel qarTulSi zog SemTxvevaSi aRar Cans: rb-i-s
`rbeniT dadis~ a-rb-evs, `iklebs, awiokebs, aoxrebs~ (Sdr.: Zv. qarT. rbeva `rbena~); fSaur dialeqtSi SemorCenilia rb-is zmnis formalurad da
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bi eqvemdebarebian rogorc pasivizaciis, aseve kauzaciis derivaciul wesebs. pasivizaciis Sedegad maTi saopozicio formebi vnebiTi gvaris zmnebia: Zireul aramarkirebul moqmedebiTebs isini
pasiuri markirebiT upirispirdebian (xatavs _ i-xateb-a, wer-s
_ i-wereb-a...) da gvaris kategoriis binarul sistemebs qmnian
(aramarkirebuli moqmedebiTi : markirebuli vnebiTi); kauzaciis
procesis Sedegad egeve arakauzatiuri moqmedebiTebi (xatav-s,
wer-s... i s m a s ) saTanado morfologiuri, sintaqsuri da semantikuri cvlilebebiT upirispirdebian kauzatiuri moqmedebiTebis formebs (a-xatv-in-eb-s, a-wer-in-eb-s... i s m a s m a s ).
IV. 4.6.1.4. `pirveladi~ da `meoreuli kauzativebis~ Sepirispireba formaluri da funqciur-semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. a- prefiqsiT markirebuli moqmedebiTebi (a-dgen-s, a-wux-ebs, a-rb-ev-s da a.S.), rogorc vnaxeT, leqsikurad kauzatiuri
zmnebia; isini saTanado Zireuli saSuali (statikuri), `uniSno
vnebiTebisa~ da saxelebisagan miRebul derivatebs warmoadgenen:
dga-s > a-dg-en-s, wux-s > a-wux-eb-s, rb-is > a-rb-ev-s... qr-eb-a >
a-qr-ob-s, Sav-i > a-Sav-eb-s da a.S. eqvemdebarebian pasivizaciisa
(a - w u x - e b - s > w u x - d - e b - a ) da kauzaciis (a - w u x - e b - s > a w u x - e b - i n - e b - s ) wesebs da saopozicio formebis mixedviT nawildebian gvarisa da `meoreuli kauzativis~ (kontaqtis) kategoriebSi. gvaris kategoriis mixedviT qmnian samwevrian opoziciur sistemebs, romelSic moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis markirebul
formebs upirispirdeba aramarkirebuli saSuali:
moqm. a-wux-eb-s : vneb. wux-d-eb-a : saS. wux-s
rac Seexeba kauzativs: a- prefiqsiani moqmedebiTis forma
a - w u x - e b - s kauzatiur a - w u x e b i n - e b - s formas iseve upirispirdeba, rogorc uxmovanprefiqso arakauzatiuri moqmedebiTi_
saTanado kauzatiur wevrebs; Sdr.:
arakauzat. a-wux-eb-s is mas _ kauzat. a-wux-eb-in-eb-s is mas mas
wer-s is mas
_
a-werin-eb-s is mas mas.
wux-s _ a-wuxeb-s dapirispirebaSi a- prefiqsi ver iqneba kauzativis niSani, radgan awuxeb-s _ awuxebineb-s, wer-s _ awerineb-s dapirispirebaSi kauzativebia awuxebinebs da awerinebs. Se-
580
581
a-Trev-in-eb-s
e-Trev-in-eb-a
a-Trev-s
a-Trev-in-eb-s
erT-erTi am formaTagani (a - T r e v - i n - e b - s ) kauzativia,
romelsac moepoveba Tavisi mawarmoebeli -in sufiqsi. prefiqsi
a- gvaqvs orive formaSi _ kauzativSic da arakauzativSic (kauzativisaTvis amosaval formaSic). bunebrivia, ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos, rom ganmasxvavebeli niSan-Tviseba (kauzativis funqcia)
gamoixateba am formebisaTvis saerTo a- prefiqsiT.
esec sabuTia imisa, rom a- ver iqneba kauzativis mawarmoebeli.
g) kauzativis mniSvnelobas gamoxataven masdarebi (d a w e r - i n - e b - a, g a - T r e v - i n - e b - a), mimReobebi (g a - T r e v - i n e b - u l - i ), III seriis formebi (d a - u - w e r - i n - e b - i - a, g a - u T r e v - i n - e b - i - a, d a - e - w e r - i n - e b - i n - a, g a - e - T r e v - i n - e b i n - a...). arcerT maTganSi ara gvaqvs a- prefiqsi. kauzativis semantika Sesabamisi sufiqsiT (-in) gamoixateba (jorbenaZe, 1983).
msgavsi analiziT gamoiyofa kauzativis sufiqsad -evin, Sdr.:
582
583
584
ngelaia), e.i. kauzaciaSi Rirebulia is, rom subieqti iniciatoria da ara Semsrulebeli, Sdr.:
akeTebineb-s... avalebs akeTos, keTebis saSualebas aZlevs, keTebaSi exmareba... `mose mamasaxliss da soflis msajulebs, rogorc undoda, ise atrialebda, rac TviTon
surda, imas akeTebinebda~ (e. ninoS.).
amoalagebineb-s... daavalebs an SeaZlebinebs amoalagos, _ amoawyobinebs... jer xurjinebi amoalagebina (o. Wil.)
aSenebineb-s... avalebs an SesaZleblobas aZlevs [a]aSenos, [ga]aSenos, [mo]aSenos... axal SeZenil mamulSi saxls vaSenebineb (g. wereT.)...
a.SaniZe kauzaciuri situaciis analizisas realur moqmedad
or pirs asaxelebs _ subieqtsa da irib obieqts; erTi (subieqti) nebelobiT moqmedebas asrulebs, meore (iribi obieqti) faqtobriv moqmedebas: `realurad moqmedebs ara erTi piri, aramed
ori: piri, romelic xelmZRvanelobs saqmes da piri, romelic
uSualod moqmedebs da piradad asrulebs xelmZRvanelis davalebas. xelmZRvaneli piri _ es aris saqmis moTave, saqmis iniciatori, xolo vinc uSualod moqmedebs, erTgvari iaraRia saqmis
organizatoris xelSi. am or pirs garda aris kidev mesame piri,
romelic warmoadgens maTi moqmedebis sagans~. a. SaniZe Sesabamisi funqciuri terminebiTac aRniSnavs kauzaciuri situaciis monawileebs: x e l m Z R v a n e l i (organizatori), S e m s r u l e b e l i
(egzekutori) da s a m i z n o , anu subieqti, iribi obieqti da pirdapiri obieqti.
amgvarad, kauzativi qarTulSi gardamavali zmnis kategoriaa da mas qmnis gardamavali arakauzatiuri da kauzatiuri formebis dapirispireba, rogorc Zireuli da warmoqmnili formebisa; morfologiurad warmoqmnili forma ganivrcoba saTanado
afiqsebiT, sintaqsurad _ valentobis matebiT (wers i s w e r i l s _ awerinebs i s m a s w e r i l s ); arakauzatiur da kauzatiur formebs Soris funqciur-semantikur gansxvavebas qmnis moqmedebis Camdeni piris gramatikuli statusi: arakauzatiur
zmnebSi moqmedebis Camdeni, Semsrulebeli, Tavisi nebiT moqmedi
subieqtia (wer-s i s werils), kauzatiur zmnebSi Semsrulebeli
sxvisi (subieqtis) nebis karnaxiT, sxvisi iniciativiT moqmedi
iribi obieqtia (a-wer-in-eb-s is m a s werils).
585
586
587
akavSirebineb-s... avalebs an e x m a r e b a d a a k a v S i r o s.
akalvineb-s... mosakalavad aZlevs, _ m o k a l v a S i S v e l i s.
akafvineb-s... avalebs kafos, S v e l i s k a f v a S i. tyes akafvinebs.
akepineb-s... k e p v a S i S v e l i s , exmareba; dasakepad aZlevs. saxinkled xorcs akepinebs.
aketineb-s... avalebs an S v e l i s d a k e t o s . kars urduliT aketinebs.
akecineb-s... avalebs an Svelis [da]kecos. xaliCas akecinebs. _
sufras akecinebs.
akvlevineb-s2... avalebs [gamo]ikvlios, kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebinebs, k v l e v a - Z i e b a S i e x m a r e b a . laboratoriaSi rZis produqtebis xarisxs akvlevineben.
akrialebineb-s... avalebs, S v e l i s an sTxovs [d a ]a k r i a l o s ...
amaragebineb-s... avalebs moamaragos; m o m a r a g e b a S i S v e l i s.
amargvlineb-s... avalebs an S v e l i s m a r g l o s . bostans amargvlinebs.
amarTvineb-s... 1. risame marTvas avalebs; m a r T v a S i S v e l i s .
instruqtori praqtikant-Sofers manqanas amarTvinebda.
amoavsebineb-s... daavalebs amoavsos; a m o v s e b a S i d a e x m a r e b a , _ piramde gaavsebinebs. ormoebi amoavsebina.
amoaSenebineb-s... daavalebs amoaSenos, a m o S e n e b a S i d a e x m a r e b a.
amoawmendineb-s... daavalebs amowmindos; a m o w m e n d a S i d a e x m a r e b a.
aniavebineb-s... avalebs [ga]aniavos; g a n i a v e b a S i S v e l i s . kalos aniavebinebs.
apentvineb-s... avalebs pentos; p e n t v a S i S v e l i s . bambas apentvinebs...
IV. 4.6.2.2. kauzativis mawarmoeblebi. kauzativis mawarmoebelTa Sesaxeb (am kategoriis farTo da viwro gagebis kvalobaze) gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebi arsebobs (a. SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava, g. maWavariani, i. qavTaraZe, e. geurqova, i. veSapiZe, v. imnaiSvili, m. damenia, g. nebieriZe, W. qiria...); mkvlevarTa erTi nawili kauzativis mawarmoeblad sufiqsebs (-in, -evin) asaxelebs;
588
sxvebi mxolod a- prefiqss gamoyofen, zogs kauzativis mawarmoeblad prefiqs-sufiqsi (a- _ -in, a- _ -evin) miaCnia.
gardamavali zmnis kauzativis mawarmoeblad qarTulSi gamoiyofa -in da -evin sufiqsebi.
SeniSvna: -ev moudis ramdenime zmnas: Wam-s _ aWm-ev-s, svams _ asm-ev-s, icvam-s _ acm-ev-s. egeve -ev gvaqvs
arTm-ev-s da arqm-ev-s zmnebSic, magram amaT dakarguli aqvT SualobiTi kontaqtis gageba (a. SaniZe).
-in sufiqsi kauzativis produqtiuli mawarmoebelia. mas
dairTavs uTemisniSno Tu TemisniSnian gardamaval zmnaTa didi
umetesoba, fuZedrekadi zmnebi: wer-s _ a-wer-in-eb-s, xat-av-s _
a-xatv-in-eb-s, a-qrob-s _ a-qrob-in-eb-s, yof-s _ a-yof-in-eb-s, scem-s _ a-cem-in-eb-s, tex-s _ a-tex-in-eb-s, drek-s _ adrek-in-eb-s
da a.S.
produqtiulia kauzativis -evin sufiqsiani warmoebac:
Sl-i-s _ a-Sl-evin-eb-s, Rvr-i-s _ a-Rvr-evin-eb-s, kl-av-s _
a-kvl-evin-eb-s, a-bam-s _ a-bm-evin-eb-s da a.S.
a. SaniZe kauzatiur (SualobiTi kontaqtis) zmnaTa fuZeebis SejerebiT arakauzatiur (uSualo kontaqtis) zmnaTa fuZeebTan aRwers -in da -evin formantebis ganawilebis kanonzomierebas fuZeebis mixedviT:
1. -in moudis yvela jgufis zmnebs, garda -am TemisniSnianebisa.
saxeldobr:
a) erTTemianebs: wer-s _ a-wer-in-eb-s; w e r a
b) xmovanmonacvleebs: grex-s / grix-a _ a-grex-in-eb-s; g r e xa
g) -i TemisniSnianebs, romelTac I seriis formebSi marcvlovani fuZe aqvT:
Toxn-i-s _ a-Toxn-in-eb-s; T o x n a
d) -av TemisniSnianebs, romelTac sawyisSi fuZe ar ekumSebaT:
mal-av-s _ a-malv-in-eb-s; malva.
e) -ev sufiqsianebs: aqc-ev-s _ a-qcev-in-eb-s: q c e v a
v) -em sufiqsianebs: misc-em-s _ mi-a-cem-in-eb-s; c e m a
589
590
-i n / -e v i n sufiqsebi _ kauzativis mawarmoeblebi, erTmaneTis mimarT damatebiTi distribuciis damokidebulebas avlenen. -evin rTuli mawarmoebeli (ev+in); kauzativis mawarmoeblebs
erTvis damatebiTi Tema, -eb Temis niSnis saxiT ganzogadebuli.
d a m a t e b i T i T e m a -e b, romelic martivs daerTvis,
oRond martivi Tema SualobiTi kontaqtiani zmnebisa TavisTavad
rTulia saTanado uSualo kontaqtis formebTan dapirispirebiT. es dapirispireba aaSkaravebs, rom SualobiTi kontaqtis
formaTa mawarmoebelia in an evin (a. SaniZe). Tema -eb III seriaSic gadahyveba:
wer-s > a-wer-in-eb-s, da-a-wer-in-a, da-u-wer-in-eb-i-a
aSen-eb-s > a-Seneb-in-eb-s, a-a-Seneb-in-a, a-u-Seneb-in-eb-i-a
Tl-i-s > a-Tl-evin-eb-s, ga-a-Tl-evin-a, ga-u-Tl-evin-eb-i-a...
IV. 4.6.2.3. a- prefiqsis funqciisaTvis kauzatiur formebSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, gardamaval zmnaTa kauzaciur
(SualobiTi kontaqtis) zmnur formebSi a- prefiqsi aucilebeli Tanmxlebi elementia:
wer-s _ a-werinebs, da-a-wer-in-a
a-Seneb-s _ a-Seneb-in-eb-s, a-a-Seneb-in-a
Tl-i-s _ a-Tl-evin-eb-s, ga-a-Tl-evin-a
a- prefiqsis ganawilebis es wesi sruli ar aris da ramdenadme SezRudulia:
1. a- prefiqsi zmnuri formebidan ar gvxvdeba kauzatiur
gardamaval zmnaTa saTaviso da sasxviso qcevis formebSi:
ga-a-tex-in-a _ ga-i-tex-in-a, ga-a-yr-evin-a _ ga-i-yr-evin-a,
da-a-sob-in-a _ da-i-sob-in-a...
mo-a-tan-in-a _ mo-u-tan-in-a, mo-a-Wed-in-a _ mo-u-Wed-in-a...
2. kauzatiur inian da enian vnebiTebSi: a-Tvl-evin-eb-s _
i-Tvl-evin-eb-a, a-kvr-evin-eb-s _ i-kvr-evin-eb-a... a-kvl-evin-eb-s _
e-kvl-evin-eb-a, a-Tr-evin-eb-s _ e-Tr-evin-eb-a...
3. mesame seriis mwkrivebSi: a-wer-in-eb-s, da-a-wer-in-a _ dau-wer-in-eb-i-a, a-Seneb-in-eb-s, a-a-Seneb-in-a _ a-u-Seneb-in-eb-i-a...
591
592
saTaviso qceva
sasxviso qceva
vneb.
v-i-yr-evin-eb...
ga-u-gdeb-in-a...
v-e-Telv-in-eb-i...
593
594
risiT raime SezRudvas, amdenad awmyos fuZesTan misi dakavSireba semantikurad gaugebaria, Tumca formalurad dasaSvebia. (2)
formaluri argumentebidan sayuradReboa, rom ramdenime zmnas
awmyos fuZe da kauzativisTvis amosavali fuZe gansxvavebuli
aqvs:
kiTxul-ob-s (Tema `ob~) _> a-kiTx-v-in-eb-s (Tema `av)
Sl-i-s (Tema `i~) _> a-Sl-evin-eb-s (Tema ).
keTdeba daskvna, rom arakauzatiuri formidan kauzatiuris
warmoqmna gaSualebulia masdaris fuZiT. amgvari daSveba xsnis
im formaluri (fonetikuri, morfologiuri) xasiaTis gansxvavebebs, rac kauzatiur da arakauzatiur formebs Soris Cans; aq
ganixileba -i, -av da -am TemisniSniani zmnebi:
kiTx-v-a (masdari) _> akiTx-v-in-eb-s
kiTxul-ob-s _> akiTxvin-eb-s
Sl-a (masdari) _> a-Sl-evin-eb-s
Sl-i-s _> a-Sl-evin-eb-s
da ara
da ara
595
596
597
erT-erTi stilistikuri maxasiaTebelicaa, rac misi susti, `sakuTriv vnebiTuri semantikis maCvenebelia~ (T. RvinaZe).
bunebrivad Cndeba azri e- prefiqsisaTvis adekvaturi funqciis moZiebis Sesaxebac, Sdr.: `e- prefiqsi polisemantikuri
aRmoCnda, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi SenarCunebuli aqvs irib obieqtze miniSnebis funqcia~ (b. jorbenaZe).
sxva, kerZod, obieqtebis warmoqmna-mospobis TvalsazrisiT,
gardauval zmnebSi i- maqcevrian formebTan Sepirispirebisas, emaqcevari warmoqmnis irib obieqts, magram gardamaval zmnebTan
Sepirispirebisas pirdapiri obieqtis mospobis funqcias axorcielebs. sinqroniulad e- maqcevris ormagi funqcia savsebiT dasaSvebia, ramdenadac is asaxavs formaTa realur opozicias
(m. maWavariani).
`e- prefiqsi subieqtisa da iribi obieqtis urTierTobas
asaxavs gardauval zmnaSi _ amdenad uaxlovdeba reciprokul
semantikas. i s m a s e b r Z v i s = i s i n i e b r Z v i a n e r T m a n e T s ;
is mas ekamaTeba _ isini kamaToben erTmaneTTan
(i. meliqiSvili)...
faqtia, rom relatiur enian vnebiTTa semantika Zalian
bevr SemTxvevaSi aqtiuria. subieqti aseT zmnebSi ara paciensad,
aramed realur moqmedad, agensad moiazreba (e q a C e b a , e z i d e b a , e j a j g u r e b a...) da amgvar zmnaTa vnebiTobas mxolod formaluri (awmyos sufiqsuri -eb-i, -eb-a) maxasiaTeblebi amowmebs;
Tumca, isic faqtia, rom aseve bevr SemTxvevaSi, eniani vnebiTebis
subieqti semantikurad paciensia da e- gamoxatavs subieqtis mimarTebas iribi obieqtisadmi, konkretulad: p a s i u r i s u b i e q t i s kuTvnilebiT mimarTebas (mikuTvnebas) iribi obieqtisadmi. es pasiuri semantika TvalsaCinod aisaxeba eniani vnebiTebis
qegliseul ganmartebebSi absoluturi, i n i a n i vnebiTis formebisa da III piris kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelis kombinaciiT: romelime e g r i x e b a zmna jer daxasiaTebulia gvaris (aqtiv-pasivis)
mniSvnelobis mixedviT, rogorc saopozicio konversiuli pasivi
sampiriani aqtiuri u g r e x s formisa, xolo ukve vnebiTi gvaris
Sida mimarTebaSi _ rogorc erTpiriani iniani vnebiTis saopozicio orpiriani forma: e g r i x e b - a (daegrixa, dahgrexia)
grduv. vneb. u g r e x s zmnisa _ igrixeba misi. `sxeulis yvela
aso egrixeboda, ekrunCxeboda (ek. gab.)... Tavis adgilas, iniani
598
pasivi (i g r i x e b a) aseve daxasiaTebulia rogorc saTanado moqmedebiTis konversivi da axlavs ganmarteba (an ganmartebebi),
romelic mis p a s i u r o b a s a m o w m e b s , _ am konkretul SemTxvevaSi saTanado aqtivis ganusazRvrelpiriani mravlobiTis
forma, romelic vnebiTis Sinaarss gadmoscems (arn. Ciqobava) da
potencialisis Sinaarsis gamomxatveli Sesityveba: igrixeb-a (daigrixa, dagrexila) grduv. vneb. g r e x s zmnisa: 1. g r e x e n ;
g r e x a S e i Z l e b a . .. (xazgasma Cvenia, m.s.).
aseTi ganmartebiT e g r i x e b a _ `igrixeba misi~ iniani vnebiTebis pasiuri Sinaarsi dublirebulia enian vnebiTebSi, Sdr.:
e b a n e b - a grduv. vneb. bans zmnisa _ ibaneba misi an misTvis
e b n e v - a grduv. vneb. ubnevs zmnisa _ ibneva misi
e b e g v e b - a grduv. vneb. ubegvavs zmnisa _ ibegveba misi da
amgvarad:
e b u r c e b a iburceba misi, e b u r Z g n e b a iburZgneba misi,
e b R u n Z e b a ibRunZeba misi, e g a n g l e b a igangleba misi, e g z a v n e b a igzavneba misi, e g l i j e b a iglijeba misi, e g u l e b a
iguleba misi, e d a g e b a idageba misi, e v a r c x n e b a ivarcxneba
misi, e v s e b a ivseba misi an misTvis, e z r d e b a izrdeba misi an
misTvis, e z R u d e b a izRudeba misi an misTvis, e T e T q v e b a
iTeTqveba misi, e T i T x n e b a iTiTxneba misi, e T o S e b a iToSeba
misi, e T u T q e b a iTuTqeba misi, e T q v i f e b a iTqvifeba misi,
e T x u p n e b a iTxupneba misi, e k a r g e b a ikargeba misi, e k a w r e b a ikawreba misi, e k e c e b a ikeceba misi an misTvis, e k v e c e b a ikveceba misi, e k o d e b a ikodeba misi, e k u m S e b a ,
e k u m S v i s ikumSeba misi, e l a x e b a ilaxeba misi _ Tavmoyvareoba e l a x e b a , e l e s e b a ileseba misi an misTvis, e l e w e b a
ileweba misi an misTvis, e m a r x e b a imarxeba misi, e m i j n e b a
imijneba misgan, e n a x e b a inaxeba misi an misTvis, e n g r e v a ingreva misi, e n e r g e b a inergeba misi an masSi, e n T x e v a inTxeva
misi an masSi, e n j R r e v a injRreva misi, e p o b a ipoba misi,
e J e J e b a iJeJeba misi, e J l i t e b a iJliteba misi, e J R i n T e b a
iJRinTeba misi da a.S.
asea preverbian formebSic:
a-
aigliseba
599
600
601
602
ase rom, e- prefiqsian relatiur gardauval (awmyos jgufebSi -eb-i/-eb-a modelis mqone) zmnaTa sakmaod didi nawilisaTvis, kerZod, im nawilisaTvis, romelTac saopozicio absolutur calebad i- prefiqsiani formebi udasturdebaT, pasiuri
Sinaarsi realobaa, garda amisa, iniani da eniani vnebiTebis opoziciuri calebi, saTanado or- da sampiriani moqmedebiTebis konversivebia:
zrdis is mas _ i-zrdeba is
u-zrdis i s m a s m a s _ e-zrdeba i s m a s .
rogorc a. SaniZe aRniSnavs: `sazogadod qarTulSi aseTi
viTareba gvaqvs: Tu zmnas i- prefiqsi aqvs da SeiZleba misi e-d
Secvla, pasivis formebTan gvaqvs saqme: i - w v i s _ e - w v i s,
i - T q m i s _ e T q m i s, i - z r d e b a _ e - z r d e b a da misT. (a. SaniZe).
warmodgenili masalis mixedviT, i- da e- prefiqsebi pirTa
raodenobis mixedviT gansxvavebuli vnebiTi gvaris formaTa
markerebia da erTmaneTis mimarT kontrastuli distribuciis
mimarTebaSi arian.
rac Seexeba deponensuri Sinaarsis e-prefiqsian zmnaTa im
did jgufs, romelTac aqtiuri (da ara ganmcdeli) subieqti
Seewyoba (elaparakeba, ekamaTeba, ezideba, edaveba, esaubreba,
eamxanageba, emegobreba, elaquceba, epirfereba, esayvedureba,
exumreba, emezobleba, emoyvreba, enaTesaveba, emusaifeba, ebaaseba,
eTaTbireba, elaybeba, eWoraveba, edaveba, eCxubeba, ekamaTeba,
eurCeba, ejiuteba, eWidaveba / eWideba, ejibreba, ekinklaveba, exmalaveba, efarikaveba, ewinaaRmdegeba, ejibreba, ecileba, ejikaveba,
ejajgureba, ebodiSeba, esarCleba, eTamaSeba, eburTaveba, egundaveba, eSaireba, eleqseba, eqilikeba, elazRandaraveba, emasxreba,
eoxunjeba, ekenwlaveba, eWikWikeba, ejajgureba, efafxureba, ebulbuleba da a.S.), eseni semantikurad calke jgufs qmnian (ZiriTadad, urTierTobis aRmniSvneli zmnebia) da sintaqsuradac
araerTgvarovanni (rogorc or-, aseve samvalentianebi) arian. maT
sxvagvari gramatikuli (arapasiuri) kvalifikacia eZlevaT; isini,
e- prefiqsiani vnebiTebisagan gansxvavebiT, sxva gramatikul mimarTebaSi (fizikur, sityvier... urTierTobebSi) monawileoben
(S. afridoniZe; T. RvinaZe); saopozicio calebad gardauval
zmnebSi ara absoluturi iniani vnebiTebi, aramed saSuali
603
gvaris absoluturi formebi (avtotivebi) moudiT (S. afridoniZe; d. meliqiSvili): laparakobs, kamaTobs, Cxubobs, megobrobs, TaTbirobs, jiutobs, Widaobs, TamaSobs, gundaobs, oxunjobs, WikWikobs da a.S.), magram radgan urTierToba mxolod relatiuri SeiZleba iyos, absolutur formebTan es xarvezi
frazaSi -Tan Tandebuliani ubralo damatebis CarTviT kompensirdeba: laparakobs (viRacasTan) _ elaparakeba viRacas, Cxubobs
(viRacasTan) _ eCxubeba viRacas da misT. (S. afridoniZe).
gansxvavebuli, reciprokuli Sinaarsi eZleva l a p a r a k o b s
_ e l a p a r a k e b a tipis mravlobiTi ricxvis saopozicio formebs Tu maT micemiT brunvaSi dasmul saurTierTo nacvalsaxels
`e r T m a n e T s~ davurTavT: saSuali gvaris absolutur zmnebs
-Tan an -Si Tandebulians (e r T m a n e T T a n , e r T m a n e T S i ),
relatiur enian vnebiTebs _ uTandebulos (e r T m a n e T s ):
laparakoben isini (Zmebi, megobrebi, mezoblebi...)
erTmaneTTan / erTmaneTSi
elaparakebian isini (Zmebi, megobrebi, mezoblebi) e r T maneTs.
aseT situaciebs semantikurad ori (an meti) Tanasubieqti
(kosubieqti) hyavs (xolodoviCi), sintaqsurad ki saurTierTo
nacvalsaxels Tavisi funqciebi unarCundeba: absolutur zmnebTan _ ubralo damatebis, xolo relatiurebTan _ iribi damatebisa. elaparakeba, eCxubeba tipis relatiuri eniani formebi
mniSvnelobiT vnebiTisagan gansxvavebuli, saurTierTo moqmedebis
gamomxatveli gardauvali zmnebis damoukidebeli klasia (d. meliqiSvili); pirianobis mixedviT absolutur saopozicio calebad ZiriTadad moudis identuri mniSvnelobis saSuali gvaris
(laparakobs, Cxubobs...) zmnebi, iSviaTad i- prefiqsiani formebic (ibrZvis _ ebrZvis...); gvaris kategoriis mniSvnelobis mixedviT, Cveulebriv, ar upirispirdeba sampiriani konversiuli aqtivebi; saTanado moqmedebiTebi SeiZleba sampirianic iyos, magram
ufro bunebrivi Cans orpiriani formebi; iribi obieqtis SesaZlo adgili -Tan Tandebuliani saxeliT aris kompensirebuli:
a l a p a r a k e b s is mas mas / masTan, a C x u b e b s is mas / masTan,
a m e g o b r e b s is mas mas /masTan... moqmedebis realuri Semsrulebeli pirdapiri obieqtia (d. meliqiSvili, 2001). -Tan Tandebuliani saxeli moqmedebis realur SemsrulebelTan, pirdapir
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605
moqmedebis fizikur xasiaTSi igulisxmeba konkretul saganSi Cadebuli (sagnis fizikuri Tu daniSnulebiTi maxasiaTeblebiT gapirobebuli) tendenciis realizaciis ueWvelobis dafiqsireba, rac am sagnis aRmniSvneli saxelis saTanado moqmedebis saxelTan (zmnasTan) SexamebiT mJRavndeba: qama soko i W m e v a (=qama
sokos Wama SeiZleba), SuaRvino advilad i s m e v a (= SuaRvino
advilad SeiZleba Seisvas), magis dawerili i k i T x e b a (= magis
dawerilis wakiTxva SeiZleba)... da, aseve, moqmedebis saxeliT
(zmniT) gamoxatuli Sinaarsis realurobis Cveneba: RamRamobiT
gareTac g a i s v l e b a (= RamRamobiT gareTac SeiZleba gasvla);
aq ukve i c x o v r e b a (=aq ukve SeiZleba cxovreba); sadac m e d g o m e b a , iq waval (=sadac yofna (dgoma) SemeZleba, iq waval)...
yoveli realuri SesaZlebloba SeuZleblobis momentsac
gulisxmobs: is SeiZleba ganxorcieldes an ar ganxorcieldes;
Sesabamisad, potencialisi gvevlineba ara marto warTqmiTi (iWmeva, ismeva, ikiTxeba), aramed ukuTqmiTi saxiTac. potencialisis
ukuTqmiTi formebi aRweriTad, ar (rodi) nawilakis darTviT
gamoixateba: a r i W m e v a , a r i s m e v a, a r i k i T x e b a... `yoveli
frinvelis xorci r o d i i W m e b a o ~ (andaza)...
potencialisi qarTulSi ZiriTadad prefiqsiani (i n i a n i
da e n i a n i ) vnebiTebis erT- da orpiriani formebiT gadmoicema:
i-Wmeba `Wama SeiZleba~
i-smeba `sma SeiZleba~
i-zomeba `gazomva SeiZleba~
da-i-leva `daleva SeiZleba~
mo-i-naxeba `monaxva SeiZleba~
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samaremde
mimaTrieo
(andaza).
kurdRels aekideba ... da a.S.
607
misi
avla-dideba
vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi, romlebic potencialisis mniSvnelobas aRniSnaven, mwkrivnakli zmnebia, isini z o g a d ,
gany e n e b u l moqmedebas gadmogvcemen da mxolod awmyo-myofadis
droebSi ixmarebian, Tumca am mwkrivebiT gamoxatuli konkretuli drois gageba ara aqvT, Sdr.:
i n i a n i vnebiTebi:
Tu guli gulobs, qada ori xeliT i W m e b a o
cali xeliT taSi ar d a i k v r i s o
da sxv.
e n i a n i vnebiTebi:
naCuqar cxens kbili ar g a e s i n j e b a o
qvriv qals qmari ar d a e y v e d r e b a o
da sxv.
Tu vnebiTi gvaris erTi da imave modeliT potencialisic
gamoixateba da vnebiTobac, vnebiTs sruli, xolo potencialiss
nakluli paradigma eqneba, Sdr.:
aekideb-a (aekida, ahkidebia) grduv. vneb. a h k i d e b s zmnisa
... aikideba misi an masze, _ sazidi gauxdeba, tvirTad daedeba;
SeiZleba ahkidon.
vnebiTis mniSvnelobiT a e k i d e b a (`aikideba misi an masze~)
formas uRvlilebis sruli paradigma eqneba (aekideba, aekida,
ahkidebia): mkvdari mkvdars a e k i d a , samaremde mimaTrieo (andaza), potencialisis mniSvnelobiT a e k i d e b a (`SeiZleba ahkidon~) formas mxolod awmyo-myofadis wris formebi SeiZleba
ewarmoebodes: misi avla-dideba kurdRels a e k i d e b a o (andaza).
aseve, Sdr.:
vnebiTi:
awmyo-myof.
wyvet.
I Turm.
608
potencialisi:
awmyo-myof. ar ismeba, arc iWmeba, arc xeliT dasaWeria (arc
Seismeba, arc SeiWmeba, arc xeliT dasaWeri iqneba)
II da III seriis mwkrivebi ki ukve potencialisis gagebas
aRar iZlevian (b. jorbenaZe).
formaTa umetesoba potencialisis mniSvnelobiT awmyo-myofadSi ixmareba. am mniSvnelobiT saliteraturo qarTulSi iSviaTad dasturdeba I seriis sxva formebi, Tumca uCveulo namdvilad ar aris; Sdr., i n i a n i v n e b i T e b i :
iWmeboda / iWmebodes,
ismeboda / ismebodes,
icxovreboda / icxovrebodes,
daidgmeboda / daidgmebodes,
waisvleboda / waisvlebodes...
statistikurad, vnebiTis formebSi (rogorc i n i a n , aseve
e n i a n vnebiTebSi) potencialisis mniSvneloba ukuTqmiT (ar nawilakian) formebSi ufro aisaxeba: sisxli sisxliT ar g a i b a n e b a ; faraSi koWli cxvari ar g a m o i l e v a ; TiTo marikelas
TiTo mosikela ar d a e l e v a ; naCuqar cxens kbili ar g a e s i n j e b a da a.S., iSviaTia potencialisis warTqmiTi formebi: kiseri
iyos, Torem uReli m o i n a x e b a ...
Cveulebriv, i n i a n i vnebiTebi (warTqmiTebic da ukuTqmiTebic) potencialisis mniSvnelobiT III piris formebia: (ar) iWmeba, (ar) ismeba, (ar) iSoveba... is; gramatikul subieqtad aseT
zmnebTan ZiriTadad ra jgufis saxelia Sewyobili da, bunebrivia, I da II piris formebi ar eqneba. gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT,
subieqtad vin jgufis saxelis SenacvlebiT, piris nakluli paradigma aRdgeba: arc v i W m e b i da arc v i s m e b i ... egeve formebi
garkveul gamoTqmebSi SeiZleba usubieqtodac Segvxvdes: aq arc
iWmeba da arc ismeba _ `aq (saerTod) arc Wama SeiZleba da arc
sma~...
i n i a n i vnebiTis potencialisis zogierTi forma ZiriTadad usubieqtod ixmareba: (ar) w a i s v l e b a, (ar) i c x o v r e b a ,
(ar) d a i d g o m e b a... es zmnebi specialur literaturaSi uqvem-
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611
bis semantikas warmoaCens, _ mxolod arsebulis (resp. SesaZlebelis) uaryofa SeiZleba. ase rom, SesaZlebloba aqtivis warTqmiT
formebSic aisaxeba, Sdr., saTanado gamoTqmebi:
zogierT qveyanaSi lokokinas W a m e n , zogan _ ara = `zogierT qveyanaSi lokokinas W a m a m i R e b u l i a , S e i Z l e b a , zogierT qveyanaSi _ ara~.
qristianebi Rvinos s v a m e n , mahmadianebi _ ara = `qristianebisTvis Rvinis s m a d a S v e b u l i a , S e i Z l e b a , mahmadianebisaTvis _ ara~.
andaza `kuzians samare g a a s w o r e b s o ~ = kuziani marto
samarem S e i Z l e b a g a a s w o r o s ~ da sxv.
saerTod, SesaZleblobis semantika rogorc vnebiTis, aseve
moqmedebiTis warTqmiTi (dadebiTi) Sinaarsis formebSi mkrTalad Cans, Tumca SekiTxvis formaSi gadayvaniT es mniSvneloba
garkveviT ikiTxeba; Sdr.:
es iWmeba? (= amis Wama SeiZleba?)
es eWmeba? (= misTvis amis Wama SeiZleba?)
kuzians samare gaasworebs? (= SeiZleba samarem kuziani gaasworos?) da sxv.
aseve, ra kiTxviT nacvalsaxelebTan dawyvilebul vnebiTisa
da moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs SeuZlia gadmosces SesaZleblobis
Sinaarsi: r a i W m e b a, r a i s m e b a, kaci ver gaigebs (= risi Wama
da sma SeiZleba, kaci ver gaigebs), r a S e W a m s amdens? ( =
rogor SeiZleba amdenis Wama), r a a s m e v s amdens? (= rogor
SeiZleba amdenis sma) da a. S.
IV. 4.7.2.2. miCnevis vnebiTi. vnebiTis funqciebis aRniSvnisas a. SaniZe aseve gamoyofs `miCnevis vnebiTsac~: medideba, mebevreba, memZimeba, mecotaveba, memwareba da misT. da ganmartavs: `miCnevisaa vnebiTis forma, romelic aRniSnavs, Tu rad miaCnia gramatikuli subieqti gramatikul obieqts an rad eCveneba
subieqti obieqts~.
am ganmartebis mixedviT, gramatikuli obieqtis mier subieqtis aRqma erTgvarovani ar aris: `rad m i a C n i a ... an rad e C v e n e b a ~. m i C n e v a s a da [ m o ] C v e n e b a S i sxvadasxva Sinaarsebi
igulisxmeba (`m i m a C n i a~ ufro mentaluri Sefasebaa, `m e C v e -
612
n e b a~ _ gancdiseuli), terminad ki `miCneviTia~ gamotanili. SeiZleba es termini `mTlad Sesaferi araa~(q. lomTaTiZe), magram
is Tavis funqcias asrulebs. specialur literaturaSi `miCnevamoCvenebiTobasac~ xmaroben.
warmovadgenT miCneviTi vnebiTebis ramdenime ganmartebas
qeglis mixedviT:
eadvileb-a (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) grduv. vneb.
u a d v i l e b s zmnisa _ advilia misTvis, uadvildeba; advili
e C v e n e b a , advilad m i a C n i a ...
eguleb-a (mxolod nakvTTa awmyos wyebaSi) grduv. vneb. 1.
sxvagan, garkveul adgilas myofad m i a C n i a , fiqrobs, gumani
aqvs, rom iqaa; Segulebuli hyavs an aqvs... 2. m i a C n i a ramed, raime mdgomareobaSi varaudobs, hgonia...
edideb-a (edida,_) grduv. vneb. didad m i a C n i a , didad
e C v e n e b a , didi hgonia...
eeWveb-a (eeWva,_) grduv. vneb. a e W v e b s zmnisa _ saeWvod
m i a C n i a , ara sjera.
emlaSeb-a (emlaSa,_) grduv. vneb. mlaSe e C v e n e b a , emwuTxeba.
eucxoveb-a (eucxova,_) grduv. vneb. ucnaurad e C v e n e b a ,
ucnaurad m i a C n i a . ..
eucnaureb-a (eucnaura,_) grduv. vneb. ucnaurad e C v e n e b a , ucnaurad m i a C n i a ...
euSnoeb-a (euSnova,_) grduv. vneb. uSnod e C v e n e b a , uSnod m i a C n i a ...
rogorc Cans, miCnevis vnebiTebis ganmmartvel frazebSi,
zogjer paraleluradac, sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba
rogorc `m i a C n i a ~, aseve `e C v e n e b a ~. amdenad termini `miCnevis vnebiTebi~ am semantikis zmnaTaTvis misaRebi Cans.
potencialisis formebisagan gansxvavebiT `miCnevis vnebiTebi~, semantikidan gamomdinare, yovelTvis relatiuria, orpiriani, gadmoicema mxolod eniani vnebiTebis formiT. aseTi vnebiTebi iwarmoebs I da II seriis usruli aspeqtis formebs: e u k a d r i s e b a _ e u k a d r i s a, e t k b o b a _ e t k b o, e t k b i l e b a _
e t k b i l a, e Z n e l e b a _ e Z n e l a, e u x e r x u l e b a _ e u x e r -
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pasivi
uadvildeba
gauadvilda
gaadvilebia...
615
b a, u p a t a r a v d e b a, u m o k l d e b a, u m J a v d e b a da a.S.) konversivebia.
xolo `miCnevis vnebiTTa~ nawils saerTod ar uCans saTanado aqtivis formebi; aseTi zmnebia e p i t n a v e b a, e s i z m r e b a,
e s i r c x v e b a, e s i r c x v i l e b a, e u k a d r i s e b a, e u x e r x u l e b a, e C o T i r e b a, e x a m u S e b a da sxv. am fuZeebidan arc d o n iani vnebiTebi iwarmoeba.
`miCnevis vnebiTebs~ TiTqmis ar ukeTdeba absoluturi,
i n i a n i formebi da Tuki aseTi aqvs, misi funqcia e n i a n i sagan
gansxvavebulia, Sdr.:
edideb-a _ d i d a d e C v e n e b a, d i d a d m i a C n i a
idideb-a (idida, _) grduv. vneb. didebiT iqneba mosili,
didebiT moixsenieben (Cveulebriv ixmareba brZan. da kavS. II-Si).
ebilweba formas qeglis mixedviT ori mniSvneloba udasturdeba:
I. vnebiTis mniSvnelobaa _ `bilwi, uwminduri uxdeba~. SeiZleba asec gangvemarta: i b i l w e b a m i s i; II. miCnevis mniSvneloba: bilwad eCveneba, ezizReba. ebilwa cotnes piroba, magram ar
icis, raRa qnas (akaki). saTanado iniani vnebiTi e b i l w e b a
formis I mniSvnelobis (`bilwi, uwminduri uxdeba) Sesabamisia;
Sdr.:
ebilweba... 1. bilwi, uwminduri uxdeba
ibilweba... bilwaven, bilwi xdeba
pirveli mniSvneloba e n i a n i formisa vnebiTis mniSvnelobaa, Sdr., saTanado absoluturi ibilweba gardauv. vnebiTi
b i l w a v s zmnisa _ bilwaven; bilwi xdeba. i b i l w e b a formis
ganmarteba aqtivis ganusazRvrelpiriani mravlobiTis formiT
(bilwaven) swored vnebiTobis mniSvnelobas adasturebs. sxvaTa
Soris, es i n i a n i forma d o n i a n vnebiTTaTvis damaxasiaTebel
e.w. `gardaqceviTobis~ mniSvnelobasac gamoxatavs _ `bilwi xdeba~. e b i l w e b a formis meore, `miCnevis~ mniSvneloba (`bilwad
eCveneba~) vnebiTis modelisaTvis meoreuli mniSvneloba Cans. es
ori mniSvneloba uRvlilebis ZiriTadi formebiTac gansxvavebulia.
1. ebilweba, waebilwa, wabilwvia
2. ebilweba, ebilwa, bilwebia
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Semoetyipeb-a (Semoetyipa, Semostyepia) grduv. vneb. Tavs gaatyepinebs, _ ecemineba. `dRes meCxubriSvili kinaRam
S e m o m e t y i p a ~ (a. baqr.)
Semoetyueb-a (Semoetyua, Semostyuebia) grduv. vneb. Semoatyuebs zmnisa _ SeeCeCeba (amas). `erTi vincxa layafi aznauri S e m o m e t y u a da colad qve SemirTo~ (z. anton.). || motyuebiT Semouva, Semoepareba...
Semoakvdeb-a (Semoakvda, Semohkvdomia) grduv. vneb. ucabedad,
uneburad emsxverpleba (vinme); Tavisi survilis gareSe,
SemTxveviT moklavs. cecxlmokidebuls iqneba uecrad
kaci S e m o m k v d o m o d a (ilia). [gamixardis] ar mouklavs vefxvi erTis meti, da isic uneburad Turme S e m o a k v d a (vaJa)...
uneblie/uneburi moqmedebis aRmniSvneli vnebiTis formaTa
ganmartebebSi paralelurad sxva mniSvnelobebic daCndeba: S e umCnevlad, motyuebiT, ucabedad, Tavisi survil i s g a r e S e , S e m T x v e v i T _ es mniSvnelobebi uneblie moqmedebis semantikaSi (is, rac moqmedebis neba-survils ar Seefereba, misi neba-survilis sawinaaRmdegoa, mis neba-survilze ar
aris damokidebeuli) Tavsdeba.
unebliobis semantikas gulisxmoben ZiriTadad e.w. `saziano~ moqmedebebi: S e m o e f l i T e b a , S e m o e f x r i w e b a , S e m o esriseba, SemoerRveva, SemoefSvneba, Semomemtvrev a , S e m o e g l i j e b a da sxv.
faqtobrivad, unebliobis semantika vnebiTis formebSi gamoixateba Semo- zmniswinis gareSec da sxva zmniswinebis saSualebiTac da uzmniswino formebSic, Sdr.: qegli S e m o a t y d e b a
formis gansamartavad Seatydeba formasTan gvagzavnis: `i g i v e a ,
r a c S e a t y d e b a ~. Seatydeba ki asea ganmartebuli: `u n e b l i e d gautydeba, xelSi Caemtvreva~.
unebliobis semantika rom Semo- zmniswinis gareSec gamoixateba, es faqti samecniero literaturaSic SemCneulia, Sdr.:
`uneblieT moqmedebis mniSvneloba aSkarad igrZnoba sxva zmniswinebiT warmoebis SemTxvevaSi, mag.: a - m e n T o , g a - m e R o (Tvalebi), m i - m e l u l a (Tvalebi), d a - m e s w a v l a (`kiTxvaSi leqsi
621
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IV. 5.2. Tvalsazrisebi uRlebis tipebad dayofis Taobaze. uRlebis tipebad dayofa, zmnaTa klasifikacia tipebis gamoyofis gziT araa axali movlena. jer kidev praqtikul gramatikebSi cdilobdnen avtorebi uRlebis tipebis gamoyofas sxvadasxva zmnuri kategoriebisa Tu formawarmoebis TaviseburebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT. qarTul samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad
ori Tvalsazrisia gatarebuli qarTuli zmnebis klasifikaciis,
uRlebis tipebis gamoyofisa. Cveulebriv zmnaTa dajgufeba xdeba
ramdenime niSnis mixedviT. a. S a n i Z i s azriT, `mTavari es aris:
rogoria urTierToba samive seriis formebs Soris warmoebis
TvalsazrsiT~ ZiriTad saklasifikacio niSnad gvaris kategoria
aris miCneuli, damatebiT niSnad _ statikuroba-dinamikuroba.
I tipi. uRleba moqm. gvaris zmnebisa. amaTi mTavari Tavisebureba is aris, rom isini III seriis formebs inversiulad awarmoeben. amas garda, pirdapiri mimarTebis formebi mxolod aq
aris SesaZlebeli.
II tipi. uRleba dinamikuri vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisa. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba pirveli tipis zmnaTa uRlebisagan III seriaSi iCens
Tavs. Tanac aq zmnebi ganiyofa imis mixedviT, erTpiriania forma
Tu orpiriani: amas Tavisi warmoeba aqvs da imas _ Tavisi. amas
garda, am tipis zmnebs pirveli tipis zmnaTagan ganasxvavebs savrcobi (od).
III tipi. uRleba saSual-moqmedebiTi (medioaqtivi) zmnebisa.
am zmnebs Senacvlebis wesiT aqvT nawarmoebi II da III seriis formebi, agreTve I seriis myofadis wrisa. Senacvlebisas gamoyenebulia imave fuZis moqmedebiTis saTavisos an sasxvisos formebi.
IV tipi. uRleba saSual-vnebiTi (mediopasivi) zmnebisa da
statikuri vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisa. amaT yvelas aerTianebs
mwkrivebis kleba (an meore seriisa mTlianad, an uwyvetlisa da
awmyos kavSirebiTisa I seriidan). amas garda, awmyoSi eseni meSvel zmnas dairTaven pirvelsa da meore pirSi.
TiToeuli tipis SigniT kidev aris Tav-Tavisi dayofileba.
I tipis uGlebaSi zmnebi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu, jer
erTi, rogor aris nawarmoebi awmyo (sruli aspeqtis SemTxvevaSi: myofadi), e. i. ra Temis niSani zmnas da, amasTan erTad, ikumSeba fuZe, Tu ara. merme, rogor aris nawrmeobi wyvetili; da,
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v-tir-i
s-tir-i
tir-i-s
v-tir-i-T
s-tir-i-T
tir-i-an
`nasesxebi~ formebi
`myofadis wreSi~
myofadi
v-i-tir-eb
i-tir-eb
i-tir-eb-s
v-i-tir-eb-T
i-tir-eb-T
i-tir-eb-en
uwyveteli v-tir-od-i
s-tir-od-i
tir-od-a
v-tir-od-i-T
s-tir-od-i-T
tir-od-nen
xolmeobiTi
v-i-tir-eb-d-i
i-tir-eb-d-i
i-tir-eb-d-a
v-i-tir-eb-d-i-T
i-tir-eb-d-i-T
i-tir-eb-d-nen
awmy. kavS.
myof. kavS.
v-i-tir-eb-d-e
i-tir-eb-d-e
i-tir-eb-d-e-s
v-i-tir-eb-d-e-T
i-tir-eb-d-e-T
i-tir-eb-d-nen
v-tir-od-e
s-tir-od-e
tir-od-e-s
v-tir-od-e-T
s-tir-od-e-T
tir-od-nen
sakuTari formebi
awmyo
v-dga-var
dga-xar
dga-s
v-dga-varT
dga-xarT
dgan-an
629
nasesxebi formebi
myofadi
v-i-dg-eb-i
i-dg-eb-i
i-dg-eb-a
v-i-dg-eb-i-T
i-dg-eb-i-T
i-dg-eb-i-an
uwyveteli
xolmeobiTi
v-i-dg-eb-od-i
i-dg-eb-od-i
i-dg-eb-od-a
v-i-dg-eb-od-i-T
i-dg-eb-od-i-T
i-dg-eb-od-nen
awmy. kavS.
myof. kavS.
v-i-dg-eb-od-e
i-dg-eb-od-e
i-dg-eb-od-e-s
v-i-dg-eb-od-e-T
i-dg-eb-od-e-T
i-dg-eb-od-nen
nasesxebi formebi
awmyo
myofadi
m-i-yvar-s
g-i-yvar-s
u-yvar-s
gv-i-yvar-s
g-i-yvar-T
u-yvar-T
m-e-yvar-eb-a
g-e-yvar-eb-a
e-yvar-eb-a
gv-e-yvar-eb-a
g-e-yvar-eb-a-T
e-yvar-eb-a-T
/
/
/
/
/
/
Se-m-i-yvar-d-e-b-a
Se-g-i-yvar-d-e-b-a
Se-u-yvar-d-e-b-a
Se-gv-i-yvar-d-e-b-a
Se-g-i-yvar-d-e-b-a-T
Se-u-yvar-d-e-b-a-T
630
uwyveteli
m-i-yvar-d-a
g-i-yvar-d-a
u-yvar-d-a
gv-i-yvar-d-a
g-i-yvar-d-a-T
u-yvar-d-a-T
awmy. kavSirebiTi
m-i-yvar-d-e-s
g-i-yvar-d-e-s
u-yvar-d-e-s
gv-i-yvar-d-e-s
g-i-yvar-d-e-T
u-yvar-d-e-T
xolmeobiTi
m-e-yvar-eb-od-a
g-e-yvar-eb-od-a
e-yvar-eb-od-a
gv-e-yvar-eb-od-a
g-e-yvar-eb-od-a-T
e-yvar-eb-od-a-T
/ Se-m-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-a
/ Se-g-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-a
/ Se-u-yvar-d-e-b-od-a
/ Se-gv-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-a
/ Se-g-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-a-T
/ Se-u-yvar-d-e-b-od-a-T
myof. kavSirebiTi
m-e-yvar-eb-od-e-s
g-e-yvar-eb-od-e-s
e-yvar-eb-od-e-s
gv-e-yvar-eb-od-e-s
g-e-yvar-eb-od-e-T
e-yvar-eb-od-e-T
/
/
/
/
/
/
Se-m-i-yvar-d-eb-od-e-s
Se-g-i-yvar-d-eb-od-e-s
Se-u-yvar-d-eb-od-e-s
Se-gv-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-e-s
Se-g-i-yvar-d-e-b-od-e-T
Se-u-yvar-d-e-b-od-e-T
SeniSvna: II da III seriaSi gagrZeleba myofadis meore variants eqneba: Se-m-i-yvar-d-a, Se-m-i-yvar-d-e-s, Se-myvar-eb-i-a...
nasesxebi formebi
awmyo
v-boboqr-ob
boboqr-ob
boboqr-ob-s
v-boboqr-ob-T
boboqr-ob-T
boboqr-ob-en
myofadi
v-i-boboqr-eb
i-boboqr-eb
i-boboqr-eb-s
v-i-boboqr-eb-T
i-boboqr-eb-T
i-boboqr-eb-en
/
/
/
/
/
/
a-v-boboqrd-eb-i
a-boboqrd-eb-i
a-boboqrd-eb-a
a-v-boboqrd-eb-i-T
a-boboqrd-eb-i-T
a-boboqrd-eb-i-an
xolmeobiTi
uwyveteli
v-boboqr-ob-d-i
boboqr-ob-d-i
boboqr-ob-d-a
v-boboqr-ob-d-i-T
v-i-boboqr-eb-d-i
i-boboqr-ebd-i
i-boboqr-eb-d-a
v-i-boboqr-eb-d-i-T
/ a-v-boboqrd-eb-od-i
/
a-boboqrd-eb-od-i
/
a-boboqrd-eb-od-a
/ a-v-boboqrd-eb-od-i-T
boboqr-ob-d-i-T
boboqr-ob-d-nen
awmy. kavS.
v-boboqr-ob-d-e
boboqr-ob-d-e
boboqr-ob-d-e-s
v-boboqr-ob-d-e-T
boboqr-ob-d-e-T
boboqr-ob-d-nen
631
i-boboqr-eb-d-i-T
i-boboqr-eb-d-nen
/
/
a-boboqrd-eb-od-i-T
a-boboqrd-eb-od-nen
myof. kavSirebiTi
v-i-boboqr-eb-d-e
i-boboqr-ebd-e
i-boboqr-eb-d-e-s
v-i-boboqr-eb-d-e-T
i-boboqr-eb-d-e-T
i-boboqr-eb-d-nen
/
/
/
/
/
/
a-v-boboqrd-eb-od-i
a-boboqrd-eb-od-i
a-boboqrd-eb-od-a
a-v-boboqrd-eb-od-i-T
a-boboqrd-eb-od-i-T
a-boboqrd-eb-od-nen
632
i-mef-eb-s
i-mef-eb-da
i-mef-eb-d-e-s
i-mef-a
i-mef-o-s
u-mef-i-a
e-mef-a
e-mef-o-s
e-Zul-eb-a
e-Zul-eb-od-a
e-Zul-eb-od-e-s
_
_
_
_
_
/
/
/
Se-s-Zul-d-eb-a
Se-s-Zul-d-eb-od-a
Se-s-Zul-d-eb-od-e-s
Se-s-Zul-d-a
Se-s-Zul-d-e-s
Se-s-Zul-eb-i-a
Se-s-Zul-eb-od-a
Se-s-Zul-eb-od-e-s
bibin-eb-s
bibin-eb-d-a
bibin-eb-d-e-s
633
i-bibin-eb-s
i-bibin-eb-d-a
i-bibin-eb-d-e-s
/
/
/
a-bibin-d-eb-a
a-bibin-d-eb-od-a
a-bibin-d-eb-od-es
i-bibin-a
i-bibin-o-s
u-bibin-i-a
e-bibin-a
e-bibin-o-s
/
/
/
/
/
a-bibin-d-a
a-bibin-d-e-s
abibinebul-a
abibinebul-iyo
abibinebul-iyos
i-tyv-i-s
i-ty-od-a
i-ty-od-e-s
Tqv-a
Tqv-a-s
u-Tqv-am-s
e-Tqv-a
e-Tqv-a-s
i-zam-s
i-zam-d-a
i-zam-d-e-s
qn-a
qn-a-s
u-qn-i-a
e-qn-a
e-qn-a-s
i-qn-eb-a
i-qn-eb-od-a
i-qn-eb-od-e-s
i-y-o
i-y-o-s
634
yofil-a
yofil-iyo
yofil-iyos
SeniSvna: 1. sagulisxmo faqtia _ III seria yvela SemTxvevaSi II seriis fuZes imeorebs. 2. aq imasac mivaqcevT yuradRebas, rom amb martivi fuZisagan
warmoebuli neitraluri qcevis forma semantikur paradigmas qmnis.
am paradigmebis gacnoba erTi daskvnis saSualebas gvaZlevs:
rogorc meore rigis paradigmebi (ambobs... aris... Svreba...) ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos formobriv paradigmad da, Sesabamisad, morfologiuri analizis faqtad, ise pirveli rigis paradigmebi
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos formobriv paradigmad. sxvagvarad: `sesxeba~ ar aris morfologiuri faqti... es semantikis sferoa.
rac Seexeba imas, rom ambobs _ ityvis _ Tqva erT paradigmad warmogvidgeba, morfologiuri analizis dros unda iTqvas, rom ambobs aris zmna (is zmnuri forma), romelsac mxolod awmyos drouli mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba
aqvs; Sesabamisad: ityvis aris is zmna (zmnuri forma), romelsac
ara aqvs awmyos gamoxatvis SesaZlebloba, gamoxatavs mxolod momaval dros da, Sesabamisad, aseve iTqmis Tqva formazec _ igi
warsuli drois mniSvnelobas gadmoscems. am martivi fuZis axlandeli da momavali drois gamoxatva ar xdeba. aseve SeiZleba
iTqvas mefobs da imefebs, dgas da idgeba, brunavs da ibrunebs da sxva mravali msgavsi SemTxvevis Sesaxeb; anu im zmnebis
Sesaxeb, romlebic `sesxebis gziT ivseben naklul mwkrivebs~.
da yovelive es xdeba gansxvavebiT im zmnebisagan, romlebic
erTi da imave martivi fuZiT, erTi morfologiuri paradigmis
farglebSi axdenen am droul dapirispirebas: wer-s _ da-wers
_ dawera. axlandeli da momavali drois gansxvaveba erTi mwkrivis farglebSi xdeba zog SemTxvevaSi zmniswinis meSveobiT, zog
SemTxvevaSi _ konteqstis daxmarebiT.
IV. 5.4. zmnaTa dajgufeba mwkrivTa warmoebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT. zmniswinis rolze, aspeqtis kategoriis mniSvnelobaze da e. w. mwkrivis elementTa (anu uRlebis kategoriaTa)
635
awmyo-myofadi
b)
awmyo-myofadi
uwyvetel-xolmeobiTi
I kavSirebiTi
g)
awmyo-myofadi
uwyvet.-xolmeobiTi
I kavSirebiTi
wyvetili
II kavSirebiTi
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
uRlebis jgufebis gamoyofis dros am faqts gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces. gavixsenoT: `uRleba aRniSnavs piriani zmnis formacvalebas yvela mwkrivSi, romelic ki moepoveba
aRebul zmnas~ (a. SaniZe). dazusteba _ `romelic ki moepoveba
aRebul zmnas~ _ gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela zmnas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba yvela mwkrivis formaTa warmoebisa; anu: zmnebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan imis mixedviTac, Tu ra S e s a Z l e b l o b a a q v s m a s m w k r i v T a w a r m o e b i s a. vfiqrobT: zmnis
formobrivi analizisas zmnaTa dajgufeba am niSnis mixedviT un-
636
da moxdes: r o g o r i a S e s a Z l e b l o b a z m n i s a m w k r i v i s
f o r m a T a w a r m o e b i s a; sxvagvarad: S e s w e v s T u a r a z m n a s
u n a r i y v e l a m w k r i v i s f o r m a T a w a r m o e b i s a.
mwkrivis formaTa warmoebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT zmnebi
sam jgufad SeiZleba davyoT; Sesabamisad gveqneba sami tipi uRlebisa:
I saxis uRlebas ganekuTvneba is zmnebi, romelTac mxolod
erTi mwkrivis (awmyo-myofadis) formebi moepovebaT (zemowarmodgenil msjelobis safuZvelze e. w. `nasesxeb~ formebs mxedvelobaSi ar viRebT). am jgufSi Semova: a) e. w. statikuri vnebiTis formebi: abia, abaria, abadia, hburavs, xuravs da misTanani.
b) e. w. mediopasiur zmnaTa erTi nawili: wevs, dgas, Zevs, sxedan da sxva.
am tipis zmnebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc erTpiriani, ise orpiriani: abia / ubia, agia / ugia, agdia / ugdia, asvia / usvia,
afenia / ufenia... dgas / udgas, zis / azis / uzis...
am tipis zmnaTa uRlebis erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani is aris,
rom I da II subieqturi piris formebs meSveli zmniT iwarmoeben:
v-dga-var
dga-xar
v-dga-varT
dga-xarT
v-zi-var
zi-xar
v-zi-varT
zi-xarT
v-sxed-var-T
sxed-xar-T
v-wevar
wev-xar
v-wevar-T
wev-xar-T
anda:
v-abari-var
abari-xar
v-agdi-var
agdi-xar
zogi zmnisaTvis I-II subieqturi piris formebi ar Cans bunebrivi: hburavs, xuravs...
sagulisxmoa is faqtic, rom am tipis zmnebi zmniswins ar
dairTaven. drouli gageba am zmnebisa stabiluria _ awmyos gageba aqvT (zogadisa Tu konkretulisa).
II tipis uRlebas ganekuTvneba is zmnebi, romlebic mxolod
I seriis mwkrivTa formebs iwarmoebs:
637
awmyo-myofadi
v-mef-ob
mef-ob
mef-ob-s
v-mef-ob-T
mef-ob-T
mef-ob-en
v-ityv-i
ityv-i
ityv-i-s
v-ityv-i-T
ityv-i-T
ityv-i-an
v-TamaS-ob
TamaS-ob
TamaS-ob-s
v-TamaS-ob-T
TamaS-ob-T
TamaS-ob-en
v-ic-i
ic-i
ic-i-s
v-ic-i-T
ic-i-T
ic-i-an
v-amb-ob
amb-ob
amb-ob-s
v-amb-ob-T
amb-ob-T
amb-ob-en
uwyvetel-xolmeobiTi
v-mef-ob-d-i
mef-ob-d-i
mef-ob-d-a
v-mef-ob-d-i-T
mef-ob-d-i-T
mef-ob-d-nen
v-ity-od-i
ity-od-i
ity-od-a
v-TamaS-ob-d-i
TamaS-ob-d-i
TamaS-ob-d-a
v-TamaS-ob-d-i-T
TamaS-ob-d-i-T
TamaS-ob-d-nen
v-ic-od-i
ic-od-i
ic-od-a
v-ity-od-i-T
ity-od-i-T
ity-od-nen
v-ic-od-i-T
ic-od-i-T
ic-od-nen
v-amb-ob-d-i
amb-ob-d-i
amb-ob-d-a
v-amb-ob-d-i-T
amb-ob-d-i-T
amb-ob-d-nen
I kavSirebiTi
v-mef-ob-d-e
mef-ob-d-e
mef-ob-d-e-s
v-mef-ob-d-e-T
mef-ob-d-e-T
mef-ob-d-nen
v-ity-od-e
v-TamaS-ob-d-e
TamaS-ob-d-e
TamaS-ob-d-e-s
v-TamaS-ob-d-e-T
TamaS-ob-d-e-T
TamaS-ob-d-nen
v-ic-od-e
v-amb-ob-d-e
amb-ob-d-e
amb-ob-d-e-s
v-amb-ob-d-e-T
amb-ob-d-e-T
amb-ob-d-nen
638
ity-od-e
ity-od-e-s
ic-od-e
ic-od-e-s
v-ity-od-e-T
ity-od-e-T
ity-od-nen
v-ic-od-e-T
ic-od-e-T
ic-od-nen
ZiriTadad am jgufSi Semodis is zmnebi, romelTac medioaqtiur zmnebs vuwodebT _ swavlobs, cxovrobs, amxanagobs, cruobs, tyuis... garda amisa, ramdenime gardamavali dinamikuri zmna,
e. w. mwkrivSi monacvle zmnebi _ ambobs, ityvis; Svreba, izams...;
statikuri zmnebi _ icis, uwyis... da gardamavali dinamikuri
zmnebi _ iqneba, gaeZleba, gaemtyuneba...
II jgufis zmnaTa umetesoba uzmniswinoa, zmniswins ver iguebs. erTi nawili medioaqtiuri zmnebisa zmniswiniania, magram
zmniswini droisa da aspeqtis gamoxatvis unars moklebulia; es
ZiriTadad moZraobis aRmniSvneli zmnebia: midis, mirbis, mifrinavs... aseTi SeiZleba iyos mi-TamaSobs, mo-TamaSaobs tipis
formebic.
aris zmnaTa erTi nawili, romelic yovelTvis zmniswiniania. zmniswini am SemTxvevaSi zmnuri formis leqsikur mniSvnelobas gansazGvravs _ gaeZleba, gaemtyuneba, gaewyoba...
SeniSvna: 1. ama Tu im tipis uRlebis zmnaTa daxasiaTeba morfologiuri Tu semantikuri TvalsazrisiT calke kvlevis sagnad gvesaxeba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven davkmayofildebiT mxolod zogadi miTiTebiT zmnaTa formobriv-semantikur Taviseburebebze.
2. zmniswinisa da zmnuri formis urTiermimarTebis sakiTxi arsebiT mniSvnelobas iZens, ramdenadac, rogorc vnaxeT da vnaxavT, aris SemTxvevebi,
a) roca zmna zmniswins saerTod ver iguebs _
mefobs, ambobs, ityvis, icis... adRegrZelebs,
adardebs... b) roca zmnuri forma zmniswinis
gareSe ar gvxvdeba (imave semantikiT) _ miagebs,
moaswavebs; daejereba, daiSveba... aRmocendeba,
ganagrZobs... g) roca paraleluri zmniswiniani
da uzmniswino variantebi Tanabradaa dasaSvebi
639
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
(da)-wers
(da)-werda
(da)-werdes
(da)-wera
(da)-weros
(da)-uweria
(da)-ewera
(da)-eweros
(ga)-akeTebs
(ga)-akeTebda
(ga)-akeTebdes
(ga)-akeTa
(ga)-akeTos
(ga)-ukeTebia
(ga)-ekeTebina
(ga)-ekeTebinos
(mo)-dreks
(mo)-drekda
(mo)-drekdes
(mo)-drika
(mo)-drikos
(mo)-udrekia
(mo)-edrika
(mo)-edrikos
640
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
gvems
gvemda
gvemdes
gvema
gvemos
ugvemia
egvema
egvemos
icxovrebs
icxovrebda
icxovrebdes
icxovra
icxovros
ucxovria
ecxovra
ecxovros
ijdeba
ijdeboda
ijdebodes
ijda
ijdes
mjdara
mjdariyo
mjdariyos
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
aR-iqvams
aR-iqvamda
aR-iqvamdes
aR-iqva
aR-iqvas
aR-uqvams
aR-eqva
aR-eqvas
gan-agrZobs
gan-agrZobda
gan-agrZobdes
gan-agrZo
gan-agrZos
gan-ugrZvia
gan-egrZo
gan-egrZos
aRmo-cendeba
aRmo-cendeboda
aRmo-cendebodes
aRmo-cenda
aRmo-cendes
aRmo-cenebula
aRmo-cenebuliyo
aRmo-cenebuliyos
am qvejgufSi Semova umTavresad is zmnebi, romelTac zmniswinTa arqauli formebi Semoinaxes (aRiarebs, aRnusxavs, aGuTqvams, aRWuravs... ganmuxtavs, ganavrcobs... warmoSobs... STaagonebs...). aris sxva SemTxvevebic (dasZens, miirTmevs, miqaravs, mou-
641
_ (ga)-Tbeba
_ (ga)-Tbeboda
_ (ga)-Tbebodes
_ ga-Tba
_ ga-Tbes
_ ga-mTbara
_ ga-mTbariyo
_ ga-mTbariyos
(da)-emaleba
(da)emaleboda
(da)-emalebodes
da-emala
da-emalos
da-malvia
da-malvoda
da-malvodes
(ga)-keTdeba
(ga)-keTdeboda
(ga)-keTdebodes
ga-keTda
ga-keTdes
ga-keTebula
ga-keTebuliyo
ga-keTebuliyos
642
mwkrivis formaTa warmoebis SesaZleblobaTa mixedviT zmnebis dajgufebam erTi saintereso faqtic warmoaCina:
a) Tu zmnas aqvs uwyvetel-xolmeobiTisa da I kavSirebiTis
formebi, aucileblad eqneba awmyo-myofadis formac. b) Tu
zmnas aqvs II da III seriis mwkrivTa formebi, aucileblad eqneba I
seriis mwkrivTa formebic.
wesi Seqcevadi araa: zmnas SeiZleba hqondes awmyo-myofadis
forma, magram ar ewarmoebodes sxva mwkrivis formebi. anda:
zmnas SeiZleba hqondes I seriis mwkrivTa formebi, magram ar
ewarmoebodes II da III seriis formebi.
es faqtebi garkveulad mxars uWers mwkrivTa tradiciul
dajgufebas, marTebulobas...
erTi saintereso kanonzomierebac irkveva: Tu zmnas aqvs
uwyvetel-xolmeobiTis forma, eqneba I kavSirebiTic. aseve _ Tu
zmnas aqvs wyvetilis forma, eqneba II kavSirebiTic. faqti imiTaa
saintereso, rom uwyvetel-xolmeobiTi da I kavSirebiTi, erTi
mxriv, da wyvetili da II kavSirebiTi, meore mxriv, urTierTCanacvlebuli formebia. aseTive damokidebuleba araa awmyo-myofadsa da uwyvetel-xolmeobiTs Soris. es ori mwkrivi erTmaneTs xazovani principiT miemarTeba.
SeniSvna: is, rac iTqva axali qarTulis sistemis magaliTze, iTqmis Zveli qarTulisa da dialeqtebis sistemaTa mimarTac. gansxvavebuli mwkrivebi am kanonzomierebas ar arRvevs. I xolmeobiTi (uwyvetlis xolmeobiTi) Canacvlebis principiT miemarTeba uwyvetelsa da I kavSirebiTs, xolo II xolmeobiTi _ wyvetilsa da II kavSirebiTs. Sesabamisad, Tu zmnas aqvs uwyvetlis forma, eqneba uwyvetlis xolmeobiTic; aseve: Tu gvaqvs wyvetilis
forma, gveqneba II xolmeobiTic. sxvagvarad: urTierTCanacvlebad formaTagan Tu arsebobs erT-erTi, iqneba danarCenic.
Cveni azriT, jerjerobiT amouxsneli, magram saintereso kanonzomiereba Cans dafaruli am faqtebSi.
643
644
orTemiania
(da)v-xat-av
(da)v-xat-av-d-i
(da)v-xat-av-d-e
(da)-v-xat-e
(da)v-xat-o
meore SemTxvevaSi xat martivi Temaa, xat-av _ rTuli. martiv da rTul TemaTa ganmasxvavebel elements Temis niSani daerqva. Temis niSnebad gamoyofen sufiqsebs: -i, -av, -am, -eb, -ob,
-of, -em...
saubroben g a v r c o b i l da g a u v r c o b e l Temazec; I
seriis or mwkrivs Tema gavrcobili aqvs -d, an -od-is darTviT,
romelTac s a v r c o b s v e Z a x i T .
orTemianad miiCneva fuZis gaxmovanebiT dapirispirebuli
zmnebic:
I seria
II seria
v-grex
v-grix-e
v-grex-d-i
v-grix-o
v-grex-d-e
saubaria mxolod im SemTxvevaze, roca I seriis Tema e gaxmovanebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo meore seriis Tema _ i gaxmovanebiT. vfiqrobT, unda visaubroT gaxmovanebis sxva variantzec:
roca I seriis Tema uxmovnoa, meore seriisa _ a-xmovniani:
v-zrd-i
v-zrd-idi
v-zrd-ide
v-zard-e
v-zard-o
645
Tumca sanam am sakiTxze visaubrebT, amgvar zmnebSi -i sufiqsis raoba aris gasarkvevi.
ra aris v-zrd-i, v-Tl-i, v-Tvl-i tipis zmnebSi -i bolosarTi?
IV. 5.5.1.2. -i elementis Taobaze zrd-i-s tipis zmnebSi.
samecniero literaturaSi v-zrd-i tipis zmnebTan awmyoSi gamovlenili i elementi Temis niSnad gaiazreba (a. SaniZe). yvela saxis gamokvlevasa Tu saxelmZRvaneloSi es azri gaziarebulia.
safuZveli amgvari gaazrebisa is aris, rom i gasdevs I seriis paradigmas yvela mwkrivSi:
(ga)-v-zrd-i
(ga)-v-zrd-idi
(ga)-v-zrd-ide
Sdr.:
v-kl-av
v-kl-av-di
v-kl-av-de
miRebuli ganmartebebis mixedviT, zrd-i saerTo fuZea pirveli seriis mwkrivTaTvis, amitom I seriis Temad iqna miCneuli:
am zmnis meore seriis Tema iqneba zard:
v-zard-e
v-zard-o
I da II seriebis TemaTa Sepirispirebam xeli Seuwyo i elementis Temis niSnad gaazrebas.
vfiqrobT: i sxvadasxva odenobaa awyosa da I seriis sxva
mwkrivebSi; awmyoSi -i mwkrivis niSnad unda iqnes miCneuli, xolo sxva mwkrivebSi i xmovniTi nawili Cans id sufiqsisa. ra
gvaZlevs amgvari daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels?
1. Temis niSanTa sistemaSi i gancalkevebiT dgas. Temis niSnebad gamoiyofa av, am, eb, ob, em, of, ev.
struqtura Temis niSnebisa yvela SemTxvevaSi erTgvaria:
VC. gansxvavebuli struqturisa erTaderTi iqneba i, Tuki mas
miviCnevT Temis niSnad...
2. i aris erTaderTi Temis niSnad miCneuli elementi, romelic ar Cans sawyisSi; sxva Temis niSnebi sawyisSi Cveulebriv
iCens Tavs: cnobilia: `sawyisis niSania a, romelic daerTvis I seriis Temas, gauvrcobels, e. i. im Temas, romelic awmyos (an
myofadis) formebSi Cans~ (a. SaniZe).
646
-av:
-am:
-eb:
-of:
-em:
-ev:
magram:
xat-v-a,
dg-m-a,
keT-eb-a,
y-of-a...
c-em-a...
da-bn-ev-a...
mal-v-a,
b-m-a,
Sen-eb-a,
par-v-a...
Ca-c-m-a...
ga-R-eb-a...
zrd-i-s _ zrd-a
Tl-i-s _ Tl-a
Sl-i-s _ Sl-a
yr-i-s _ yr-a...
_
_
_
_
_
_
da-m-xat-v-el-i
da-m-dg-m-el-i
m-Sen-eb-el-i
da-m-Tm-ob-i
ga-m-y-of-i...
m-zrd-el-i...
miiCneven, rom -i, iseve rogorc sawyisSi, fonetikur niadagze aris gauCinarebuli (momdevno e xmovnis gavleniT) (a. SaniZe), Tumca iseve rogorc sawyisis SemTxvevaSi, arc am formaSia
mosaldneli `i-s mokveca~.
4. Zvel qarTulSi I TurmeobiTis warmoeba erTgvarovania
yvela TemisniSnian zmnaSi: I seriis rTuli Tema aris sayrdeni:
647
648
i-mal-v-i-s
i-karg-v-i-s
i-Tqm-i-s
gvaris
formebis
ax. qarT.:
-eb
sufiqsian
i-mal-eb-a
i-karg-eb-a
i-Tq-m-eb-a...
_
_
_
i-rg-v-eb-a
i-rwy-v-eb-a
i-xS-v-eb-a...
_
_
_
i-mal-eb-a
i-xat-eb-a
i-Tes-eb-a...
rac Seexeba -am Temis niSans, igi vnebiTis formebSi yovelTvis SenarCunebulia (ra Tqma unda, fonetikurad saxecvlili _
xmovangauCinarebuli):
a-b-am-s
a-dg-am-s
aG-i-qv-am-s
_
_
_
e-b-m-eb-a
e-dg-m-eb-a
aGi-q-m-eb-a (aGiqvmeba)...
SeiniSneba kanonzomiereba: -av Temis niSani vnebiTis formebSi gadahyveba zmnebs, romelTa Zireuli morfema umarcvloa;
marcvlovani Zireuli morfemis mqone zmnebi -av Temis niSans vnebiTis formebSi ar gamoavlenen. ramdenadac -am TemisniSnian
zmnaTa morfema yvela SemTxvevaSi umarcvloa, vnebiTis formebSi
-am Temis niSani yovelTvisaa warmodgenili.
649
aseve:
rg-av-s
rT-av-s
kl-av-s
sxl-av-s
Txz-av-s
wn-av-s
xn-av-s
kr-av-s
Zr-av-s
xr-av-s
miu-zR-av-s
rwy-av-s
xS-av-s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
i-rg-v-eb-a
i-rT-v-eb-a
wv-av-s
fqv-av-s
_
_
i-wv-eb-a i-wv-v-eb-a
i-kl-v-eb-a ikvleba
i-sxl-v-eb-a isxvleba
i-Txz-v-eb-a
i-wn-v-eb-a iwvneba
i-xn-v-eb-a ixvneba
i-kr-v-eb-a ikvreba
i-Zr-v-eb-a iZvreba
i-xr-v-eb-a ixvreba
mie-zR-v-eb-a
i-rwy-v-eb-a
i-xS-v-eb-a
i-fqv-eb-a i-fqv-v-eb-a
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
e-b-m-eb-a
e-dg-m-eb-a
i-sv-m-eb-a ismeba
gamo-i-Tqv-m-eb-a gamoiqTmeba
aR-i-qv-m-eb-a aRiqmeba
Camo-e-cv-m-eb-a Camoecmeba
Ca-i-nTq-m-eb-a
Semo-e-rty-m-eb-a
gan-e-rTx-m-eb-a
Ca-i-sx-m-eb-a...
650
_
_
i-rg-v-eb-a
i-dg-m-eb-a
uCveulo TiTqos araferia: qarTulSi aris SemTxvevebi, roca -av TemisniSniani zmnaa, magram cur-a(v)-ob-s tipis zmnaTa
formebSi -ob Temis niSani rTul Temas daerTo (am rigis magaliTebia xtunavs da xtuna(v)obs, goravs da gora(v)obs da
misT...).
aseve: S-ob-s _ Sv-a -ob ( v-eb) TemisniSniani zmnaa. dialeqtebSi amgvari formebic dasturdeba: Sob-am (`vSobam, Sen nu
moukvdebi Cems Tavs, vSobam~ _ ilia).
magram am rigis magaliTebSi -av Tu -ob Temis niSani fuZes
Sexorcebuli elementia, ramdenadac isini II seriis formebSic
gadahyveba zmnas da, amdenad, maTi Temis niSnad gaazreba aRar
xdeba: cur-av-ob-s _ i-cur-av-a; Sob-am-s _ Sob-a (amis Taobaze
ix. $ IV. 5.5.10.)...
amgvarad, cur-av-ob-s Tu Sob-am-s tipis formaTa SemTxvevaSi faqti naTelia. icvleba fuZis struqtura, formawarmoebaSi
es sirTules ara qmnis: Zveli Temis niSani fuZiseul elementad
gaiazreba da zmna axal Temis niSans dairTavs.
sxvagvaria viTareba Cvens SemTxvevaSi. i-rg-v-eb-a _ i-dg-m-eba tipis formebs v( av) da m( am) elementebi II seriaSi aRar
gadahyveba:
i-rg-v-eb-a
i-dg-m-eb-a
_
_
da-i-rg-a
da-i-dg-a...
651
moqm.
(a)-i/u-r-ev-s
a-i/u-r-i(v)-a
vneb.
(a)-i/e-r-ev-a
a-i/e-r-i(v)-a
652
man is / daingria is > daingra), xolo enian vnebiTebSi analogiiT (daengra < daengria procesi daingra formis analogiiT xdebao) aixsneba.
vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia sakiTxis sxvagvarad dasma:
axal qarTulSi vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa awmyos warmoebis
ori ZiriTadi yalibi arsebobs: a) Ziri + Temis niSani + i (Tbeb-i, e-rT-ob-i...).
b) Ziri + d + Temis niSani + i (ber-d-eb-i...).
yvela tipis vnebiTi am or yalibSi Tavsdeba. gamonakliss
qmnida mxolod -ev/-iv sufiqsiani zmnebi (ev/iv aRweris doneze Zireul masalad ganixileba _ a-rev-s / a-riv-a; Sdr.: drek-s (drik-a).
yalibis gavlenis Sedegad gansaxilveli tipis zmnebSi moxda
-ev/-iv formantis gadaazrianeba da funqciurad misi gaigiveba
Temis niSnebTan (-eb, -av...); aman ki meore seriis formebSi -iv
formantis gaqroba gamoiwvia: i-ngr-ev-a / da-i-ngr-a (Sdr.: i-Sleb-a / ga-i-Sal-a).
amgvarad, Cveni azriT, vnebiTi gvaris -ev sufiqsian zmnaTa
axali tipis warmoebaze gadasvlis tendencia Sinaarsobrivad identur formaTa formobrivad erTgvar yalibSi moqcevis faqtia.
am faqtma arsebiTi xasiaTis koreqtivi Semoitana enaSi: geneturad (da funqciurad) erTi da igive -ev formanti vnebiTebsa da Sesabamis moqmedebiTebSi sxvadasxvagvarad unda iqnes kvalificirebuli: vnebiTebSi _ rogorc Temis niSani; moqmedebiTebSi _ Zirs Sexorcebuli, amJamad morfologiurad ufunqcio
elementi.
v-wer
v-wer-d,
va-keT-eb
va-keT-eb-d,
v-tir-i
v-tir-od-i...
savrcobian fuZes g a v r c o b i l
653
niZe).
savrcobad Cveulebriv miiCneven -d da -od morfemebs (gavrcelebuli terminologiiT _ doniani zmnebi da odiani zmnebi).
TiTqosda iZebneba -d da -od sufiqsTa ganawilebis principic: `gavrcobili Tema vnebiTi gvaris zmnisa yovelTvis od-iT
aris nawarmoebi: vi-qeb-i _ vi-qeb-od-i; v-Savd-eb-i _ v-Savd-ebod-i; v-Tbeb-i _ v-Tbeb-od-i da misT. amave savrcobs dairTavs
saSuali gvaris zmnebi, romelTac awmyoSi mwkrivis niSnad i aqvT
(...): xt-i-s _ xt-od-a, h-Sven-i-s _ h-Sven-od-a... gamonaklisis
saxiT egeve od aqvs ramdenime gardamaval zmnas, romelTac gaformebis TvalsazrisiT vnebiTisebri niSnebi aqvs awmyoSi (an
myofadSi): isvr-i-s _ isvr-od-a, ityv-i-s _ ity-od-a~ (a. SaniZe).
yvela danarCeni zmna d savrcobs dairTavs...
viTareba TiTqos martivia, magram problema Seqmna -av/ -am
TemisniSnianma zmnebma Zvel qarTulSi. gavixsenoT -av/-am TemisniSnian zmnaTa uwyvetlis paradigma:
v-kl-ev-d-(i)
h-kl-ev-d-(i)
kl-v-id-a
v-kl-ev-d-i-T
h-kl-ev-d-i-T
kl-v-id-es
v-su-em-d-(i)
h-su-em-d-(i)
su-m-id-a
v-su-em-d-i-T
h-su-em-d-i-T
su-m-id-es
SeniSvna: 1. am SemTxvevaSic -am TemisniSnianebi iseve iuRvlian, rogorc -av TemisniSnianebi. amitom visaubrebT -av TemisniSnianebze. daskvnebi gavrceldeba -am TemisniSnianebzec.
2. III pirSi daboloeba -vid- aris warmodgenili I
xolmeobiTisa da I kavSirebiTis yvela formaSi;
aseve: e. w. `I brZanebiTis~ III piris mravlobiTis
654
fSauri
I xolmeobiTi
v-wer-d-id-i(T)
s-wer-d-id-i(T)
wer-d-i-s/an
v-wer-d-od-i(T)
s-wer-d-od-i(T)
wer-d-i-s/an
II x o l m e o b i T i
(da)-v-wer-id-i(T)
(da)-s-wer-id-i(T)
(da)-wer-i-s/an
(da)-v-wer-od-i
(da)-s-wer-od-i
(da)-wer-i-s
655
is faqti, rom TuSurSi, xevsurulsa da fSaurSi xolmeobiTis mwkrivTa warmoebaSi arsebiTi msgavsebaa _ I-II piris formaTa garTuleba xdeba savrcobi elementiT (-od/-id) _ konvergenciis procesis moqmedebis Sedegad unda iqnes miCneuli.
rac Seexeba arsebiT gansxvavebas _ TuSur-xevsuruli -id,
fSauri _ -od _ dialeqtTa urTierTgamijvnis tendenciis moqmedebis Sedegi unda iyos: am SemTxvevaSi dialeqturi gansxvavebulobisadmi, dialeqturi Taviseburebebisadmi damokidebuleba
Segnebulia _ enobrivi cnobierebis doneze xdeba. fSaveli Tavis
fSavlobas gansxvavebuli enobrivi formebiT warmoadgens. iseve,
rogorc xevsuri (Tu TuSi) Tavis xevsurobas (Tu TuSobas) swored xevsuruli (Tu TuSuri) metyvelebis TaviseburebebiT gamoavlens.
amjerad CvenTvis arsebiTi is aris, rom erTi da imave mizniT tolfasi enobrivi saSualebebidan (-id/-od) erTi dialeqti
erT mawarmoebels gamoiyenebs, meore _ sxvas.
amas miviCnevT Cven erT-erT mTavar argumentad imis samtkiceblad, rom -id aris -d da -od formantTa tolfasi morfologiuri odenoba.
IV. 5.5.2.3. -d, -id, -od savrcobTa ganawilebis safuZveli
I seriaSi. davubrundeT Temis savrcobTa Taobaze gamoTqmul
Tvalsazriss:
-od s a v r c o b s d a i r T a v s _
a) vnebiTi gvaris yvela zmna (izrdeba _ izrdeb-od-a, emaleba _ emaleb-od-a, berdeba _ berdeb-od-a, Tbeba _ Tbeb-od-a).
gavixsenoT: mwkrivis niSnad awmyoSi vnebiTebs -i aqvT.
b) saSuali gvaris is zmnebi, romleTac awmyoSi mwkrivis
niSnad i aqvT (xt-i-s _ xt-od-a, yvav-i-s _ yva(v)-od-a...)
g) e. w. deponensebi: (isvris _ isr-od-a, ityvis _ ity-od-a)
d) gardamaval statikur zmnebs: ic-i-s _ ic-od-a, uwy-i-s _
uwy-od-a...
moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebs, a. SaniZis azriT, `iqneba es Tema
martivi Tu rTuli, sul erTia, orTav unda daematos -d, romelsac savrcobi hqvia~ (a. SaniZe). vTqviT isic, rom a. SaniZisaTvis -id savrcobi ar arsebobs...
Cveni zemowarmodgenili msjelobidan gavixsenoT: zrd-i-s
656
v-qmn-i
v-qmn-id-i
v-qmn-id-e
v-Toxn-i
v-Toxn-id-i
v-Toxn-id-e
_
_
_
_
_
_
v-zard-e
v-Tal-e
v-Txar-e
v-saj-e
v-Rvar-e
v-cad-e...
_
_
_
_
_
(da)v-brdRven-i
(Se)-v-qmen-i
vu-ZRven-i
(ga)-v-cer-i
(ga)-v-Wer-i...
v-Toxn-i
vi-povn-i
v-jobn-i
rogorc vTqviT, bolokiduri n afiqsad miiCneva; Cveulebriv ar Wirs misi gamonawevreba (Sdr.: a-koc-a, e-Zeb-a, i-pov-a, ajob-a...); Tu imas gaviTvaliswinebT, rom I da II jgufis zmnaTaTvis
awmyos formis sayrdeni SekumSuli morfemaa, III jgufis zmnaTa n
bolosarTic xmovandakargul sufiqsad unda iqnes gaazrebuli.
657
658
uwyveteli
I kavS.
I xolm.
axali qarTuli
v-wer-d-i
v-wer-d-e
Zveli qarTuli
v-wer-d-(i)
v-wer-d-e
v-wer-d-i
-id sufiqsi axal saliteraturo qarTulSi sayrdeni fuZis nawilia uwyvetlisa da I kavSirebiTisaTvis; Zvel qarTulSi
_ damatebiT I xolmeobiTisaTvis; dialeqtebSi (xevsurulsa da
TuSurSi) agreTve II xolmeobiTSi:
uwyv.
I kavS.
I xolm.
II xolm.
a x. q a r T u l i
v-Tl-id-i
v-Tl-id-e
_
Zv. qarTuli
v-Tl-id-(i)
v-Tl-id-e
v-Tl-id-i
v-Tal-i
xevsuruli
v-Tl-id-i
v-Tl-id-a
vTl-id-id-i
(v-wer-d-id-i)
v-Tal-id-i
uwyv.
I kavS.
I xolm.
II xolm.
Ser. kavS.
II Turm.
III kavS.
a x. q a r T u l i
v-Tbeb-od-i
v-Tbeb-od-e
_
_
_
gav-zrd-od-i
gav-zrd-od-e
659
Zv. qarTuli
v-tf-eb-od-e
v-tf-eb-od-i
v-tf-eb-od-i
_
Sev-wir-od-i
dav-malv-od-e
dav-malv-od-i
fSauri
v-Tb-eb-od-i
v-Tb-eb-od-e
avaSeneb-d-od-i
avaSen-od-i
_
gav-zrd-od-i
gav-zrd-od-e
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-d,
-d,
-d,
_
_
_
_
-id,
-id,
-id,
-id,
_
_
_
-od
-od
-od
-od
-od
-od
-od
660
uwyv.
I kavS.
_
_
d-(i);
d-e;
id-(i);
id-e;
magram
magram
_
_
od-e
od-i
magaliTebi:
uwyv.
I kavS.
_
_
v-wer-d-(i),
v-wer-d-e,
v-Tl-id-(i),
v-Tl-id-e,
magram
magram
v-tir-od-e
v-tir-od-i
v-wer-d-i,
v-wer-d-e,
v-Tl-id-i,
v-Tl-id-e,
v-tir-od-i,
v-tir-od-e...
ax. qarT.:
wer-d-en/nen
Tl-id-en/nen
tir-od-en/nen
661
II s e r i a
va-keT-e
va-keT-o
va-keT-od-i
keT-eb _ I seriis Temaa; keT _ meore seriisa; d savrcobia, urTierTCanacvlebad mwkrivTaTvis saerTo morfologiuri
odenoba; -i, -e uwyvetelsa da I kavSirebiTSi mwkrivis niSnebia;
odi? (Sesabamisad daismis kiTxva -id-i-s Taobazec)...
igive kiTxva daismis II seriaSic: -e, -o mwkrivis niSnebia;
od-i (anda: id-i?).
odi (idi) saerToa I da II xolmeobiTisaTvis. xolmeobiTis
sistemaSi I da II xolmeobiTebi warmoebis TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis erTgvar viTarebas gviCvenebdnen: mwkrivis (Tu xolmeobiTis) niSani hqondaT saerTo _ -i (akeTebd-i-s, akeT-i-s). asea axlac. od erT morfologiur odenobad xom ar unda iqnes gaazrebuli, urTierTCanacvlebad mwkrivTa rigSi mwkrivis niSnad?
dav-wer-e,
dav-wer-o,
dav-wer-odi (dav-wer-idi)...
kiTxvebi sxvac SeiZleboda, pasuxs momavali gascems...
IV. 5.5.3. Temis sakiTxisaTvis -i elementian zmnebSi. i
elements awmyoSi ramdenime tipis zmna dairTavs.
a) vnebiTi gvaris zmnebi (yvela tipisa):
v-i-zrdeb-i
v-e-maleb-i
v-berdeb-i
v-Tbeb-i
662
vnebiTebisaTvis i damaxasiaTebeli iyo Zvel qarTulSic. arsebiTi gansxvaveba axal qarTulTan is aris, rom Zvelad awmyoSi
yvela piris forma dairTavda -i-s, axalSi III piris mx. ricxvis
formaSi ar gvxvdeba:
Zv. qarT.:
v-tf-eb-i
s-tf-eb-i
tf-eb-i-s
v-tf-eb-i-T
s-tf-eb-i-T
tf-eb-i-an
ax. qarT.:
v-Tb-eb-i
Tb-eb-i
Tb-eb-a
v-Tb-eb-i-T
Tb-eb-i-T
Tb-eb-i-an
Zneli saTqmelia: mx. ricxvis mesame piris formaSi a-s darTvam gamoiwvia -i-s dakargva, Tu i-s dakargvis gamo moxda -s-s
Canacvleba -a sufiqsiT. ufro metad sagulvebeli Cans, -i elementma Seicvala Tvisoba da amis gamo moxda -a sufiqsiT Canacvleba... Tumca mravlobiTSi ratom iqna SenarCunebuli, es seriozuli kiTxvaa...
Temis sakiTxs es ar arTulebs: i elementi mxolod awmyos
mwkrivis sakuTrebaa; igi yovelTvis iyo warmodgenili awmyos
formaSi da masTan akavSireben -od savrcobis gamovlenas (a. SaniZe), Tumca mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze saubari ar yofila...
b) i elements dairTavs erTi tipis saSuali gvaris zmnebi:
v-tir-i, v-Civ-i, v-yvir-i, v-kiv-i, v-kvnes-i, vi-cin-i... es is zmnebia,
romlebic tendencias iCenen meSvelzmnian warmoebaze gadasvlisas (ix. $ 19). -i yvela piris formaSi aris awmyoSi (Civ-a, yiv-a...
dialeqturi variantebia). savrcobad am zmnebsac -od moudis. aqve Semova albaT vi-c-i, vu-wy-i zmnebic. -i-s qceva amgvarivea am
zmnebSic:
da
v-tir-i
s-tir-i
tir-i-s
v-tir-i-T
s-tir-i-T
tir-i-an
v-tir-od-i
v-i-c-i
i-c-i
i-c-i-s
v-i-c-i-T
i-c-i-T
i-c-i-an
v-i-c-od-i...
663
via, savrcobad -od-is gamovlenis motivacia wina jgufis magvaria, Tumca erTia: tir-od-a gardauvalia, ic-od-a _ gardamavali. arada miuTiTeben: `saliteraturo qarTulSi ki -odgardauval zmnebTan gvxvdeba, -id-i _ gardamavlebTan~ (arn. Ciqobava)... aseT SemTxvevebs veZaxiT gamonaklisebs, Tumca am gamonaklisis axsnis seriozuli cda gvqonda (arn. Ciqobava).
g) gansxvavebul viTarebas gviCvenebs d-i-s (d-ena), rb-i-s
(rb-ola) zmnebi. i elementi gasdevs I seriis mwkrivTa formebs I
SemTxvevaSi axal qarTulSic, II SemTxvevaSi _ mxolod Zvel qarTulSi:
d-i-s
d-i-od-a
d-i-od-es
rb-i-s
rb-i-od-a
rb-i-od-es
axali:
rb-i-s
rb-od-a
rb-od-es
664
v-drek
v-drik-e
v-drek-di
v-drek-de
v-drik-o
orive SemTxvevaSi Tema martivia, Tumca Tavs iCens tendencia xmovanmonacvleobis moxsnisa da rTuli da martivi Temebis
dapirispirebisa:
v-drik-av
v-drik-e
v-drik-av-di
v-drik-o
v-drik-av-de
(am tendenciis Taobaze ix. $ IV. 5.5.5.).
xmovanmonacvleoba _a principulad aseTive dapirispirebaa (sxvadasxva gaxmovaneba sxvadasxva seriaSi), magram es dapirispireba ar miiCneoda orTemianobis safuZvlad. zrd-i-s tipis
zmnebSi orTemianobis safuZvlad `-i Temis niSani~ iTvleboda.
cxadia, roca moixsna sakiTxi i-s TemisniSnobisa, dapirispireba _a xdeba iseTive Zalisa fuZeTa dapirispirebis TvalsazrisiT, rogoricaa e _ i:
v-zrd-i
v-zrd-id-i
v-zrd-id-e
v-zard-e
v-zard-o
665
v-Wr-i
v-Wr-id-i
v-Wr-id-e
va-myn-i
va-myn-id-i
va-myn-id-e
666
pirisa, ricxvisa da qcevis niSanTa mimarT~ (a. SaniZe). sxva gamocemebSi xmovanprefiqsebze yuradReba aRaraa gamaxvilebuli, Tumca Temaze msjelobisas moyvanil magaliTebSi xmovanprefiqsebs
Temisagan gamoyofs:
va-gebeb, vi-gereb, va-lageb, vu-teveb da sxva (a. SaniZe).
vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa Temaze saubrisas vnebiTi gvaris niSanTagan xmovanprefiqsebi ar miiCneva Temis nawilad:
mo-v-i-sp-ob-i,
mo-v-i-sp-e,
v-e-nd-ob-i,
v-e-nd-e da misT.
a-v-i-rev-i,
a-v-i-ri(v)-e
mi-v-e-Cvev-i,
mi-v-e-Cvi(v)-e da misT.
xolo vnebiTobis -d sufiqsi Temis nawiladaa gaazrebuli:
ga-v-keT-d-eb-i,
ga-v-keT-d-i
ga-v-Sav-d-eb-i,
ga-v-Sav-d-i da misT. (a. SaniZe).
arada, Temis ganmartebis Sesabamisad (saerTo nawili seriis
yvela mwkrivisaTvis) xmovanprefiqsi Temis nawilad unda yofiliyo gagebuli...
roca I-II seriis formebSi aseTi damokidebulebaa xmovanprefiqsebisadmi, gasagebia, ratom ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli xmovanprefiqsebi III seriis formebze msjelobisas: `qceva mxolod zmnis
pirian formebs moepoveba da isic I-sa da II seriaSi. rac Seexeba
III serias, iq qcevebis garCevas adgili ara aqvs, radganac zmnas
aklia sapirispiro formebi, kuTvnileba daniSnulebis mixedviT
gansxvavebuli~ (a. SaniZe) `qceviani~ da `uqceo~ formebi asea
gadanawilebuli:
qceviani formebi
I seria
II seria
saarv.
saTav.
sasxv.
a-Senebs
i-Senebs
u-Senebs
a-a-Sena
a-i-Sena
a-u-Sena
I Turm.
uqceo formebi
III seria
II Turm.
III kavS.
a-u-Senebia,
a-e-Senebina,
a-e-Senebinos
`III seriaSi forma ganmartoebulia, ucaloa, amitom ukuTvnelia, Tumca ki warmoebis mixedviT sasxvisoa~ (a. SaniZe).
am faqtze imitomac vamaxvilebT yuradRebas, rom Temis sakiTxis ganxilvisas III seriaSi (da, saerTod, III seriis formaTa
667
668
ax. qarTuli
aRa-dgen-s,
warga-vlen-s,
Semi-yvan-s,
Ses-Zen-s,
aw-yen-s,
moi-Tmen-s,
mou-lxen-s,
a-mxel-s,
moi-smen-s,
gamoa-Cen-s,
moi-wyen-s
aa-xel-s
da sxva.
Se-cvl-is,
miu-ZRvn-is,
daa-cd-is...
v-tov, dav-tov
a-grov-s, daa-grov-s
mov-kid-d-i
vi-jer-eb
vi-TamaS-eb
dava-Cum-eb
va-xsen-eb
mi-tov-eb-s
669
vi-jer-i
vi-TamaS-i
daa-Cum
va-xsen-d-i
mi-tov-s
2. -eb -av
Zv. qarTuli
ganh-kurn-eb-s
aRh-marT-eb-s
Seh-yin-eb-s
ganu-mart-eb-s
ax. qarTuli
gan-kurn-av-s,
aR-marT-av-s,
ga-yin-av-s,
ganu-mart-av-s...
am tipis monacvleoba damaxasiaTebelia aGmosavluri da samxruli dialeqtebisaTvis (qarTlurisaTvis, kaxurisaTvis, javaxurisa da mesxurisaTvis). monacvleobis variantebi sxvadasxvaa: eb
av, eb am, eb an; Cven erT-erT variants davimowmebT:
ga-neb-eb-s
gi-jer-eb-s
a-wiok-eb-s
a-xocin-eb-s
a-keT-eb-s
dah-bad-eb-s
davalevin-eb
gava-swor-eb
miva-yud-eb
ga-neb-am-s
gi-jer-am-s
a-wiok-am-T
a-xocin-am-T
a-keT-an-s
dah-bad-av-s
davalein-am-T
gava-swor-am
miv-yud-am da sxva...
3. ob am
kaxursa da javaxurSi Segvxvda ob Temis niSnis -am Temis
niSniT Senacvlebis SemTxveva:
gi-amb-ob gi-amb-am, u-amb-am...
am procesTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa erTi SemTxveva ka-
670
v-S-ob
wyvet.:
v-Sev (v-Sv-i)
v-Sob-am
v-Sob-e
i-yid-am-s
u-zard-am-s
ga-xad-am-s
da-gav-am-s
s-wvel-am-s
won-am-s
ten-am-s...
v-Tib
v-Tes
v-CeC
v-xoc
671
v-Tib-av
v-Tes-av
v-CeC-av
v-xoc-av da sxva mravali
kec-av-s
kvec-av-s
pent-av-s
tex-av-s
CeC-av-s
Wed-av-s
moi-xveW-av-s
da sxva.
iseTi zmnebic ki, rogoricaa wer-s, fen-s dialeqtebSi orTemiania: wer-av/-am-s, fen-av/-am-s da sxva.
6. qarTul dialeqtebSi farTod gavrcelebuli procesia
fuZedrekad zmnebze -av/ -am Temis niSnis darTva. procesi orsafexuriania: I etapze xdeba e xmovnian fuZeebze Temis niSnis darTva:
dr-ek-s drek-av-s; faqtobriv am SemTxvevaSi xdeba ormagi
dapirispireba I da II seriis TemaTa Soris (xmovanmonacvleobiTa
da Temis niSniT).
drek-av-s _ drik-a.
cxadia, erT-erTi Warbia; amitomac, radgan tendenciaa -av
Temis niSnis darTva, gaxmovanebiT dapirispireba moixsneba da
viRebT meore safexurs cvlilebisas _ drik-av-s e. i.:
drek-s drek-av-s drik-av-s
davasaxelebT zog magaliTs:
glej-s
Wylet-s
xvret-s
kben-s
glej-av-s / glij-av-s
Wylet-av-s / Wylit-av-s
xvret-am-s / xvrit-am-s
kben-am-s / kbin-am-s
672
rogorc irkveva, es procesi yvela dialeqtisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, garda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebisa
(r. qurdaZe). amjerad Cvens interess ar warmoadgens, romel dialeqtSi ra safexuria dadasturebuli; CvenTvis procesia mTavari: fuZedrekadi zmnebi -av/ -am Temis niSnebs dairTaven...
7. dasturdeba orsafexuriani cvlilebac:
-eb -am
wari-yvan-eb-s (Zv.)
wari-tan-eb-s
_ wai-yvan-s
_ moi-tan-s
(ax.)
_ avi-yvan-am
_ mogi-tan-am
javax.
da misT.
vnebiTi
i-mal-v-is
i-xat-v-is
i-kl-v-is
i-dg-mis
dai-b-m-is da a. S.
673
ikvleba ( i-kl-v-eb-a)
idg-m-eb-a
i-Tq-m-eb-a (ix.: $ IV. 5.5.1.3.).
IV. 5.5.5.3. Temis niSanTa monacvleoba saSuali gvaris
zmnebSi. saintereso procesebi xdeba saSuali gvaris zmnebSi: sasaubro metyvelebaSi -eb Temis niSans sistematurad uCndeba-ob
TemisniSniani paraleluri variantebi.
eb ob
barbac-eb-s
kaSkaS-eb-s
rakrak-eb-s
bibin-eb-s
yiyin-eb-s
gugun-eb-s
Rrial-eb-s
barbac-ob-s
kaSkaS-ob-s
rakrak-ob-s
bibn-ob-s
yiyin-ob-s
gugun-ob-s
Rrial-ob-s da mravali sxva
(i-gor-a),
(i-xtun-a),
(i-cur-a),
(Ca-buqn-a),
(Ca-yvinT-a).
(i-gorav-a),
(i-xtunav-a),
(i-curav-a),
(i-buqnav-a),
(i-yvinTav-a).
674
675
Ta ganawilebasTan Zvel qarTulSi kavSiri ara aqvs: erTi da igive Temis niSani gvaqvs rogorc moqmedebiTi, ise vnebiTi da ise
saSuali gvaris zmnebTan:
aSen-eb-s
mal-av-s
dg-am-s
Sevipyr-ob
da
da
da
da
Send-eb-is...
imal-v-is
daidg-m-is
Seipyr-ob-is...
676
_
_
i-mal-eb-a,
dai-b-meb-a...
Tu imasac gavixsenebT, rom vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa umravlesoba -eb TemisniSniania, SeiZleboda dagveskvna: v n e b i T i g v a r i s z m n e b S i a r i s t e n d e n c i a -eb T e m i s n i S n i s
d a m k v i d r e b i s a.
III. saSuali gvaris zmnebSi momxdari cvlilebebi:
a) -eb TemisniSniani saSuali gvaris zmnebi iCenen tendencias -ob Temis niSanze gadasvlisa:
trial-eb-s
yiyin-eb-s
_ trial-ob-s,
_ yiyin-ob-s...
_ gorav-ob-s,
_ curav-ob-s...
677
v-zi
h-zi
zi-s
v-wev
s-wev
wev-s
v-rb-i
h-rb-i
rb-i-s
v-h-gav
h-gav
h-gav-s
v-sxed-T
h-sxed-T
sxen-an
v-wev-T
s-wev-T
wvan-an
v-rb-i-T
h-rb-i-T
rb-i-an
v-h-gav-T
h-gav-T
h-gvan-an
v-yiv-i
h-yiv-i
yiv-i-s
v-yvav-i
h-yvav-i
yvav-i-s
v-kunes-i
h-kunes-i
kunes-i-s
v-yiv-i-T
h-yiv-i-T
yiv-i-an
v-yvav-i-T
h-yvav-i-T
yvav-i-an
v-kunes-i-T
h-kunes-i-T
kunes-i-an
v-cur-av
s-cur-av
cur-av-s
v-ampartavn-ob
ampartavn-ob
ampartavn-ob-s
v-cur-av-T
s-cur-av-T
cur-av-en
v-ampartavn-ob-T
ampartavn-ob-T
ampartavn-ob-en
678
v-zi-var
h-zi-xar
v-sxed-T
h-sxed-T
v-sxed-varT
sxed-xarT.
paraleluri formebi gvxvdeba erTsa da imave epoqaSi, zogjer erTsa da imave ZeglSic:
me laparakad aqa vzi; mzesTan mTvare viTa vzivar (Sahname).
Tqves: vwuxTo aq ar damxdomni; rasTvis swuxar pirad mzeo
(arCili);
vwev; swev (visramiani), vwevar (Svd. mT.), swevxar (Sahname);
sxedT (visramiani); vsxedvarT (Sahname)...
am etapze paraleluri formebi im zmnebma gaiCines, romlebic dRes mxolod meSvelzmnianni arian. II da III tipis zmnaTa paraleluri formebi am periodis ZeglebSi ver davadastureT.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ tiris zmnis I-II piris 11 forma dasturdeba
(a. SaniZe). arcerTi ar aris meSvelzmniani:
vtiri cremliTa cxariTa...
ubrZana, nu stir, asulo...
II etapi SeiZleba ase warmovidginoT:
I jgufi
v-zi v-zi-var
h-zi h-zi-xar
zi-s
II jgufi
v-tir
s-tir
tir-s
679
III jgufi
v-curav
s-curav
curav-s
II jgufi
v-tir-i v-tir-i-var
s-tir-i s-tir-i-xar
tir-i-s
III jgufi
v-ic-i
ici
icis
v-fiqrob
fiqrob
fiqrob-s
680
II jgufi
v-tiri-var
tiri-xar
tiri-s
III jgufi
v-ici v-ici-var v-fiqrob v-fiqrob-var
ici ici-xar
fiqrob fiqrob-xar
ici-s
fiqrob-s
rogorc iTqva, saliteraturo qarTuli da dialeqtTa umetesoba III etapzea gaCerebuli; IV etapze, faqtobriv, ingilouri
dialeqti dgas; Tumca mTlad ucxo es etapi arc sxva dialeqtebisTvisaa (vicinivar, vfiqrobvar...). sakiTxi ufro gamowvlilviT
analizs saWiroebs...
amgvarad, statikur zmnebSi meSvelzmnian formaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT oTxi etapi gamovyaviT:
I etapi: samive jgufis zmnaTa awmyos mwkrivis formaTa warmoeba organulia;
II etapi: I jgufis zmnebma paraleluri meSvelzmniani formebi gaiCina;
III etapi: I jgufi _ mxolod meSvelzmniani, II jgufi _ paraleluri: meSvelzmniani da organuli, III jgufi _ mxolod organuli;
IV etapi: I-II jgufi mxolod meSvelzmniani; III jgufi _ paraleluri; _ organuli da meSvelzmniani (upiratesoba am ukanasknels aqvs).
681
_
_
_
_
gaa-marTl-ebs,
gamoa-salm-ebs,
moa-grov-ebs,
daa-gub-ebs...
_
_
_
_
gaa-xe-v-ebs
gaa-qva-v-ebs
daa-brma-v-ebs
daa-tyve-v-ebs
682
683
na-vaxSm-i
na-samxr-i
na-zamTr-i da sxva.
fuZe SekumSulia. ra aris mizezi fuZis kumSvisa? Cveulebriv ganmartaven, rom mimGeoba mzamzareul fuZes iGebs zmnuri
formidan; kumSva zmnur formaSi moxdao.
Cven sakiTxs ase vsvamT: Tu fuZis kumSva (fuZiseuli xmovnis reduqcia) moqmedi fonetikuri procesia, sareduqcio fonetikuri garemos moSlis SemTxvevaSi fuZe sruli saxiT unda
warmogvidges; asea es moqmedi fonetikuri procesis yvela SemTxvevaSi: magaliTisaTvis _ zmniswiniseuli xmovani, romelic
asimilacias ganicdis momdevno xmovnis gavleniT, am pirobis arqonis yvela SemTxvevaSi Tavdapirveli saxiTaa warmodgenili: wevedi, we-vida magram wa-xvedi (process abrkolebs x- Tanxmovani),
wa-svla da misTanani...
na-xanjl-i, na-maml-i, na-vaxSm-i, na-samxr-i, na-zamTr-i tipis
formaTa SemTxvevaSi fuZe ar unda iyos SekumSuli, Tu es moqmedi fonetikuri procesia.
qarTvelur enebSi xmovanTa reduqciis wesebis gaTvaliswinebiT (kerZod svanuris magaliTebiT) SeiZleboda fuZiseuli
xmovnis dakargva oden prefiqsul warmoebaSi prefiqsis gavlenisaTvis migvewera, magram aq erTi problemaa: svanurSi ormarcvlian sityvaSi prefiqsi gavlenas axdens uaxloesi marcvlis
xmovanze (amaS laSx. amS-a, zs. l-maS `Gone, Gonieri~ _ v.
Tofuria). Cvens SemTxvevaSi ikargeba aramezobeli marcvlis xmovani: xanjal _ na-xanjl-i... istoriulad qarTulSi iseTi magaliTebis arseboba, rogoricaa na-saxtr-i / na-saydr-i (toponimebia)
odindeli dinamikuri maxvilis gavlenis Sedegad SeiZleboda miCneuliyo (prefiqsis darTva gamoiwvevda maxvilis gadaadgilebas;
maxvilis momdevno poziciaSi umaxvilod darCenili xmovani ikargeba: saydar na-saydar na-saydr... amgvari varaudis daSvebis
safuZveli arsebobs: mag., xunZur enaSi maxvils miiGebs mxolod
Tavidan meore marcvlis xmovani...)... magram es yovelive varaudia,
romelsac SeiZleba gamarTleba hqonoda istoriulad. Tanamedrove qarTulisaTvis am varaudis moSvelieba movlenas ver axsnis. na-xanjl-i tipis formebSi fuZiseuli xmovnis dakargva fonetikurad ver aixsneba.
684
a-marTl-eb-s
marTl-d-eba
685
mtvr _
Se-a-jvar-eb-s
jvarSe-jvar-d-eb-a
_____
jvr- _
Zma _
Zm _ Zm-obs
magram:
mama _ mama-obs (rusT xelmwifesTan mamaobs _ d. guram.)
mam _ mam-obs
meore
mxriv:
686
qva _
qv _
a-qva-v-ebs
qva-v-deba
______
xe _
a-xe-v-ebs
xe-v-deba
x _
______
ramdenadac kumSvad da kvecad saxelTa fuZis ori variantidan (marTal _ marTl, mcire _ mcir) zmnis sistemaSi fonetikurad saxecvlili variantia gamoyenebuli mTel paradigmaSi, nasaxelar zmnaTa fuZed am SemTxvevaSi warmovadgenT arasrul variants da ara mis amosaval fonetikur saxeobas.
Cven amjerad kiTxvebs vsvamT. pasuxebi gasacemia...
erTi kiTxvac: ras warmoadgens v aqvavebs, atyvevebs tipis
formebSi?
xmovanfuZian ukvecel saxelebSi gamovlenili `v elementi
ganviTarebuli unda iyos xmovanTa Soris arsebuli hiatusis Tavidan asacileblad~ (l. nozaZe; T. uTurgaiZe).
viTarebas aqac sufiqsiani vnebiTi arTulebs: v SenarCunebulia _ qva-v-d-eba, xe-v-d-eba... hiatusi aq araviTar SuaSia; Tu
moqmedebiTSi SeiZleba ase dasmuliyo sakiTxi (a-xe-v-ebs, a-qva-vebs...), Sesabamisi fonetikuri garemos arqonis SemTxvevaSi v-s
arseboba gaurkvevelia. moqmedebiTis formidan misi gadmoyola
vnebiTSi aseve araa sarwmuno: Tu moqmedebiTSi fonetikuri
saWiroebisaTvis gaCndeba, vnebiTebSi es saWiroeba ar iyo...
kidev erTi saintereso faqtia: v gvaqvs im nasaxelar zmnaTa
vnebiTebSi, romelTa fuZec o da u xmovnebze mTavrdeba:
axlo-v-deba, yru-v-deba...
Tumca Sesabamis moqmedebiTebSi igi ar dasturdeba a-axloebs, a-yru-ebs... am formebSi v-s dakargulad ver miviCnevT, radgan aq misi gaCenis pirobac ar iyo u-a, o-e xmovankompleqsTa gaTiSva ar iyo mosalodneli.
sainteresod SeniSnavs a. SaniZe: `es v zmnisaTvis fuZis
(martivi Temis) ganuyofeli nawilia~ (a. SaniZe); igi moqmedebi-
687
688
689
690
mizezi formobriv jgufebs Soris Sinaarsobrivi sxvaobisa; saTanado forma aris Tu ara Sesabamisi Sinaarsis morfologiuri
gamoxatva? an sxvagvarad: SeiZleba Tu ara saTanado formaTa
urTierTganmasxvavebeli elementi miviCnioT Sesabamisi Sinaarsis
morfologiur niSnad? _ ra Tqma unda, ara.
a m g v a r i S i n a a r s o b r i v i d a p i r i s p i r e b a arsebul formebs Soris d a m a x a s i a T e b e l i a
mxolod
n a s a x e l a r i z m n e b i s a T v i s. msgavsi warmoebis mqone Zireuli zmnebi amgvar Sinaarsobriv dapirispirebas ar gamoxataven: izrdeba, irTveba, ingreva... Sendeba, keTdeba, Cndeba... maT
Soris msgavsi Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba ar SeiniSneba. ufro sworad, Zireul zmnebSi ar dgeba sakiTxi subieqtisa da fuZiT
gadmocemuli mniSvnelobis urTierTmimarTebisa.
es faqtebi, vfiqrobT, gansakuTrebuli Rirebulebisaa. kerZod, dadasturebaa imisa, rom saTanado forma ar aris Sesabamisi Sinaarsis morfologiuri gamoxatva. enaSi ukve arsebulma
formebma SeiTvises gansxvavebuli, aseve enaSi ukve arsebuli Sinaarsi.
formaTa Soris amgvari Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba gviandeli
Cans. esec aris mizezi imisa, rom zogi forma ar aris im Sinaarsis gamomxatveli, romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari. mag.: nadiobs _ inadira formis mixedviT mefobs _ imefa tipisaa, magram
Sinaarsobrivad _ Tevzaobs
_ iTevzava tipis zmnaTa rigSi
dgeba. inazeba formiT iniani vnebiTia, SinaarsiT ki mefobs _
imefa tipisa. msgavsi magaliTebi sxvac SeiZleba daiZebnos.
IV. 5.5.10. -av elementian medioaqtiur zmnaTa Sesaxeb. saSuali gvaris zmnaTa erTi nawili dro-kiloTa formebs paralelurad iwarmoebs: gvaqvs, erTi mxriv, martivi goravs, curavs,
xtunavs... da, meore mxriv, rTuli goravobs, curavobs, xtunavobs... formebi. martiv da rTul formaTa ganmasxvavebeli -av
elementi rTul formebSi yvela mwkrivSi gadahyveba zmnas. vini
ikargeba im SemTxvevaSi, roca -av elements o xmovnis Semcveli
sufiqsi daerTvis: goraobs goravobs, igoraos igoravos...
igive -av elementi iCens Tavs rig nasaxelar zmnasTanac: iTevzav-a, iburT-av-a, irik-av-a...
rogorc Cans, rTul formebSi gamovlenili -av elementi
691
692
693
694
metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian kvecad saxelebSi xdeba _ ciga, gunda, koWa, kafia, ena, cigura da sxva, saxeluri fuZeebisagan
warmoebul zmnur formebSi bolokiduri xmovnis dakargvaa mosalodneli, es ki i-cig-av-a, i-gund-av-a, i-koW-av-a, kafi-a(v)-obs,
cigur-a(v)-obs, ena-(v)-obs formebSi -av elementis gamoyofis
saSualebas gvaZlevs. am formebSi -av elementis gamoyofas mxars
uWers maTi Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gaTvaliswinebac: mimarTeba subieqtsa da fuZiT gadmocemul mniSvnelobas Soris iseTia, rogorc `iTevzava~ tipis zmnaTa SemTxvevaSi: subieqti moqedebas asrulebs fuZeSi warmodgenili saxeliT aRniSnuli sagniT an saganze:
cigaobs _ cigiT srialebs,
gundaobs _ Tovlis gundebis sroliT vinmesTan TamaSobs,
koWaobs _ kos TamaSobs (koWi || koWa),
enaobs _ ena, ambavi miaqvs-moaqvs,
cigaraobs _ cigurebiT srialebs.
amgvarad, momxdari fonetikuri procesisa da Sinaarsobrivi mxaris gaTvaliswineba am formebSi imave -av elements gamogvayofinebs, rac `iTevzava~ tipis zmnebSi dasturdeba.
695
mov-kal-i-T
mo-kal-i-T
mo-kl-es
am tipis zmnebia: a) a xmovniani Zireuli morfemiT: Sev-kari (Se-kr-a), mov-xan-i (mo-xn-a), dav-wan-i (da-wn-a), dav-Zar-i (da-Zra) da sxva; b) e xmovniani Zireuli morfemiT: gavi-nZer-i (gai-nZr-
696
mov-kl-en
moh-kl-en
mo-kl-n-a
697
mov-kl-en-i-T
moh-kl-en-i-T
mo-kl-n-es
dav-xat-en-i-T
dah-xat-en-i-T
da-xat-n-es
ganv-kac-en-i-T
ganh-kac-en-i-T
gan-kac-n-es
698
-am TemisniSniani yvela zmna wyvetils -i elementiT iwarmoebs (a. SaniZe, 1973, gv. 427). amgvar zmnaTa raodenoba arcTu
didia. -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa wyvetilSi sayrdeni morfema Zireulia da, rac mTavaria, umarcvlo:
dava-b-i (vab-am)
dava-sx-i (va-sx-am)
dav-dg-i (vdg-am)
Semovi-rty-i (Semovirty-am)
gava-rTx-i (varTx-am) dava-rqv-i (davarqv-am davarqm-ev)
gav-Tqv-i (gavTqv-am)
Cavi-cv-i (Cavicv-am)
Sev-sv-i (Sevsv-am)
`uniSno vnebiTTa~ erTi, mcire, nawili pirvel yalibSi
Tavsdeba (gavZexi, davTveri, gavqeri...); am tipis zmnaTa meore nawilis Zireuli morfema wyvetilis yvela formaSi umarcvloa da
II yalibis paradigmas gvaZlevs:
Sev-krT-i
Se-krT-i
Se-krT-a
Sev-krT-i-T
Se-krT-i-T
Se-krT-nen
699
sis amgvarad Camoyalibeba: -i elements dairTavs namyo ZiriTadSi kumSvadi da umarcvlo sayrdeni morfema?
ra Tqma unda, ara. aq ueWveladaa gasaTvaliswinebeli -i
elementis Tvisoba da qmedebis unari. -i elementi, rogorc miuTiTeben, `ufunqcioa~, gaCenilia Tanxmovangasayarad I da II subieqturi piris mravlobiTis formebSi, Semdeg gadavida mxolobiTSi. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba amgvarad xsnis -i elementis
arsebobas I da II yalibis zmnebTan, Tumca imasac SeniSnaven, rom
SesamCnevia sxvaoba am elementis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT marcvlovan da umarcvlo fuZeebTan: `narTauli i... TanxmovanT gasayarad aris gaCenili mravlobiTSi da iqidan mxolobiTSia
gadasuli. es i dGes mxolobiTisaTvis aucilebelia umarcvlo
fuZeebSi, sxvebSi ki aucilebeli araa, Tumca ki misi darTva Cveulebrivia~ (a. SaniZe).
sadavoa namyo ZiriTadSi gamovlenili -i elementis yvela
SemTxvevaSi erT da imave odenobad miCneva.
jer erTi, Tu -i elementi pirveli da meore yalibis zmnebTan erTi da igive odenobaa, ratom aris, rom I yalibis zmnaTa
paraleluri formebi arsebobs -i elementiTa da mis gareSe:
mov-kal || mov-kal-i..., xolo meore yalibis zmnebSi ar gvxvdeba
amgvari SemTxvevebi; gvaqvs dav-dg-i, gav-Tb-i, avSen-d-i, magram
ara gvaqvs dav-dg, gav-Tb, avSen-d da sxva.
meorec, Tu pirveli yalibis zmnebSi -i elementi sayrdeni
morfemis xmovanze gavlenis unars moklebulia, ver kargavs mas
(mov-kal-i da ara mov-kl-i), amas ver vityviT II yalibis zmnebTan
gamovlenil -i elementze. yvela mosalodnel SemTxvevaSi aq
sayrdeni morfema SekumSulia (gav-Tb-i || ganv-tef-i, gav-xm-i ||
ganv-em-i...). xmovnis reduqciis gamomwvevi sxva faqtori, garda -i
elementis gavlenisa, am SemTxvevaSi, vfiqrobT, gamoricxulia.
amdenad, II yalibis zmnebTan gamovlenili -i elementi arsebiTi xasiaTis sxvaobas avlens I yalibis zmnebTan dadasturebul
-i elementTan: ar monacvleobs nulTan da kargavs sayrdeni morfemiseul xmovans.
es ki svams sakiTxs imis Sesaxeb, rom -i elementi sxvadasxva
odenobad unda iqnes miCneuli I da II yalibis zmnebTan.
meore yalibis zmnebi istoriulad pirveli yalibisaa.
yalibis Secvla, axali yalibis Seqmna donian vnebiTebSi unda
700
dawyebuliyo, Zvelsave qarTulSi es procesi ukve damTavrebulia. sxva tipis zmnebTan ki Cven Tvalwin xdeboda; -am TemisniSnianebSi ukve dasrulebuli saxe miiRo, xolo `mesame tipis~ vnebiTis zogi zmna dResac pirvel yalibSi Sedis; gvaqvs paraleluri warmoebis SemTxvevebic: davTveri || davTvri, gavqeri || gavqri, davSveri || davSvri...
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, meore yalibis zmnebi SeiZleba amgvarad davaxasiaToT: umarcvlo sayrdeni morfema + -i elementi, romelic ar monacvleobas nulTan.
IV. 5.6.3. -e sufiqsiani wyvetili. wyvetilSi zmnaTa erTi
jgufi I da II subieqturi piris formebSi -e sufiqss dairTavs. e sufiqsiani wyvetilis warmoebaSi ori SemTxveva unda gairCes:
erTi, roca am formantiT warmoebul zmnebs mesame subieqturi
piris niSnad -a sufiqsi moudis da, meore, roca subieqturi mesame piris niSnad -o sufiqsi aqvs. pirveli maTgani meorisagan
kidev erTi arsebiTi mniSvnelobis sxvaobas avlens, kerZod, gansxvavebulia maTi sayrdeni morfemebic.
-e sufiqss dairTavs da -a-s miiRebs subieqturi mesame piris niSnad iseTi zmnebi, romelTa sayrdeni morfema marcvlovania da meore seriis formebSi ar kargavs xmovans. ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, sayrdeni morfema Zireulia Tu sufiqsuri _ Cveneba yovelTvis erTgvaria:
a) sayrdeni morfema Zireulia:
gav-Sal-e
ga-Sal-e
ga-Sal-a
ava-Sen-e
aa-Sen-e
aa-Sen-a
mov-drik-e
mo-drik-e
mo-drik-a
Sev-Rob-e
Se-Rob-e
Se-Rob-a
mova-dun-e
moa-dun-e
moa-dun-a
davawer-in-e
daawer-in-e
daawer-in-a
701
cvlis: gav-Wer-(-i), magram gavaWr-evin-e... sxva SemTxvevaSi uSualo da SualobiTi kontaqtis formaTa amgvari Senacvleba warmoebis tipis Secvlas ar gamoiwvevs, Tu sayrdeni morfemis
struqtura ar Seicvleba: gava-keT-e _ gavakeTeb-in-e. es kidev
erTi dadasturebaa imisa, rom wyvetilis warmoebis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadad sayrdeni morfemis struqturaa.
amgvarad, wyvetilis warmoebaSi kidev erTi yalibi gamoiyo,
romelic SeiZleba ase daxasiaTdes, marcvlovani ukumSveli
sayrdeni morfema + -e sufiqsi. warmoebis am tipisaTvis niSandoblivia subieqturi mesame piris niSnad -a sufiqsi. namyo ZiriTadis warmoebis am tips vuwodebT mesame yalibs.
mesame yalibis zmnebs aSkarad upirispirdeba da sxvagvar
yalibs qmnis zmanTa is jgufi, romelic wyvetils aseve -e sufiqsiT iwarmoebs, magram mesame subieqturi piris niSnad moudis -o
sufiqsi. yvela am zmnis sayrdeni morfema umarcvloa.
amgvarad, umarcvlo sayrdeni morfema da I da II pirSi wyvetilis -e mawarmoebeli aris aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom
subieqturi mesame piris niSnad -o sufiqsi gamovlindes. sxvagvarad: subieqturi mesame piris -o sufiqsi yovelTvis varaudobs I
da II pirSi -e mawarmoebels (wesi piruku ar moqmedebs). es kanonzomiereba Cans:
ava-g-e
aa-g-e
aa-g-o
gava-Tb-e
gaa-Tb-e
gaa-Tb-o
dava-tkb-e
daa-tkb-e
daa-tkb-o
dava-frTx-e
daa-frTx-e
daa-frTx-o
702
aqve, ueWvelia, Tavs iCens erTi sakiTxi: Tu wyvetilis warmoebis tipis gansazRvrisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba sayrdeni
morfemis struqturas eniWeba, rogor unda aixsnes is faqti,
rom II da IV yalibis zmnaTa sayrdeni morfema struqturulad erTgvaria _ umarcvlo da zog SemTxvevaSi SekumSuli (erTi mxriv,
dava-b-i, gav-Tb-i... da, meore mxriv, ava-g-e, gava-Tb-e...). miviGeT: a)
erTgvarovani sayrdeni morfema da gansxvavebuli warmoeba (gavSr-i _ gava-Sr-e...) da, piriqiT, b) gansxvavebuli struqturis
sayrdeni morfema da erTgvari warmoeba (ava-Sen-e _ avi-R-e).
faqtis istoriis gaTvaliswineba movlenas agvixsnis. kerZod, dgindeba, rom -e sufiqsi mesame da meoTxe yalibis zmnebSi
geneturad gansxvavebuli odenobebia.
IV yalibis zmnebSi -e sufiqsi -ev-idan momdinare Cans, III
yalibis zmnebSi ki _ TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli mawarmoebeli.
703
704
msgavsi formebi mweral o. CxeiZis mxolod istoriuli xasiaTis poetur nawarmoebebSi davadastureT. ori faqtoris gaTvaliswineba ueWvelia: stilis arqaizacia da frazis ritmuloba. avtorisaTvis uniSno da -i elementiani variantebi formobrivad gansxvavebuli da funqciurad identuri odenobebia, romlebic saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi Tavisuflad SeiZleba Seenacvlon
erTmaneTs. es gansakuTrebiT aSkarad igrZnoba im SemTxvevaSi,
roca erTsa da imave frazaSi erTi da imave zmnis paraleluri
variantebia warmodgenili:
ganved, uJmuro, Camomexsen, hoi, ganvedi (o. Cx.).
gviTxar, o, gviTxar, rame gviTxar, gviTxari rame (iqve).
RerTo mixsen, Sen damixseni, mxsnelo yovelTa (iqve).
im faqts, rom uniSno variantebi frazaSi win uswrebs
-i elementian variantebs, sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT raime arsebiTi
mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes. es mwerlis individualuri stilis Tavisebureba Cans. aseve mwerlis individualuri stilis
Taviseburebad unda miviCnioT uniSno wyvetilis gamoyenebis zogi SemTxveva al. WavWavaZis poeziaSi:
mamcen mnaTobo... risgan gaqvs Wmunva da sneuleba (a. WavW.).
aw Cemda Sesazarad, gardageqec Soraelad (iqve).
moved TagTir xSulis gulis saxebad (iqve).
mas mnaTs uTxarT Wmunvani Cemni sruliad (iqve) da sxva.
zogjer amgvari SemTxvevebi SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc `poeturi licencia~.
amgvarad, wyvetilis uniSno variantebi Tanamedrove qar-
705
gavu-Sv-i
gau-Sv-i
gau-Sv-a
v-Tqv-i
Tqv-i
Tqv-a
ava-Sen-e
aa-Sen-e
aa-Sen-a
Sev-krib-e
Se-krib-e
Se-krib-a
-e
sufiqsi,
magram
davawer-in-e
daawer-in-e
daawer-in-a
Tumca saliteraturo qarTulSi dasturdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca subieqtur mesame pirs -o sufiqsi gamoxatavs,
aRniSnuli ori piroba -o-s gamovlenisa ki ar aris daculi. rogorc aRvniSneT, iseTi faqtebic gvxvdeba, roca erTi da imave
zmnis subieqtur mesame pirSi paralelurad -a da -o sufiqsebia
warmodgenili. Cveni Semdgomi msjeloba amgvari gamonaklisebis
axsnas isaxavs miznad.
IV. 5.6.4.3. Kav fuZis Semcvel zmnaTa wyvetilis Sesaxeb.
y a v fuZis Semcveli rogorc absoluturi, aseve relatiuri
formebi wyvetilis pirveli da meore piris formebs uniSnod
(resp. -i elementiT) iwarmoebs:
706
vi-yav-(i)
i-yav-(i)
uar-v-yav-(i)
uar-yav-(i)
707
gamovlenis pirobaTa gaTvaliswinebiTac xerxdeba: marTalia, wyvetilSi sayrdeni morfema umarcvloa, magram nakvTis mawarmoeblad ara gvaqvs -e sufiqsi.
IV. 5.6.4.5. `Sereuli paradigmebi~ wyvetilis warmoebaSi.
gamoiyofa zmnaTa erTi jgufi, romelTa fuZeSi v Tanxmovani ar
aris, wyvetilis I da II piris formebSi uniSnoa an -i elements
dairTavs da III piris niSnad -o sufiqsi gvaqvs:
Se-v-i-pyar-(i)
Se-i-pyar-(i)
Se-i-pyr-o
Se-v-i-pyar-i-T
Se-i-pyar-i-T
Se-i-pyr-es
i-grZen-(i)
i-can-(i)
moa-swar-(i)
mia-gen-(i)
gamoa-kel-(i)
daa-myen-(i)
Se-Zel-(i)
i-grZn-o
i-cn-o
moa-swr-o
mia-gn-o
gamoa-kl-o
daa-myn-o
Se-Zl-o
708
Sevi-pyr-e
Sei-pyr-e
Sei-pyr-o
709
710
gava-qr-e
gaa-qr-e
Sdr.:
dav-dev-(i)
da-dev-(i)
dav-dv-a
ava-gev
aa-gev
aa-gv-a
dav-d-e
da-d-e
da-d-o
ava-g-e
aa-g-e
aa-g-o
711
Tu meore SemTxvevaSi amosavali (I yalibis) paradigma istoriis kuTvnilebaa, davdevi || davde zmnam orive yalibis paradigma Semogvinaxa da paralelur, Tanabaruflebian formebad
gvevlineba. dadva || dado paralelur formaTa gamoyenebas erTsa da imave mweralTan zogjer stiluri elferi dahkravs:
gigom wigni magidaze dasdva (d. kld.).
gigom amis gamo gadasdo wasvla (iqve).
o xmovnis asonansi Cans meore SemTxvevaSi gadasdo formis
xmarebis mizezi (saerTod, bgerweris sakiTxebi d. kldiaSvilis
prozaSi sagangebo yuradRebas iqcevs).
rac iTqva subieqturi mesame piris paralelur formaTa
Sesaxeb, igive daskvna unda gavrceldes maTi Sesabamisi pirveli
da meore subieqturi piris formaTa mimarTac: davdevi || davde, dadevi || dade aseve kanonzomieri, Tanabaruflebiani formebia (qarTuli enis ganmartebiT da orTografiul leqsikonebSi, samwuxarod, subieqturi I da II piris paraleluri formebi
araa warmodgenili, saWiroebas ki vgrZnobT).
IV. 5.6.4.7. darga dargo tipis paraleluri formebi.
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom subieqturi mesame
piris formebs paralelurad, -a da -o sufiqsebiT, iwarmoeben
Semdegi zmnebi: darga || dargo, morwya || morwyo, miuzRa || miuzRo, daarTa || daarTo (a. SaniZe; a. oniani). amaT rigSi unda
Cadges: momka || momko, ganerTxa || ganerTxo, damwysa || damwyso,
dauxSa || dauxSo, daixrCva || daixrCo...
subieqtur mesame pirSi paralelur formaTa arsebobis axsna
-a da -o sufiqsTa Tavisufali monacvleobiT gaWirdeba (Sdr. a.
oniani). darga da dargo sxvadasxva paradigmis wevrebia: -a sufiqsiani II yalibis formaa, -o sufiqsiani _ IV yalibisa:
dav-rg-i
da-rg-i
da-rg-a
dav-rg-e
da-rg-e
da-rg-o
712
IV. 5.6.4.9. v-s sakiTxisaTvis -ev sufiqsian zmnaTa formebSi. wyvetilis da, saerTod, meore seriis, formebSi Taviseburebas avlens -ev sufiqsiani zmnebi. rogorc cnobilia, -ev sufiqsi
e gaxmovanebiT awmyosa da misgan nawarmoeb formebSia warmodge-
713
714
brkolebad iqca warmoqmnil kompleqsSi _ iva, ive; vinis dakargva xels uwyobs bunebrivi xmovankompleqsis warmoqmnas. mimdinare procesSi vinis meryev bunebasac garkveuli roli eniWeba. amave kanonzomierebis ZaliT -ev sufiqsian zmnaTa awmyosa da saxelzmnur formebSi v Tanxmovnis arseboba bunebrivi Cans; eva, eve
kompleqsebSi v-s dakargva araa mosalodneli. ufro metic, nasaxelar zmnebSi vinis CarTva arabunebriv xmovankompleqsTa gasaTiSadaa gamoyenebuli: daaxurda-v-a / daaxurda-v-es, gaaxe-v-a /
gaaxe-v-es; daaaxlo-v-a / daaaxlo-v-es...
vinis dakargva -ev/ -iv sufiqsian zmnaTa meore seriis formebSi, da, saerTod, msgavs fonetikur garemocvaSi, moqmedi fonetikuri procesia. yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca vinis momdevno
xmovnis pozicias Tanxmovani iWers, vini aRdgeba. mxedvelobaSi
gvaqvs amgvari SemTxvevebi:
gamoexvivnen talRebSi cxeni da kaci, orive (akaki).
magram mxedrebi moewivnen, utaces xeli cxensa (iakobi).
riTac vis SegviZlian, imiT SevewivneT, gaviyvanoT es kaci
iolad (vaJa).
stumrebi mewvivnen, fuli ara maqvs, aruTinjan (ek. gab.).
namcecebs Seesivnen (cisk.).
siyvarulma yvelaferi isev ariv-daria (m. focx.).
IV. 5.6.4.10. yalibTa monacvleobisaTvis. zeviT saubari
gvqonda ramdenime tipobriv SemTxvevaze, roca wyvetilSi SesamCnevia formaTa paraleluri warmoeba. erTi da igive zmna SeiZleba paralelurad ramdenime yalibiT iwarmoebdes wyvetilis
formebs. yalibTa monacvleobis mixedviT zmnaTa ramdenime jgufi
SeiZleba gamoiyos:
a) zmnebi, romlebic wyvetilis formebs iwarmoebs I da IV
yalibis mixedviT:
Sevi-pyar-(i)
Sei-pyar-(i)
Sei-pyr-a
Sevi-pyr-e
Sei-pyr-e
Sei-pyr-o
715
da II yalibis mixedviT; mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs yalibTa ara istoriuli monacvleoba (mag., Seviraty _ Sevirtyi, ganviraTx _ ganvirTxi...), aramed iseTi SemTxvevebi, roca erTmaneTis gverdiT
Tanaarsebobs erTi da imave zmnis I da II yalibis mixedviT warmoebuli wyvetilis formebi:
dav-Tver-(i)
da-Tver-(i)
da-Tvr-a
dav-Tvr-i
da-Tvr-i
da-Tvr-a
dav-Sver-(i)
da-Sver-(i)
da-Svr-a
dav-Svr-i
da-Svr-i
da-Svr-a
dav-rg-e
da-rg-e
da-rg-o
716
davi-nger-i
dai-nger-i
dai-ngr-a
mesame yalibis formebi amJamad iSviaTad gvxvdeba, ris mizezedac saTanado zmnis sasubieqto qcevis formebTan damTxveva miiCneva (miwisZvrisgan saxli daingria (is) || man Tavisi cxovreba
daingria (man is). III yalibis formebi metadaa SemorCenili zog
dialeqtSi (mag. qiziyurSi); saliteraturo enaSi amgvar formaTa dadastureba dialeqtizmad gaiazreba (iqve).
vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi, da saerTod, SesaZlebelia sakiTxis amgvarad dasma:
yalibTa monacvleoba dialeqturi movlena ki ar aris, aramed uniformaciisa da warmoebis tipis cvlis tendenciis gamovlenaa. warmoebis tipis cvlas sxvadasxva safuZveli SeiZleba
hqondes. mwkrivis warmoebis sakiTxi mWidro kavSirSia formaSi
Semaval morfemaTa funqciur datvirTvasTan. ama Tu im formantis morfologiuri funqciis cvlam erT SemTxvevaSi formantis
dakargva, xolo sxva SemTxvevaSi misi gadaazrianeba SeiZleba gamoiwvios. es ki safuZveli xdeba warmoebis tipis cvlisa. amis
ramdenime magaliTis moxmoba SeiZleba:
a) e. w. `uniSno vnebiTTa~ uniformaciis, I-dan II yalibze
gadasvlis erT-erTi xelisSmewyobi faqtori xolmeobiTis morfologiuri kategoriis gaqrobac unda iyos: ganv-tef wyvetilis formis gverdiT ganv-tf-i meore xolmeobiTis forma arsebobda. axali qarTulis ga-vTb-i formobrivad Zveli qarTulis II
xolmeobiTis identuria, magram es sirTules ar qmnis _ II xolmeobiTi ar icis axalma qarTulma. xolmeobiTis kategoriis gaqroba da `uniSno~ vnebiTTa I-dan II yalibze gadasvla Cven Tvalwin xdeba. es ukanaskneli procesi amJamadac ar aris sabolood
717
718
vxat-o...). erTi mwkrivis mawarmoebel sufiqsTa simravle samecniero literaturaSi meoreuladaa miCneuli. TiTqmis sayovelTaodaa gaziarebuli Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac meore kavSirebiTis ZiriTad, pirvandel formantad -e aris miCneuli (v. Tofuria; arn. Ciqobava). am Tvalsazrisis sabuTad arn. Ciqobavas
miaCnia: `1) d/ n-Ti nawarmoeb vnebiTTa koniunqtivi meore, e-Ti
nawarmoebi: ganmdidr-d-e-s, aRmaRl-d-e-s... gankac-n-e-s, ganWapuk-ne-s... aseTi vnebiTi uZvelesi formaciisaa da misi Cvenebac saTanado wonis mqonea; 2) koniunqtivi pirvelis -e formantiT warmoeba yvela zmnaSi: hpoeb-d-e-s, mdidr-d-eb-od-e-s... da sxv. koniunqtivs pirvelSi Cven unda gvqondes Senaxuli koniunqtivi meoris pirvandeli daboloeba, iseve, rogorc namyo usrulSi gvaqvs
namyo ZiriTadisa da namyo CveulebiTis daboloebani; 3) zmna misca axlac e-Ti awarmoebs koniunqtiv meores, amas garda, zogjer
zmnebs, romelTac amJamad -a aqvT, Cveulebrivad, SemounaxavT eniani formebic; Cven Zveli qarTulis normebis mixedviT
vityodiT: Svas, isnas, qmnas... magram teqstebSi e-nian formebsac
wavawydebiT; mag.: STaegzavnes, vqmne, Sves, davicveT, visne~ (arn.
Ciqobava).
-e sufiqsis II kavSirebiTis uZveles, pirvandel, mawarmoeblad miCneva, Sesabamisad, svams sakiTxs -a da -o sufiqsTa meoreulobaze, gviandelobaze. Tumca samecniero literaturaSi garkveviT araferia Tqmuli -a da -e formantTa urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb: -a sufiqsi -e-s fonetikuri variantia Tu TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli afiqsia, gansxvavebuli funqciisa, romelmac
Semdgom SeiZina kavSirebiTobis funqcia.
rac Seexeba II kavSirebiTis -o sufiqss, mkvlevarTa umetesoba mas fonetikur niadagze warmoqmnilad miiCnevs. azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs is, rogoraa gaazrebuli am sufiqsis miRebis
gza. n. maris azriT, -o sufiqsi kavSirebiTis -a sufiqsis fuZiseul v-sTan Serwymis Sedegadaa miRebuli. am mosazrebas iziarebs
g. deetersic. sxva Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, -o sufiqsiani II kavSirebiTis pirvandeli mawarmoebeli unda yofiliyo -e; misi
SerwymiT fuZiseul v-sTan miviReT o (g. rogava). arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac kavSirebiTis -o ukve Zvelsave qarTulSi TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli mawarmoebelia da ara kompleqsis Serwymis Sedegi, Tumca ufro adrindel safexurze am-
719
720
721
722
miezR-o-s || miezR-a-s
yvelas miezRos saTaviso, Sesaferisi (o. Cx.).
yvelam unda mizRas Cemi danakargi (ilia).
mouTxr-o-s || mouTxr-a-s
iqneb mogviTxroT, rogor ipoveT sakuTari stili TargmanSi (T. Cx.).
vin mogviTxras maTi saqme uTvalavi, sagmironi
(akaki).
darg-o-s || darg-a-s
maS am diliT vardi davrgo? (o. mamf.).
CrdilisaTvis davrgaT ramodenime xe (m. noz.).
morwy-o-s || morwy-a-s
daTesvis Semdeg niadagi yuTebSi kargad unda
moirwyos (n. Cax.).
nakveTi unda moirwyas saWiroebis mixedviT (m.
noz.).
SerT-o-s || SerT-a-s
aseTi qali SevrTo... (ilia).
meti gza ar aris, coli unda SevrTaT (iqve).
moaswr-o-s || moaswr-a-s
ese ar momaswron... (n. Siuk.).
ui, netavi ki im bednier dRes Seveswra (ilia).
aseve: icnas || icnos, igrZnas || igrZnos, Caflas || Caflos,
daamynas || daamynos, dadvas || dados... rogorc iTqva, aRniSnul
zmnebs formaTa paralelizmi wyvetilSic axasiaTebT. -o sufiqsiani varianti yvela SemTxvevaSi wyvetilis -e sufiqsian variants Seesabameba. wyvetilSi subieqturi III piris -o-s damkvidreba da II kavSirebiTSi -o sufiqsis gaCena erTdrouli procesi
Cans; safuZveli yvelgan erTgvaria.
erTaderTi gamonaklisi, roca II kavSirebiTSi o gvaqvs da
Sesabamisi wyvetilis formaSi -e sufiqsi ar dasturdeba, aris
iyos zmna. Tu am formaSi o kavSirebiTis mawarmoebelia da misi
gamoyofa saerTod SesaZlebelia, iseve rogorc wyvetilis formis (iyo) bolokiduri o-si, maSin II kavSirebiTis -o sufiqsis
723
gav-Tb-e-T
ga-Tb-e-T
ga-Tb-e-n (|| gaTbnen)
aseve: da-dn-e-s, ga-qr-e-s, da-Wkn-e-s, ga-Sr-e-s, ga-xm-e-s, gaZR-e-s, gamo-cxv-e-s, da-cxr-e-s da-lb-e-s, da-dg-e-s da-wv-e-s, darC-e-s da sxva.
rogorc Zvel, aseve axal qarTulSi am jgufis zmnebTan II
kavSirebiTis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT myari viTarebaa.
b) doniani vnebiTebi yvela SemTxvevaSi -e sufiqsiT iwarmoeben II kavSirebiTis formebs:
724
dav-ber-d-e
da-ber-d-e
da-ber-d-e-s
dav-ber-d-e-T
da-ber-d-e-T
da-ber-d-e-n (|| daberdnen)
miv-c-e-T
mis-c-e-T
mis-c-e-n
zemoT warmodgenil oTxive SemTxvevaSi erTi faqtia sayuradRebo: yelgan sayrdeni morfema reducirebulia da gauCinarebulia e xmovani. prefiqsian vnebiTebsa da misces zmnaSi
sayrdeni morfema sruli saxiT aRdgeba wyvetilis subieqturi I
da II piris formebSi. gavi-qec, davi-ben, dave-xsen, vi-qen, miv-ec
(am zmnasTan dakavSirebiT sagangebo msJeloba gvqonda SesavalSi)... aseTivea `uniSno vnebiTTa~ erTi nawilis Cvenebac: davTver, gav-Zex, dav-deq, dav-wev, gav-Zver, mov-yev, dav-jeq... marTalia, am tipis zmnaTa erT nawilSi xmovani ara Cans axal qarTulSi, magram aRdgeba Zveli qarTulis Cvenebis mixedviT: ganvtef, ganv-em, Sevs-ced... is faqti, rom zogjer sayrdeni morfemiseuli xmovnis aRdgena ar xerxdeba arc axali da arc Zveli
qarTuli enis doneze, saqmis viTarebas ar cvlis. `Tbeba~ tipis
yvela zmnaSi istoriulad e xmovani ivaraudeba, rasac mxars
uWers monaTesave enaTa Cvenebac. sayovelTaod gaziarebuli
TvalsazrisiT vnebiTis -d sufiqsis Tavdapirvel saxed -ed miiCneva.
aq ar SeiZleba ar gavixsenoT isic, rom Zvel qarTulSi -e
sufiqss dairTavda II kavSirebiTSi -n ( en) sufiqsiani vnebiTe-
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726
727
sufiqsiani vnebiTebi, pirdapiri obieqtis mravlobiTobis -en sufiqsiani formebi da misca zmna;
b) zmnebi, romlebic mxolod -a sufiqsiT iwarmoeben II kavSirebiTs: moqmedebiTi gvaris formebi (garda misca zmnisa);
g) zmnebi, romlebic II kavSirebiTis formebs paralelurad
iwarmoeben: prefiqsiani vnebiTebi.
amTaviTve SevniSnavT, rom Tavdapirveli viTareba (Zveli
qarTulis msgavsi) pirvel SemTxvevaSia daculi: sxva SemTxvevaSi
mdgomareoba ZiriTadad meoreulia: aq axali sistemis Camoyalibebis procesTan da, zogjer, ukve Camoyalibebul viTarebasTan
gvaqvs saqme.
Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi gvaris uniSno wyvetilis mqone
zmnaTa erTi nawili II kavSirebiTis formebs -a sufiqsiT iwarmoebda:
samarTali warmarTTa man miuTxras (m. DE. 12. II).
pirvelad Sekras Zlieri igi (m. 12. 29).
ara _ me upyrasa da aRmoiTquas igi (m. DE. 12. II).
xolo bz igi dawuas cecxliTa uSretiTa (m. 3. 12).
ra vWamoT, anu ra vsuaT (m. 6. 31).
da mas Jamsa Sina vhrqua maT (m. DE. 7. 23).
vTquaT Tu: zeciT iyo, gurquas: rad ara grwmena misi
(m. C 21, 25).
aRdges saxlisa ufali da dahSas kari (l. 13. 25) da
sxva.
magram uniSno namyo ZiriTadis mqone zmnaTa meore nawili
-e sufiqss dairTavda II kavSirebiTSi:
aha, qalwuli miudges da Sves Z (m. I, 23).
rameTe man isnes eri Tsi codvaTa maTTagan (m. I, 21).
sada-igi mRilman, mWamelman ganryunes, da sada mparavTa daTxaron da ganiparon igi (m. DE. 6. 19).
Tu gnebavs, vqmneT aqa sam talavar (m. 17. 4).
raTa daicves igi RmerTman, viTarca aRsasrulamde
(mam. cx. 167. 30) da sxva.
rogorc vxedavT, Zvel qarTulSi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi
II kavSirebiTs iwarmoebdnen Cveulebriv rogorc -a, aseve -e sufiqsebiT. yuradReba gvinda gavamaxviloT im faqtze, rom -e su-
728
729
730
731
732
Txis ganxilva im daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels gvaZlevs, rom wyvetilis fuZe ar aris sayrdeni II kavSirebiTisaTvis. wyvetilis
mawarmoeblebi II kavSirebiTis formaSi ar ivaraudeba. orive am
mwkrivisTvis saerTo fuZea sayrdeni. wyvetilisa da II kavSirebiTis warmoebas ZiriTadad sayrdeni morfemis struqtura gansazRvravs; ganmsazRvreli piroba sxvadasxvagvaria. II kavSirebiTis
-a da -e sufiqsTa ganawilebisas garkveul mniSvnelobas gvaris
faqtoric iZens.
Tu -a da -e sufiqsiani II kavSirebiTis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia am daskvnis gakeTeba, amasve ver vityviT -o sufiqsiani II
kavSirebiTis mimarT; magram, vfiqrobT, amJamindeli viTareba am
mxriv meoreulia.
IV yalibis zmnur formaTa amosaval saxed avagev tipis
warmoeba ivaraudeba; istoriulad wyvetilis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT am tipis zmnebi I yalibisa iyo: sayrdeni morfema -ev nulTan monacvlea da, amdenad, wyvetili uniSno unda hqonoda.
sayrdeni morfemiseuli e xmovnis nulTan monacvleoba am tipis
zmnebTan II kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblad -e sufiqss gvavaraudebinebs.
wyvetili: ava-g-ev, II kavS.: ava-g-v-e ava-g-ev-e.
aqedan gamomdinare, sarwmuno Cans mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom II kavSirebiTis -o sufiqsi istoriulad ve kompleqsis Serwymis Sedegadaa miRebuli (g. rogava). fonetikur niadagze warmoqmnili o-s damoukidebel morfologiur odenobad miCneva,
iseve rogorc -ev formantis v Tanxmovanmokvecili e elementis
wyvetilis -e sufiqsTan (avaSen-e) funqciuri gaigiveba, gviandeli movlenaa _ -ev formantis Tavdapirveli funqciis gauCinarebisa da misi morfologiuri reinterpretaciis Semdegi procesia. amdenad, IV yalibis zmnebSi Sesabamisoba _ wyvetilis -e: II
kavSirebiTis -o _ orive am mwkrivisaTvis saerTo sayrden morfemasTan, -ev formantTan, dakavSirebuli fonetikuri da morfologiuri cvlilebebis Sedegia. Sesabamisoba myaria ara imitom, rom wyvetilis -e sufiqsiani warmoeba Seapirobebs II kavSirebiTis -o sufiqsian warmoebas, aramed orive am mwkrivisaTvis
saerTo sayrdeni morfemaa -ev, romelic sxvadasxvagvar transformacias ganicdis wyvetilsa Tu II kavSirebiTSi. sxvagvarad:
es Sesabamisoba imis maCvenebeli ki ar aris, rom wyvetilis fuZe
733
aris sayrdeni II kavSirebiTisaTvis, aramed saerTo sayrdeni morfema sxvadasxvagvar fonetikur cvlilebas ganicdis da am cvlilebis Sedegad myardeba Sesabamisoba.
Cveni TvalsazrisisaTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sabuTad
kvlav xevsuruli dialeqtis Cveneba gvesaxeba: rogorc aRvniSnavdiT, avagev tipis warmoebis arseboba am dialeqtSi ar ivaraudeba. aqedan gamomdinare, arc -o sufiqsiani II kavSirebiTi unda
gvqonoda. xevsurulSi, rogorc cnobilia, avi-R-i, gavi-g-i... tipis morfema -i elements gamoavlens wyvetilSi (Sdr.: saliteraturo qarTulis dava-b-i, Cav-sx-i...); igive sayrdeni morfema -a
sufiqss varaudobs II kavSirebiTis mawarmoeblad. asecaa am dialeqtSi: avi-R-a, gavi-g-a... -a sufiqsis unifikacia xevsurulSi II
kavSirebiTis warmoebisas -e sufiqsis xarjze moxda. -a iWers -e-s
adgils. ara gvaqvs safuZveli davuSvaT -o sufiqsis arseboba saerTod am dialeqtSi.
momxdari fonetikuri procesebisa da morfologiuri reinterpretaciis safuZvelze damyarebuli Sesabamisoba IV yalibis
zmnebSi _ wyvetilis -e: II kavSirebiTis -o _ unda iyos safuZveli imisa, rom mas Semdeg, rac -e ( ev) gaazrebul iqna III yalibis zmnebTan gamovlenili wyvetilis -e sufiqsis tolfasad, mesame yalibis zmnebTanac -o sufiqsi Cndeba II kavSirebiTSi. III
yalibis zmnaTa sayrdeni morfema marcvlovani da ukumSvelia.
ramdenadac aq ar aris piroba II kavSirebiTis -e sufiqsis gamovlenisa, odindeli mawarmoebeli mwkrivisa am tipis zmnebTan -a
sufiqsi unda yofiliyo.
amgvarad, -o sufiqsiani II kavSirebiTis SemTxvevaSi mdgomareoba meoreulia: erTi nawili istoriulad -a sufiqsiT iwarmoebda gansaxilveli mwkrivis formebs, meore nawili _ -e sufiqsiT.
mas Semdeg, rac damyarda Sesabamisoba _ wyvetilis -e: II
kavSirebiTis o, TavisTavad cxadia, yvela SemTxvevaSi ver miviCnevT II kavSirebiTis -o sufiqsisaTvis amosavlad ve kompleqss
(iseve rogorc subieqturi mesame piris -o sufiqsisaTvis va kompleqss). amJamad -o damoukidebeli mawarmoebelia -a da -e formantTa gverdiT da formobrivad miemarTeba wyvetilis -e sufiqss.
yovelive zemoTqmuli amgvari daskvnis gakeTebis safuZvels
734
gvaZlevs: wyvetilis fuZe ar aris sayrdeni II kavSirebiTisaTvis arc istoriulad da arc amJamad. orive am mwkrivisaTvis
saerTo fuZea sayrdeni. myari formobrivi Sesabamisoba meoreuli faqtia da ar ewinaaRmdegeba saerTo daskvnas.
735
a)
I TurmeobiTi:
da-m-i-wer-i-e-s
da-g-i-wer-i-e-s
da-u-wer-i-e-s
da-m-i-wer-i-e-s
da-gu-i-wer-i-e-s
da-g-i-wer-i-e-s
da-u-wer-i-e-s
b) mo-m-i-kl-av-s
mo-g-i-kl-av-s
mo-u-kl-av-s
mo-m-i-kl-av-s
mo-gu-i-kl-av-s
mo-g-i-kl-av-s
mo-u-kl-av-s
aG-m-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-g-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-u-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-m-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-g-u-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-g-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-u-Sn-eb-i-e-s
(me igi)
(Sen igi)
(mas igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Tquen igi)
(maT igi)
da-m-i-dg-am-s
da-g-i-dg-am-s
da-u-dg-am-s
da-m-i-dg-am-s
da-gu-i-dg-am-s
da-g-i-dg-am-s
da-u-dg-am-s
(me igi)
(Sen igi)
(mas igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Tquen igi)
(maT igi
da-m-e-wer-a
da-g-e-wer-a
da-e-wer-a
da-gu-e-wer-a
aG-m-e-Sn-a
aG-g-e-Sn-a
aG-e-Sn-a
aG-gu-e-Sn-a
(me igi)
(Sen igi)
(mas igi)
(Cuen igi)
736
da-g-e-wer-a
da-e-wer-a
b) mo-m-e-kl-a
mo-g-e-kl-a
mo-e-kl-a
mo-gu-e-kl-a
mo-g-e-kl-a
mo-e-kl-a
aG-g-e-Sn-a
aG-e-Sn-a
(Tquen igi)
(maT igi)
da-m-e-dg-a
da-g-e-dg-a
da-e-dg-a
da-gu-e-dg-a
da-g-e-dg-a
da-e-dg-a
(me igi)
(Sen igi)
(mas igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Tquen igi)
(maT igi)
aG-m-e-Sn-o-s
aG-g-e-Sn-o-s
aG-e-Sn-o-s
aG-gu-e-Sn-o-s
aG-g-e-Sn-o-s
aG-e-Sn-o-s
(me igi)
(Sen igi)
(mas igi)
(Cuen igi)
(Tquen igi)
(mas igi)
III kavSirebiTi:
a)
da-m-e-wer-o-s
da-g-e-wer-o-s
da-e-wer-o-s
da-gu-e-wer-o-s
da-g-e-wer-o-s
da-e-wer-o-s
737
Zveli qarTuli:
uwKveteli:
I kavSirebiTi:
v-wer-d-(i)
v-wer-d-e
v-tir-od-e
v-tir-od-i
wKvetili:
II kavSirebiTi:
da-v-wer-e
da-v-wer-o
gan-v-tef-
gan-v-tf-e
II TurmeobiTi:
III kavSirebiTi:
da-m-e-wer-a
da-m-e-wer-o-s
aG-m-e-Sn-a
aG-m-e-Sn-o-s
axali qarTuli:
uwKveteli:
(da)-v-wer-d-i
I kavSirebiTi:
(da)-v-wer-d-e
v-tir-od-i
v-tir-od-e
wKvetili:
II kavSirebiTi:
(da)-v-wer-e
(da)-v-wer-o
ga-v-Tb-i
ga-v-Tb-e
II TurmeobiTi:
III kavSirebiTi:
(da)-m-e-wer-a
(da)-m-e-wer-o-s
a-m-e-Sen-eb-in-a
a-m-e-Sen-eb-in-o-s
v-wer-d-i
v-wer-d-e
awmKo: v-wer
uwKveteli:
I kavSirebiTi:
v-a-Sen-eb-d-i
v-a-Sen-eb-d-e
awmKo: v-a-Sen-eb
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT: awmKo aris saKrdeni momdevno mwkrivebisaTvis (Zveli qarTulisaTvis: uwKvetlisa, I kavSirebiTisa da
I xolmeobiTisaTvis. axal qarTulSi _ uwKvetlisa da I kavSire-
738
biTisaTvis); momdevno mwkrivebi erTmaneTs Canacvlebis wesiT miemarTebian; isini erTimeorisTvis ar arian saKrdeni. asea rogorc Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi Kvela tipis zmnaSi; ufro zustad: Kvela im zmnaSi, romlebic iwarmoeben I seriis mwkrivebs
(ganurCevlad gvarisa da gardamavlobisa).
Sen-eb-di
Sen-eb Sen-eb-d
Sen-eb-de
II seriaSi Kvela urTierTCanacvlebadi mwkrivia rogorc
Zvel, ise axal qarTulSi. Zveli saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis
Sereuli kavSirebiTis daboloeba formobrivad mxolod mwkrivis
niSanTa tolfasad SegviZlia miviCnioT:
wKvetili:
II xolmeobiTi:
I kavSirebiTi:
Ser. kavSirebiTi:
(aG)-v-a-Sn-e
(aG)-v-a-Sn-i
(aG)-v-a-Sn-o
(aG)-v-a-Sn-odi
aseve iTqmis Zveli qarTuli saliteraturo enis SemTxvevaSi III xolmeobiTzec: isic Canacvlebis principiT miemarTeba II
TurmeobiTsa da II kavSirebiTs.
am sakmaod mwKobri da saintereso sistemidan ganmartoebiT
dgas I TurmeobiTi (JerJerobiT vmsJelobT brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnebze).
rogorc cnobilia, am SemTxvevaSi I TurmeobiTsa da momdevno mwkrivebs _ II TurmeobiTs, III kavSirebiTsa da III xolmeobiTs
_ warmoebis wesi (e. w. inversiuloba) da sintaqsuri konstruqcia aerTianebT. fuZis warmoebis sakiTxi? aq principuli dapirispirebaa:
Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi gansaxilvel zmnaTa (brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnebs vgulisxmob) I TurmeobiTi I seriis
rTul Temas emKareba.
erTTemian zmnebze, cxadia, amJerad ar vmsJelobT: TemaTa
sxvaoba aq, ra Tqma unda, ar gveqneba. sxva SemTxvevaSi Zvel saliteraturo qarTulSi I TurmeobiTi KovelTvis imeorebs
rTul Temas, II TurmeobiTi _ martivs.
739
awmKo:
aG-v-a-Sn-eb
aG-a-Sn-eb
aG-a-Sn-eb-s
gan-v-a-g-eb
gan-a-g-eb
gan-a-g-eb-s
I TurmeobiTi:
aG-m-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-g-i-Sn-eb-i-e-s
aG-u-Sn-eb-i-e-s
gan-m-i-g-eb-i-e-s
gan-g-i-g-eb-i-e-s
gan-u-g-eb-i-e-s
wKvetili:
aG-v-a-Sn-e
aG-a-Sn-e
aG-a-Sn-a
gan-v-a-g-e
gan-a-g-e
gan-a-g-o
II TurmeobiTi:
aG-m-e-Sn-a
aG-g-e-Sn-a
aG-e-Sn-a
gan-m-e-g-o
gan-g-e-g-o
gan-e-g-o
-o b T e m i s n i S n i a n i:
awmKo:
gan-v-a-tf-ob
wKvetili:
gan-v-a-tf-e
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi
gan-m-i-tf-ob-i-e-s
gan-m-e-tf-o
-o f T e m i s n i S n i a n i:
awmKo:
v-h-K-of
wKvetili:
v-Kav(K-o)
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi:
m-i-K-of-i-e-s
m-e-K-o
-e v T e m i s n i S n i a n i:
awmKo:
v-a-kurTx-ev
wKvetili:
v-a-kurTx-e
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi:
m-i-kurTx-ev-i-e-s
m-e-kurTx-a
740
-e m T e m i s n i S n i a n i:
awmKo:
war-v-s-c-em
wKvetili:
war-v-ec
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi:
war-m-i-c-em-i-e-s
war-m-e-c-a
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi
da-m-i-mal-av-s
da-m-e-mal-a
-a m T e m i s n i S n i a n i:
awmKo:
gan-v-i-rTx-am
wKvetili:
gan-v-i-raTx
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi
gan-m-i-rTx-am-s
gan-m-e-rTx-a
viTareba analogiuria f u Z e d r e k a d
awmKo:
wKvetili:
mo-v-s-drek
mo-v-drik-e
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi
z m n e b S i c:
mo-m-i-drek-i-e-s
mo-m-e-drik-a
da-v-s-wer-
da-v-wer-e
I TurmeobiTi:
II TurmeobiTi
da-m-i-wer--i-e-s
da-m-e-wer-a
741
Jgufis
z m n e b i:
awmKo:
v-a-Sen-eb
a-Sen-eb
a-Sen-eb-s
v-a-brun-eb
a-brun-eb
a-brun-eb-s
I TurmeobiTi:
a-m-i-Sen-eb-ia
a-g-i-Sen-eb-ia
a-u-Sen-eb-ia
a-m-e-Sen-eb-i-n-a
a-g-e-Sen-eb-i-n-a
a-e-Sen-eb-i-n-a
da-m-i-brun-eb-ia
da-g-i-brun-eb-ia
da-u-brun-eb-ia
da-m-e-brun-eb-i-n-a
da-g-e-brun-eb-i-n-a
da-e-brun-eb-i-n-a
II TurmeobiTi:
742
III kavSirebiTi:
II J g u f i s
wKvetili:
a-m-e-Sen-eb-i-n-o-s
a-g-e-Sen-eb-i-n-o-s
a-e-Sen-eb-i-n-o-s
z m n e b i:
a-v-a-g-e (Sdr.: a-v-a-g-eb)
da-m-e-brun-eb-i-n-o-s
da-g-e-brun-eb-i-n-o-s
da-e-brun-eb-i-n-o-s
a-a-g-e
a-a-g-o
I TurmeobiTi:
a-m-i-g-i-a
a-g-i-g-i-a
a-u-g-i-a
ga-m-i-Tb-i-a
ga-g-i-Tb-i-a
ga-u-Tb-i-a
II TurmeobiTi:
a-m-e-g-o
a-g-e-g-o
a-e-g-o
a-m-e-g-o-s
a-g-e-g-o-s
a-e-g-o-s
ga-m-e-Tb-o
ga-g-e-Tb-o
ga-e-Tb-o
ga-m-e-Tb-o-s
ga-g-e-Tb-o-s
ga-e-Tb-o-s
III kavSirebiTi:
743
va-keT-eb
vi-G-eb
w K v e t i l i:
va-keT-e
avi-G-e
I T u r m.:
II T u r m.:
III k a v S.:
gami-keT-eb-ia
game-keT-eb-ina
game-keT-eb-inos
ami-G-ia
ame-G-o
ame-G-os
erTi mTavari kiTxva Cndeba: ra aris mizezi amgvari cvlilebis ganxorcielebisa? _ paradigmis gasworeba? maSin: ratom
`gasworda~ erTi Jgufi pirveli TurmeobiTis mixedviT da meore
Jgufi _ II TurmeobiTis mixedviT? es kiTxvebi JerJerobiT upasuxod rCeba...
Cven zemoT gavxazeT: es cvlileba moxda TemisniSnian
zmnebSi. xolo im zmnebSi, romelTa I-II seriebis Tema xmovanmonacvleobiTaa dapirispirebuli, amgvari cvlileba ar momxdara;
viTareba Zveleburi darCa: I TurmeobiTi kvlavac awmKos fuZes
eKrdnoba, II TurmeobiTi da III kavSirebiTi _ wKvetilis fuZes:
am SemTxvevaSic or Jgufs ganvixilavT: a) fuZedrekad zmnebsa da
b) e. w. i-TemisniSnian zmnebs.
a) fuZedrekadi zmnebi:
awmKo:
v-drek
I T u r m.:
mo-m-i-drek-i-a
w K v e t.:
II T u r m.:
III k a v S.:
mo-v-drik-e
mo-m-e-drik-a
mo-m-e-drik-o-s
b) e. w. i-TemisniSniani zmnebi:
awmKo:
v-Tl-i
I T u r m.:
ga-m-i-Tl-i-a
war-v-a-dgen
war-m-i-dgen-i-a
war-v-a-dgin-e
war-m-e-dgin-a
war-m-e-dgin-o-s
v-cl-i
da-m-i-cl-ia
744
w K v e t.:
II T u r m.:
III k a v S.:
ga-v-Tal-e
ga-m-e-Tal-a
ga-m-e-Tal-o-s
da-v-cal-e
da-m-e-cal-a
da-m-e-cal-o-s
v-wer
v-wer-e
m-i-wer-i-a
m-e-wer-a
m-e-wer-o-s
v-Txov
v-Txov-e
m-i-Txov-i-a
m-e-Txov-a
m-e-Txov-o-s
ra daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba Kovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT? rogorc Cans, arsebiTi mniSvneloba mieniya rTul da martiv TemaTa dapirispirebas da ara erTTemianoba-orTemianobis
princips. gavixsenoT: rTulia Tema, roca martivi fuZe ganivrcoba Temis niSniT (keT _ keT-eb, Tb _ Tb-ob, ec _ c-em...);
martivia Tema, romelic ar Seicavs Temis niSnas (keT-, Sen-...
wer-, tex...). am TvalsazrisiT martivia Tema fuZedrekad zmnebSic (drek _ drik, grex _ grix...) da e. w. i-TemisniSnianebSic
(Tl _ Tal, Sl _ Sal...).
SeniSvna: 1. gavixsenoT, rom i- bolosarTs ar miviCnevT Temis niSnad. Tavad is faqti rom Tl-i-s, Sl-i-s
tipis zmnebi III seriis mwkrivTa warmoebis TvalsazrisiT uTemisniSno zmnaTa rigSi Cadga, -i sufiqsis raobis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT arsebiTad
gveCveneba.
2. radgan mniSvneloba mieniya Temis niSnis qonaarqonas, tendencia rom aris qarTulSi uTemisniSno da fuZedrekad zmnaTa TemisniSnian formebze gadasvlisa (rek-s rek-av-s, Tib-s Tibav-s... fren-s frinavs...), xom ar aris kavSirSi
III seriaSi mimdinare formacvalebasTan?..
745
da mainc: ra SuaSia Temis niSani da formawarmoebaSi momxdari cvlilebebi? Cven saubari gvqonda Temis niSanTa sistemaSi momxdar cvlilebebsa da im tendenciebze, rasac es cvlilebebi efuZneboda (ix. $ IV. 5.5.6.). safiqrebelia, III seriaSi momxdari formobrivi cvlilebebi dakavSirebuli iKos Temis niSanTa
sistemaSi mimdinare procesebTan... sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, III seriaSi momxdari cvlilebebi Temis niSanTa sistemaSi momxdar
cvlilebeTan kavSirSi unda iqnes ganxiluli. rogor? _ es momavali kvlevis sagnad gvesaxeba.
Kovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom
brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnaTa III seriis mwkrivebSi momxdari
formobrivi cvlilebebis Sedegad sauGlebeli fuZis principi
gatarda dro-kiloTa am JgufSic. es principi daemKara rTul da
martiv TemaTa dapirispirebis faqtors: samive mwkrivSi brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnebs an rTuli Tema aqvs (keT-eb, Seneb...), an _ martivi Tema (-q-, -g-... Tl/Tal, Sl/Sal... drek/drik,
grex/grix...)... gavixsenoT: Zvel qarTulSi TemisniSnian zmnebs I
TurmeobiTSi rTuli Tema hqondaT, II TurmeobiTSi _ martivi.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, fuZeTa erTgvarovnebis `horizontaluri~
principi Seicvala fuZeTa erTgvarovnebis `vertikaluri~ principiT:
Z v. q a r T u l i:
I Turm.:
mi-keT-eb-ies,
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
me-keT-a,
me-keT-os,
aGmi-Sn-ebies;
aGme-Sn-a;
aGme-Sn-os;
mimi-g-eb-ies,
mimi-c-em-es...
mime-g-o,
mime-g-os,
mime-c-a...
mime-c-es
a x a l i q a r T u l i:
I Turm.:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
mi-keT-eb-ia,
me-keT-eb-i(n)a,
me-keT-eb-i(n)os,
mi-Sen-eb-ia;
me-Sen-eb-i(n)a;
me-Sen-eb-i(n)os;
mimi-g-ia,
mime-g-o,
mime-g-os,
mimi-c-ia
mime-c-a
mime-c-es
vimeorebT: horizontalur xazebSi warmodgenili erTgvarovneba Seicvla vertikalur rigebSi warmodgenili erTgvarovnebiT. da es aris uaGresad principuli mniSvnelobis formobrivi gansxvaveba Zvelsa da axal qarTuls Soris.
746
ga-m-i-keT-eb-i-a
ga-m-e-keT-eb-i-a
ga-m-e-keT-eb-i-o-s
747
SeniSvna: Tanamedrove qarTuli saliteraturo enis normaTa mixedviT `erTaderT saliteraturo formebad~ unda iqnes miCneuli n CarTuli formebi; aeSenebina, aeSenebinos... Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ia
daboloebiani formebis gavrcelebis sixSires da
n-s warmomavlobis sakiTxs, SeiZleba warmodgenil
kategoriul msJelobaSi erTaderTi Segvecvala...
miT umetes, rom igive n normis darGvevaa I TurmeobiTSi...
IV. 5.8.3. -av / -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa III seriis formaTa
Sesaxeb. Zvel qarTulSi -av/ -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa III seriis
formebi, rogorc vnaxeT, Tavisebur viTarebas gviCvenebs: Tu II
TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi raime arsebiTi xasiaTis gansxvaveba ara gvaqvs sxva brunvacvalebadsubieqtian zmnaTa warmoebasTan, I TurmeobiTSi principulad gansxvavebuli viTarebaa:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
mo-m-e-kl-a
mo-m-e-kl-a-s
m-e-Tqu-a
m-e-Tqu-a-s
Sdr.: m-e-wer-a
m-e-wer-o-s
Sdr.:
m-i-keT-eb-i-e-s
mi-m-i-c-em-i-e-s
748
b) Seukres, aGuxumies
g) Seukrvia, aGuxumia
d) Seukria, aGuxumia.
Tu davuSvebT, rom Kvela es forma realuria (da, ar gvaqvs
safuZveli, vifiqroT, rom ase ar aris), saintereso procesTan
gvaqvs saqme:
I etapze iwKeba av/ -am TemisniSnian zmanTa warmoebis gaTanabreba sxva TemisniSnian zmnebTan: rTuli Tema + ie-s daboloeba:
Seu-kr-av-s Seu-kr-v-ie-s (Sdr.: u-keT-eb-ie-s) II etapze
ie-s daboloeba icvleba _ i-a daboloebiT:
Seu-kr-v-ie-s Seu-kr-v-ia (Sdr.: u-keT-eb-ia) III etapze
ikargeba Temis niSani da -av/-am TemisniSnian zmnaTa gaTanabreba
xdeba II rigis zmnaTa I TurmeobiTis formebTan:
Seu-kr-v-ia Seu-kr-ia (Sdr.: au-G-ia...). es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi da masStaburi aGmoCnda. imdenad bunebrivi da
TiTqmis saKovelTao, rom karga xania
gamoiTqva azri, rom I
TurmeobiTis paralelur formaTagan (dauxatavs dauxatia, daudgams daudgia) saliteraturo normaTa TvalsazrisiT orive
unda iqnes daSvebuli.
CvenTvis arsebiTia, ra xdeba enobriv sistemaSi: -av/ -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa Zveli formebi (daumalavs, uTqvams...) ramdenad
Jdeba axal sistemaSi.
I Turm.:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
da-u-mal-av-s
da-e-mal-a
da-e-mal-o-s
u-Tqu-am-s
e-Tqu-a
e-Tqu-a-s
formaTa mimarTeba (saKrdeni fuZis principidan gamomdinare) im principzea agebuli, ra principsac emKareboda TemisniSnian zmnaTa III seriis mwkrivTa warmoeba: ase vTqvaT, warmoebis erTferovnebis `horizontaluri principi~ _ I TurmeobiTSi rTuli Tema; II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi _ martivi Tema.
ia daboloebian formebs Tu am paradigmaSi CavsvamT, miviGebT im variants, romelsac vuwodeT formaTa erTferovnebis
`vertikaluri principi~:
I Turm.:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
da-u-mal-ia
da-e-mal-a
da-e-mal-o-s
749
u-Tqv-ia
e-Tqv-a
e-Tqv-as
rogorc vnaxeT, axal qarTulSi Sereuli (anu `erTferovnebis horizontalur principze~ agebuli) paradigma TemisniSnian zmnebSi aGar gvaqvs: an samive mwkrivSi rTuli Temaa, an samive
mwkrivSi _ martivi Temaa. -av/ -am TemisniSnian zmanTa Zveli paradigma arGvevs erTian sistemas. ia daboloebian formaTa gaCena
swored III seriis formawarmoebaSi momxdari rTuli cvlilebis
tendenciis gamovlenaa. -ia daboloebiani formebi analogiuria
TemisniSnian zmnaTa II rigis formebisa: roca II TurmeobiTis (da
III kavSirebiTis) uTemisniSno saKrdeni fuZe gavrcelda I TurmeobiTSi:
I Turm.:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
gan-m-i-tf-ob-i-e-s
gan-m-e-tf-o
gan-m-e-tf-o-s
ga-m-i-Tb-ia
ga-m-e-Tb-o
ga-m-i-Tb-o-s
I Turm.:
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
mo-m-i-kl-av-s
mo-m-e-kl-a
mo-m-e-kl-a-s
mo-m-i-kl-i-a
mo-m-e-kl-a
mo-m-e-kl-a-s
Sdr.:
750
751
damixat-i-a
dagixat-i-a
dauxat-i-a
dagvixat-i-a
dagixat-i-a-T
dauixat-i-a-T
damixat-i-xar
damixat-i-xarT
dagvixat-i-xar
dagvixat-i-xarT
dagixat-i-var
dagixat-i-varT
dagvixat-i-xar
dagvixat-i-xarT
davuxat-i-var
dauxat-i-varT
dauxat-i-xar
dauxat-i-xarT
dagixat-i-varT
davuxat-i-varT
dauxat-i-xarT
me is (isini)
Sen is (isini)
mas is (isini)
Cven is (isini)
Tqven is (isini)
maT is (isini)
me Sen
me Tqven
Cven Sen
Cven Tqven
Sen me
Sen Cven
Cven Sen
Cven Tqven
mas me
mas Cven
mas Sen
mas Tqven
Tqven me (Cven)
maT me (Cven)
maT Sen (Tqven)
752
a-m-i-Seneb-ia
a-g-i-Seneb-ia
a-u-Seneb-ia
a-v-u-Seneb-i-var
a-u-Seneb-i-xar
a-m-i-Seneb-i-xar
a-g-i-Seneb-i-var
qarTuli
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
damalul
var
xar
ars
varT
viKav
iKav
iKo
viKveniT
viKo
iKo
iKos
viKvneT
damalul xarT
damalul arian
axali
damalul iKveniT
damalul iKvnes
753
damalul iKvneT
damalul iKvnen
qarTuli
I TurmeobiTi
II TurmeobiTi
III kavSirebiTi
da-v-malul-var
da-malul-xar
da-malul-a
da-v-malul-varT
da-v-malul-iKav
da-malul-iKav
da-malul-iKo
da-v-malul-iKveniT/iKaviT
da-malul-xarT
da-malul-iKveniT/iKaviT
da-malul-an
da-malul-iKvnen
da-v-malul-iKo
da-malul-iKo
da-malul-iKos
da-v-malul-iKvneT
/iKoT
da-malul-iKvneT/
iKoT
da-malul-iKvnen
a. SaniZis azriT, axal qarTulSi `piris niSnis win wamowevisaTvis xeli unda SeewKo orpiriani zmnebis uGlebas imave seriis mwkrivebSi~. vfiqrobT, esaa aGweriTi warmoebis organulad gaazrebis gza, rac, Cveni azriT, im saerTo tendenciis
gamovlenaa, rac mesame seriis mwkrivTa warmoebaSi momxdar
cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli _ formobrivi principis
bolomde gatareba: mimGeoba gaiazreba zmnur fuZed, saerTo
monacemad samive mwkrivis formaTaTvis da Cveulebrivi morfologiuri modeli iqmneba:
zmniswini + piris niSani + fuZe + meSveli zmna:
da-v-malul-var; Sdr.: mi-v-di-var, da-v-frinav-var
mimGeoba am S e m T x v e v a S i m o r f o l o g i u r a d t o l f a s i a T e m i s a, e. i. organul warmoebaSi im nawilisa, romelic saerToa erTi seriis mwkrivTa formebisaTvis.
es tendencia rom aSkaraa, amis dasturia is cvlilebebi,
romlebic xdeba orpiriani vnebiTi gvaris formaTa warmoebaSi.
cnobilia, rogorc Zvel, ise axal saliteraturo qarTulSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebis I TurmeobiTi, erTi mxriv, da II
TurmeobiTi da III kavSirebiTi, meore mxriv, gansxvavebuli principiT iuGvlis.
754
Zveli qarTuli
I T u r m .:
II T u r m .:
III k a v S .:
da-v-h-viwK-eb-i-e
da-h-viwK-eb-i-e
da-h-viwK-eb-i-e-s
da-v-h-viwK-eb-od-e
da-h-viwK-eb-od-e
da-h-viwK-eb-od-a
da-v-h-viwK-eb-od-i
da-h-viwK-eb-od-i
da-h-viwK-eb-od-i-s
gan-v-tf-eb-i
gan-v-tf-eb-od-e
gan-v-tf-eb-od-i
I TurmeobiTis meSvelzmnian warmoebaze gadasvlam cvlileba gamoiwvia mTlianad III seriis paradigmaSi; am SemTxvevaSi orpiriani gardauvali zmnebi erTpirianis msgavsni aGmoCndebian
formobriv:
I Turm.: da-v-viwK-eb-i-var
da-viwK-eb-i-xar
da-viwK-eb-i-a
II Turm.:
III kavS.:
da-v-viwK-eb-i-Kav
da-viwK-eb-i-Kav
da-viwK-eb-i-Ko
da-v-viwK-eb-i-Ko
da-viwK-eb-i-Ko
da-viwK-eb-i-Kos
II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi meSvelzmniani formebi
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m-i-keT-eb-d-a
g-i-keT-eb-d-a
u-keT-eb-d-a
m-i-keT-eb-d-e-s
g-i-keT-eb-d-e-s
u-keT-eb-d-e-s
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a-keT-eb-s
i-keT-eb-s
u-keT-eb-s
u-keT-eb-ia
a-q-eb-s / a-q-o
i-q-eb-s / i-q-o
u-q-eb-s / u-q-o
u-q-ia
e-keT-eb-ina
e-keT-eb-inos
a-q-eb-s
i-q-eb-s
u-q-eb-s
e-q-o
e-q-os
amgvarad, xmovanprefiqsebi Temis (Sesabamisad mwkrivis fuZis) nawilad ar ganixileba, rogorc cvalebadi nawili zmnuri
formisa erTi paradigmis farglebSi. am dazustebas arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs III seriis formebSi Temis sakiTxis ganxilvis
dros. gavixsenebT ramdenime ganmartebas:
Tema aris is nawili zmnuri formisa, romelic saerToa
erTi seriis mwkrivTa formebisaTvis;
Tema SeiZleba iKos martivi (wer, keT, xat...) da rTuli
(keT-eb, xat-av...).
zmna SeiZleba iKos imdenTemiani, ramdeni Temac aqvs mas
uGlebis srul paradigmaSi (erTTemiani _ wer; orTemiani _
keT-eb...).
amgvari gaazrebiT Temis sakiTxis ganxilvisaTvis III seriaSi
sami Jgufi unda gamoiKos:
I. erTTemiani zmnebi _ romelTac samive seriaSi erTi da
igive Tema aqvs (wer-s, yam-s...)
II. orTemiani zmnebi _ romelTac I da II seriis Tema gansxvavebuli aqvT; III seriis Tema saziaroa an I seriasTan, anda II seriasTan (a-keT-eb-s / a-keT-a / u-keT-eb-ia; a-q-eb-s / a-q-o / u-q-ia...
III. samTemiani zmnebi _ romelTac III seriaSi I-II seriisagan
gansxvavebuli Tema aqvT. am sakiTxze vrclad visaubrebT.
I Jgufis SemTxveva martivia, Kvela seriaSi erTi da igive
martivi Tema meordeba.
II Jgufis zmnebi SeiZleba or qveJgufad gadanawildes:
a) moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi, romlebsac mesame seriaSi
pirvel seriasTan saziaro Tema aqvT (va-keT-eb / va-keT-e)
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I TurmeobiTi _ mi-keT-eb-ia
II TurmeobiTi _ me-keT-eb-i(n)-a
III kavSirebiTi _ me-keT-eb-i(n)-os
b) moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebi, romelTac III seriaSi meore
seriasTan saziaro Tema aqvT (va-q-eb / va-q-e)
I TurmeobiTi _ mi-q-ia
II TurmeobiTi _ me-q-o
III kavSirebiTi _ me-q-os
III JgufSi ori qveJgufi gamoiKofa: a) erTpiriani vnebiTi
gvaris zmnebi.
axal qarTulSi am tipis zmnebSi III seriaSi principuli xasiaTis cvlilebebi moxda Zvel qarTulTan SedarebiT. rogorc
vTqviT, esaa aGweriTi warmoebis organulad gaazrebis gza, rac,
Cveni azriT, im saerTo tendenciis gamovlenaa, rac mesame seriis
mwkrivTa warmoebaSi momxdar cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli
_ formobrivi principis bolomde gatareba. mimGeoba gaiazreba
zmnur fuZed _ saerTo monacemad samive mwkrivis formaTaTvis
da Cveulebrivi morfologiuri modeli iqmneba:
zmniswini + piris niSani + fuZe + meSveli zmna.
vi-mal-eb-i / dav-malul-varT
I TurmeobiTi _ dav-malul-var
II TurmeobiTi _ dav-malul-iKav
III kavSirebiTi _ dav-malul-iKo
TemaTa ganawileba aseTia: I seria _ malav, II seria _ mal,
III seria _ malul.
b) meore qveJgufSi unda warmovadginoT orpiriani vnebiTi
gvaris zmnebi. arsebiTi Tavisebureba am qveJgufisa is aris, rom
III seriaSi isini gamoiKeneben Sesabamisi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnis
pirveli seriis Temas (am faqtze miniSnebisas a. SaniZe Zaxilis
niSans dasvams); rac vnebiTis sruli paradigmisaTvis III seriis
Temad unda gaviazroT.
1. va-viwK-d-eb-i / dava-viwK-d-i / dav-viwK-eb-ivar (Sdr.:
moqm. va-viwK-eb / dava-viwK-e)
I TurmeobiTi _ dav-viwK-eb-ivar
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II TurmeobiTi _ dav-viwK-eb-odi
III kavSirebiTi _ dav-viwK-eb-ode
aseve: vu-ber-d-eb-i / davu-ber-d-i / davu-ber-eb-ivar (Sdr.:
va-ber-eb) da sxva.
2. ve-mal-eb-i (dave-mal-e / dav-mal-v-ivar (Sdr.: v-malav)
I TurmeobiTi _ dav-mal-v-ivar
II TurmeobiTi _ dav-mal-v-odi
III kavSirebiTi _ dav-mal-v-ode
3. vu-Tb-eb-i / gavu-Tb-i / gav-Tb-ob-ivar
(Sdr.: va-Tb-ob)
I TurmeobiTi _ gav-Tb-ob-ivar
II TurmeobiTi _ gav-Tb-ob-odi
III kavSirebiTi _ gav-Tb-ob-ode
4. ve-zrd-eb-i / gave-zard-e / gav-zrd-ivar (Sdr.: v-zrd-i)
I TurmeobiTi _ gav-zrd-ivar
II TurmeobiTi _ gav-zrd-odi
III kavSirebiTi _ gav-zrd-ode
zemoganxilul Kvela SemTxvevaSi viTareba erTgvaria: III seriis Kvela formas saerTo saKrdeni fuZe (e. i. Tema) aqvs. es
sistema CamoKalibebis stadiaSia: procesi srulad ar aris damTavrebuli; moqmedebiTi gvaris SemTxvevaSi Zveli qarTulis Sereuli varianti Semogvinaxa fuZedrekadma zmnebma: I TurmeobiTSi saziaro Tema aqvT I seriasTan, II TurmeobiTsa da III kavSirebiTSi _ III seriasTan:
a) v-grex / v-grix-e; b) v-Tl-i / v-Tal-e
I TurmeobiTi _ dami-grex-ia
II TurmeobiTi _ dame-grix-a
III kavSirebiTi _ dame-grix-os
amgvari iKo principi moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa formawarmoebisa mesame seriaSi Zveli qarTulisaTvis (ix. $ IV. 5.8.1.):
awmKo _
wKvetili _
I TurmeobiTi _
II TurmeobiTi _
III kavSirebiTi _
aGva-Sn-eb,
aGva-Sn-e,
aGmi-Sn-eb-ies,
aGme-Sn-a,
aGme-Sn-os,
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ganva-g-eb
ganva-g-e
ganmi-g-eb-ies
ganme-g-o
ganme-g-os
rogorc vnaxeT, moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnebSi `paradigma gasworda~. gamonaklisia fuZedrekadi zmnebi: I TurmeobiTi iKenebs
I seriis Temas; II TurmeobiTi da II kavSirebiTi _ II seriisas.
gardamaval safexurze dgas -av da -am TemisniSniani zmnebi (ix. $
IV. 5.8.3.): paralelizmi I TurmeobiTSi gamowveulia imiT, rom
erTi mxriv, SenarCunebulia Zveli qarTulis viTareba, meore
mxriv, axali tendenciis (seriisaTvis saerTo fuZe) gamovlenaa:
I TurmeobiTi _ dami-xat-av-s
II TurmeobiTi _ dame-xat-a
III kavSirebiTi _ dame-xat-os
rogorc zemoT aGvniSneT, formaTa ganviTarebis tendencia
meore paradigmis sasargeblod metKvelebs. Zneli saTqmelia, es
tendencia gavrceldeba Tu ara odesme fuZedrekad zmnebze.
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is erTgvari enobrivi universaliaa. rogorc aGiniSneba, perfeqti gulisxmobs moqmedebisa da moqmedebis Sedegis erTad warmodgenas, Tanaarsebobas. perfeqti naxulia, roca mosaubre rogorc moqmedebis, ise Sedegis mowmea. magram, roca moqmedebaze
warmodgena iqmneba aposteriorulad _ misgan datovebuli kvalis, Sedegis mixedviT, perfeqti unaxavi gamodis. unaxaoba moqmedebis procesTan dauswreblobaa, Sedegi orive SemTxvevaSi warmodgenilia.
a. SaniZe a q t i s saxeliT gamoyofs naxulisa da unaxavis
uGlebis kategorias. rogorc axal, ise Zvel qarTulSi unaxavis
kategoria gulisxmobs I TurmeobiTis mwkrivs.
miGebulia, rom TurmeobiToba ar aris III seriis mwkrivTa
damaxasiaTebeli funqcia, rig SemTxvevebSi mas ar Seicavs I TurmeobiTis formac ki (arn. Ciqobava, iv. qavTaraZe).
istoriulad ufro nakleb sagrZnobia unaxaobis mniSvneloba III seriis formebSi.
imis sabuTad, rom unaxaoba III seriis mwkrivTaTvis ar aris
pirvandeli da damaxasiaTebeli funqcia, qarTvelur enebSi am
funqciis gamomxatvel specialuri nawilakis arsebobac gamodgeba. ena leqsikur saSualebas maSin mimarTavs, roca morfologiuri saSualeba ara aqvs ganviTarebuli raime semantikis
gadmosacemad. istoriulad xolmeobiTis formebi gamovida zmnis
sistemidan, magram enobriv cnobierebaSi mravalgzisobis gamoxatvis moTxovnileba darCa da enam mimarTa leqsikur saSualebas _ gaiCina nawilaki `xolme~. igive iTqmis TurmeobiTze,
oGond `Turme~ gadavardnili morfologiuri kategoriis
sanacvlod ki ar gaCenila, aramed enaSi unaxaobis gamoxatvis
moTxovnilebam, romelsac morfologiuri saSualeba ar gaaCnda,
leqsikuri warmoSva. Semdeg, rogorc mosalodneli iyo, am funqciiis gadmocema Camoyalibebul formebs daekisra; magram, ramdenadac amisaTvis gansakuTrebuli nakvTi ar Seiqmna (morfologiuri niSani ar gaCnda), nawilaki enaSi darCa, rogorc ufro
moqnili saSualeba unaxaobis gamoxatvisa. is faqti, rom
`Turme~ nawilaki ufro naklebi xmarebisaa, rac ufro istoriis
siGrmeSi mivdivarT, imas unda asabuTebdes, rom istoriulad
ena nakleb moiTxovda `TurmeobiTobis~ gamoxatvas; nawilakis
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meobiTi (anu pirveli Sedegobrivi) iseTi namyoa, romelic gadmogvcems, rom Sedegi awmyoSi Cans... meore TurmeobiTi is namyo
droa, romelic gadmogvcems, rom winad momxdari ambis Sedegi
warsulSive Canda~...
perfeqtuloba dasaxelebuli mwkrivebisa adridanve iyo SeniSnuli, rac terminologiaSic aisaxa: I TurmeobiTisaTvis: I- (al. cagareli), (n. mari),
perfectum (g. deetersi), I (b. rudenko)... II TurmeobiTobisaTvis: II (al. cagareli), (n.
mari), plusquamperfect (g. deetersi), II , , (b. rudenko)...
h. fogti qarTuli zmnis mwkrivebs aspeqtobrivad upirispirebs erTmaneTs, romelTagan III jgufis formebs rezultatiur
aspeqts miakuTvnebs (I _ diuratiuli, II _ momenturi).
amdenad, terminologiurad `SedegobiTi~ ufro gamarTlebuli Cans ZiriTadi da saerTo mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT.
maSasadame: TurmeobiTi I-iT gadmocemuli moqmedeba namyo
dros ganekuTvneba, Sedegi _ awmyos.
TurmeobiTi II-iT gadmocemuli moqmedebac namyoa, oGond
Sedegic namyo droSia warmodgenili.
TurmeobiTi meore am mxriv erTmniSvnelovania (erTganzomilebiani): moqmedebac da Sedegic namyoa; amitom rogorc konteqsti, ise formaTSenacvleba namyos farglebSi mimdinareobs.
rac Seexeba TurmeobiT pirvels, masTan SesaZlebelia rogorc namyos, ise awmyos Segueba. mwkrivi orive am dros iTavsebs: moqmedebis mxriv _ namyos, Sedegis mxriv _ awmyos.
`TermeobiToba~, damaxasiaTebeli III jgufisaTvis, rogorc
iTqva, am jgufis formaTa perfeqtulobidan unda ganviTarebuliyo; perfeqtuli droebi yvelaze metad iTavseben unaxaobas
imdenad, ramdenadac moqmedebaze misi SedegiT iqmneba warmodgena. Sedegze orientacia ki xSirad gulisxmobs moqmedebis unaxaobas, procesTan dauswreblobas. aq aris `TurmeobiTobis~ saTave.
amitomac `TurmeobiToba~ mosalodnelia pirvelad I TurmeobiTis mwkrivSi Casaxuliyo, ramdenadac masSi moqmedeba da Sedegi
droulad metadaa daSorebuli (namyo-awmyo), vidre TurmeobiT
II-Si (orive namyo). Tumca sxvagvari varaudic SeiZleba: II TurmeobiTSi moqmedebac da Sedegic daSorebulia ubnobis moments da
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ufro gaucxoebuli, vidre TurmeobiT I-Si, sadac Sedegi warmodgenilia ubnobis dros. es orive Teoriuli msjelobaa, rasac
praqtikulad sirdeba Semagreba.
erTic unda aGiniSnos: xSirad SeiZleba konteqstis mniSvneloba zmnuri formis mniSvnelobad iqnes gagebuli. aseTi SemTxvevebi formis funqciuri analizidan unda gamoiricxos. magaliTad, minaxavs, msmenia _ `naxuli aqtia~, ar minaxavs, ar msmenia _ `unaxavi~. aq naxuloba-unaxaobas qmnis `ar~ nawilakis qona-arqona da ara zmnis forma, iseve, rogorc: vnaxe _ ver vnaxe
da misT.
`ar~ nawilakis Taviseburi funqciuri urTierToba TurmeobiT I-Tan miTiTebulia. namyo droSi `ver~ nawilaks `ar~ kategoriulobiT upirispirdeba (ar vnaxe), magram TurmeobiT I-Si
mas es niuansi aGar gaaCnia. asea imitom, rom TurmeobiTi I warmodgenilia, rogorc awmyos forma (ar minaxavs = ar maqvs nanaxi). awmyoSi `ar~ nawilaki kategoriulobas moklebulia. amgvarad, es movlenac isev TurmeobiTi I-is `orplanianobiT~ ixsneba.
`nu~ nawilakTan SeerTebiT gadmoicema brZanebiToba. I
TurmeobiTi, cxadia `nu~ nawilaks uerTdeba, rogorc awmyos
forma.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi `nu~ I TurmeobiTTan warmodgenilia swored im SemTxvevaSi, roca is awmyos gadmoscems: `nu agiSvia Tavi~ da misT.
I TurmeobiTis funqciebi dawvrilebiT aris aGwerili
enaTmecnierul literaturaSi (g. deetersi, a. SaniZe, arn. Ciqobava, b. rudenko, d. gewaZe, iv. qavTaraZe, n. naTaZe, h. fogti, J.
feiqriSvili...).
SeiZleba iTqvas Semdegi: TurmeobiTi I aris perfeqtuli
dro (namyosa da awmyos niSnebiT), is aris TxrobiTi kilos
forma, misi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobaa rezultatiuroba (SedegobiToba), SeZenili da istoriulad ganmtkicebuli funqcia (Tanafunqcia) _ unaxaoba, `TurmeobiToba~. TurmeobiTi I aris ZiriTadad (gansxvavebiT II TurmeobiTisagan) parataqsuli konstruqciis zmna, is ar qmnis araviTar gansakuTrebul sintaqsur SeerTebebs.
aGwerilis garda, yvela mniSvneloba (Sinaarsi), romelSic
ki TurmeobiTi I iGebs monawileobas, araa misi funqcia, aramed
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magaliTebi: mere me mainc avdeqi da Semovtrialdi, raTa d a m e n a x a es sinaTle (n. dumb.). gadmoxeTqa masSi dagubebulma geniam, rom madliT da niis cecxliT
m o e r w y o Cveni drois saqarTvelos mxatvrobis
yamiri miwa (T. il.). iseT rames ityoda xolme,
mTeli saaTi rom g e f i q r a, verafriT mixvdebodi,
ra igulisxma (o. ios.).
mxolod yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba SevitanoT
TurmeobiTi II-is formebi kavSirebiTi kilos jgufSi Tanamedrove saliteraturo qarTulisaTvis. amdenadve SeiZleba ramdenime
dialeqtSi (rauli, ingilouri, zemoimeruli) hipotaqsur konstruqciebSi kavSirebiTebis ganmtkiceba Zveli viTarebis gagrZelebad miviCnioT.
amgvarad, TurmeobiTma II-m istoriulad cvlilebebi ganicada da funqciurad Zveli da axali qarTulis TurmeobiTi II-is
formebi erTad ver dadgeba. istoria funqciuri gadaxris
grZel gzas warmogvidgens.
IV. 5.9.5. kavSirebiTi mesamis funqciebi. kavSirebiTi III
Zvel qarTulSive, rogorc araerTxel aGniSnula, naklebi gavrcelebis mwkrivia. III kavSirebiTi I-II TurmeobiTs ZvelSi kilos
mixedviT upirispirdeba, pirveli oriT TxrobiTi kilo gadmoicema, mesamiT _ kavSirebiTi. a. SaniZis ganmartebiT, `kavSirebiTia kilo, romelic zmniT aGniSnul moqmedebas ise warmoadgens,
rom igi ar aris faqti, magram SeiZleba xdebodes, moxdes, an momxdariyos~ (a. SaniZe). miGebulia, rom kavSirebiTi III gamoxatavs
warsul dros (a. SaniZe).
III kavSirebiTi monawileobs zog (damatebiT, garemoebiT,
gansazGvrebiT...) hipotaqsur konstruqciaSi, romlis mTavari
winadadeba warmodgenilia awmyo-myofadis an myofadis gadmomcemi kavSirebiTis formiT. TviT III kavSirebiTiT gadmocemuli
piroba myofads gulisxmobs. namyo droSi Sesrulebuli moqmedebis Sedegi myofadSi pirobiTad unda iqnes warmodgenili. III kavSirebiTi Tavisebur perfeqtul drod SeiZleba vcnoT: moqmedeba _ namyoSi. Sedegi _ myofadSi. pirobiToba ukavSirdeba myofadSi warmodgenil Sedegs. droul (agreTve modalur) mimarTebaTa mxriv es konstruqcia arasodes emTxveva pirobiT-SedegobiT
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winadadebas, romelSic TurmeobiTi II funqcionirebs. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi piroba namyo droSia mocemuli, masze miTiTebuli Sedegi aseve namyo droSi Sesrulebas gulisxmobs. SevadaroT es konstruqciebi:
I. ...rameTu ara Tumca pirvelad sityua Semedara, Targmani sitysa gairyuneboda (mociq. efrem. 30, 16); da
daRacaTumca ara daebura piri misi, verve ras icnobda
mas (A-95. 556, 12-18{2}).
II. ...da sld ukueTu visme pirvelad eTargmanos, .meored
Targmanebuli winaaGmdgomad gamoCndebis .(qronik. 100,
12); arGara eyivnos qaTamsa, vidremde uvar-myo me sam
gzis (iovane. 13, 38).
rogorc mosalodneli iyo, III kavSirebiTTan -mca nawilaki
araa warmodgenili. am ori tipis konstruqciis drouli da Sinaarsobrivi gansxvaveba aSkaraa, amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
TurmeobiT II-s kavSirebiTi III arasodes Seucvlia. am or mwkrivs
gansxvavebuli funqciebi hqonda, sxvadasxva konstruqciebSi iGebdnen monawileobas. maTgan II TurmeobiTma istoriulad ufro
ganimtkica poziciebi, xolo III kavSirebiTma mocemul konstruqciebSi ufro daTmo. III kavSirebiTs, rogorc Cans, istoriulad
funqciuri ganmtkiceba ar ganucdia, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviGebT zogierT dialeqts (rauli, fereidnuli). SeiZleba es
movlenac pirdapir kavSirSi iyos myofadis CamoyalibebasTan.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi III kavSirebiTi mxolod ori funqciiTGa gvxvdeba. erTi survilis (dalocvis) modaloba: (dae)
a e S e n e b i n o s! xolo meore _ erTgvari pirobiTi winadadeba:
kacs ar unaxavs, yana gaumarglavi d a e t o v e b i n o s. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSic III kavSirebiTs asparezs II TurmeobiTi
`ecileba~. magaliTebi:
a) dae, a g s r u l e b o d e T nanatri! (`lit. saq.~).
mudam ase S e g c v l o d e T iri lxiniT! (g. Satb.).
GmerTma hqnas, rom survili S e g s r u l e b o d e s (akaki).
b) adre da male aigavos mtversaviT es oboli Tavi, Tu adamianis Galati odesme gulSi g a m t a r e b o d e s (ilia).
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Cans Sedgenili Semasmenlis (aRelvebuli Cans) nawilia. asevea gaxda, darCa, gamova, gaxlavs da sxva zmnebi.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTuli organuli warmoebis enaa da
aRweriT formebs ZiriTadad maSin mimarTavs, roca sinTezuri
warmoeba Wirs. sinTezuri warmoebis uqonloba umetesad ganpirobebulia saxeluri komponentis Taviseburi semantikiT.
aRweriTi formebi Zveli qarTulis wiaRSi Caisaxa. meSvelzmniani formebi Tavdapirvelad gardauvali zmnis pirvel TurmeobiTSi unda gaCeniliyo da misi daniSnuleba iyo daezustebina
piris romeloba. erTpirian zmnaTa pirveli TurmeobiTis formaTa analogiiT unda ganviTarebuliyo enaSi sxva meSvelzmniani
formebi(a. SaniZe).
aRweriTi warmoeba qarTulSi meoreul movlenad miaCniaT,
Tumca is Zvel qarTulSi xSirad gamoiyeneba da ar warmoadgens
ucxo enaTa gavlenis Sedegs. Zvel qarTulSive Cans aRweriTi
warmoebis organuliT Secvlis tendencia, magram Tanamedrove
qarTulSi SeiniSneba sapirispiro tendenciac: zogi tipis aRweriTi warmoebis aris gafarToeba. magaliTad, perifrastuli vnebiTis formebi sul ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba da iseT zmnebTanac gvxvdeba, romelTaTvisac organuli warmoebac bunebrivia:
gadmocemul iqnes / gadmoices, dalagebul iqnes / dalagdes
da sxva.
IV. 5.10.2. rTulfuZiani zmnebi. rTulfuZianad ganvixilavT ara iseT zmnebs, romelTa formawarmoebisaTvis sayrdeni
fuZe SedgenilobiT rTulia (gai-sigrZegan-a...), aramed zmnebs,
romlebic Sedgeba saxeluri da zmnuri komponentisagan.
Tanamedrove qarTulSi gvxvdeba rTulfuZiani zmnebi: Seuracxyofs, uzrunvelyofs, ukvdavyofs, srulyofs, cxadyofs,
ukugdebs, TanagrZnobs, Tanadgoms... rTul zmnebSi formacvalebadia zmnuri nawili, saxeluri ki ucvlelia. am zmnebis umetesoba Zveli qarTulidan naSTis saxiT SemorCenili formebia.
msgavsi rTuli formebis warmoeba axal qarTuls ar axasiaTebs.
Zvel qarTulSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli rTuli zmnebi,
romlebic nawarmoebi iyo saxelisa da meSveli zmnis saSualebiT:
nugeSinis-sca, ambors-uyo, RaRad-yo, Zal-mic, xel-mewifebis
da sxva. am aRweriTi formebis saxeluri nawili xSir SemTxvevaSi fuZis saxiT warmodgenili arsebiTi saxelia, romelic warmo-
773
SobiT am rTul formebSi Semaval zmnasTan Sewyobili pirdapiri obieqtia: xma-yo, wam-uyvna, sityva-yo, Zal-gic; zog SemTxvevaSi ki saxeluri nawili zedsarTavi saxeli an mimReobaa: cxadyo, wmida-yo, uzrunvel-yo, wrfel-yo. meSvel zmnebad gamoyenebulia: cema, yofa, deba, Reba. . .
am rTuli zmnebidan axal qarTulSi SemogvrCa: cxadyo, Seuracxyo, uzrunvelyo, ukvdavyo, srulyo, uaryo. ramdenadac
es formebi Zveli qarTulidanaa SemorCenili, pirvel seriaSi
maT mxolod sami mwkrivis formebi aqvT, myofadis wris mwkrivebi ar ganuviTardaT. es zmnebi naSTis saxiT moRweuli formebia,
msgavsi warmoeba axal qarTuls ar axasiaTebs.
rTuli zmnebis nawilebi ganuyofelia, magram iSviaTad
gvxvdeba maTi gaTiSvis SemTxvevebic: yurad unda eRo, pativi
unda vceT. forma pativiscema, marTalia, rTuli zmnaa, magram
misi saxeluri nawili brunvebs icvlis (pativs vcem, pativi veci) da Tan msazRvreli SeiZleba daerTos (did pativs vcem, sakadrisi pativi sces da a. S.).
zogi aRweriTi warmoebis formis nawils moepoveba Sesabamisi organuli warmoeba, garkveul SemTxvevaSi ena upiratesobas
aniWebs analizur formebs. zog SemTxvevaSi analizur da sinTezur formaTa Soris sxvaoba semantikuria, zog SemTxvevaSi ki _
gramatikuli. semantikuria dapirispireba am formebisa: a-naTleb-s _ swavla-ganaTleba Seaqvs, codnas sZens da naTelyofs _
naTels, gasagebs xdis, aaSkaravebs, amJRavnebs; a-srul-eb-s _
srul saxes aZlevs, amTavrebs, abolavebs, akeTebs, axorcielebs
da srulyofs _ unaklos, uzados xdis, xvews, aumjobesebs, aviTarebs. Gzogjer aRweriT da mis paralelur organuli warmoebis formebs Soris sxvaoba stilisturia (b. jorbenaZe).
rTuli zmnis ZiriTad leqsikur mniSvnelobas gansazGvravs
saxeluri nawili. zmnuri nawili asrulebs damxmare zmnis funqcias. II komponenti Cveulebriv zmniswinis gareSe gamoiyeneba,
amitom erTi da igive forma konteqstisda Sesabamisad SeiZleba
gamoxatavdes awmyos droul gagebasac da myofadis droul gagebasac:
ras vSvrebi? _ me uzrunvelvyof maT Soris kavSirs;
ras vizam? _ me uzrunvelvyof maT usafrTxoebas...
774
775
Sesabamisad Serwymuli zmnis Semadgeneli komponentebi erTmaneTisagan sxvaobs zmniswiniT. erTi da imave zmnuri fuZisagan
Sedgenil zmnebSi wyvildeba erTi da imave mimarTulebis, magram
sxvadasxva orientaciis zmnebi; Cveulebriv wyvildeba mi- da mo-,
a- da Ca-, a- da da-; anda martivi da Sesabamisi rTuli zmniswinebi: ga- da gamo-, wa- da wamo- da sxva: miiar-moiara, mivid-movida;
aiar-Caiara, avard-davarda... aseve gaiar-gamoiara, wavid-wamovidnen, gaixed-gamoixeda... Serwymuli zmnebidan pirveli umetesad
bolomokvecilia, meore ki sruli saxiT aris warmodgenili. pirvels zogjer mxolod piris niSani aklia: gazom-awona, CaikvnesCaiWikWika da sxva, zogjer ki sxva nawilebic: milag-molagdnen,
Sedi-gamodiodnen da sxva.
ZiriTadad erTmaneTs erwymis:
a) sinonimuri an msgavsi Sinaarsis (acreml-atira, gasuqgalaReT, daiban-daisufTava, gazom-awona...);
b) sapirispiro Sinaarsis zmnebi (gamaciv-gamacxela);
g) erTi da imave fuZisagan sxvadasxva zmniswiniT nawarmoebi
formebi (garbi-gamorbian, miyar-moyara, milag-molagdnen, awondawona...).
aseTi formebi Zalze mcirea. gacilebiT ufro metia Serwymuli formebi sawyisebsa da mimReobebSi: misvla-mosvla, mikiTxv-mokiTxva, yidva-gayidva, dawmendil-dasufTavebuli, wasul-wamosuli, gaWenebul-gamoWenebuli da a. S. mi- da mozmniswinebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba pirveli komponenti mxolod
zmniswiniTac iqnes warmodgenili: mimoixeda, mimoiara... sxva
zmniswinaTa SemTxvevaSi ase ar xdeba.
IV. 5.10.4. myari zmnuri Sesityvebebi. aRweriT warmoebad
unda CaiTvalos agreTve frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi: yurad
iRo, naTel iRo, sityva miugo, xelSi Caigdo da sxva. msgavsi
frazeologizmebi xSiri iyo Zvel qarTulSi: yurad-iReT (yurad-Reba _ azris, yuradRebis, smenis mimarTva raimeze), muclad-iRo (muclad-Reba _ daorsuleba), sityva-ugis (sityvis-geba _ pasuxis gacema), Tav-adgam (Tav-dgma _ damTavreba), guli
ganawyo (gulis ganwyoba _ gulis mosvla) da sxva. am aRweriTi
saxis gamoTqmebSi saxeluri nawili warmoSobiT pirdapiri obieqtia an ubralo damateba. amgvari frazeologiuri gamoTqmebi
776
777
v-zi-var v-sxed-xarT
zi-xar
sxed-xarT
zi-s
sxed-an
es statikuri zmnis SemTxvevaSi. aseTive Senacvleba xdeba
Sesabamis dinamikur vnebiTebSic:
v-jd-eb-i v-sxd-eb-i-T
jd-eb-i
sxd-eb-i-T
jd-eb-a
sxd-eb-i-an
fuZeTa aseTi Senacvleba xdeba yvela mwkrivis (romelic
moepoveba konkretul zmnas) formebSi:
(da)vjdebodi _ (da)vsxdebodiT
(da)vjdebode _ (da)vsxdebodeT
davjeqi _ davsxediT
davjde _ davsxdeT
davmjdarvar _ davmsxdarvarT
davmjdariyavi _ davmsxdariyaviT
davmjdariyo _ davmsxdariyoT
zi da jed fuZeebi sasaubro metyvelebaSi mravlobiTis
formebSic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli: vzivarT, vjdebiT; II piris e. w. pativiscemis mravlobiTis SemTxvevaSi Cveulebriv mxolobiTi fuZeebi gamoiyeneba: Tqven zixarT, Tqven jdebiT...
subieqtis ricxvis mixedviT fuZeTa Senacvlebis sxva SemTxvevebi:
vard-eb-a _ cviv-a,
agdia _ yria,
devs _ awyvia,
abia _ asxia,
kvdeba _ ixoceba...
b) martivi fuZis Senacvleba SeiZleba moxdes pirdapiri
obieqtis ricxvis mixedviT:
da-sv-a man is _ da-sx-a man isini
moi-b-a man is _ moi-sx-a man isini
wai-yvan-a man is _ wa-sx-a man isini (Cveulebrivia aseve waiyvana man isini).
mo-kl-a
man is _ da-xoc-a man isini
da-kl-a
778
daa-la-ga
daa-wey-o
man isini
779
780
aris
_ iqneba _ iKo
781
da wvan
v-wev
s-wev
wev-s
v-wev-T
s-wev-T
wvan-an
gav
da gvan
v-h-gav
h-gav
h-gav-s
v-h-gav-T
h-gav-T
h-gvan-an
am
da man
v-am
h-am
am-s
v-am-T
h-am-T
man-an
rwam
da rwman v-h-rwam
h-rwam
h-rwam-s
v-h-rwam-T
h-rwam-T
h-rwman-an
dga
da dgan
v-dga-T
s-dga-T
dgan-an
v-dga
s-dga
dga-s
wev _ wvan, Kav _ Kvan, gav _ gvan, dga _ dgan zmnaTa paradigmebi supleturia axal qarTulSic. sxvaobas Zveli qarTulisagan is qmnis, rom I-II piris formebma meSveli zmna dairTes:
v-dga-var
dga-xar
dga-s
v-dga-varT
dga-xarT
dgan-an
am SemTxvevaSi Cvens mizans ar Seadgens III piris mravlobiTis formaSi dadasturebuli an elementis raobis kvleva. arsebiTi isaa CvenTvis, rom es elementi sayrdeni fuZis nawilia.
Tumca vTqvaT isic, rom a. SaniZis azriT, am formebSi an Temis
niSania, naSTis saxiT SemorCenili.
782
783
784
785
SeiZleba Seenacvlos I-II pirebSi val: `mi-val, mimixaria...~); momaval dros val fuZe gamoxatavs _ mi-val, mi-x-val, mi-va(l-s); wyvetilSi ved/vid fuZea gamoyenebuli: mi-ved-i, mi-xved-i, mi-vid-a.
gavxazavT: es erTaderTia fuZemonacvle zmnaTa Soris, romelsac sxvadasxva fuZe aqvs awmyo-myofadsa (mi-val...) da I seriis
danarCen or mwkrivSi _ mi-vid-od-i, mi-vid-od-e...
garda amisa, gansaxilveli zmna ramdenime Taviseburebas avlens:
1. ved/ vid erTaderTi fuZea, erT-erTia im ori zmnidan,
romlebmac subieqturi meore piris niSnad x- prefiqsi Semogvinaxa: mo-x-val, mo-x-ved(i), mo-x-vid-e.
2. saerTod, zmnis fuZiseuli e xmovani sxvadasxva jgufis
zmnasTan sxvadasxvagvar Tvisebas avlens: a) yvela mwkrivis formebSi ucvleladaa warmodgenili: vwer-vwere-miweria, vZerwavvZerwe-miZerwavs... b) I seriis formebSi dadasturebul e xmovans
II seriis formebSi i xmovani enacvleba vdrek-vdrike, vgrex-vgrixe... g) erTi tipis zmnebSi fuZiseuli e mxolod wyvetilis I da
II piris formebSia warmodgenili; imave mwkrivis III pirisa da
sxva mwkrivTa formebSi fuZe nulovani gaxmovanebiTaa warmodgenili: gavWeri-gaWeri-gaWra, Wris, gaWras... fuZeSi e xmovnis Semcveli yvela zmna zemowarmodgenili sami jgufidan romelime
erT-erTs miekuTvneba. gamonakliss qmnis mxolod ved zmna. es
erTaderTi fuZea, sadac xmovanmonacvleoba e/ i erTi mwkrivis formebSi xdeba: I da II piris formebSi e gaxmovanebiTaa
warmodgenili, III piris formaSi _ i gaxmovanebiT:
wa-ved-(i)
wax-ved-(i)
wa-vid-a
wa-ved-i-T
wax-ved-i-T
wa-vid-nen
786
(we)-ved-i
(wax)-ved-i
(we)-vd-a
sayrdeni morfemiseulma xmovanma sruli reduqcia ganicada. Sdr.:
gav-Wer-i
ga-Wer-i
ga-Wr-a
sxva amgvari SemTxveva ar dadasturda.
3. rogorc cnobilia, warTqmiTi brZanebiTi meore pirisa
wyvetilis formebs iyenebs: gaakeTe! dawere! gaiqeci... Zvel qarTulSi wyvetilis II piris sruli forma gamoiyeneboda brZanebiTis gamosaxatavad am zmnasTanac, rac axal qarTulSic iCens
Tavs arqaizmis saxiT: `ganvedi Cemgan, ho, macTuro, sulo boroto!~ (n. bar.); magram, rogorc miuTiTeben, amJamad brZanebiTis
ZiriTadi formaa ga-di, wa-di (a. SaniZe).
es faqti samecniero literaturaSi amgvarad ixsneba: `ved
1-li da me-2 piris formebs awarmoebs (da brZanebiTisasac, magram ukanaskneli forma Zalian daSorebulia pirvandels: mo-ved
mo-ed-(i) mo-d(i)~... (iqve). amgvar axsnas ramdenime winaaGmdegoba axlavs:
a) mo-di formaSi i imave rigis elementad gaiazreba, rac
mov-kal-(i) tipis zmnebTan gvaqvs. I yalibis formebSi -i elementi
nulTan monacvlea. axal qarTulSi es (nulTan monacvleoba -i
elementisa) swored brZanebiTis formebSi xdeba ZiriTadad (ix. $
IV. 5.6.2.). modi forma Cveulebriv i-s gareSe ar gvxvdeba. am mxriv
es -i ufro meore yalibis zmnebTan damowmebul -i elements esadageba, Tu, ra Tqma unda, misi gamonawevreba saerTod SesaZlebelia.
b) ufro arsebiTi xasiaTis dabrkolebad gveCveneba is faqti, rom zmnuri fuZis gamartivebisas cveTa, mokveca Cveulebriv
bolokidur pozicias exeba. mosalodneli iyo swored amgvari
cvlileba (Sdr.: wavgrZeldi da wave grZelad _ vefx. rusTaveli). ved/ vid fuZiseuli v-s dakargvis SemTxvevebi Zvel qarTulSic dasturdeba (i. qavTaraZe) da qarTul dialeqtebSic
(Zv. qarT.: moed da Semomideg _ l. C. 18, 22; kaxuri, fSauri:
moida...), magram sagulisxmoa is, rom v yvela SemTxvevaSi mo
zmniswinis momdevno poziciaSi uCinardeba, a-xmovnian zmniswinTa
787
momdevnod SenarCunebulia; Tu mainc davuSvebT amgvar SesaZleblobas (mo zmniswinian formaTa analogiad miviCnevT sxva zmniswinian formebSi v-s dakargvas), auxsneli dagvrCeba mo-ed-(i)
formaSi e-s dakargva _ saamiso fonetikuri safuZveli ara Cans.
amdenad, eWvqveS dgeba amgvari varaudis daSveba.
brZanebiTis formebSi damowmebuli di masalobrivad igivea,
rac awmyos wris mwkrivTa formebSi warmodgenili fuZe _ mivdi-var / mi-di-s. magram niSnavs ki masalobrivad msgavseba genetur igiveobas? sainteresoa is faqtic, rom imave awmyoSi di
fuZis paralelurad myofadisaTvis Cveulebriv val (wa-val) fuZec gamoiyeneba: mival-mixval-miva. rogorc Cans, fuZeTa gadanawilebis procesi grZeldeba, rac TavisTavad sainteresoa. brZanebiTis meore pirisa da awmyos formaTa fuZeebis identurobaze
gadaWriT raimes Tqmas isic aZnelebs, rom ara gvaqvs sxva SemTxveva brZanebiTSi awmyos fuZis gamoyenebisa.
4. rogorc qveviT vnaxavT, brZanebiTis formebSi fuZeTa
cveTa, bolokiduris mokveca axali qarTulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. ved/ vid zmna aqac Taviseburia: erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, roca zmniswini zmnuri formis funqciiT gamodis: wa
( wadi), ga (gadi), mo (modi)... amgvari faqtebi, Tumca iSviaTad, magram Zvel qarTulSic dasturdeba:
xolo aw mo da mivideT misa (i. C. II, 15).
5. ved/ vid ZiriTadi fuZea wyvetilisaTvis, Tumca mis paralelurad I da II piris formebSi vel fuZec gamoiyeneba: movel,
moxvel. faqti Zvelsave qarTulSi iRebs saTaves. miuTiTeben,
rom ed/ id, el damoukidebeli zmnuri afiqsebia (iqve). ved da
vel erTi mniSvnelobis dialeqturi warmonaqmnebia (i. qavTaraZe).
sagulisxmoa is faqti, rom vel fuZe mxolod I da II pirisaTvisaa gamoyenebuli, paradigmis mesame wevri vid fuZiTaa warmodgenili:
mo-vel
mo-x-vel
mo-vid-a
vfiqrobT, SesaZloa im varaudis daSveba, rom am SemTxvevaSi wyvetilis I da II piris ved fuZe I seriis val fuZis analogiiT vel variantad warmogvidga. mesame piris formaSi vid fu-
788
Zis arseboba amis xelSesaxeb faqtad unda miviCnioT. Sdr.: davweq da da-weq magram da-wv-a, dav-jeq, da-jeq, magram da-jd-a; analogias avdeq-adeq-adga zmnisas mxolod I da II piris formebi
daeqvemdebara.
rogorc vxedavT, aGniSnul TaviseburebaTa aGwera xerxdeba, axsna irs.
IV. 5.10.9. analogiisaTvis
analogia gulisxmobs erTi tipis formaTa gavleniT (`mibaZviT~) sxva tipis formaTa gaCenas. analogiad ganixilaven aseT
faqtebs: istoriulad Tbeba tipis zmnaTa wyvetilis paradigma
am saxis iyo:
gan-v-tef,
gan-s-tef,
gan-tf-a...
axal qarTulSi paradigmam aseTi saxe miiGo:
ga-v-Tb-i,
ga-Tb-i,
ga-Tb-a...
fiqroben, rom I-II piris formaSi fuZe mesame piris formis
analogiiT SeikumSao (ufro sworad, SekumSuli fuZe gavrcelda
I-II pirSic)... aseve fiqroben, rom -av da -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa I
TurmeobiTis ia daboloebiani formebi gamikeTebia tipis zmnaTa analogiiT gaCndao...
amgvar SemTxvevebSi movlenas martivad xsnian: SedarebiT
iSviaTi formebi SedarebiT mravalricxovan formaTa analogiiT
icvlis saxes; xdeba formaTa unifikacia. saevo aris amgvari axsna. magaliTisaTvis: wyvetilis orgvari warmoebidan (mo-v-kal
_ da-v-wer-e) ingilouri dialeqtis erT kilokavSi unificirdeba -e sufiqsiani warmoeba (mo-v-kal-e...), meoreSi _ -i sufqsiani warmoeba (da-v-wer-i...); arada -e sufiqsiani wyvetili raodenobrivad gacilebiT arbobs -i sufiqsianebs. rogorc Cans, amgvar SemTxvevebSi sistemur cvlilebebTan gvaqvs saqme _ yalibTa
monacvleobasTan. mizezi sistemuri cvlis safuZvlebSi unda veZioT...
789
rogorc irkveva, zemodasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi (Tbeba tipis zmnaTa Tu -av da -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa I TurmeobiTSi) saqme sistemur cvlilebebTan gvaqvs da ara analogiasTan.
Tumca analogiis procesi enaSi realurad moqmedebs.
analogiis tipiur magaliTad ganixileba mdgomareobis gamomxatvel zmnaTa wyvetilis I-II piris formebi.
a-v-deq a-v-deg
a-deq a-deg
a-dg-a
absolutur boloSi I da II piris formebSi moxda mJGeri
Tanxmovnis dayrueba. es kanonzomieri procesia zepirmetyvelebaSi. yru varianti iqca literaturul formad. swored am formaTa analogiiT q Tanxmovani gaCnda jed da wev Ziris zmnaTa wyvetilis I-II piris formebSi:
da-v-jeq,
da-jeq,
da-jd-a,
da-v-weq
da-weq
da-wv-a
790
ZiriTadi literatura
abesaZe n. gramatikis sakiTxebi XIX saukunis qarTul periodul gamocemebSi,
Tb., 1960.
abesaZe n. piris (adamianis) saxelTa bruneba Zvelsa da axal qarTulSi: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
abulaZe i. qarTuli zmnis iSviaTi formebi VIII-IX s-is Zeglebis mixedviT: Tsu
Sromebi, t. 53, Tb., 1954.
abulaZe i. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni, Tb., 1973.
andRulaZe n. klasovani da pirovani uRvlilebis istoriis zogi
sakiTxi
iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, Tb., 1965.
anton I qarTuli Rrammatika Sedgenili antoni I-is mier, Tb., 1885.
arabuli a. Zveli qarTulis namyo drois saobieqto mimGeobis morfemuli analizi: smam, 96, #1, Tb., 1979.
arabuli a. relatiuri gardauvali zmnebis dro-kiloTa III jgufis CamoyalibebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: smam, 96, #2, Tb., 1979.
arabuli a. sporadulad gamovlenil III piris -n-d, -en-ed sufiqsTa funqciisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: narkvevebi iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa morfologiidan, Tb., 1980.
arabuli a. -ie daboloebis sakiTxi I TurmeobiTSi: smam, 97, #3, Tb., 1980.
arabuli a. -ia daboloebisa da meSvelzmnian formaTa sakiTxi pirvel TurmeobiTSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, Tb., 1983.
arabuli a. zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizisaTvis: qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da semantikuri analizi: enaTmecnierebis institutis XLI
samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 1984.
arabuli a. mesame seriis nakvTeulTa warmoeba da mniSvneloba Zvel qarTulSi,
Tb., 1984.
arabuli a. qarTuli zmnis formaTa semantikuri analizisaTvis: macne, enisa da
literaturis seria, 4, Tb., 1992.
arabuli a. zmnis sauGlebel erTeulTa raodenobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi:
enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., 1999.
arabuli a. zmnuri da saxeluri fuZeTqmnadobis problema qarTvelur enebSi,
Tb., 2001.
arabuli a. qarTuli metyvelebis kultura, Tb., 2004.
arabuli a. kvlav zmnuri supletivizmis erTi uZvelesi movlenisaTvis qarTulSi: ike, XXXVI, Tb., 2008.
asaTiani r. martivi winadadebis tipologiuri analizi, Tb., 1982.
asaTiani r. zmnur prefiqsul xmovanTa funqcionaluri kvalifikacia qarTvelur enebSi: macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, Tb., 1987.
792
asaTiani r. kauzacia da kontaqti qarTvelur enebSi, macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1, Tb.,1989.
asaTiani r. gvaris morfologiuri kategoria qarTulsa da qarTvelur enebSi:
tipologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1990.
asaTiani r. ergativi, rogorc paciensis gramatikuli aqtualizaciis erT-erTi
saSualeba: macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 1, Tb., 1991.
asaTiani r. qarTvelur enaTa tipologiis sakiTxebi (gramatikul kategoriaTa
sistemaSi dominanturi kategoriis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT), Tb.,
1994.
afridoniZe S. ergatiuli da fsevdoergatiuli konstruqciebis Semqmneli
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SaraZeniZe T. `viT~ Tandebuli qarTulSi: Tsu Sr., X, Tb.,1939.
SaraZeniZe T. -Ta sufiqsiani mravlobiTi moqmedebiTsa da viTarebiTs brunvebSi: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb.,
1956.
SaraZeniZe T. moqmedebiTi da viTarebiTi brunvebis warmoeba da funqciebi
Zvel qarTulSi: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
SaraSeniZe n. valentoba rogorc koherenciis erT-erTi gamovlineba: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XX, Tb., 2005.
Sengelia v. qona-yolis aRmniSvnel zmnaTa semantikuri ganawileba Zvel qarTulSi: ikew, V, Tb., 1978.
Serozia r. vnebiTi gvaris zmnebisa da potencialisis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulsa
da svanurSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, I, Tb., 1978.
Serozia r. potencialisis kategoria da masTan dakavSirebuli zogi sakiTxi
qarTvelur enebSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, II, Tb., 1980.
CarTolani n. CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa sistemebi qarTulSi sxva qarTvelur
enebTan SedarebiT, Tb., 1985.
Ciqobava arn. martiv winadadebis problema qarTulSi: 1. qvemdebare-damatebis
sakiTxi Zvels qarTulSi(masalebi meTodologiuri imanentizmisaTvis), X, tf., 1928.
Ciqobava arn. ratom aris aucilebeli brunvaTa rigis Secvla qarTulSi?: axal
skolisken, 3, tf., 1928.
Ciqobava arn. ra Taviseburebani axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebulebas? werili
I: axal skolisken, 4, tf., 1928.
Ciqobava arn. ra Taviseburebani axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebulebas? werili
IV: kulturuli aRmSenebloba, 5, tf., 1930.
Ciqobava arn. ra Taviseburebani axasiaTebs qarTuli enis agebulebas? werili
V: axal skolisken, 7-8, tf., 1930.
Ciqobava arn. eb-ian saxelobiTTan zmnis SeTanxmeba ricxvSi: qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis dadgenisaTvis, 5, tf., 1933.
Ciqobava arn. saxelis analizis principebi qarTulSi: komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 10-12, tf,. 1933.
Ciqobava arn. msazRvrelis sazRvrulTan SeTanxmeba: qarTuli saliteraturo
enis normebis dadgenisaTvis, 5, tf. 1933.
Ciqobava arn. -gan Tandebulis xmarebisaTvis naTesaobiTTan da moqmedebiTTan:
qarTuli saliteraturo enis normebis dadgenisaTvis, tf., 1934.
ZiriTadi literatura
807
Ciqobava arn. zmnis analizis principebi qarTulSi: komunisturi aRzrdisaTvis, 4-5, tf,. 1934.
Ciqobava arn. saliteraturo enis normaTa dadgenis ZiriTadi principebi: saliteraturo enis normebi, I, tf.,1936.
Ciqobava arn. mimarTulebiTi brunvis mniSvnelobis, warmoebisa da istorisaTvis (qarTveluri enebisa da xalduris urTierTobisaTvis): enimki-s moambe, 1, Tb., 1937.
Ciqobava arn. potencialisis kategoria qarTvelur enebSi: enimki-s moambe, 1,
Tb., 1937.
Ciqobava arn. war- preverbis mniSvnelobisaTvis qarTulSi: enimki-s moambe, 1,
Tb., 1937.
Ciqobava arn. erTi ucnobi Tandebuli qarTulSi: enimki-s moambe, 1, Tb., 1937.
Ciqobava arn. qarTuli zmnis analizis sakvanZo sakiTxi. I. polipersonalizmis
garkvevis istoriidan: komunist. aRzrdisaTvis, # 4-5, Tb., 1938.
Ciqobava arn. moTxrobiTi brunvis genezisisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi: Tsu Sromebi, X, Tb., 1939.
Ciqobava arn. gramatikis agebulebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi: ssrk mecn. akad. saq.
filialis moambe, t. I, Tb., 1940.
Ciqobava arn. martivi winadadebis evoluciis ZiriTadi tendenciebi qarTulSi:
ssrk mecn. akad. moambe, t. 2, Tb., 1941.
Ciqobava arn. ergatiuli konstruqciis problemisaTvis iberiul-kavkasiur
enebSi: am konstruqciis stabiluri da labiluri variantebi.
enimkis moambe, XII, Tb., 1942.
Ciqobava arn. istoriulad gansxvavebuli ori morfologiuri tipisaTvis qarTul brunvaTa Soris: ssrk mecn. akad. moambe, t. 3, Tb., 1942.
Ciqobava arn. saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi: fuZeukvec saxelTa
naTesaobiTisa da momedebiTis formantTa evoluciisaTvis: Tsu
Sromebi, t. 23, Tb., 1942.
Ciqobava arn. saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTulSi, Tb., 1942.
Ciqobava arn. TurmeobiTi pirvelis warmoebis erTi Tavisebureba uRvlilebis
sistemis istoriasTan dakavSirebiT qarTulSi: literaturuli
Ziebani, II, Tb., 1944.
Ciqobava arn. gramatikuli klas-kategoria da brunvis niSanTa genezisis sakiTxi qarTulSi: smam, VII, Tb., 1946.
Ciqobava arn. inversiuli zmnebi da saxelTa kvalifikacia: saxalxo ganaTleba,
Tb., 1946.
Ciqobava arn. mravlobiTis aRniSvnis ZiriTadi principisaTvis qarTuli zmnis
uRvlilebis sistemaSi: ike, I, Tb., 1946.
Ciqobava arn. ergatiuli konstruqciis problema iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi, I,
Tb., 1948.
Ciqobava arn. qarTuli enis zogadi daxasiaTeba: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi
leqsikoni, t. I, Tb., 1950.
Ciqobava arn. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb., 1952.
Ciqobava arn. gramatikuli klas-kategoria da zmnis uRvlilebis zogi sakiTxi
Zvel qarTulSi: ike, V, Tb., 1953.
808
Ciqobava arn. masdarisa da mimReobis istoriuli urTierTobisaTvis qarTulSi: ike, V, Tb., 1953.
Ciqobava arn. mravlobiTis sufiqsTa genezisisaTvis qarTulSi: ike, VI, Tb.,
1954.
Ciqobava arn. vnebiTis Camoyalibebis zogi sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi masdarebis
Cvenebis mixedviT: ike, VII, Tb., 1955.
Ciqobava arn. ratom aris aucilebeli brunvaTa rigis Secvla qarTulSi?: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. mimarTulebiTi (gardaqceviTi) brunvis mniSvnelobisa, warmoebisa
da istoriisaTvis: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur
enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. saxelTa brunebis istoriidan qarTulSi: fuZeukvec saxelTa naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTis formantTa evoluciisaTvis: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. istoriulad gansxvavebuli ori morfologiuri tipisaTvis qarTul brunvaTa Soris: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. mravlobiTobis sufiqsTa genezisisaTvis qarTulSi: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. vnebiTis Camoyalibebis zogi sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi mazdaris
CvenebaTa mixedviT: ike, VIII, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. saxelTa brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTulSi: fuZeukvec saxelTa
naTesaobiTisa da moqmedebiTis formantTa evoluciisaTvis: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
Ciqobava arn. zogi prefiqsuli warmoebis istoriisaTvis qarTul zmnebSi: ike,
XI, Tb., 1959.
Ciqobava arn. Tandebulian brunvaTa sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi: qess, t. 2, Tb.,
1961.
Ciqobava arn. qarTuli zmnis nakvTeulTa dajgufebis principisaTvis: ike, XIII,
Tb., 1962.
Ciqobava arn. `qarTuli ena~, misi agebuleba-Sedgenilobis zogadi sakiTxebi:
ike, XIV, Tb., 1964.
Ciqobava arn. awmyos fuZis warmoqmnis istoriisaTvis. 1. -av, -am da -ev, -em sufiqsTa istoriuli urTierToba, ike, XIV, Tb., 1964.
Ciqobava arn. iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa Seswavlis istoria, Tb., 1965.
Ciqobava arn. saxelobiTisa da micemiTis sintaqsuri rolis erTi TaviseburebisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi: Tsu filologiuri fakultetis me-11
samecniero sesia, Tb., 1967.
Ciqobava arn. martivi winadadebis problema qarTulSi, I, Tb., 1968.
Ciqobava arn. qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis sistemis sakiTxebi: ike, XV, Tb., 1968.
Ciqobava arn. adgilis saxelTa warmoebis tipebi da maTi istoriuli urTierToba qarTulSi: ike, XIX, Tb., 1974.
Ciqobava arn. piriani uRvlilebis genezisisaTvis qarTulSi: ikew, III, Tb., 1976.
Ciqobava arn. zmnis gardamavloba, rogorc morfologiuri kategoria qarTulSi, ikew, IV, Tb., 1977.
ZiriTadi literatura
809
810
WumburiZe n. yola-qonebis aRmniSvneli rTuli sufiqsebi qarTulSi: iberiulkavkasiuri enaTmecniereba, XXIX, Tb., 1990.
WumburiZe n. uqonlobis saxelebi qarTulSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, V, Tb.,
1995.
xundaZe s. qarTuli gramatika, quTaisi, 1907.
jorbenaZe b. zmnis gvaris formaTa warmoebisa da funqciis sakiTxi qarTulSi,
Tb., 1975.
jorbenaZe b. qarTuli zmnis formobrivi da funqciuri analizis principebi,
Tb., 1980.
jorbenaZe b. formantTa semantikuri informaciulobis sakiTxisaTvis qarTulSi, saenaTmecniero Ziebani, II, Tb., 1980.
jorbenaZe b. zmnur fuZeTa semantikuri diferenciaciis sakiTxebisaTvis zmniswinTa fonetikur variantebTan dakavSirebiT: ikew, 7, Tb., 1980.
jorbenaZe b. zmnis xmovanprefiqsuli warmoeba qarTulSi, Tb., 1983.
jorbenaZe b. moqmedebiTisa da vnebiTis formaTa dapirispirebis principisaTvis
qarTulSi: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, III, Tb.,1983.
jorbenaZe b. qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis principebi: qarTuli zmnis uRvlilebis formobrivi da semantikuri analizi: enaTmecnierebis institutis XLI samecniero sesiis masalebi, Tb., 1984.
jorbenaZe b. qarTuli enis fakultaturi gramatikis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1985.
jorbenaZe b. qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1989.
jorbenaZe b. qarTuli enis morfologia, Tb., 1995.
jorbenaZe b. qarTveluri enebis dialeqtebi, Tb., 1995.
jorbenaZe b., kobaiZe m.,
beriZe m. qarTuli enis morfemebisa da modaluri
elementebis leqsikoni, Tb., 1988.
jorbenaZe n. -ob TemisniSniani saSuali gvaris zmnaTa uRlebadi formebis klasifikaciisaTvis: saenaTmecniero Ziebani, XXIII, Tb., 2006.
jorbenaZe n. saSuali gvaris zmnaTa uRlebis sistema Tanamedrove qarTulSi,
ike, XXXVI, Tb., 2008.
jorbenaZe n. -ob TemisniSniani saSuali gvaris zmnaTa struqturul-semantikuri analizi: qarTvelur enaTa struqturis sakiTxebi, X, Tb.,
2009.
harisi a. vnebiTi qarTulSi: macne, enisa da literaturis seria, 3, Tb., 1981.
holiski di en aspeqti da qarTuli medialuri zmna, Tb., 2000.
.. : , ., 1969.
. , ., 1974.
.. , ., 1986.
. , ., 1968.
.. , ., 1976.
.. ( ), ., 1971.
.. :
, 3, ., 1972.
. : , 2,
., 1990.
. , ., 1937.
ZiriTadi literatura
811
.. : . ., 1969.
.., ..
( ):
, ., 1977.
.., . ., . . . . , ., 1969.
. . -
: saxelis brunebis istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb.,
1956.
. . (saxelis brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, wigni I, Tb., 1956).
. . : saxelis brunebis
istoriisaTvis qarTvelur enebSi, I, Tb., 1956.
. , ., 1986.
. - -:
, ., 1972.
. . : , 5, ., 1989.
. , . 1958.
. . , ,
-, 1996.
. . - ,
., 1962.
. . , ., 1973.
. . () : aRmosavluri
filologia, IV, Tb., 1976.
. . , ., 1977.
. . , ., 1980.
.. : , ..,
1963.
.. , ., 1978.
, . . 1990. ..
. . () : , III, ., 1976.
. . , -., 1908.
. . , ., 1925.
. :
" ", .,
1977.
.. , ., 1971.
.. :
, .., 1963.
. , , ( ), , 1972.
. . , ., 1940.
. . , : , , ., 1985.
, . . ., 1960.
812
, . . ., 1964.
, . . ., 1969.
. , ikew IX, Tb.,
1977.
. , ., 1988.
.. : , ., 1972.
. . : , ., 1969.
.. :
, ., 1977.
.. : , 5, ., 1972.
. . , ., 1979.
. . , ., 1981.
. . - : , ., 1963.
. . , , ikew, IX, Tb., 1982.
. . : , XI, .,1984.
. , : saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis n. maris
saxelobis enis, istoriisa da materialuri kulturis institutis moambe, X, Tb., 1941.
. , , 1881.
.. : ( ). ., 1975.
.. .. , : , (): , 3,
., 1989.
. .
, ., 1950.
. , ., 1985.
- .. , ., 1982.
.. : , ., 1969.
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New York: Academic Press, 1976.
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Aronoff M. Morphology by itself; Stems and inflectional classes, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press,
1993.
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Semoklebani
i. abaS. _ irakli abaSiZe
akaki _ akaki wereTeli
W. amireJ. _ yabua amireJibi
ana _ ana kalandaZe
and. _ andaza
S. aragv. _ Sio aragvispireli
l. ardaz. _ lavrenti ardaziani
arC. _ arCili
ayar. _ ayaruli dialeqti
`axal. kom.~ _ gazeTi `axalgazrda komunisti~
n. baraT. _ nikoloz baraTaSvili
v. barn. _ vasil barnovi
baC. _ baCana
a. beliaS. _ akaki beliaSvili
m. berZ. _ merab berZeniSvili
T. bibil. _ Tamaz bibiluri
bilin. _ bilinebi (Targmani o. gogiCaiSvilisa).
ek. gab. _ ekaterine gabaSvili
k. gams. _ konstantine gamsaxurdia
gamoc. _ gamocana
galaktioni _ galaktion tabiZe
i. gedev. _ ivane gedevaniSvili
r. gvet. _ rajden gvetaZe
gur. _ guruli dialeqti
v. gogol. _ vaxtang gogolaSvili
l. goTua _ levan goTua
d. guram. _ daviT guramiSvili
dab. _ wignni Zuelisa aGTqumisani, gamosca a. SaniZem, t. I, nakv. I. dabadebisa, 1947.
S. dad. _ Salva dadiani
n. dumb. _ nodar dumbaZe
i. evd. _ irodion evdoSvili
r. erisT. _ rafiel erisTavi
816
Semoklebani
817
818
a.
a.
n.
s.
g.
n.
n.
Sinaarsi
winasityva..............................................................................................3
nawili I.
I. 1. morfologiis sagani........................................................................ 5
I. 2. sistema da struqtura. paradigmatika da sintagmatika.
sistema da qvesistema ........................................................................ 5
I. 3. morfologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi.................................................... 8
I. 4. morfemaTa funqciuri klasifikacia.......................................... 12
I. 5. morfemaTa ganawilebis Tanrigebi............................................... 13
I. 6. morfemaTa daniSnuleba da mniSvneloba................................... 13
I. 7. morfemoidebi, anu modaluri elementebi................................ 15
I. 8. sityvis daSla .................................................................................. 16
I. 9. morfemaTa relacia......................................................................... 17
I 10. fuZis Senebis (agebis) ori principi ........................................ 17
I. 11. `faruli fuZis~ principi........................................................... 19
I. 12. gramatikuli mniSvneloba da leqsikuri mniSvneloba ........ 20
I. 13. gramatikul mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis saSualebani............ 20
I. 14. mniSvnelobis morfologiuri gamoxatvis nairsaxeobani .... 22
I. 15. paradigma ......................................................................................... 23
I. 16. morfemaTa gamoyofis principebi.............................................. 24
I. 17. flagitaciis principi ................................................................. 25
I. 18. dispozicia ...................................................................................... 25
I. 19. dizunqciis principi .................................................................... 26
I. 20. konfiqsi........................................................................................... 26
I. 21. morfemaTa semantikuri informaciulobis
sakiTxisaTvis.............................................................................. 27
I. 22. araproduqtiuli morfemebi ...................................................... 28
I. 23. nasesxebi morfemebi....................................................................... 29
I. 24. fonetikuri da morfologiuri faqtorebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis..................................................................................... 29
820
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
I.
nawili II.
kavSiri................................................................................................... 45
2. ricxvis gramatikuli kategoria................................................. 45
3. orgvari mravlobiTi...................................................................... 46
4. orgvari mravlobiTis funqciuri ganawilebisaTvis............. 47
5. saxelis simravlis asaxva zmnaSi................................................. 49
6. simravlis gamoxatvis leqsikuri saSualebani ........................ 51
7. `supleturi SeTanxmeba~ ............................................................... 53
8. piris nacvalsaxelebi da piris gamoxatva zmnaSi.................. 54
9. deiqsisis gamovlenisaTvis qarTul formawarmoebaSi.......... 55
nawili III.
Tavi I.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
1.1.
1.2.
1.3.
1.4.
1.5.
1.6.
saxelis morfologia
saxeli. zogadi sakiTxebi (a. arabuli)
Sinaarsi
Tavi II.
821
822
Tavi IV.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
4.1.
4.2.
4.3.
4.4.
4.5.
4.6.
Sinaarsi
823
Tavi VI.
sityvawarmoeba (n. WumburiZe) ................................ 211
III. 6.1. qonebis saxelebi ....................................................................... 212
III. 6.2. uqonlobis saxelbi .................................................................. 217
III. 6.3. daniSnulebis saxelebi............................................................ 219
III. 6.4. xarisxis saxelebi...................................................................... 221
III. 6.5. warmomavlobis saxelebi.......................................................... 224
III. 6.6. abstraqtuli saxelebi............................................................ 228
824
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
III.
Tavi VII.
Tavi VIII.
Sinaarsi
nawili IV.
825
zmnis morfologia
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
2.1.
2.2.
2.3.
2.4.
826
Sinaarsi
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
827
828
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
IV.
kauzativebi~...................................................................... 569
4.6.1.2 moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa a- prefiqsiani modelebi
Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT.................................................. 572
4.6.1.3. moqmedebiTi gvaris zmnaTa uxmovanprefiqso
modelebi Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiT .............................. 576
4.6.1.4. `pirveladi~ da `meoreuli kauzativebis~
Sepirispireba formaluri da funqciursemantikuri TvalsazrisiT ........................................... 579
4.6.2.1. kauzativis ganmartebisaTvis ......................................... 583
Sinaarsi
829
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
830
Sinaarsi
831
IV. 5.8.1. III seriis mwkrivTa warmoeba Zvel qarTulSi ................ 734
IV. 5.8.2. ra xdeba axal saliteraturo qarTulSi ...................... 741
IV. 5.8.3. -av da -am TemisniSnian zmnaTa III seriis
formaTa Sesaxeb .................................................................... 747
IV. 5.8.4. vnebiTi gvaris zmnaTa III seriis formaTa Sesaxeb........ 752
IV. 5.8..5. Temis sakiTxisaTvis III seriis formebSi ........................ 755
IV. 5.9. III seriis