()

(
)

.

.


(
):


( )
(Am, A)
(f)
T = 1/f

(, )


s(t) = A sin(2ft +)




( ).

 f 3 f (T=1/f)

()

(DC)

((a
)

.

(Data)

(Signals)

- (Transmission)

 ?
P1 P1
:
PdB = 10log10 (Pa / Pb)


:





.




P1

NdB=10log (P2/P1)
je:
NdB = ,
= ,,
P1,2
,

log10 = 10.

P2


:
NdB=10log (P2/P1) :
(G - Gain)
(L - Loss) .


P2 = P1*10 **(NdB/10)
= 10 log (5/10) = 10 (-0.3) = - 3dB
= 10 log (10/5) = 10 (0,3) = 3dB

1: P2=P1
NdB=10log10 (P2/P1) =10 log 10 (P2/P1) =
NdB=10 log 10 1 =0
100 = 1


(dBW)
(dBW)= 10 log [(W) /1W]
NdBW=10log10 (P2/ 1W)
(dBmW)= 10 log [(W) /1mW]
NdBmW=10log
10log10 (P2/ 1mW)

 -
P1 = 1 W
1 W.
2: 1 kW (1000 W)
:

NdBW=10log
10log10 (P2/ 1W) =
10log10 (1000/ 1) =10 log10 (103)
g10 ((10))
= 3*10 log
= 30dB

 -
3: 1mW (0,001 W)
:
NdBW=10log10 (P2/ 1W) =10log10 (0,001/ 1) =10
log10 (10-3)
=(-3)*10 log10 (10)
= -30dB
30d


dBi
dB(isotropic)



:
1

0
0




( )


(
)
)
-
(Repeaters)

( )



LSI/VLSI

(E
(Encryption)
ti )




(
)

2f0 4f0.




( )



bps (b/s)

- Hz
H


B, 2B

,,

B Hz 2B b/s

: C= 2B log2M


= 2*tb => f=1/(2*tb)
R=1000b/s =>tb=1/1000=1ms,
= 2*tb = 2ms, f=1/(2* 10-3)
f1 = 0
0,5kHz
5kHz
R= 1M b/s => tb=1/ 106 =1s,
T = 2*10-6 = 2s, f = 1/(2* 10-6)=
f1 = 0,5 MHz


R=1kb/s

f1 = 0,5kHz

= 5f1 - f1 = 4 f1 = 4*0,5kHz =

R=1Mb/s

=>

=>

2kHz

f1 = 0,5MHz

= 5f1 - f1 = 4 f1 = 4
4*0,5kHz
0,5kHz =

2MHz

:
,
,

,
,
,
() .

( )
db
db.
SNdB=10 log
g10 (
(S/N),
),
S- ,
N - .

:
C = B log2(1+ S/N)
S/N = 30dB B=3000 Hz,
Hz
C=30000 b/s