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Distributors of MEADE, US Telescopes Gulf Equipment Metrology Service


in the GCC, India and Pakistan
(GEMS)
The largest selling telescopes in the world

ETX

LX

All MEADE Telescopes &


Accessories

Starfinders

P. O. Box 10166
Jubail Industrial City 31961
Saudi Arabia
Phone: +966 3 341 9451
Fax: +966 3 341 7628
Sales Contact: Mr. K. K. James
mobile: +966 505 912 361
e-mail: james@gems-calibration.com

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f# - ` PB f<
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...................

u& t

P80 q . u&t E ; q . u&t P8 - B


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alfalak@qasweb.org

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