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Pervasive Communications Handbook

4.3 QoS Routing Protocols in MANETs

In this section, we present an extensive survey of the QoS routing protocols in MANETs.
Compared to the abundant work on QoS routing for fixed wireline networks, results
for QoS routing in MANETs are relatively scarce due to the difficulties mentioned
earlier, as well as the relative recency of MANETs. However, many promising studies
on QoS routing in MANETs have emerged recently. These studies may be classified
according to several criteria that reflect different choices in design and implementation.
In order to streamline this survey, we use a classification according to the following
criteria: route scheduling (i.e., reactive, proactive, or position), network structure (i.e.,
flat or hierarchical), route cardinality (single versus multi-path), state information
maintenance (i.e., local or global), QoS constraints (i.e., bandwidth, delay, energy, etc.),
and design space (i.e., single layer versus cross-layer). The classification is summarized
in Figure 4.2.
Some of the QoS routing protocols in MANETs also present variations of an original
idea, for example, protocols that build on predictive or ticket-based probing [14]. Others
are dependent on local computations of bandwidth. In the hierarchical networks, some
of the protocols form a multi-tier network while others sustained two-tier network in its
simple form. When node positions were used in the routing decisions, nodes locations
were either determined using an external location determination server (e.g., global
positioning system (GPS)), or using localized algorithms or GPS-free schemes by using
methods like triangulation or trilateration [15]. For each routing protocol, we will mention if the protocol uses single or multi-channel for communication, single or multipath for routing, maintains local or global states, and also distinguish the QoS metrics
used in each protocol. A new trend in QoS routing is to utilize the interactions among
various layers in the protocol stack to perform efficient QoS routing in MANETs, hence
called cross-layer QoS routing in comparison to the traditional trend of supporting
routing at single layer, that is, network layer.

QoS routing protocols in MANETs

Flat
networks
routing

Hierarchical
networks
routing

Position
based
routing

Power
based
routing

3, 8, 23

34, 40
42, 43

35, 37
38, 39

Proactive Reactive Predictive Ticketbased Bandwidth

2, 30

7, 15
27, 32
33, 35
40

10, 16
34

4, 9
12, 14

5, 7
11, 13
15, 26

FIGURE 4.2 QoS routing protocols in MANETs: classification map.