Hellenic Linux Information Sheet

Georgios E. Keramidas, keramida@ceid.upatras.gr

v1.0, 22 October 1997

Linux, Linux,
, .
Linux Information Sheet ( 4.11, 13 1997),
Michael K. Johnson, johnsonm@redhat.com
______________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents
1. Linux
2. Linux
3. (Hardware)
3.1
3.2
3.3
4. &
5. Linux;
6. Linux
6.1 FTP
6.2 CDROM
6.3 Linux
7.
8. Linux
9. Linux
10.
11.
12. &

______________________________________________________________________
1. Linux
Linux POSIX ,
SYSV BSD ( UNIX,
),
.
Linus B. Torvalds Linus.Torvalds@Helsinki.FI
.
``'', GNU General Public
License.

 Linux public domain, shareware.

``'' , ,

. ,

. GNU General Public License .
Linux,
ftp prep.ai.mit.edu,
/pub/GNU/COPYING.
Linux ,
2.0, .
GNU , Linux,
Linux. :

Linux, .
. ,
GNU Linux.
Linux 386/486/Pentium ISA, EISA, PCI VLB
. MCA ( IBM) ,
kernels 2.1.x.
, <http://glycerine.itsmm.uni.edu/mca>.
Motorola 680x0
( Amiga, Atari, VME ),
. 68020 MMU, 68030, 68040,
68060. FPU.
X .
Linux Alpha DEC,
"Jensen", "NoName", "Cabriolet", "Universal
Desktop Box" ( Multia), .
,
<http://www.azstarnet.com/~axplinux/FAQ.html>.
Linux Sun SPARCs; sun4c sun4m
Linux, sun4u
. Red Hat Linux (
) Linux
SPARCs!
<http://www.redhat.com/support/docs/rhl-sparc/>.
Linux PowerPC,
PowerMac (Nubus PCI), Motorola, IBM,
Be .
Linux , MIPS ARM,
.
, ,
.

 Linux , 1.0
14 1994. bugs
, bugs
. Linux `` '',
,
`` ''. ' ,
,
: 2.x.y, x ,
y
. 2.0.2 2.0.3,
. 2.x.y, x
, beta-
developers. ,
features
. ,
kernel , ``'' ,
kernel ,
.
2.0.31 (
bugs ).
2.1.. 2.0.
, 1.2.13
. ' 2.0.
. 1.2
2.0 !

. Linux
kernel , Documentation/Changes,
.
Linux, ,
,
``
''. site
0.97p1 ( 1992) 136
crash. (
...)
uptimes . site
Linux 0.99p15s 600
days .
Linux
,
,
.
( )
.
,
bugs,
, bugs ,
, ``''
.

 ,
project,
.

.
,
.
26 , 1997, 2.0.31
Linux, 2.1.57 .

2. Linux

Multitasking: .
(multiuser):
( !).
(multiplatform): CPUs,
Intel.
Multiprocessor: SMP Intel SPARC
(
), Linux MP ,
Beowulf (
<http://cesdis.gsfc.nasa.gov/linux-web/beowulf/beowulf.html>)
Fujitsu AP1000+ SPARC
.
(protected mode) 386
Intel .
,
``'' .
: Linux

.
copy-on-write .

.
, ( 4KB )
. copy-on-write :
.
( swapping
) :
partition , ,
swapping runtime
(, swapping ). 16
swapping 128 MB
, 2 GB
swapping . , , ,
.

 cache
,
caching, cache
.
(dynamically linked
shared libraries) ( DLL's). ,
.
core dumps ,
debugger
, crash-.
POSIX, System V, BSD
.
iBCS2- , SCO, SVR3,
SVR4 () .
,
kernel ,
! , Linux
.
Linux ,
,
, .
POSIX.
pseudoterminals (pty's).
387 FPU kernel
.
Linux
. , FPU,
,
,
.
--
.
: login sessions
,
hot-keys ( video hardware). These are dynamically
allocated; you can use up to 64.
,
minix, Xenix, system V filesystems (.. UFS),
,
4 TB, 255
. , Linux,

ASCII NUL
(0) ( VFAT, ..
``*?<>|":/\\+=,; []'').
MS-DOS partition ( OS/2 FAT
partition) :

 MS-DOS partition,
Unix (
, ,
.). partitions MS-DOS 6
patch (dmsdosfs). Linux 2.0
VFAT (WNT, Windows 95).
, UMSDOS,
Linux DOS partition.
( -) HPFS-2 (OS/2 2.1).
HFS (Macintosh) file system
module.
CD-ROM filesystem which reads all standard formats of CD-ROMs.
TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc.
Appletalk
Netware
Lan Manager (SMB)
:
kernels TCP, IPv4, IPv6,
AX.25, X.25, IPX, DDP (Appletalk), NetBEUI, Netrom, .
kernels
TCP, IPv4, IPX, DDP, and AX.25.
3. (Hardware)
Linux

'
. Linux
!

Linux .

3.1.
setup
Linux: 386SX/16, 1 MB RAM, 1.44 MB 1.2
MB floppy, (+ ,
, . ).
,
.
<http://rsphy1.anu.edu.au/~gpg109/mem.html> ``'' Linux
configurations.
,
, 5 10 MB
setup (
, ,
[minicom,term,.]).
,
,
.
, ,

 Linux
.
3.2.
, gcc,
, TeX,
386SX/16,
.
, 4 MB
(RAM) X, 8 MB .
, ,
(
), 4 MB .
Linux (
2 MB),
( )
, .
, 16 MB swapping .
swapping
load, 32 MB . ,
``'' ,
.

.
Unix , shells,
10MB
. , Red
Hat, Debian, Slackware, ,
60 300 MB,
.
.
,
, .
500 MB, 1 GB ,
.
, ,
, ,

. , Linux
DOS Linux
, DOS
. , ,
640 KB DOS, Linux .
3.3.

CPU:

386 ( 386, 486, 586,

686 ). 286
kernel,
ELKS (Embeddable Linux Kernel Subset),
. 680x0
( x = 2 MMU, 3, 4, 6)
Amiga Atari tsx-11.mit.edu
680x0. DEC Alpha .
SPARCs .
PowerPC, ARM, MIPS .
Linux
Documentation Project.
Architecture:
ISA EISA . MCA (
PS/2) ,
( ). Local (VLB
PCI) . Linux
' DOS, Windows,
.
, ,
,
Linux. Linux , ,
...
RAM:
1 GB Intel ! 64-bit .
( Linus)
cache
,
, cache.
cache

(64 MB
cache chipset).
64 MB
, BIOS 64
MB, ` '.

Data storage:
generic AT drives (EIDE, IDE, 16 bit HD
controllers MFM RLL, ESDI), SCSI
CD-ROMs, SCSI adaptor, .
, generic XT controllers (8 bit controllers
MFM RLL). SCSI adaptors: Advansys,
Adaptec 1542, 1522, 1740, 27xx, 29xx (
), Buslogic MultiMaster controllers (
Flashpoint beta-testing), controllers
NCR53c810, DPT controllers, Qlogic ISP FAS controllers,
Seagate ST-01 ST-02, Future Domain TMC-88x (
board TMC950 chip) TMC1660/1680,
Ultrastor 14F, 24F 34F, Western Digital wd7000, .
SCSI, QIC-02, QIC-80 tapes .
CD-ROM ,
Matsushita/Panasonic, Mitsumi, Sony, Soundblaster, Toshiba,
ATAPI (EIDE), SCSI, . ,
``Hardware Compatibility HOWTO''.

Video:
VGA, EGA, CGA, Hercules ( )
text mode. X,
() VGA, super-VGA (
ET3000, ET4000, Paradise,
Trident chipsets), S3, S3-Virge, 8514/A, ATI,
MACH8/32/64, Matrox Millenium & Mystique Hercules. (
Linux Xfree86 X server,
.
chipsets
.)
Networking:
Ethernet 3COM
503/509/579/589 ( 501/505/507
), AT&T GIS (NCR) WaveLAN,
WD8390,
WD80x3 , NE1000/2000 ,
AC3200, Apricot 82596, AT1700, ATP, DE425/434/435/500, D-Link
DE-600/620, DEPCA, DE100/101, DE200/201/202 Turbo, DE210, DE422,
Cabletron E2100 ( ), Intel EtherExpress (
), DEC EtherWORKS 3, HP LAN, HP PCLAN/plus,
AMD LANCE, NI5210, ni6510, SMC
Ultra, DEC 21040 (tulip), Zenith Z-Note ethernet, Zircom
Cabletron E2100
,
.
FDDI DEFxx
DEC.
Point-to-Point
PPP, SLIP, CSLIP, PLIP.
:
boards 16450 16550
UART, AST Fourport, Usenet Serial
Card II, . intelligent boards
Cyclades Cyclom (
), Comtrol Rocketport (
), Stallion ( boards,
), and Digi ( boards,
). ISDN, frame
relay, leased line .
:
SoundBlaster, ProAudio Spectrum 16, Gravis Ultrasound,
, (;)
(Microsoft, Logitech, PS/2), .

4. &
Unix
Linux, GNU , X
. , `` ''
,
, , , Linux
POSIX . ,
,
. Unix
Linux.

Linux:

Unix :
ls, tr, sed, awk ( , Linux
).
:
gcc, gdb, make, bison, flex, perl, rcs, cvs, prof.
& :
C, C++, Objective C, Java, Modula-3, Modula-2, Oberon, Ada95,
Pascal, Fortran, ML, scheme, Tcl/tk, Perl, Python, Common Lisp,
.
:
X11R5 (XFree86 2.x), X11R6 (XFree86 3.x), MGR.
:
GNU Emacs, XEmacs, MicroEmacs, jove, ez, epoch, elvis (GNU vi),
vim, vile, joe, pico, jed, .
Shells:
bash (POSIX sh-), zsh (
ksh), pdksh, tcsh, csh, rc, es, ash ( sh- shell
BSD /bin/sh),
.
:
Taylor (BNU-) UUCP, SLIP, CSLIP, PPP, kermit, szrz,
minicom, pcomm, xcomm, term ( shells,
,
X, modem), Seyon
( X-windows),
fax voice-mail ( ZyXEL
modems) . , login
.

News mail:
C-news, innd, trn, nn, tin, smail, elm, mh, pine, .
:
TeX, groff, doc, ez, LyX, Lout, Linuxdoc-SGML, .
:
Nethack, Muds X, .
,
tsx-11 sunsite.
:
AUIS, Andrew User Interface System. ez
.

(
) .
!
Linux.

5. Linux;
Linux ,
registration
,
Linux.
Linux

, newsgroups Linux
Internet, Linux
,
. ' , ,
Harald T. Alvestrand, ,
Linux, linuxcounter@uninett.no subjects: ``I use Linux at
home'', ``I use Linux at work'', or ``I use Linux at home and at
work''. , , ``I don't use
Linux'', .
comp.os.linux.misc.

6. Linux
6.1. FTP
Matt Welsh `Installation and
Getting Started' , 2.2.2. , Linux Documentation
Project ( LDP)
, ()
SunSite, /pub/Linux/docs/LDP/.
comp.os.linux.announce. Linux Documentation Project

 <http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP>.
sites Linux.

Textual name
=============================
tsx-11.mit.edu
sunsite.unc.edu
ftp.funet.fi
net.tamu.edu
ftp.mcc.ac.uk
src.doc.ic.ac.uk
fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de
ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
ftp.dfv.rwth-aachen.de
ftp.informatik.rwth-aachen.de
ftp.Germany.EU.net
ftp.ibp.fr
ftp.uu.net
wuarchive.wustl.edu
ftp.win.tue.nl
ftp.stack.urc.tue.nl
srawgw.sra.co.jp
cair.kaist.ac.kr
ftp.denet.dk
NCTUCCCA.edu.tw
nic.switch.ch
cnuce_arch.cnr.it
ftp.monash.edu.au
ftp.dstc.edu.au
ftp.sydutech.usyd.edu.au

Numeric address
===============
18.172.1.2
152.2.22.81
128.214.248.6
128.194.177.1
130.88.203.12
146.169.2.1
129.187.200.1
131.159.0.110
137.226.4.111
137.226.225.3
192.76.144.75
132.227.60.2
137.39.1.9
128.252.135.4
131.155.70.100
131.155.2.71
133.137.4.3
129.142.6.74
140.111.1.10
130.59.1.40
131.114.1.10
130.194.11.8
130.102.181.31
129.78.192.2

Linux directory
===============
/pub/linux
/pub/Linux
/pub/OS/Linux
/pub/linux
/pub/linux
/packages/linux
/pub/linux
/pub/comp/os/linux
/pub/linux
/pub/Linux
/pub/os/Linux
/pub/linux
/systems/unix/linux
mirrors/linux
/pub/linux
/pub/linux
/pub/os/linux
/pub/Linux
/pub/OS/linux
/Operating-Systems/Linux
/mirror/linux
/pub/Linux
/pub/linux
/pub/linux
/pub/linux

tsx-11.mit.edu fgb1.fgb.mw.tu-muenchen.de
sites Linux-GCC (GNU C Compiler Linux). sites
mirror sites. site
( )
.
sunsite.unc.edu ftp.informatik.tu-muenchen.de
ftpmail.
ftpmail@sunsite.unc.edu ftp@informatik.tu-muenchen.de
.
,
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/distributions/,
.
: Red Hat Linux, Debian, Slackware.
6.2. CDROM

 Linux CDROM's.
MBs Linux software,
``'' 28.8 modem .
Linux CDROM:
archive FTP site,
. archive,
,
.
, ,
(
).
6.3. Linux
BBS's Linux.
comp.os.linux.announce.
(user groups),
. ``Linux
distribution HOWTO'', SunSite
sunsite.unc.edu:/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/distribution-HOWTO.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce .

7.
, Linux .
' , ``''
`` Linux.'' ,
``,''

Linux .

(FAQ) FTP site,
USENET FAQ (e.g. rtfm.mit.edu).
,
,
( ).

8. Linux
Linux ,
copyrighted , public domain. , ,
GNU General Public License,
``copyleft''. GPL
. Linux
,
GPL, Linux. X
MIT X,
BSD copyright. , ,
FTP site (
).

9. Linux
, ``Linux Journal'',
. ,
,
Linux. $22 , $27
, $32 ,
.
subs@ssc.com, fax
+1-206-782-7191,
+1-206-782-7733, : Linux
Journal, PO Box 85867, Seattle, WA 98145-1867 USA. SSC,
Linux Journal, PGP

; ``finger info@ssc.com''
.
USENET newsgroups Linux,
. `Linux FAQ'
`Hellenic Linux FAQ'
.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.announce moderated newsgroup
Linux ( , bug fixes, etc).
newsgroup comp.os.linux.answers moderated newsgroup
Linux FAQ, HOWTO ,
.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.admin newsgroup
Linux .
newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.system newsgroup
Linux kernel.

kernel.
, , Unix
newsgroup comp.unix.* ,

Linux,
comp.os.linux.development.apps.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.development.apps newsgroup

Linux.
Linux,
Linux.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.hardware
(hardware) Linux.

 newsgroup comp.os.linux.networking

Linux,
Linux.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.x Linux
X Windows.
newsgroup comp.os.linux.misc
comp.os.linux,
newsgroup.
, newsgroups Linux
(crossposting).
Linux newsgroup ( moderated)
comp.os.linux.announce.
comp.os.linux newsgroups
newsgroups.
flames.
Linux Web
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP> .

10.
Linux 1.0 ,
. Linux 1.2
, ,
(virtual memory),
, quotas, . Linux 2.0,
, ,
, ,
TCP/IP , , .
,
Linux 2.2.
3/4
kernel, ,
.
linux-doc@vger.rutgers.edu
.
majordomo@vger.rutgers.edu ,
``help'' ( Subject).

11.
. ,
<keramida@ceid.upatras.gr>. Linux
Info Sheet, Michael K. Johnson,
<johnsonm@redhat.com>.

 , .
,
. -
<http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/translations/Hellenic>.

12. &
trademarks, ,
.
.
. public domain,

.