Gabion Wall

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT
REPORT NO. RD 1045
GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF GABION WALL
Mainland North Division

Drainage Services Department
Version no. : 3.0
November 2006
RD 1045
Mainland North Division, DSD
Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall
Table of Content
Page
1.
Scope and Qualifications
2.
General Background
3.
3.1
3.2
3.3
Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment

Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall
Provision of Gabion Aprons
Provision of Geotextile Filter
2-5
2
2-5
5
4.
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Construction of Gabion Wall

Packing and Assembly
Installation and Filling
Gabion Stone Placement
Lid Closing
6-8
6
6-8
8
8
5.
Installation of Reno Mattress
8-9
6.
Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and

Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
7.
Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements
9-11
8.
Reference Documents
11
Appendix
A. Typical Layout of Gabion Wall
B. Design Calculations for Gabion Wall
C. Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and Schedule of Rates
for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
1.
RD 1045
This paper gives technical guidance for the design of gabion wall used in river
embankment. It also stipulates the requirements for Reno Mattress against the local
scouring at the toe of gabion wall.
This paper is not applicable to revetment structures other than the vertical faced
gabion wall structures for the protection of river embankment.
This paper does not take into consideration wave forces or other hydrodynamic
forces arising out of supercritical flow, curvature flow, ship waves etc. acting on the
gabion wall. Therefore, the designer should treat the guidance with great caution
when using the guidance for the design of gabions used for coastal protection and in
engineered channels. If in doubt, the designer should consult engineers with
knowledge/experience on hydrodynamics and suppliers of gabion structures.
This paper assumes that gabion wall would sit on top of good soil foundation.
Before carrying out the design of gabion wall, the designer should ensure that the
foundation of the gabion wall should have been properly investigated.
2.
General Background
Gabions are employed for many uses due to their versatility, which includes
hydraulic structures in river training works and in protection works for roads and land
reclamation. The gabions are steel wire cages that vary in size and are designed to
abate the destructive forces of erosion. Gabions are uniquely woven by twisting each
pair of wires one and one half turns continuously providing the inherent strength and
flexibility required. Gabion cages are normally designed to contain quarry run or
river run stones available at the site of erection. Cages are stacked to construct
structures of great durability and flexibility. The formed structure is capable of
carrying stress in biaxial tension. Gabion cages are not merely containers of stone
since each unit is securely connected to each adjacent cage during construction. The
wire mesh is monolithic through the structure in three dimensions, from top to bottom,
end to end, and from outer face to inner face. It is, therefore, apparent that the wire
reinforces the stone filling in tension.
Gabions form flexible structures that can deflect and deform to a certain limit in
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
any direction without fracture. It can withstand the movement of ground without
inordinate structure deformation. This attribute enables the gabion structure to be
built with a minimum foundation preparation. Gabion structures behave as
perforated barriers, allowing water to gradually pass through them. This is a
valuable characteristic in that hydrostatic pressure never builds up behind or under the
structure and cause failure to the gabion design. Gabion structures are regarded as
permanent. In the early stages after installation, siltation takes place between the
stone fill promoting vegetation and adding to the permanency of the structure. In
view of the environmentally friendly nature of the gabion construction as compared to
concrete, gabions are becoming more popular in engineering works in river
embankments which demand a natural looking environment with growth of vegetation
and potential for ecological lives.
3.
There is currently no universally accepted method for designing gabion walls.

However, it is suggested in GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second
Edition, that gabion walls should be considered as gravity retaining wall for the
purpose of design.
The detailed design calculations for gabion wall of retaining height ranging from
1m to 4m, used in river embankment are shown in Appendix B.
3.1 Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall

Foundation treatment is important to the stability of gabion wall as weak
foundation may result in bearing failure or soil slip. Since it largely depends on the
soil conditions which may varies significantly for different locations, designers should
consider the requirements of treatment of foundation case by case. If necessary,
rockfill and/or other appropriate measures as determined by the designers should be
adopted to stabilize the formation before placing gabions.
3.2 Provision of Gabion Aprons

Gabion aprons are commonly used to protect the toe of a gabion retaining wall
structure from scour that could cause undermining in channel works applications. It
is recommended that the gabion apron in the form of Reno Mattress, (refer to Section
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
5.0) be a minimum of 300 mm in depth. The length of the gabion apron shall extend
beyond the toe of the structure a minimum of 2 times the anticipated depth of scour
formed under the apron. This will ensure that the gabion apron reaches beyond the
outer limit of the anticipated scour hole that may form. For fast-flowing rivers,
designers need to determine the exact depth and extension of Reno Mattress case by
case with the consideration of scouring at river invert during peak flow.
Scour occurs at toe of gabion retaining wall when it obstructs the channel flow.
The flow obstructed by the gabions form a horizontal vortex starting at the upstream
end of the gabions and running along the toe of the gabions, and a vertical wake
vortex at the downstream end of the gabions.
In accordance with Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At
Bridges, Fourth Edition, Froehlich's live-bed scour equation can be used to obtain the
potential depth of scour.
Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
where:
K1 = Coefficient for shape
Shape Coefficients
Description
K1
Vertical-wall
1.00
Vertical-wall with wing walls
0.82
Spill-through
0.55
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
Fig. 3.1 Abutment shape
K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13

( < 90 if wall points downstream
> 90 if wall points upstream )
L = Length of active flow obstructed by the wall, m
Ae = Flow area of the approach cross section obstructed by the wall, m2
Fr = Froude Number of approach flow upstream of the wall = Ve/(gya)1/2
Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s
Qe = Flow obstructed by the wall and approach structure, at peak flow, m3/s
ya = Average depth of flow on the floodplain (Ae/L), m
L
= Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m
ys = Scour depth, m
Fig. 3.2 Orientation of embankment angle, , to the flow
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RD 1045
Fig. 3.3 Determination of length of embankment blocking live flow for abutment
scour estimation
Example:
Assume
K1 = 0.82,
K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1
L and ya are the base width and retaining height of the gabion wall as shown in
the drawing in Appendix A.
Computed Scour Depth, ys as follow:
ya
Fr
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.01
2.54
2.97
3.35
4.01
4.59
2.25
3.78
4.72
5.49
6.15
7.32
8.34
2.75
5.45
6.74
7.79
8.71
10.31
11.71
3.25
7.10
8.73
10.06
11.22
13.25
15.03
3.3 Provision of Geotextile Filter

The gabion apron will require minimal excavation and grade work. Generally the
gabion apron and gabion block are placed directly on the ground utilizing a geotextile
filter fabric between the gabions and soil interface to prevent leaching of soils
underneath the gabions.
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
The drawings in Appendix A show the details of gabion wall of retaining height
ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment.
4.
4.1 Packing and Assembly

Packing
(i)
For ease of handling and shipping, the gabions are bundled folded flat.
Assembly
(i)
Open the bundle and unfold each unit.
(ii)
Lift the sides, the ends and the diaphragms of each unit into vertical position.
(iii) Attach the sides of four corners together with locking wire fastener or tying wire
and the diaphragms to the front and back of the gabion.
(iv) The tying operation begins at the top of the cage. The tying wire is laced around
the selvedge through each mesh all the way to the bottom of the cage.
4.2 Installation and Filling

Installation
(i)
Empty gabion baskets shall be assembled individually and placed on the

approved surface to the lines and grades as shown or as directed, with the
position of all creases and that the tops of all sides are level.
(ii)
All gabion baskets shall be properly staggered horizontally and vertically.

Finished gabion structures shall have no gaps along the perimeter of the contact
surfaces between adjoining units.
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045

(Courtesy of and adapted from TerraAqua Gabions)
(iii) All adjoining empty gabion units shall be connected along the perimeter of their
contact surfaces in order to obtain a monolithic structure. All lacing wire
terminals shall be securely fastened.
(iv) All joining shall be made through selvedge-selvedge wire connection;
mesh-mesh wire connection is prohibited unless necessary.
Filling
(i)
The initial line of gabion basket units shall be placed on the prepared filter layer
surface and adjoining empty baskets set to line and grade, and common sides
with adjacent units thoroughly laced or fastened. They shall be placed in a
manner to remove any kinks or bends in the mesh and to uniform alignment.
The basket units then shall be partially filled to provide anchorage against
deformation and displacement during the filling operation.
Date: November 2006
Page 7-
(ii)
RD 1045
Deformation and bulging of the gabion units, especially on the wall face, shall
be corrected prior to additional stone filling. Care shall be taken, when placing
the stone by hand or machine, to assure that the PVC coating on the gabions will
not be damaged if PVC is utilized. All stone on the exposed face shall be hand
placed to ensure a neat compact appearance.
(iii) Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 2540 mm to account for future
structural settlements and for additional layers. Gabions can be filled by any
kind of earth filling equipment. The maximum height from which the stones
may be dropped into the baskets shall be 900 mm.
4.3 Gabion Stone Placement

(i)
The stone fill shall be placed into the gabion units in 300 mm lifts. Cells shall be
filled to a depth not exceeding 300 mm at a time. The fill layer should never be
more than 300 mm higher then any adjoining cell.
(ii)
Connecting wires shall be installed from the front to back and side to side of
individual cell at each 300 mm vertical interval for gabions of depth exceeding
500 mm.
(iii) The voids shall be minimized by using well-graded stone fill and by hand
placement of the facing in order to achieve a dense, compact stone fill.
4.4 Lid Closing

(i)
The lids of the gabion units shall be tightly secured along all edges, ends and
diaphragms in the same manner as described for assembling.
5.0 Installation of Reno Mattress

Basically, the procedure for installation of reno mattress is similar to the
construction of gabion units. Particular attention should be paid to the following :
(i)
Mattress units should be placed in proper position so that movement of rockfill

inside the cage, due to gravity or flowing current, is minimal.
Thus, on slopes, Mattresses should be placed with its internal diaphragms at
right angles to the direction of the slope.
On river beds, position the Mattress with the internal diaphragms at right angles
to the direction flow.
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
(ii)
The Mattresses may be either telescoped or cut to form and tied at required
shape when necessary, for example, when Mattresses are laid on a radius. For
a sharp curve, it may be necessary to cut the Mattress diagonally into triangular
sections and tie the open side securely to an intact side panel.
6.

Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall and Reno Mattress
Sample clauses of PS, MM and SoR for gabion wall and Reno Mattress are
shown in Appendix C.
7.
Geoguide 1 (Sections 9.5 and 13) may be referenced for the basis of providing a
general guideline on maintenance of gabion walls.
Generally speaking, maintenance requirements should be duly considered during
both the design stage and during routine inspection after completion of works [Ref.
8.5]. Detailed discussion on the maintenance requirement both in detailed design
stage and routine inspection are beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The
necessary maintenance requirements should be judged on a case-by-case basis.
However, some of the important considerations required to be considered during
detailed design stage and routine inspection are listed below.
Suggested considerations on maintenance requirements to be looked at during
design stage :
The water quality of river/stream would affect the durability of the wire
used in the basket. The suitability of the gabion structures to be used in
such river/stream environment should be within manufacturers
recommendation. If necessary, corrosion protection measures should be
applied to wires, such as PVC coated galvanized steel wires;
Gradation of stone aggregates should be based on gabion thickness and grid
size. As a rule of thumb, the size of stone measured in the greatest
dimension should range from 150mm to 300mm. In addition, the smallest
stone size must generally be larger than the wire mesh openings (usually of
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
about 100mm);
Package of stone aggregates should be manually performed instead of
mechanically performed. The mechanically package can cause unwanted
stress to the net. However, manually packing of stone aggregates should
not be over emphasized. Poorly packed gabions will cause undue
movements as well as excessive abrasion to the PVC coating. To allow for
the settlement of the stone aggregates, an over fill of about 25-40mm is
considered to be adequate;
The strength of the stone aggregates should be durable to resist the impact
from flood flow particularly if the flood flow is violent. The stress created
by the violent flood flow against gabions will lead to the shaking and
mutual thrust of stones inside gabions. If the stones are fragile, the stones
will start to crush into pieces small enough to fall outside the gabion net;
The opening of the gabion net can be torn away by the continuous thrust of
materials carried by runoff (e.g. sable, gravel, and rubble) against iron wires.
When the net opens, the stone filling it up fall out, and the structure loses all
its weight and, consequently, its function; and
Gabions structures are generally composed of superimposed layers of
gabion baskets. Special attention should be paid on gabion structures with a
stepped shape, only a part of the superimposed layer rests on a lower layer
of gabions. The remaining part rests directly on the earthfill. In this case,
the underlying earthfill has to be compacted carefully, and its adherence to
the lower layer of gabions should be ensured before surperimposing the
next layer.
routine inspection :
A gabion structure needs to be inspected annually and after each flood event.
However, a newly placed gabion structure is recommended to be inspected
for every 3 months or after each rainfall event whichever is the less;
Signs of undercutting or other instability should also be checked;
Any displacement or shifting of the wire baskets should need to be
corrected immediately;
Date: November 2006
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RD 1045
Checking on the sign of damage or erosion of the river embankment should

be included; and
Checking for the wires of panels/cages for any signs of rusting and wear
should be included.
8.
Reference Documents
8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth
Edition, May 2001.
8.2 U.S. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Water Planning,
Stream Guide, Stream Management Guide No. 15 Gabion Revetments
8.3
U.S. Environmental Department of Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center,

Storm Water Best Management Practices Decision Support Tool #129 Gabions
8.4 Tricardi, Watershed Management Use of Gabions in Small Hydraulic Works

8.5 Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, the
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, GEOGUIDE
1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, October 2003.
Date: November 2006
Page 11-
Date: November 2006
RD 1045
Page 12-
RD 1045
Appendix A
Typical Layout of Gabion Wall
RD 1045
Drawing Notes:
1.
All dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise specified.
2.
Depending on the soil conditions, designers should determine whether any

ground treatment for foundation is required in consideration with sliding,
bearing or soil slip failures.
3.
Determination of Potential Scour Depth by Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
where:
Shape Coefficients
Description
K1
Vertical-wall
1.00
0.82
Spill-through
0.55

Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s
L
ys = Scour depth, m
App. A - 1
RD 1045
Example:
Assume
K1 = 0.82,
K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1
the sketches in the calculations in Appendix B.
Ya
Fr
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.01
2.54
2.97
3.35
4.01
4.59
2.25
3.78
4.72
5.49
6.15
7.32
8.34
2.75
5.45
6.74
7.79
8.71
10.31
11.71
3.25
7.10
8.73
10.06
11.22
13.25
15.03
4. Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The
dimensions of the hexagon shall be 80 x 100 mm.
5. The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip
galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
6. The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5
mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm.
7. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and
3.0 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the
mesh wire.
8. All wires shall be mild steel to BS 1052.
9. The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes the
lid.
10. All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged
App. A - 2
RD 1045
in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength
of the mesh.
11. The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be
greater than 1m.
12. Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall be
placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
13. All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed square
stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size.
App. A - 3
RD 1045
App. A - 4
RD 1045
Appendix B
Design Calculations for Gabion Wall
Annexes
A.
Design of 4.5m gabion wall
A, A1 A10
B.
B, B1 B8
C.
C, C1 C6
D.
D, D1 D4
Page
E.
Stone sizes and critical velocities for gabions

(courtesy of and adapted from Maccaferri Gabions)
E1 E3
Project
Design of 4.5m Gabion Wall
Prepared by
NG Chun-ling
Checked by
Subject
Annex A
(AE/TM5)

Design Statement
Reference
Remarks
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall
Design Statement
1. Design Data
(I) Materials
(A) Requirements
Geoguide 1
Gabion Materials
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
(i) They should not be susceptible to attack by fire and ultraviolet light.
(ii) They should be in form of hexagonal woven or square welded.
(iii) Hexagonal woven wire mesh is mechanically woven in a continuous sheet. The wires
should be twisted together in pairs through three half turns, i.e. 'double-twisted' to form
the mesh.
(iv) The edges of the mesh should be selvaged with wires of a diameter of about 1.5 times
that of the wire-mesh to prevent unravelling.
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.3 (1) & Fig. 47
(v) The gabion base, top and sides should be formed from a piece of mesh. The ends and
diaphragms can be attached to this mesh by helical wires or other methods.
(vi) The mesh can stretch or contract in two directions in its own plane and thus a rectangular
wire-mesh basket filled with rock fragments can deform in any direction.
(vii) The wires used for the wire mesh should be mild steel wire to BS 1052 (BSI, 1986b),
with a minimum tensile strength of 350 N/mm 2 .
(viii) The wires should be at least 2.7mm in diameter and galvanized.
(ix) For hexagonal wire-mesh the wires should be galvanized to BS 443 (BSI, 1990b) before
weaving.
(x) For welded mesh, the mesh panels should be hot dip galvanized to BS 729 (BSI, 1986c)
after welding. The making of panels with galvanized wires welded together is not
recommended as the welds are left unprotected.
(xi) If the soil and water conditions are aggressive, PVC (polyvinylchloride) coating should be
provided to the wires. The PVC coating should be at least 0.5mm thick and should
meet the requirements of BS 4102 (BSI, 1991c).
Geoguide 1
Infill material
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
(i) Maximum size of rock should not exceed two-thirds the depth of the gabion to be
filled or 300mm , whichever is less.
(ii) The preferred size is 150mm to 300mm . The smallest dimension of the rock should
at least be twice the largest dimension of the mesh aperture .
- Annex A page 1 -
(B) Assumptions
Gabion and Infill Materials
Block Size
Geoguide 1
The gabions are in modules of 2m x 1m x 1m.
Para. 9.5.1
Mesh Size
8cm x 10cm x 2.7mm
Size of Infill Material
Refer to Annex E
= 250mm
Critical Velocity for water flow
6.4 m/s
Maccaferri Gabions
Parameter
Geoguide 1
Specific gravity of the rock, Gs
2.6
Para. 9.5.2 (1)
Porosity of the infill
0.4
Mobilized angle of wall friction,
0.0
Backfilling Material behind the existing wall

The properties of backfilling material are assumed to be
=
21 kN/m3
Geoguide 1
(a) Unit weight
Table 8
(b) Effective shear strength, c'
(c) Effective friction angle, '
35
(a) Unit weight
19 kN/m3
5 kPa
0 kPa
o
Insitu Soil beneath the wall (foundation material)

The properties of insitu soil are assumed to be
35
(II) Loadings
Dead loads
Self weight of the proposed protection wall, earth pressure and hydrostatic pressure are
taken to be dead load for design. The unit weight of water was taken as 9.81 kN/m3.
Imposed load
Geoguide 1
5kPa surcharge was assumed on the land side.
Para. 7.2.2 and Table 16
(Footpaths isolated from roads, cycle tracks and play areas)
(III) Water level of the pond

It is assumed that the most critical situation should be when the channel is completely dry,
which is taken to be the design case.
The groundwater level behind the proposed gabion wall is assumed to be one-third of the
retaining height.
- Annex A page 2 -
Geoguide 1 Para. 6.2.2,
Proposed retaining walls have no restraint against translation and rotation about the base,
Table 20 and Figure 13
hence active state pressure is assumed and compaction-induced lateral pressure is not
considered.
2. Design Reference and Codes

Design Code
1. Geotechnical Engineering Office (1993), Geoguide 1 - Guide to Retaining Wall Design,
Second Edition.
Design Methodology
In accordance with Geoguide 1, the structures would be designed for both the ultimate limit
state (ULS) and the serviceability limit state (SLS).
Geoguide 1, clause 4.3.4,
Partial safety factor approach stipulated under Geoguide 1, clause 4.3.4 is adopted. The
Table 6 and Table 7
minimum factors of safety recommended in Geoguide 1 are adopted.

Per meter run of the proposed retaining walls is considered for simplicity.
Geoguide 1, clause 9.5.2
Limit state checks would be carried out at selected planes through the gabion wall, ignoring
the resistance contributed by the cage material and the connections between the cages.
For stepped walls, stability checks would be carried out at each major change in section
shape.
3. Checking the Stability of the Protection Wall

4.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex A page 3 -
Ultimate Limit Statement (ULS)

Refer to Annex A1, A3,
1. Checking Overturning [OK if restoring moment > overturning moment]
A5, A7 & A9
para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(without back batter)
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
3.5
OK!
OK!
2. Checking Sliding [OK if resisting force > sliding force]
A5, A7 & A9
para. 1 Step 7
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
3.5
OK!
OK!
3. Checking Bearing Capacity [OK if bearing capacity > bearing pressure]
A5, A7 & A9
para. 1 Step 8
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
3.5
OK!
OK!
Serviceability Limit Statement (SLS)

A6, A8 & A10
1. Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity

[OK if the resultant force acts within the middle third of the wall base]
para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
3.5
OK!
OK!
For details of calculations, please refer to the Annex A1 to A10.
- Annex A page 4 -
Construction Aspects
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.4
(i) Horizontal internal bracing wires should be fitted between the outer and inner faces at about
300mm centres in woven mesh gabions which are deeper than 500mm.
(ii) The lids of the gabions should meet the top edges of the sides and ends when closed,
without leaving any gaps.
(iii) The mesh of the lids should be tied down to the tops of any diaphragms provided, as well as
to the tops of the sides and ends.
(iv) Whenever possible, the vertical joints between the units should be staggered in adjacent
courses.
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
para. 9.5.5
(i) A geotextile filter would be provided under the base and behind the rear face of the gabion
wall to prevent migration of fines from the backfill into the coarse rock infill.
(ii) Drainage layers at the rear face are normally not warranted. However, a drainage layer of
adequate permeability would be provided at the base of the wall to guard against erosion
of the foundation material.
References
Second Edition.
- Annex A page 5 -
Geoguide 1
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A1
Design of Gabion Wall

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall
Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)

Reference
Remarks
1. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
1000
3000
Pa1
W2
Pa2
1000
W3
Insitu soil
1000
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
1500
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
Fill (Behind the Wall)

21
Self-weight of the proposed protection wall

Lateral pressure due to surcharge
Vertical component of active earth pressure
Horizontal component of active earth pressure
Lateral pressure due to groundwater
Upthrust
kN/m3
2
Surcharge behind the wall
kN/m2
Surcharge at the wall
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.50
Water level (from bottom)
1.50
4.2
o
cv'
30
Length of wall
100
Kah
0.330
(Note: m is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)
Table 6, Table 7 and
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
Base width of wall

( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
Insitu Soil (Beneath the Wall)
Gabions and Infill materials
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
cf'
4.2
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
o
2
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
bf
24.1
Geoguide 1, clause 6.6
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex A1 page 1 -
Step 1 Sliding Force (kN/m - run)

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
3.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
3.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.50
x
x
x
x
x
4.50
21
21
1.50
1.50
x
x
x
/
3.00
1.50
1.50
2
Pah =
Geoguide 1, Clause 5.11.2,

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
7.42
31.17
31.17
4.08
11.25
85.08
73.83
Step 2 Vertical component of earth pressure (Pav)

Based on the design assumption, the mobilised angle of wall friction, is taken as 0.
Thus, the vertical component of earth pressure (Pav) acting on the proposed protection wall is considered as
=
0.00 kN/m - run
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
W5
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.50
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
4.20
4.20
x
x
x
x
x
/
Step 4 Overturning moment of earth pressure about Toe

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
7.42
4.50
/
2
Pa2
31.17
3.00
/
3
+
1.50
Pa3
31.17
1.50
/
2
Pa4
4.08
1.50
/
3
Pwh
11.25
1.50
/
3
Step 5 Moment of Vertical Force about Toe

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
4.2
1.30
W2
30.42
4.2
1.95
W3
41.34
4.2
2.65
W4
53.04
4.2
3.40
W5
32.76
4.2
4.20
Pwv -31.50
4.2
x
2
Pav
0.00
4.2
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
2
3
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Step 6 Check Overturning and Determine Eccentricity

Overturning Moment Mo =
125.65
+
88.20
Restoring Moment Mr =
490.35 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
32.76
-31.50
0.00
146.34
2.25
2.50
0.75
0.50
0.50
M =
Moment
16.70
77.92
23.37
2.04
5.63
125.65
(kNm/m run)
3.55
3.23
2.88
2.50
2.10
2.80
4.20
M =
Mr =
Moment
71.99
98.10
118.85
132.60
68.80
-88.20
0.00
402.15
490.35
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
213.85
Mo )
/
213.85 ) /
V
146.34
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 4.2
= 0.211m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 490.35
- Annex A1 page 2 -
Step 7 Check Sliding

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
85.08 kN / m
146.34 kN / m
Resisting Force against Sliding Fr =

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
146.34
x
0.58
=
85.39 kN/m run
=> OK!
Sliding Force Fa = H=
>
85.08
kN / m
OK!
Step 8 Check Bearing Capacity

From above,
Eccentricity e = 0.211 m
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
B
= 4.20
= 3.78
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 3.78
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.211
100
100
377.88
m2
L'
L'
=
=
85.08
146.34
x
x
100
100
377.88
38.73
kPa
Thus, at the level just below 500mm rock fill,

Bearing Pressure qmax =
Qn
/
A'
14634.00
=
/
To calculate Bearing Capacity qult ,

qult = cf' Nc sc ic tc gc
+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
8508 kN
14634 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq
For Bearing Capacity Factors,

2
Nq = exp(tan'f) tan (/4+'f/2)
) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
2
tan (
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
3.78
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
3.78
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
3.78
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.02
s =
1
=
1
= 0.98
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
tan'f
- Annex A1 page 3 -
100
'f
30
For Inclination Factors,

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.96
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 8508
/ (
= 0.49
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
3.78
3.78
Qn
14634
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
377.88
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.14
0.49
2.96
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.27
iq
0.27
0.22
0.49
1.96
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.27
) / (
) / (
ic
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0 , all tilt and ground slope factors
tq =
tc =
t =
1
equal 1, i.e.
gc =
g = gq =
1
Effective Surcharge q' =
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5
As a result, Bearing Capacity qult

= cf ' Nc sc ic tc gc
+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.02
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
3.78
0.14
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.27
x
1
x
1
=
29.50
+
52.76
+
23.17
=
105.42
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
38.73
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.22
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A1 page 4 -
OK!
x
0.98
x
1
x
1.02
OK!

(with back batter 1:10)
750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
3000
Pa1
Pa2
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
1000
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
1500
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.50
1.50
Base width of wall
4.20
o
cv'
30
Length of wall
100
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
(Note: gm is taken to be 1.2 so as to cater for the unknown ground condition.)


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
kN/m
( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
o
2
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
cf'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
3.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
3.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.50
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
4.50
21
21
1.50
1.50
x
x
x
/
3.00
1.50
1.50
2
Pah =
- Annex A1 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
7.42
31.17
31.17
4.08
11.25
85.08
73.83

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
W5
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.50
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
4.20
4.20
x
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
32.76
-31.50
0.00
146.34

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
7.42
Pa2
31.17
Pa3
31.17
Pa4
4.08
Pwh
11.25
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
4.50
3.00
1.50
1.50
1.50

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 4.00
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 3.00
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W4
53.04 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W5
32.76 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv -31.50 ( 4.2
x
2
Pav
0.00
4.2
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.50
3.550
3.225
2.875
2.500
2.100
3)
)
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x
x

125.65
+
87.76
519.39 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
2.25
2.50
0.75
0.50
0.50
M =
Moment
16.70
77.92
23.37
2.04
5.63
125.65
(kNm/m run)
3.93
3.51
3.06
2.59
2.11
2.79
4.20
M =
Mr =
Moment
79.71
106.70
126.49
137.22
69.27
-87.76
0.00
431.62
519.39
213.41
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
213.41 ) /
V
146.34
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 4.2
= 0.009m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 519.39
- Annex A1 page 6 -

Sliding along soil/structure interface
Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =
(V x cos - H x sin ) x tan b =
Activating force Fa =
Resisting force Fr =
Resisting Force against Sliding, Fr =

=
75.69 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
70.03 kN / m
75.69 kN / m
Activating Force Fa =
70.03
kN / m
Sliding along a foundation soil surface

o
=
0.00
H x cos - V x sin =
(V x cos - H x sin ) x tan ' + c' l =

=
102.89 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
85.08 kN / m
102.89 kN / m
85.08
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
B
= 4.20
= 4.18
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 4.18
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.009
100
100
418.16
m2
L'
L'
=
=
85.08
146.34
x
x
100
100
418.16
35.00
kPa

Qn
/
A'
14634
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
8508 kN
14634 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

2
) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex A1 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.03
s =
1
=
1
= 0.98
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
4.18
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
4.18
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
4.18
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
4.18
4.18
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
14634
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
418.16
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.96
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 8508
/ (
= 0.48
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.14
0.48
2.96
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.27
iq
0.27
0.23
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.48
1.96
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.27
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.98
x
1
x
1.02
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0 , all ground slope factors

gc =
g = gq =
1
equal 1, i.e.

=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.03
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
4.18
0.14
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.27
x
5.44
x
1
=
175.19
+
332.87
+
130.54
=
638.60
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
35.00
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.23
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A1 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A2

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall
Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)

Reference
Remarks
1. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0m above foundation)
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
1000
3000
Pa1
W2
Pa2
1000
W3
Insitu soil
1000
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
1500
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.50
1.50
4.2

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall

( = tan ((tan ')/m ))
-1
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex A2 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
3.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
3.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.50
x
x
x
x
x
4.50
21
21
1.50
1.50
x
x
x
/
3.00
1.50
1.50
2
Pah =
Table 14
6.10
25.61
25.61
3.35
11.25
71.92
60.67

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
W5
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.50
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
4.20
4.20
x
x
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
6.10
4.50
/
2
Pa2
25.61
3.00
/
3
+
1.50
Pa3
25.61
1.50
/
2
Pa4
3.35
1.50
/
3
Pwh
11.25
1.50
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
4.2
1.30
W2
30.42
4.2
1.95
W3
41.34
4.2
2.65
W4
53.04
4.2
3.40
W5
32.76
4.2
4.20
Pwv -31.50
4.2
x
2
Pav
0.00
4.2
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
2
3

104.25
+
88.20
490.35 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 4.2
/
2
- ( 490.35
= 0.064m
By Middle-third Rule,
B/6 =
4.2
/
6
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
32.76
-31.50
0.00
146.34
2.25
2.50
0.75
0.50
0.50
M =
Moment
13.72
64.02
19.21
1.68
5.63
104.25
(kNm/m run)
3.55
3.23
2.88
2.50
2.10
2.80
4.20
M =
Mr =
Moment
71.99
98.10
118.85
132.60
68.80
-88.20
0.00
402.15
490.35
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
192.45
Mo )
/
192.45 ) /
V
146.34
0.700m
>
0.064m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A2 page 2 -
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
3000
Pa1
Pa2
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
1000
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
1500
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.5
1.5
Base width of wall
4.2

kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan ((tan ')/m ))

-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1((tan ')/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
3.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
3.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.50
x
x
x
x
x
4.50
21
21
1.50
1.50
x
x
x
/
3.00
1.50
1.50
2
Pah =
- Annex A2 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
6.10
25.61
25.61
3.35
11.25
71.92
60.67

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
W5
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.50
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
4.20
4.20
x
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
32.76
-31.50
0.00
146.34

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
6.10
Pa2
25.61
Pa3
25.61
Pa4
3.35
Pwh
11.25
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
4.50
3.00
1.50
1.50
1.50

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 4.00
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 3.00
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W4
53.04 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W5
32.76 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv -31.50 ( 4.2
x
2
Pav
0.00
4.2
Geoguide 1
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.50
3.550
3.225
2.875
2.500
2.100
3)

104.25
+
87.76
519.39 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 4.2
/
2
- ( 519.39
= -0.137m
B/6 =
4.2
/
6
2.25
2.50
0.75
0.50
0.50
M =
Moment
13.72
64.02
19.21
1.68
5.63
104.25
(kNm/m run)
3.93
3.51
3.06
2.59
2.11
2.79
4.20
M =
Mr =
Moment
79.71
106.70
126.49
137.22
69.27
-87.76
0.00
431.62
519.39
192.01
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
192.01 ) /
V
146.34
0.700m
)
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A2 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
>
-0.137m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A3

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall
Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)

Reference
Remarks
1. Checking of Ultimate Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
1000
2667
Pa1
W2
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W3
1000
1333
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
2
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.00
1.33
3.4
Base width of wall

( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
30
Length of wall
100
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
cf'
4.2
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan b/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex A3 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.33
x
x
x
x
x
4.00
21
21
1.33
1.33
x
x
x
/
2.67
1.33
1.33
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
6.60
24.63
24.63
3.22
8.89
67.96
59.07

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.33
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
3.40
x
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
6.60
4.00
/
2
Pa2
24.63
2.67
/
3
+
1.33
Pa3
24.63
1.33
/
2
Pa4
3.22
1.33
/
3
Pwh
8.89
1.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
3.4
1.30
W2
30.42
3.4
1.95
W3
41.34
3.4
2.65
W4
53.04
3.4
3.40
Pwv -22.67
3.4
x
2
Pav
0.00
3.4
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
3
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

89.72
+
51.38
305.49 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
-22.67
0.00
122.41
2.00
2.22
0.67
0.44
0.44
M =
Moment
13.19
54.72
16.42
1.43
3.95
89.72
(kNm/m run)
2.75
2.43
2.08
1.70
2.27
3.40
M =
Mr =
Moment
55.77
73.77
85.78
90.17
-51.38
0.00
254.11
305.49
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
141.09
Mo )
/
141.09 ) /
V
122.41
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 3.4
= 0.357m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 305.49
- Annex A3 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
67.96 kN / m
122.41 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
122.41
x
0.58
=
71.43 kN/m run
=> OK!
>
67.96
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
B
= 3.40
= 2.69
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 2.69
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.357
100
100
268.59
m2
L'
L'
=
=
67.96
122.41
x
x
100
100
268.59
45.58
kPa

Qn
/
A'
12241.33
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
6796 kN
12241 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

2
) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
2
tan (
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
2.69
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
2.69
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
2.69
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.02
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
tan'f
- Annex A3 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.97
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 6796
/ (
= 0.48
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
2.69
2.69
Qn
12241
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
268.59
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.14
0.48
2.97
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.28
iq
0.28
0.23
0.48
1.97
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.28
) / (
) / (
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0 , all tilt and ground slope factors
tq =
tc =
t =
1
equal 1, i.e.
gc =
g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.02
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
2.69
0.14
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.28
x
1
x
1
=
30.60
+
39.85
+
23.84
=
94.29
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
45.58
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.23
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A3 page 4 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.02
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
2667
Pa1
W3
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W4
1000
1333
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.00
1.33
Base width of wall
3.40

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
30
Length of wall
100
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
m
=
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
cf'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.33
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
4.00
21
21
1.33
1.33
x
x
x
/
2.67
1.33
1.33
2
Pah =
- Annex A3 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
6.60
24.63
24.63
3.22
8.89
67.96
59.07

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.33
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
3.40
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
-22.67
0.00
122.41

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
6.60
Pa2
24.63
Pa3
24.63
Pa4
3.22
Pwh
8.89
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
4.00
2.67
1.33
1.33
1.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 3.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W4
53.04 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -22.67 ( 3.4
x
2
Pav
0.00
3.4
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.33
2.750
2.425
2.075
1.700
3)
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x

89.72
+
51.12
327.41 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
2.00
2.22
0.67
0.44
0.44
M =
Moment
13.19
54.72
16.42
1.43
3.95
89.72
(kNm/m run)
3.08
2.66
2.21
1.74
2.26
3.40
M =
Mr =
Moment
62.56
80.97
91.53
92.36
-51.12
0.00
276.29
327.41
140.84
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
140.84 ) /
V
122.41
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
=
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 3.4
= 0.176m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 327.41
- Annex A3 page 6 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
63.49 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
55.38 kN / m
63.49 kN / m
55.38
kN / m

o
=
0.00
H x cos - V x sin =

=
85.60 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
67.96 kN / m
85.60 kN / m
67.96
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
B
= 3.40
= 3.05
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 3.05
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.176
100
100
304.82
m2
L'
L'
=
=
67.96
122.41
x
x
100
100
304.82
40.16
kPa

Qn
/
A'
12241
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
6796 kN
12241 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

2
) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex A3 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.02
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
3.05
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
3.05
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
3.05
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
3.05
3.05
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
12241
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
304.82
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.97
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 6796
/ (
= 0.47
/
/
/
/
/
/
L'
100
100
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.15
0.47
2.97
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.28
iq
0.28
0.24
0.47
1.97
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.28
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.02
ic
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0 , all ground slope factors

gc =
g = gq =
1
equal 1, i.e.
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.02
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
3.05
0.15
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.28
x
5.44
x
1
=
182.00
+
258.46
+
134.51
=
574.98
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
40.16
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.24
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A3 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A4

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall
Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)

Reference
Remarks
1. Checking of Serviceability Limit State (toe at 0.5m above foundation)
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
1000
2667
Pa1
W2
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W3
1000
1333
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.00
1.33
3.4

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall

( = tan (tan '/m ))
-1
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex A4 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.33
x
x
x
x
x
4.00
21
21
1.33
1.33
x
x
x
/
2.67
1.33
1.33
2
Pah =
Table 14
5.42
20.23
20.23
2.65
8.89
57.43
48.54

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.33
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
3.40
x
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
5.42
4.00
/
2
Pa2
20.23
2.67
/
3
+
1.33
Pa3
20.23
1.33
/
2
Pa4
2.65
1.33
/
3
Pwh
8.89
1.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
3.4
1.30
W2
30.42
3.4
1.95
W3
41.34
3.4
2.65
W4
53.04
3.4
3.40
Pwv -22.67
3.4
x
2
Pav
0.00
3.4
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
3

74.42
+
51.38
305.49 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 3.4
/
2
- ( 305.49
= 0.232m
B/6 =
3.4
/
6
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
-22.67
0.00
122.41
2.00
2.22
0.67
0.44
0.44
M =
Moment
10.84
44.96
13.49
1.18
3.95
74.42
(kNm/m run)
2.75
2.43
2.08
1.70
2.27
3.40
M =
Mr =
Moment
55.77
73.77
85.78
90.17
-51.38
0.00
254.11
305.49
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
125.80
Mo )
/
125.80 ) /
V
122.41
0.567m
>
0.232m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A4 page 2 -
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
2667
Pa1
Pa2
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
1000
1333
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
4.00
1.33
3.4

kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall

( = tan (tan '/m ))
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.33
x
x
x
x
x
4.00
21
21
1.33
1.33
x
x
x
/
2.67
1.33
1.33
2
Pah =
- Annex A4 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
5.42
20.23
20.23
2.65
8.89
57.43
48.54

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.33
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
3.40
4.20
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
53.04
-22.67
0.00
122.41

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
5.42
Pa2
20.23
Pa3
20.23
Pa4
2.65
Pwh
8.89
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
4.00
2.67
1.33
1.33
1.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 3.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W4
53.04 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -22.67 ( 3.4
x
2
Pav
0.00
3.4
Geoguide 1
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.33
2.750
2.425
2.075
1.700
3

74.42
+
51.12
327.29 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 3.4
/
2
- ( 327.29
= 0.052m
B/6 =
3.4
/
6
2.00
2.22
0.67
0.44
0.44
M =
Moment
10.84
44.96
13.49
1.18
3.95
74.42
(kNm/m run)
3.08
2.66
2.21
1.74
2.26
3.40
M =
Mr =
Moment
62.52
80.93
91.49
92.35
-51.12
0.00
276.17
327.29
125.54
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
125.54 ) /
V
122.41
0.567m
>
0.052m
)
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A4 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
=
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A5

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
2000
W2
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
1000
W3
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.65
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex A5 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.95
13.85
13.85
1.81
5.00
39.46
34.46
Step 2 Vertical component of earth pressure (P av)

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
2.65
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.95
3.00
/
2
Pa2
13.85
2.00
/
3
+
1.00
Pa3
13.85
1.00
/
2
Pa4
1.81
1.00
/
3
Pwh
5.00
1.00
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
2.65
1.30
W2
30.42
2.65
1.95
W3
41.34
2.65
2.65
Pwv -13.25
2.65
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.65
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

39.70
+
23.41
146.29 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
-13.25
0.00
78.79
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
7.42
23.09
6.93
0.60
1.67
39.70
(kNm/m run)
2.00
1.68
1.33
1.77
2.65
M =
Mr =
Moment
40.56
50.95
54.78
-23.41
0.00
122.88
146.29
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
63.11
V
78.79
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.65
= 0.269m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 146.29
- Annex A5 page 2 -
Mo )
63.11 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
39.46 kN / m
78.79 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
78.79
x
0.58
=
45.97 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
39.46
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.65
= 2.11
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 2.11
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.269
100
100
211.14
m2
L'
L'
=
=
39.46
78.79
x
x
100
100
211.14
37.32
kPa

Qn
/
A'
7879.00
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
3946 kN
7879 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

Nq = exp(tan'f) tan2(/4+'f/2)
) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
2.11
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
2.11
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
2.11
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex A5 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 3946
/ (
= 0.42
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
2.11
2.11
Qn
7879
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
211.14
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.20
0.42
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.34
iq
0.34
0.30
0.42
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.34
) / (
) / (
Since tilting of wall and inclination of ground slope both equal 0o , all tilt and ground slope factors
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
2.11
0.20
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.34
x
1
x
1
=
39.36
+
43.21
+
29.34
=
111.91
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
37.32
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.30
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A5 page 4 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
1000
Pa2
Pa3
Insitu soil
2000
Pa4
Pwh
1000
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.65

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
m
=
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
- Annex A5 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.95
13.85
13.85
1.81
5.00
39.46
34.46

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
2.65
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
-13.25
0.00
78.79

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.95
Pa2
13.85
Pa3
13.85
Pa4
1.81
Pwh
5.00
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -13.25 ( 2.65
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.65
=
=
=
=
=
1.00
Arm (m)
+
2.000 )
+
1.675 )
+
1.325 )
/
3)

39.70
+
23.29
157.20 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
x
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
2.24
1.82
1.37
1.76
2.65
M =
Mr =
Moment
45.40
55.24
56.56
-23.29
0.00
133.91
157.20
63.00
kNm/m run
V
78.79
=
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
7.42
23.09
6.93
0.60
1.67
39.70
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.65
= 0.129m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 157.20
- Annex A5 page 6 -
Mo )
63.00 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
41.10 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
31.39 kN / m
41.10 kN / m
31.39
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
57.02 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
39.46 kN / m
57.02 kN / m
39.46
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.65
= 2.39
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 2.39
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.129
100
100
239.14
m2
L'
L'
=
=
39.46
78.79
x
x
100
100
239.14
32.95
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
7879

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
3946 kN
7879 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex A5 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
2.39
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
2.39
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
2.39
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
2.39
2.39
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
7879
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
239.14
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 3946
/ (
= 0.41
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.21
0.41
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.35
iq
0.35
0.31
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.41
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.35
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01
Since inclination of ground slope equal 0o , all ground slope factors

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
2.39
0.21
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.35
x
5.44
x
1
=
232.59
+
278.44
+
164.91
=
675.94
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
32.95
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.31
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A5 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A6

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa2
Pa1
1000
2000
W2
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
1000
W3
Pwh
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.65


Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex A6 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
Table 14
4.06
11.38
11.38
1.49
5.00
33.32
28.32

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
2.65
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.06
3.00
/
2
Pa2
11.38
2.00
/
3
+
1.00
Pa3
11.38
1.00
/
2
Pa4
1.49
1.00
/
3
Pwh
5.00
1.00
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
2.65
1.30
W2
30.42
2.65
1.95
W3
41.34
2.65
2.65
Pwv -13.25
2.65
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.65
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

32.92
+
23.41
146.29 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.65
/
2
- ( 146.29
= 0.183m
B/6 =
2.65
/
6
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
-13.25
0.00
78.79
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
6.10
18.97
5.69
0.50
1.67
32.92
(kNm/m run)
2.00
1.68
1.33
1.77
2.65
M =
Mr =
Moment
40.56
50.95
54.78
-23.41
0.00
122.88
146.29
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
56.33
Mo )
/
56.33 ) /
V
78.79
0.442m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A6 page 2 -
>
0.183m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
1000
Pa2
2000
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
1000
Insitu soil
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.65

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
- Annex A6 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.06
11.38
11.38
1.49
5.00
33.32
28.32

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.30
1.95
2.65
4.20
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
41.34
-13.25
0.00
78.79

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.06
Pa2
11.38
Pa3
11.38
Pa4
1.49
Pwh
5.00
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W3
41.34 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -13.25 ( 2.65
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.65
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
1.00
Arm (m)
+
2.000 )
+
1.675 )
+
1.325 )
/
3 )

32.92
+
23.29
157.15 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.65
/
2
- ( 157.15
= 0.044m
B/6 =
2.65
/
6
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
6.10
18.97
5.69
0.50
1.67
32.92
(kNm/m run)
2.24
1.82
1.37
1.76
2.65
M =
Mr =
Moment
45.38
55.22
56.55
-23.29
0.00
133.85
157.15
56.21
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
56.21 ) /
V
78.79
0.442m
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A6 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
>
0.044m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A7

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.95
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex A7 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.95
1.95
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
2.00
/
2
Pa2
6.16
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
6.16
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.81
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
1.95
1.30
W2
30.42
1.95
1.95
Pwv
-6.50
1.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.95
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

12.86
+
8.45
56.02 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
-6.50
0.00
44.20
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
1.30
0.98
1.30
1.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
26.36
29.66
-8.45
0.00
47.57
56.02
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
21.31
V
44.20
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.95
= 0.190m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 56.02
- Annex A7 page 2 -
Mo )
21.31 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
18.64 kN / m
44.20 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
44.20
x
0.58
=
25.79 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.95
= 1.57
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.57
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.190
100
100
157.06
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
44.20
x
x
100
100
157.06
28.14
kPa

Qn
/
A'
4420.00
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
4420 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.57
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.57
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.57
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex A7 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.34
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.57
1.57
Qn
4420
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
157.06
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.29
0.34
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.44
iq
0.44
0.41
0.34
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.44
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.57
0.29
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.44
x
1
x
1
=
53.38
+
48.12
+
38.17
=
139.67
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
28.14
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.41
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A7 page 4 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
W2
1000
667
W3
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.95

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
m
=
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex A7 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.95
1.95
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
-6.50
0.00
44.20

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
Pa2
6.16
Pa3
6.16
Pa4
0.81
Pwh
2.22
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-6.50 ( 1.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.95
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.300 )
+
0.975 )
/
3)

12.86
+
8.41
60.29 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
1.44
1.02
1.29
1.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
29.26
31.03
-8.41
0.00
51.88
60.29
21.27
kNm/m run
V
44.20
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.95
= 0.092m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 60.29
- Annex A7 page 6 -
Mo )
21.27 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
23.25 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
14.13 kN / m
23.25 kN / m
14.13
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
33.92 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64 kN / m
33.92 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.95
= 1.77
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.77
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.092
100
100
176.54
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
44.20
x
x
100
100
176.54
25.04
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
4420

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
4420 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex A7 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.77
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.77
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.77
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.77
1.77
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
4420
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
176.54
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.33
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.31
0.33
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.45
iq
0.45
0.42
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.33
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.45
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.77
0.31
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.45
x
5.44
x
1
=
312.71
+
305.23
+
213.12
=
831.07
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
25.04
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.42
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A7 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A8

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.95

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex A8 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
Table 14
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

=
0.00 kN/m - run
Step 3 Wt. of wall + water uplift kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.95
1.95
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
2.00
/
2
Pa2
5.06
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
5.06
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.66
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
1.95
1.30
W2
30.42
1.95
1.95
Pwv
-6.50
1.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.95
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

10.66
+
8.45
56.02 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.95
/
2
- ( 56.02
= 0.140m
B/6 =
1.95
/
6
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
-6.50
0.00
44.20
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.30
0.98
1.30
1.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
26.36
29.66
-8.45
0.00
47.57
56.02
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
19.11
Mo )
/
19.11 ) /
V
44.20
0.325m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A8 page 2 -
>
0.140m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
W1
1000
1333
Pa1
Pav
Pa2
W2
1000
667
W3
1000
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.95

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex A8 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.95
4.20
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
20.28
30.42
-6.50
0.00
44.20

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
Pa2
5.06
Pa3
5.06
Pa4
0.66
Pwh
2.22
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
30.42 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-6.50 ( 1.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.95
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.300 )
+
0.975 )
/
3 )

10.66
+
8.41
60.26 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.95
/
2
- ( 60.26
= 0.043m
B/6 =
1.95
/
6
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.44
1.02
1.29
1.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
29.25
31.02
-8.41
0.00
51.86
60.26
19.07
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
19.07 ) /
V
44.20
0.325m
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex A8 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
>
0.043m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A9

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
W1
1000
Pa2
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
1000
Insitu soil
W3
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.30
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex A9 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.30
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.54
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.54
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.20
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
1.3
1.30
Pwv
-2.17
1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

2.02
+
1.88
13.18 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
20.28
-2.17
0.00
18.11
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.65
0.87
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
13.18
-1.88
0.00
11.30
13.18
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.90
Mo )
3.90
V
18.11
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.3
= 0.137m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 13.18
- Annex A9 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
5.48 kN / m
18.11 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
18.11
x
0.58
=
10.57 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.30
= 1.03
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.03
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.137
100
100
102.51
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
18.11
x
x
100
100
102.51
17.67
kPa

Qn
/
A'
1811.33
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1811 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.03
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.03
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.03
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex A9 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.22
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.03
1.03
Qn
1811
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
102.51
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.48
0.22
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.62
iq
0.62
0.60
0.22
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.62
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.03
0.48
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.62
x
1
x
1
=
76.85
+
51.77
+
52.94
=
181.56
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
17.67
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.60
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A9 page 4 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
Pa2
W1
1000
Pa3
W2
1000
W3
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.30

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
m
=
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex A9 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.30
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
20.28
-2.17
0.00
18.11

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
Pa2
1.54
Pa3
1.54
Pa4
0.20
Pwh
0.56
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-2.17 ( 1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.650 )
/
3)

2.02
+
1.87
14.13 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
x
x
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
0.995
0.995
=
=
=
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.70
0.86
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
14.13
-1.87
0.00
12.26
14.13
kNm/m run
0.00
3.89
Mo )
3.89
V
18.11
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.3
= 0.085m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 14.13
- Annex A9 page 6 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
9.65 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
3.65 kN / m
9.65 kN / m
3.65
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
15.99 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48 kN / m
15.99 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.30
= 1.13
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.13
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.085
100
100
113.03
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
18.11
x
x
100
100
113.03
16.03
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
1811

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1811 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex A9 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.13
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.13
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.13
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.13
1.13
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
1811
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
113.03
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.21
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.50
0.21
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.63
iq
0.63
0.61
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.21
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.63
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.13
0.50
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.63
x
5.44
x
1
=
444.90
+
317.81
+
292.72
= 1055.43
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
16.03
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.61
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex A9 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex A10

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
4.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
750
800
650
700
kPa
1300
Pa2
W1
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
1000
Insitu soil
W3
1000
W4
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.30

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex A10 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
Table 14
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
1.30
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.26
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.26
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.17
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28
1.3
1.30
Pwv
-2.17
1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

1.67
+
1.88
13.18 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.3
/
2
- ( 13.18
= 0.118m
B/6 =
1.3
/
6
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
20.28
-2.17
0.00
18.11
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.65
0.87
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
13.18
-1.88
0.00
11.30
13.18
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.55
Mo )
3.55
V
18.11
0.217m
>
0.118m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
) /
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

750
650
700
800
kPa
1300
Pa2
W1
1000
W2
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
1000
W5
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4, W5
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
Value
=
=
=
=
=
=

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
1.3

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall

( = tan (tan '/m ))
-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.30
4.20
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
20.28
-2.17
0.00
18.11

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
Pa2
1.26
Pa3
1.26
Pa4
0.17
Pwh
0.56
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
20.28 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-2.17 ( 1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.650 )
/
3 )

1.67
+
1.87
14.12 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.3
/
2
- ( 14.12
= 0.066m
B/6 =
1.3
/
6
x
x
0.995
0.995
0.00
Mo )
3.54
0.217m
Clause 9.2.4
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.70
0.86
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
14.12
-1.87
0.00
12.25
14.12
3.54
kNm/m run
V
18.11
>
0.066m
=
=
=
) /
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by
NG Chun-ling
Checked by
Subject
Annex B
(AE/TM5)

Design Statement
Reference
Remarks
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall
Design Statement
1. Design Data
(I) Materials
(A) Requirements
Geoguide 1
Gabion Materials
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
the mesh.
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.3 (1) & Fig. 47
weaving.
Geoguide 1
Infill material
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
- Annex B page 1 -
(B) Assumptions
Block Size
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.1
Mesh Size
8cm x 10cm x 2.7mm
Refer to Annex E
= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Maccaferri Gabions
Parameter
Geoguide 1
2.6
Para. 9.5.2 (1)
0.4
0.0

=
21 kN/m3
Geoguide 1
(a) Unit weight
Table 8
35
(a) Unit weight
19 kN/m3
5 kPa
0 kPa
o

35
(II) Loadings
Dead loads
Imposed load
Geoguide 1

retaining height.
- Annex B page 2 -
considered.

Design Code
Second Edition.
Design Methodology
Table 6 and Table 7

shape.

3.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex B page 3 -

Refer to Annex B1, B3,
B5 & B7
para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
B5 & B7
para. 1 Step 7
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
B5 & B7
para. 1 Step 8
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!

B6 & B8

para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
2.5
OK!
OK!
For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix B1 to B8.
- Annex B page 4 -
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.4
courses.
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
para. 9.5.5
References
Second Edition.
- Annex B page 5 -
Geoguide 1
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B1

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
1000
2333
Pa1
W2
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W3
500
1167
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.50
1.17
Base width of wall
2.95
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex B1 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.17
x
x
x
x
x
3.50
21
21
1.17
1.17
x
x
x
/
2.33
1.17
1.17
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
5.77
18.85
18.85
2.47
6.81
52.75
45.95

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.17
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.95
2.95
x
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
5.77
3.50
/
2
Pa2
18.85
2.33
/
3
+
1.17
Pa3
18.85
1.17
/
2
Pa4
2.47
1.17
/
3
Pwh
6.81
1.17
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
2.95
1.10
W2
26.52
2.95
1.70
W3
35.88
2.95
2.30
W4
92.04
2.95
2.95
Pwv -17.21
2.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.95
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
3

61.36
+
33.84
297.22 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
92.04
-17.21
0.00
154.39
1.75
1.94
0.58
0.39
0.39
M =
Moment
10.10
36.66
11.00
0.96
2.65
61.36
(kNm/m run)
2.40
2.10
1.80
1.48
1.97
2.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
41.18
55.69
64.58
135.76
-33.84
0.00
263.38
297.22
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
95.21
V
154.39
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.95
= 0.167m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 297.22
- Annex B1 page 2 -
Mo )
95.21 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
52.75 kN / m
154.39 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
154.39
x
0.58
=
90.09 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
52.75
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.95
= 2.62
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 2.62
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.167
100
100
261.69
m2
L'
L'
=
=
52.75
154.39
x
x
100
100
261.69
59.00
kPa

Qn
/
A'
15439.17
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
5275 kN
15439 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

=
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.02
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
tan'f
) x
tan2(
2
/4
'f
/2
30.3
/2
3.14
0.584
) x
tan (
0.785
Nq
18.96
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
2.62
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
2.62
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
2.62
L'
/
- Annex B1 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.97
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 5275
/ (
= 0.30
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
2.62
2.62
Qn
15439
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
261.69
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.34
0.30
2.97
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.49
iq
0.49
0.46
0.30
1.97
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.49
) / (
) / (
ic
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.02
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
2.62
0.34
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.49
x
1
x
1
=
59.86
+
92.06
+
42.26
=
194.17
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
59.00
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.46
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B1 page 5 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.02
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
2333
Pa1
W3
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W4
500
1167
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.50
1.17
Base width of wall
2.95
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
c f'
4.2
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.17
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
3.50
21
21
1.17
1.17
x
x
x
/
2.33
1.17
1.17
2
Pah =
- Annex B1 page 6 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
5.77
18.85
18.85
2.47
6.81
52.75
45.95

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.17
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.95
2.95
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
23.01
-17.21
0.00
85.36

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
5.77
Pa2
18.85
Pa3
18.85
Pa4
2.47
Pwh
6.81
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
3.50
2.33
1.17
1.17
1.17
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 3.00
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W3
35.88 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W4
23.01 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv -17.21 ( 2.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.95
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.17
2.400
2.100
1.800
1.475
3)

61.36
+
33.68
208.97 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x
1.75
1.94
0.58
0.39
0.39
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
2.69
2.29
1.89
1.49
1.96
2.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
46.10
60.69
67.83
34.34
-33.68
0.00
175.30
208.97
95.04
kNm/m run
V
85.36
=
=
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
10.10
36.66
11.00
0.96
2.65
61.36
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.95
= 0.140m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 208.97
- Annex B1 page 7 -
Mo )
95.04 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
43.98 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
43.96 kN / m
43.98 kN / m
43.96
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
62.10 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
52.75 kN / m
62.10 kN / m
52.75
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.95
= 2.67
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 2.67
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.140
100
100
266.94
m2
L'
L'
=
=
52.75
85.36
x
x
100
100
266.94
31.98
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
8536

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
5275 kN
8536 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex B1 page 8 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.02
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.02
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
2.67
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
2.67
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
2.67
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
2.67
2.67
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
8536
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
266.94
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.97
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 5275
/ (
= 0.51
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.12
0.51
2.97
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.25
iq
0.25
0.21
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.51
1.97
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.25
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.02

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.02
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
2.67
0.12
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.25
x
5.44
x
1
=
153.86
+
185.79
+
117.53
=
457.18
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
31.98
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.21
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B1 page 9 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B2

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
1000
2333
Pa1
W2
1000
Pa2
Insitu soil
W3
500
1167
W4
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.50
1.17
Base width of wall
2.95


Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex B2 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.17
x
x
x
x
x
3.50
21
21
1.17
1.17
x
x
x
/
2.33
1.17
1.17
2
Pah =
Table 14
4.74
15.49
15.49
2.03
6.81
44.56
37.75

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.17
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.95
2.95
x
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.74
3.50
/
2
Pa2
15.49
2.33
/
3
+
1.17
Pa3
15.49
1.17
/
2
Pa4
2.03
1.17
/
3
Pwh
6.81
1.17
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
2.95
1.10
W2
26.52
2.95
1.70
W3
35.88
2.95
2.30
W4
92.04
2.95
2.95
Pwv -17.21
2.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.95
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
2
3

50.89
+
33.84
297.22 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.95
/
2
- ( 297.22
= 0.099m
B/6 =
2.95
/
6
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
92.04
-17.21
0.00
154.39
1.75
1.94
0.58
0.39
0.39
M =
Moment
8.30
30.12
9.04
0.79
2.65
50.89
(kNm/m run)
2.40
2.10
1.80
1.48
1.97
2.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
41.18
55.69
64.58
135.76
-33.84
0.00
263.38
297.22
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
84.74
Mo )
/
84.74 ) /
V
154.39
0.492m
>
0.099m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B2 page 2 -
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
W2
1000
2333
Pa1
Pa2
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
500
1167
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.50
1.17
Base width of wall
2.95

21

Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.17
x
x
x
x
x
3.50
21
21
1.17
1.17
x
x
x
/
2.33
1.17
1.17
2
Pah =
- Annex B2 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.74
15.49
15.49
2.03
6.81
44.56
37.75

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
W4
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.17
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.95
2.95
x
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
92.04
-17.21
0.00
154.39

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.74
Pa2
15.49
Pa3
15.49
Pa4
2.03
Pwh
6.81
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
3.50
2.33
1.17
1.17
1.17

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 3.00
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W3
35.88 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W4
92.04 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv -17.21 ( 2.95
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.95
Geoguide 1
Arm (m)
+
+
+
+
/
=
=
=
=
=
1.17
2.400
2.100
1.800
1.475
3

50.89
+
33.68
311.92 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.95
/
2
- ( 311.92
= 0.002m
B/6 =
2.95
/
6
1.75
1.94
0.58
0.39
0.39
M =
Moment
8.30
30.12
9.04
0.79
2.65
50.89
(kNm/m run)
2.69
2.29
1.89
1.49
1.96
2.95
M =
Mr =
Moment
46.08
60.67
67.82
137.36
-33.68
0.00
278.25
311.92
84.57
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
84.57 ) /
V
154.39
0.492m
>
0.002m
)
)
)
)
)
x
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B2 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
=
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B3

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
2000
W2
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
1000
W3
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.30
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex B3 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.95
13.85
13.85
1.81
5.00
39.46
34.46

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.30
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.95
3.00
/
2
Pa2
13.85
2.00
/
3
+
1.00
Pa3
13.85
1.00
/
2
Pa4
1.81
1.00
/
3
Pwh
5.00
1.00
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
2.3
1.10
W2
26.52
2.3
1.70
W3
35.88
2.3
2.30
Pwv -11.50
2.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.3
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

39.70
+
17.63
109.75 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
-11.50
0.00
68.06
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
7.42
23.09
6.93
0.60
1.67
39.70
(kNm/m run)
1.75
1.45
1.15
1.53
2.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
30.03
38.45
41.26
-17.63
0.00
92.11
109.75
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
57.34
V
68.06
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.3
= 0.380m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 109.75
- Annex B3 page 2 -
Mo )
57.34 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
39.46 kN / m
68.06 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
68.06
x
0.58
=
39.71 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
39.46
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.30
= 1.54
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.54
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.380
100
100
154.01
m2
L'
L'
=
=
39.46
68.06
x
x
100
100
154.01
44.19
kPa

Qn
/
A'
6806.00
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
3946 kN
6806 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.54
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.54
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.54
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex B3 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 3946
/ (
= 0.50
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.54
1.54
Qn
6806
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
154.01
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.13
0.50
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.25
iq
0.25
0.21
0.50
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.25
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.54
0.13
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.25
x
1
x
1
=
27.43
+
20.37
+
21.82
=
69.62
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
44.19
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.21
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B3 page 4 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
1000
Pa2
Pa3
Insitu soil
2000
Pa4
Pwh
1000
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.30
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
- Annex B3 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.95
13.85
13.85
1.81
5.00
39.46
34.46

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.30
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
-11.50
0.00
68.06

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.95
Pa2
13.85
Pa3
13.85
Pa4
1.81
Pwh
5.00
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W3
35.88 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -11.50 ( 2.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.3
=
=
=
=
=
1.00
Arm (m)
+
1.750 )
+
1.450 )
+
1.150 )
/
3)

39.70
+
17.55
119.21 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
x
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
1.99
1.59
1.19
1.53
2.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
34.15
42.22
42.84
-17.55
0.00
101.67
119.21
57.25
kNm/m run
V
68.06
=
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
7.42
23.09
6.93
0.60
1.67
39.70
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 2.3
= 0.240m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 119.21
- Annex B3 page 6 -
Mo )
57.25 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
35.21 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
32.46 kN / m
35.21 kN / m
32.46
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
49.30 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
39.46 kN / m
49.30 kN / m
39.46
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.30
= 1.82
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.82
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.240
100
100
182.09
m2
L'
L'
=
=
39.46
68.06
x
x
100
100
182.09
37.38
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
6806

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
3946 kN
6806 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex B3 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.82
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.82
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.82
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.82
1.82
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
6806
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
182.09
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 3946
/ (
= 0.49
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.14
0.49
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.27
iq
0.27
0.23
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.49
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.27
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.82
0.14
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.27
x
5.44
x
1
=
166.41
+
140.94
+
124.99
=
432.34
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
37.38
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.23
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B3 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B4

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa2
Pa1
1000
2000
W2
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
1000
W3
Pwh
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
Base width of wall
2.30

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex B4 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
Table 14
4.06
11.38
11.38
1.49
5.00
33.32
28.32

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.30
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.06
3.00
/
2
Pa2
11.38
2.00
/
3
+
1.00
Pa3
11.38
1.00
/
2
Pa4
1.49
1.00
/
3
Pwh
5.00
1.00
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
2.3
1.10
W2
26.52
2.3
1.70
W3
35.88
2.3
2.30
Pwv -11.50
2.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

32.92
+
17.63
109.75 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.3
/
2
- ( 109.75
= 0.280m
B/6 =
2.3
/
6
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
-11.50
0.00
68.06
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
6.10
18.97
5.69
0.50
1.67
32.92
(kNm/m run)
1.75
1.45
1.15
1.53
2.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
30.03
38.45
41.26
-17.63
0.00
92.11
109.75
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
50.55
Mo )
/
50.55 ) /
V
68.06
0.383m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B4 page 2 -
>
0.280m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
1000
Pa2
2000
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
1000
Insitu soil
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
3.00
1.00
2.3

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35

Upthrust
kN/m
Base width of wall
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
2.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
1.00
x
x
x
x
x
3.00
21
21
1.00
1.00
x
x
x
/
2.00
1.00
1.00
2
Pah =
- Annex B4 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.06
11.38
11.38
1.49
5.00
33.32
28.32

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
1.00
x
1.10
1.70
2.30
2.95
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
35.88
-11.50
0.00
68.06

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.06
Pa2
11.38
Pa3
11.38
Pa4
1.49
Pwh
5.00
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
3.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 2.50
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W3
35.88 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv -11.50 ( 2.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
2.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
1.00
Arm (m)
+
1.750 )
+
1.450 )
+
1.150 )
/
3 )

32.92
+
17.55
119.16 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 2.3
/
2
- ( 119.16
= 0.141m
B/6 =
2.3
/
6
1.50
1.67
0.50
0.33
0.33
M =
Moment
6.10
18.97
5.69
0.50
1.67
32.92
(kNm/m run)
1.99
1.59
1.19
1.53
2.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
34.13
42.20
42.83
-17.55
0.00
101.62
119.16
50.47
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
50.47 ) /
V
68.06
0.383m
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B4 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
>
0.141m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B5

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.70
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex B5 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.70
1.70
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
2.00
/
2
Pa2
6.16
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
6.16
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.81
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
1.7
1.10
W2
26.52
1.7
1.70
Pwv
-5.67
1.7
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.7
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

12.86
+
6.42
42.28 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
-5.67
0.00
38.01
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
1.15
0.85
1.13
1.70
M =
Mr =
Moment
19.73
22.54
-6.42
0.00
35.85
42.28
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
19.29
V
38.01
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.7
= 0.245m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 42.28
- Annex B5 page 2 -
Mo )
19.29 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
18.64 kN / m
38.01 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
38.01
x
0.58
=
22.18 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.70
= 1.21
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.21
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.245
100
100
120.96
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
38.01
x
x
100
100
120.96
31.43
kPa

Qn
/
A'
3801.33
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
3801 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.21
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.21
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.21
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex B5 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.40
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.21
1.21
Qn
3801
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
120.96
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.22
0.40
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.36
iq
0.36
0.33
0.40
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.36
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.21
0.22
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.36
x
1
x
1
=
42.29
+
27.49
+
31.17
=
100.94
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
31.43
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.33
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B5 page 4 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
W2
1000
667
W3
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.70
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex B5 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.70
1.70
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
-5.67
0.00
38.01

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
Pa2
6.16
Pa3
6.16
Pa4
0.81
Pwh
2.22
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-5.67 ( 1.7
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.7
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.150 )
+
0.850 )
/
3)

12.86
+
6.39
45.95 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
1.29
0.90
1.13
1.70
M =
Mr =
Moment
22.20
23.75
-6.39
0.00
39.56
45.95
19.25
kNm/m run
V
38.01
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.7
= 0.148m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 45.95
- Annex B5 page 6 -
Mo )
19.25 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
19.85 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
14.75 kN / m
19.85 kN / m
14.75
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
29.26 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64 kN / m
29.26 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.70
= 1.40
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.40
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.148
100
100
140.44
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
38.01
x
x
100
100
140.44
27.07
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
3801

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
3801 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex B5 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.40
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.40
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.40
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.40
1.40
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
3801
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
140.44
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.39
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.23
0.39
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.38
iq
0.38
0.34
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.39
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.38
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.40
0.23
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.38
x
5.44
x
1
=
251.91
+
183.78
+
176.46
=
612.14
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
27.07
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.34
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B5 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B6

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
1000
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.70
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah

3


Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex B6 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
Table 14
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.70
1.70
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
2.00
/
2
Pa2
5.06
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
5.06
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.66
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
1.7
1.10
W2
26.52
1.7
1.70
Pwv
-5.67
1.7
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.7
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

10.66
+
6.42
42.28 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.7
/
2
- ( 42.28
= 0.187m
B/6 =
1.7
/
6
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
-5.67
0.00
38.01
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.15
0.85
1.13
1.70
M =
Mr =
Moment
19.73
22.54
-6.42
0.00
35.85
42.28
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
17.08
Mo )
/
17.08 ) /
V
38.01
0.283m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B6 page 2 -
>
0.187m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
1333
Pa1
Pav
Pa2
W2
1000
667
W3
1000
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
1.7

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35

Upthrust
kN/m
Base width of wall
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex B6 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.70
2.95
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
17.16
26.52
-5.67
0.00
38.01

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
Pa2
5.06
Pa3
5.06
Pa4
0.66
Pwh
2.22
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
26.52 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-5.67 ( 1.7
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.7
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.150 )
+
0.850 )
/
3 )

10.66
+
6.39
45.93 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.7
/
2
- ( 45.93
= 0.090m
B/6 =
1.7
/
6
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.29
0.90
1.13
1.70
M =
Mr =
Moment
22.18
23.74
-6.39
0.00
39.54
45.93
17.05
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
17.05 ) /
V
38.01
0.283m
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B6 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
>
0.090m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B7

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pa2
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
1000
Insitu soil
W3
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.10
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o

19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
Table 8
1.2
'f
30.3
(= 0.85fcv' )
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex B7 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.10
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.54
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.54
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.20
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
1.1
1.10
Pwv
-1.83
1.1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.1
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

2.02
+
1.34
9.44 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
17.16
-1.83
0.00
15.33
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.73
1.10
M =
Mr =
Moment
9.44
-1.34
0.00
8.09
9.44
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.36
Mo )
3.36
V
15.33
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.1
= 0.154m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 9.44
- Annex B7 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
5.48 kN / m
15.33 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
15.33
x
0.58
=
8.94 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.10
= 0.79
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.79
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.154
100
100
79.25
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
15.33
x
x
100
100
79.25
19.34
kPa

Qn
/
A'
1532.67
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1533 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.79
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.79
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.79
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.00
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.00
tan'f
- Annex B7 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.26
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.79
0.79
Qn
1533
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
79.25
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.40
0.26
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.55
iq
0.55
0.52
0.26
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.55
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.00
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.79
0.40
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.55
x
1
x
1
=
67.24
+
33.46
+
46.88
=
147.58
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
19.34
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.52
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B7 page 4 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.00
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
W1
1000
Pa2
Pa3
W2
1000
W3
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.10
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10


Upthrust
21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
o
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
( = c' / m )
c f'
4.2
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
kN/m
o
( = b / m )
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex B7 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.10
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
17.16
-1.83
0.00
15.33

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
Pa2
1.54
Pa3
1.54
Pa4
0.20
Pwh
0.56
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.83 ( 1.1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.550 )
/
3)

2.02
+
1.34
10.24 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
x
x
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
0.995
0.995
=
=
=
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.60
0.73
1.10
M =
Mr =
Moment
10.24
-1.34
0.00
8.91
10.24
kNm/m run
0.00
3.36
Mo )
3.36
V
15.33
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.1
= 0.101m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 10.24
- Annex B7 page 6 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
8.12 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
3.92 kN / m
8.12 kN / m
3.92
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
13.53 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48 kN / m
13.53 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.10
= 0.90
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.90
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.101
100
100
89.87
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
15.33
x
x
100
100
89.87
17.05
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
1533

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1533 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex B7 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.90
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.90
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.90
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.90
0.90
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
1533
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
89.87
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.25
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.42
0.25
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.56
iq
0.56
0.54
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.25
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.56
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.90
0.42
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.56
x
5.44
x
1
=
393.18
+
214.04
+
261.54
=
868.76
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
17.05
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.54
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex B7 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex B8

NG Chun-ling
Design of
(AE/TM5)
3.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
650
600
600
kPa
1100
Pa2
W1
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
1000
Insitu soil
W3
500
W4
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.10
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah

3


Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex B8 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
Table 14
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
1.10
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.26
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.26
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.17
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16
1.1
1.10
Pwv
-1.83
1.1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

1.67
+
1.34
9.44 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.1
/
2
- ( 9.44
= 0.131m
B/6 =
1.1
/
6
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
17.16
-1.83
0.00
15.33
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.73
1.10
M =
Mr =
Moment
9.44
-1.34
0.00
8.09
9.44
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.02
Mo )
3.02
V
15.33
0.183m
>
0.131m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B8 page 2 -
) /
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

650
600
600
kPa
1100
Pa2
W1
1000
W2
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W3
1000
Insitu soil
W4
500
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3, W4
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
1.1

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35

Upthrust
kN/m
Base width of wall
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex B8 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.10
2.95
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
17.16
-1.83
0.00
15.33

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
Pa2
1.26
Pa3
1.26
Pa4
0.17
Pwh
0.56
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
17.16 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.83 ( 1.1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.550 )
/
3 )

1.67
+
1.34
10.24 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.1
/
2
- ( 10.24
= 0.078m
B/6 =
1.1
/
6
x
x
0.995
0.995
0.00
Mo )
3.01
0.183m
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex B8 page 4 -
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.60
0.73
1.10
M =
Mr =
Moment
10.24
-1.34
0.00
8.90
10.24
3.01
kNm/m run
V
15.33
>
0.078m
=
=
=
) /
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by
NG Chun-ling
Checked by
Subject
Annex C
(AE/TM5)

Design Statement
Reference
Remarks
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall
Design Statement
1. Design Data
(I) Materials
(A) Requirements
Geoguide 1
Gabion Materials
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
the mesh.
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.3 (1) & Fig. 47
weaving.
Geoguide 1
Infill material
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
- Annex C page 1 -
(B) Assumptions
Block Size
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.1
Mesh Size
8cm x 10cm x 2.7mm
Refer to Annex E
= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Maccaferri Gabions
Parameter
Geoguide 1
2.6
Para. 9.5.2 (1)
0.4
0.0

=
21 kN/m3
Geoguide 1
(a) Unit weight
Table 8
35
(a) Unit weight
19 kN/m3
5 kPa
0 kPa
o

35
(II) Loadings
Dead loads
Imposed load
Geoguide 1

retaining height.
- Annex C page 2 -
considered.

Design Code
Second Edition.
Design Methodology
Table 6 and Table 7

shape.

2.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex C page 3 -

Refer to Annex C1, C3,
& C5
para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
& C5
para. 1 Step 7
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
& C5
para. 1 Step 8
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!

& C6

para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
1.5
OK!
OK!
For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix C1 to C6.
- Annex C page 4 -
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.4
courses.
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
para. 9.5.5
References
Second Edition.
- Annex C page 5 -
Geoguide 1
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C1

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
1667
W2
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
833
W3
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.50
0.83
Base width of wall
2.00

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex C1 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.83
x
x
x
x
x
2.50
21
21
0.83
0.83
x
x
x
/
1.67
0.83
0.83
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.12
9.62
9.62
1.26
3.47
28.09
24.62

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.83
x
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.12
2.50
/
2
Pa2
9.62
1.67
/
3
+
0.83
Pa3
9.62
0.83
/
2
Pa4
1.26
0.83
/
3
Pwh
3.47
0.83
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
2
1.00
W2
23.40
2
1.50
W3
62.40
2
2.00
Pwv
-8.33
2
x
2
Pav
0.00
2
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

23.84
+
11.11
115.05 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
62.40
-8.33
0.00
93.07
1.25
1.39
0.42
0.28
0.28
M =
Moment
5.15
13.36
4.01
0.35
0.96
23.84
(kNm/m run)
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.33
2.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
23.40
29.25
62.40
-11.11
0.00
103.94
115.05
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
34.95
V
93.07
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
2
= 0.139m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 115.05
- Annex C1 page 2 -
Mo )
34.95 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
28.09 kN / m
93.07 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
93.07
x
0.58
=
54.30 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
28.09
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.00
= 1.72
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.72
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.139
100
100
172.14
m2
L'
L'
=
=
28.09
93.07
x
x
100
100
172.14
54.06
kPa

Qn
/
A'
9306.67
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
2809 kN
9307 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.72
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.72
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.72
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex C1 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 2809
/ (
= 0.27
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.72
1.72
Qn
9307
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
172.14
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.40
0.27
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.54
iq
0.54
0.52
0.27
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.54
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.72
0.40
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.54
x
1
x
1
=
66.76
+
71.05
+
46.59
=
184.41
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
54.06
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.52
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C1 page 5 -
OK!
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
500
Pa2
Pa3
Insitu soil
1667
Pa4
Pwh
833
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m2
Height of R.W.
2.50
0.83
Base width of wall
2.00
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.83
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
2.50
21
21
0.83
0.83
x
x
x
/
1.67
0.83
0.83
2
Pah =
- Annex C1 page 6 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
4.12
9.62
9.62
1.26
3.47
28.09
24.62

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.83
x
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
15.60
-8.33
0.00
46.27

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
4.12
Pa2
9.62
Pa3
9.62
Pa4
1.26
Pwh
3.47
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
2.50
1.67
0.83
0.83
0.83
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W2
23.40 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W3
15.60 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv
-8.33 ( 2
x
2
Pav
0.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
0.83
Arm (m)
+
1.500 )
+
1.250 )
+
1.000 )
/
3)

23.84
+
11.06
73.73 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
x
1.25
1.39
0.42
0.28
0.28
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
1.69
1.34
1.02
1.33
2.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
26.39
31.43
15.91
-11.06
0.00
62.68
73.73
34.89
kNm/m run
V
46.27
=
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
5.15
13.36
4.01
0.35
0.96
23.84
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
2
= 0.161m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 73.73
- Annex C1 page 7 -
Mo )
34.89 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
23.86 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
23.33 kN / m
23.86 kN / m
23.33
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
35.33 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
28.09 kN / m
35.33 kN / m
28.09
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 2.00
= 1.68
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.68
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.161
100
100
167.90
m2
L'
L'
=
=
28.09
46.27
x
x
100
100
167.90
27.56
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
4627

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
2809 kN
4627 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex C1 page 8 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 0.99
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.68
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.68
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.68
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.68
1.68
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
4627
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
167.90
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.98
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 2809
/ (
= 0.48
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.14
0.48
2.98
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.27
iq
0.27
0.23
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.48
1.98
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.27
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
0.99
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.68
0.14
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.27
x
5.44
x
1
=
169.78
+
133.43
+
127.01
=
430.22
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
27.56
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.23
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C1 page 9 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C2

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa2
Pa1
1000
1667
W2
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
833
W3
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.50
0.83
Base width of wall
2.00
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah

3


Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex C2 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.83
x
x
x
x
x
2.50
21
21
0.83
0.83
x
x
x
/
1.67
0.83
0.83
2
Pah =
Table 14
3.39
7.90
7.90
1.04
3.47
23.70
20.23

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.83
x
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
x
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.39
2.50
/
2
Pa2
7.90
1.67
/
3
+
0.83
Pa3
7.90
0.83
/
2
Pa4
1.04
0.83
/
3
Pwh
3.47
0.83
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
2
1.00
W2
23.40
2
1.50
W3
62.40
2
2.00
Pwv
-8.33
2
x
2
Pav
0.00
2
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
/
2
2
2
3

19.76
+
11.11
115.05 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
2
/
2
- ( 115.05
= 0.095m
B/6 =
2
/
6
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
62.40
-8.33
0.00
93.07
1.25
1.39
0.42
0.28
0.28
M =
Moment
4.23
10.98
3.29
0.29
0.96
19.76
(kNm/m run)
1.50
1.25
1.00
1.33
2.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
23.40
29.25
62.40
-11.11
0.00
103.94
115.05
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
30.87
Mo )
/
30.87 ) /
V
93.07
0.333m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C2 page 2 -
>
0.095m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
W2
1000
W3
500
Pa2
1667
Pa4
Pa3
Pwh
833
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value

Upthrust
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.50
0.83

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall
( = tan (tan '/m ))

-1
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.83
x
x
x
x
x
2.50
21
21
0.83
0.83
x
x
x
/
1.67
0.83
0.83
2
Pah =
- Annex C2 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.39
7.90
7.90
1.04
3.47
23.70
20.23

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
W2
=
26
x
W3
=
26
x
Pwv
=
10
x
Pav
=
0.00
kN/m - run
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.6
x
0.83
x
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
x
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
62.40
-8.33
0.00
93.07

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.39
Pa2
7.90
Pa3
7.90
Pa4
1.04
Pwh
3.47
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
2.50
1.67
0.83
0.83
0.83

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 2.00
x
0.10
W2
23.40 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W3
62.40 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv
-8.33 ( 2
x
2
Pav
0.00
2
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.83
Arm (m)
+
1.500 )
+
1.250 )
+
1.000 )
/
3 )

19.76
+
11.06
121.43 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
2
/
2
- ( 121.43
= 0.026m
B/6 =
2
/
6
1.25
1.39
0.42
0.28
0.28
M =
Moment
4.23
10.98
3.29
0.29
0.96
19.76
(kNm/m run)
1.69
1.34
1.02
1.33
2.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
26.37
31.42
63.63
-11.06
0.00
110.37
121.43
30.81
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
30.81 ) /
V
93.07
0.333m
x
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C2 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
=
>
0.026m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C3

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.50

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex C3 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
2.00
/
2
Pa2
6.16
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
6.16
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.81
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1.5
1.00
W2
23.40
1.5
1.50
Pwv
-5.00
1.5
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.5
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

12.86
+
5.00
33.15 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
-5.00
0.00
34.00
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
1.00
0.75
1.00
1.50
M =
Mr =
Moment
15.60
17.55
-5.00
0.00
28.15
33.15
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
17.86
V
34.00
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.5
= 0.300m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 33.15
- Annex C3 page 2 -
Mo )
17.86 )

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
18.64 kN / m
34.00 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
34.00
x
0.58
=
19.84 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.50
= 0.90
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.90
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.300
100
100
89.92
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
34.00
x
x
100
100
89.92
37.81
kPa

Qn
/
A'
3400.00
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
3400 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

=
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
) x
tan2(
2
/4
'f
/2
30.3
/2
3.14
0.584
) x
tan (
0.785
Nq
18.96
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.90
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.90
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.90
L'
/
- Annex C3 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.46
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.90
0.90
Qn
3400
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
89.92
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.16
0.46
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.29
iq
0.29
0.25
0.46
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.29
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.90
0.16
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.29
x
1
x
1
=
32.57
+
14.78
+
25.05
=
72.40
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
37.81
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.25
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C3 page 5 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
W2
1000
667
W3
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m2
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
Base width of wall
1.50
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex C3 page 6 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
3.30
6.16
6.16
0.81
2.22
18.64
16.42

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
-5.00
0.00
34.00

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
3.30
Pa2
6.16
Pa3
6.16
Pa4
0.81
Pwh
2.22
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
23.40 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-5.00 ( 1.5
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.5
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.000 )
+
0.750 )
/
3)

12.86
+
4.98
36.48 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
(kNm/m run)
1.14
0.80
1.00
1.50
M =
Mr =
Moment
17.85
18.63
-4.98
0.00
31.50
36.48
17.84
kNm/m run
V
34.00
=
=
=
=
0.00
Moment
3.30
6.84
2.05
0.18
0.49
12.86
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.5
= 0.202m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 36.48
- Annex C3 page 7 -
Mo )
17.84 )

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
17.65 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
15.15 kN / m
17.65 kN / m
15.15
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
26.09 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
18.64 kN / m
26.09 kN / m
18.64
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.50
= 1.10
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.10
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.202
100
100
109.64
m2
L'
L'
=
=
18.64
34.00
x
x
100
100
109.64
31.01
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
3400

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1864 kN
3400 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex C3 page 8 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.10
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.10
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.10
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.10
1.10
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
3400
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
109.64
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1864
/ (
= 0.45
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.17
0.45
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.31
iq
0.31
0.27
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.45
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.31
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.10
0.17
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.31
x
5.44
x
1
=
198.88
+
106.74
+
144.48
=
450.10
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
31.01
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.27
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C3 page 9 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C4

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1333
1000
W2
667
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
W3
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
0.67
Base width of wall
1.50

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah

Upthrust
2.00
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85cv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex C4 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
Table 14
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
2.00
/
2
Pa2
5.06
1.33
/
3
+
0.67
Pa3
5.06
0.67
/
2
Pa4
0.66
0.67
/
3
Pwh
2.22
0.67
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1.5
1.00
W2
23.40
1.5
1.50
Pwv
-5.00
1.5
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.5
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

10.66
+
5.00
33.15 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.5
/
2
- ( 33.15
= 0.236m
B/6 =
1.5
/
6
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
-5.00
0.00
34.00
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.00
0.75
1.00
1.50
M =
Mr =
Moment
15.60
17.55
-5.00
0.00
28.15
33.15
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
15.66
Mo )
/
15.66 ) /
V
34.00
0.250m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C4 page 2 -
>
0.236m
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
1333
Pa1
Pav
Pa2
W2
1000
667
W3
500
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
Height of R.W.
2.00
0.67
1.5

21

Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.33
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.67
x
x
x
x
x
2.00
21
21
0.67
0.67
x
x
x
/
1.33
0.67
0.67
2
Pah =
- Annex C4 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.71
5.06
5.06
0.66
2.22
15.71
13.49

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.67
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.50
2.00
x
x
/
1.00
1.00
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
23.40
-5.00
0.00
34.00

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.71
Pa2
5.06
Pa3
5.06
Pa4
0.66
Pwh
2.22
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
2.00
1.33
0.67
0.67
0.67

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 1.50
x
0.10
W2
23.40 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-5.00 ( 1.5
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.5
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.67
Arm (m)
+
1.000 )
+
0.750 )
/
3 )

10.66
+
4.98
36.46 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.5
/
2
- ( 36.46
= 0.137m
B/6 =
1.5
/
6
1.00
1.11
0.33
0.22
0.22
M =
Moment
2.71
5.62
1.69
0.15
0.49
10.66
(kNm/m run)
1.14
0.80
1.00
1.50
M =
Mr =
Moment
17.84
18.62
-4.98
0.00
31.49
36.46
15.63
kNm/m run
Mo )
/
15.63 ) /
V
34.00
0.250m
x
x
x
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C4 page 4 -
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
=
=
=
=
>
0.137m
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C5

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pa2
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
500
Insitu soil
W3
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex C5 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.54
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.54
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.20
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1
1.00
Pwv
-1.67
1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

2.02
+
1.11
7.80 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.50
0.67
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
7.80
-1.11
0.00
6.69
7.80
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.13
Mo )
3.13
V
13.93
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
1
= 0.165m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 7.80
- Annex C5 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
5.48 kN / m
13.93 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
13.93
x
0.58
=
8.13 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.00
= 0.67
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.67
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.165
100
100
67.01
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
13.93
x
x
100
100
67.01
20.79
kPa

Qn
/
A'
1393.33
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1393 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.67
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.67
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.67
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.00
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.00
tan'f
- Annex C5 page 4 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.29
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.67
0.67
Qn
1393
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
67.01
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.35
0.29
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.50
iq
0.50
0.47
0.29
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.50
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.00
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.67
0.35
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.50
x
1
x
1
=
60.95
+
24.82
+
42.92
=
128.68
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
20.79
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.47
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C5 page 5 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.00
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pa2
Pa3
W2
1000
W3
500
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m2
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex C5 page 6 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
Pa2
1.54
Pa3
1.54
Pa4
0.20
Pwh
0.56
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.67 ( 1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.500 )
/
3)

2.02
+
1.11
8.54 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
x
x
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
0.995
0.995
=
=
=
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.66
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
8.54
-1.11
0.00
7.43
8.54
kNm/m run
0.00
3.13
Mo )
3.13
V
13.93
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
1
= 0.112m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 8.54
- Annex C5 page 7 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
7.35 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
4.06 kN / m
7.35 kN / m
4.06
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
12.30 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48 kN / m
12.30 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.00
= 0.78
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.78
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.112
100
100
77.68
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
13.93
x
x
100
100
77.68
17.94
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
1393

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1393 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex C5 page 8 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.00
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.00
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.78
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.78
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.78
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.78
0.78
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
1393
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
77.68
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.28
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.37
0.28
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.52
iq
0.52
0.49
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.28
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.52
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.00

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.00
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.78
0.37
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.52
x
5.44
x
1
=
359.54
+
164.16
+
241.26
=
764.96
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
17.94
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.49
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex C5 page 9 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex C6

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
2.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
500
500
kPa
1000
Pa2
W1
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
1000
Pa4
Pwh
W2
500
Insitu soil
W3
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00

21
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
30
0.271
cv'
Kah

Upthrust
1.00
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85cv' )
'f
35.0
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
cf'
5.0
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
Table 8
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex C6 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
Table 14
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.26
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.26
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.17
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1
1.00
Pwv
-1.67
1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

1.67
+
1.11
7.80 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
1
/
2
- ( 7.80
= 0.140m
B/6 =
1
/
6
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.50
0.67
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
7.80
-1.11
0.00
6.69
7.80
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
2.78
Mo )
2.78
V
13.93
0.167m
>
0.140m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C6 page 2 -
) /
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

500
500
kPa
1000
Pa2
W1
1000
W2
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W3
500
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33

21

Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex C6 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
2.00
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
Pa2
1.26
Pa3
1.26
Pa4
0.17
Pwh
0.56
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.67 ( 1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.500 )
/
3 )

1.67
+
1.11
8.53 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
1
/
2
- ( 8.53
= 0.087m
B/6 =
1
/
6
x
x
0.995
0.995
0.00
Mo )
2.78
0.167m
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex C6 page 4 -
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.66
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
8.53
-1.11
0.00
7.43
8.53
2.78
kNm/m run
V
13.93
>
0.087m
=
=
=
) /
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by
NG Chun-ling
Checked by
Subject
Annex D
(AE/TM5)

Design Statement
Reference
Remarks
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall
Design Statement
1. Design Data
(I) Materials
(A) Requirements
Geoguide 1
Gabion Materials
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
the mesh.
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.3 (1) & Fig. 47
weaving.
Geoguide 1
Infill material
Para. 9.5.3 (1)
- Annex D page 1 -
(B) Assumptions
Block Size
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.1
Mesh Size
8cm x 10cm x 2.7mm
Refer to Annex E
= 250mm
6.4 m/s
Maccaferri Gabions
Parameter
Geoguide 1
2.6
Para. 9.5.2 (1)
0.4
0.0

=
21 kN/m3
Geoguide 1
(a) Unit weight
Table 8
35
(a) Unit weight
19 kN/m3
5 kPa
0 kPa
o

35
(II) Loadings
Dead loads
Imposed load
Geoguide 1

retaining height.
- Annex D page 2 -
considered.

Design Code
Second Edition.
Design Methodology
Table 6 and Table 7

shape.

1.5m Gabion Wall
- Annex D page 3 -

Refer to Annex D1 & D3
para. 1 Step 6
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
para. 1 Step 7
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
para. 1 Step 8
Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!

para. 1 Step 6

Height of Toe
Stability
Stability
above foundation
(with back batter)
0.0
OK!
OK!
0.5
OK!
OK!
For details of calculations, please refer to the Appendix D1 to D6.
- Annex D page 4 -
Geoguide 1
Para. 9.5.4
courses.
Drainage provisions
Geoguide 1
para. 9.5.5
References
Second Edition.
- Annex D page 5 -
Geoguide 1
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex D1

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
300
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
500
W2
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.50
0.50
Base width of wall
1.30

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
c f'
4.2
(= 0.85fcv' )
kN/m
( = c' / m )
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex D1 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.50
x
x
x
x
x
1.50
21
21
0.50
0.50
x
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
0.50
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.47
3.46
3.46
0.45
1.25
11.10
9.85

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.50
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.30
1.30
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.47
1.50
/
2
Pa2
3.46
1.00
/
3
+
0.50
Pa3
3.46
0.50
/
2
Pa4
0.45
0.50
/
3
Pwh
1.25
0.50
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1.3
1.00
W2
40.56
1.3
1.30
Pwv
-3.25
1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

5.89
+
2.82
38.84 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
40.56
-3.25
0.00
52.91
0.75
0.83
0.25
0.17
0.17
M =
Moment
1.86
2.89
0.87
0.08
0.21
5.89
(kNm/m run)
0.80
0.65
0.87
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
12.48
26.36
-2.82
0.00
36.03
38.84
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
8.71
Mo )
8.71
V
52.91
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.3
= 0.080m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 38.84
- Annex D1 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
11.10 kN / m
52.91 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
52.91
x
0.58
=
30.87 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
11.10
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.30
= 1.14
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.14
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.080
100
100
113.92
m2
L'
L'
=
=
11.10
52.91
x
x
100
100
113.92
46.45
kPa

Qn
/
A'
5291.00
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1110 kN
5291 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.14
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.14
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.14
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
tan'f
- Annex D1 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1110
/ (
= 0.18
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.14
1.14
Qn
5291
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
113.92
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.55
0.18
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.67
iq
0.67
0.65
0.18
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.67
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.14
0.55
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.67
x
1
x
1
=
84.28
+
65.24
+
57.62
=
207.14
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
46.45
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.65
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex D1 page 4 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01
OK!

300
0
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
W2
500
500
W3
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m2
Height of R.W.
1.50
0.50
Base width of wall
1.30
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
1.00
Pa3
=
0.330
x
1.00
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.50
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
1.50
21
21
0.50
0.50
x
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
0.50
2
Pah =
- Annex D1 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.47
3.46
3.46
0.45
1.25
11.10
9.85

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.50
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.30
1.30
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
10.14
-3.25
0.00
22.49

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.47
Pa2
3.46
Pa3
3.46
Pa4
0.45
Pwh
1.25
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.50
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W2
10.14 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv
-3.25 ( 1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
=
=
=
=
=
0.50
Arm (m)
+
0.800 )
+
0.650 )
/
3)

5.89
+
2.80
20.78 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
x
x
x
0.75
0.83
0.25
0.17
0.17
M =
0.995
0.995
0.995
=
=
=
=
Moment
1.86
2.89
0.87
0.08
0.21
5.89
(kNm/m run)
0.90
0.67
0.86
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
13.97
6.81
-2.80
0.00
17.98
20.78
kNm/m run
0.00
8.69
Mo )
8.69
V
22.49
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
= 1.3
= 0.113m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 20.78
- Annex D1 page 6 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
11.74 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
8.80 kN / m
11.74 kN / m
8.80
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
18.54 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
11.10 kN / m
18.54 kN / m
11.10
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.30
= 1.07
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 1.07
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.113
100
100
107.49
m2
L'
L'
=
=
11.10
22.49
x
x
100
100
107.49
20.92
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
2249

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
1110 kN
2249 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex D1 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.01
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.01
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
1.07
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
1.07
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
1.07
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
1.07
1.07
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
2249
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
107.49
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 1110
/ (
= 0.37
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.25
0.37
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.40
iq
0.40
0.37
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.37
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.40
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.01

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.01
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
1.07
0.25
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.40
x
5.44
x
1
=
270.13
+
154.76
+
187.41
=
612.30
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
20.92
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.37
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex D1 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex D2

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
300
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pav
Pa1
Pa2
1000
500
W2
500
Pa3
Insitu soil
Pa4
Pwh
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.50
0.50
Base width of wall
1.30


Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
Table 8
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex D2 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.50
x
x
x
x
x
1.50
21
21
0.50
0.50
x
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
0.50
2
Pah =
Table 14
2.03
2.85
2.85
0.37
1.25
9.35
8.10

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.50
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.30
1.30
x
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.03
1.50
/
2
Pa2
2.85
1.00
/
3
+
0.50
Pa3
2.85
0.50
/
2
Pa4
0.37
0.50
/
3
Pwh
1.25
0.50
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1.3
1.00
W2
40.56
1.3
1.30
Pwv
-3.25
1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
/
2
2
3

4.88
+
2.82
38.84 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.3
/
2
- ( 38.84
= 0.061m
B/6 =
1.3
/
6
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
40.56
-3.25
0.00
52.91
0.75
0.83
0.25
0.17
0.17
M =
Moment
1.52
2.37
0.71
0.06
0.21
4.88
(kNm/m run)
0.80
0.65
0.87
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
12.48
26.36
-2.82
0.00
36.03
38.84
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
7.69
Mo )
7.69
V
52.91
0.217m
>
0.061m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex D2 page 2 -
) /
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

300
0
kPa
1000
W1
1000
1000
Pa1
Pav
Pa2
W2
500
500
W3
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.50
0.50
1.3

21

Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
1.00
Pa3
=
0.271
x
1.00
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.50
x
x
x
x
x
1.50
21
21
0.50
0.50
x
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
0.50
2
Pah =
- Annex D2 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
2.03
2.85
2.85
0.37
1.25
9.35
8.10

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
W2
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.50
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.30
1.30
x
x
/
1.00
0.50
2
=
=
=
=
V=
15.60
40.56
-3.25
0.00
52.91

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
2.03
Pa2
2.85
Pa3
2.85
Pa4
0.37
Pwh
1.25
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.50
0.50

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 1.00
x
0.10
W2
40.56 ( 0.25
x
0.10
Pwv
-3.25 ( 1.3
x
2
Pav
0.00
1.3
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.50
Arm (m)
+
0.800 )
+
0.650 )
/
3 )

4.88
+
2.80
41.20 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
= 1.3
/
2
- ( 41.20
= 0.016m
B/6 =
1.3
/
6
x
x
x
0.995
0.995
0.995
0.00
Mo )
7.68
0.217m
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex D2 page 4 -
0.75
0.83
0.25
0.17
0.17
M =
Moment
1.52
2.37
0.71
0.06
0.21
4.88
(kNm/m run)
0.90
0.67
0.86
1.30
M =
Mr =
Moment
13.96
27.24
-2.80
0.00
38.40
41.20
7.68
kNm/m run
V
52.91
>
0.016m
=
=
=
=
) /
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex D3

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
300
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pa2
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
500
Pa4
Pwh
W2
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
1.2
'f
30.3
Table 8
c f'
4.2
(= 0.85fcv' )
kN/m
( = c' / m )
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
- Annex D3 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =

Table 14
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.54
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.54
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.20
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1
1.00
Pwv
-1.67
1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

2.02
+
1.11
7.80 kNm/m run
Mo
=> Mr
>
=>
OK!
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.50
0.67
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
7.80
-1.11
0.00
6.69
7.80
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
3.13
Mo )
3.13
V
13.93
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
kNm/m run
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
1
= 0.165m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 7.80
- Annex D3 page 2 -

Sliding Force Fa =
V=
H =
5.48 kN / m
13.93 kN / m

tan 'f
=
Ns
x
=
13.93
x
0.58
=
8.13 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.00
= 0.67
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.67
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.165
100
100
67.01
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
13.93
x
x
100
100
67.01
20.79
kPa

Qn
/
A'
1393.33
=
/

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1393 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
x
x
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
tan
tan
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.67
/
/
L'
100
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.67
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.67
L'
/
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.00
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.00
tan'f
- Annex D3 page 3 -
100
'f
30.3

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.29
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.67
0.67
Qn
1393
+
+
/
/
/
/
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
67.01
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.35
0.29
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.50
iq
0.50
0.47
0.29
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.50
) / (
) / (
tc =
tq =
t =
equal 1, i.e.
1
gc = g = gq =
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.00
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.67
0.35
x
1
x
1
+
x
0.50
x
1
x
1
=
60.95
+
24.82
+
42.92
=
128.68
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
20.79
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.47
x
1
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex D3 page 4 -
OK!
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.00
OK!

300
0
kPa
1000
W1
1000
Pa2
Pa3
W2
500
W3
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa4
Pwh
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit

21
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
1.2
'f
30.3

Upthrust
kN/m3
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m2
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00
cv'
Length of wall
100
30
Kah
0.330
Back batter, =
1
:
10
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
0.10
19
kN/m3

2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
(= 0.85fcv' )
1.2
'f
30.3
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
c f'
4.2
kN/m2
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
Table 8
bf
24.1
Kp
3.610
Fig. 19
(/ = 0

Pa1
=
0.330
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.330
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.330
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
/ = 0)
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex D3 page 5 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.65
1.54
1.54
0.20
0.56
5.48
4.93

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

kN/m - run
W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.65
Pa2
1.54
Pa3
1.54
Pa4
0.20
Pwh
0.56
tan = 0.100
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.67 ( 1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.500 )
/
3)

2.02
+
1.11
8.54 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
x
x
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
0.995
0.995
=
=
=
Moment
0.82
0.86
0.26
0.02
0.06
2.02
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.66
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
8.54
-1.11
0.00
7.43
8.54
kNm/m run
0.00
3.13
Mo )
3.13
V
13.93
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
Eccentricity e =
B
=
1
= 0.112m
/
/
2
2
( Mr
- ( 8.54
- Annex D3 page 6 -

Figure 41
Mechanism 1
H x cos - V x sin =

=
7.35 kN/m run
>
=> OK!

Figure 41
Mechanism 2
4.06 kN / m
7.35 kN / m
4.06
kN / m

=
0.00 o
H x cos - V x sin =

=
12.30 kN/m run
>
=> OK!
5.48 kN / m
12.30 kN / m
5.48
kN / m
OK!

From above,
Effective Width B'
Effective Length L'

Effective Area A'
=
B
= 1.00
= 0.78
=
L'
=
B'
2e
2
L'
= 0.78
H
V
x
x
Sliding Force Qs =
Normal Force Qn =
0.112
100
100
77.68
m2
L'
L'
=
=
5.48
13.93
x
x
100
100
77.68
17.94
kPa

Qn
/
A'
=
/
1393

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
=
548 kN
1393 kN
q' Nq sq iq tq gq

) x
tan2(
/4
'f
/2
0.584
) x
tan2(
0.785
30.3
/2
1
1
)
)
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
(
(
Nq
18.96
+
+
1
1
)
)
x
x
exp (
=
=
Nc =
=
=
N =
=
=
exp (
18.96
(
(
30.78
2
2
23.30
3.14
Nq
18.96
x
x
tan'f
- Annex D3 page 7 -
tan
tan
'f
30.3
For Shape Factors,

sc =
1
=
1
= 1.00
s =
1
=
1
= 1.00
sq =
1
=
1
= 1.00
+
+
Nq
18.96
/
/
Nc
30.78
x
x
B'
0.78
0.4
0.4
x
x
B'
0.78
/
/
L'
100
+
+
tan 'f
tan
x
30.3
B'
x
/
0.78
L'
/
+
+
+
+
B'
B'
0.78
0.78
L'
L'
100
100
)
)
)
)
Qn
1393
+
+
cf '
4.2
x
x
A'
77.68
x
x
cot
cot
'f
30.3
)
)

mi =
(
2
(
1
=
(
2
(
1
= 1.99
Ki =
Qs
/ (
= 548
/ (
= 0.28
/
/
/
/
Ki
mi + 1
(
0.37
0.28
2.99
iq
=
=
=
Ki
mi
ic
=
=
=
=
=
(
0.52
iq
0.52
0.49
For Tilt Factors,

tc =
tq
5.44
5.69
t =
(
=
tq =
=
(
5.44
t
5.44
/
/
L'
100
100
0.28
1.99
- (
- (
1
1
iq
0.52
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
- (
- (
1
1
tq
5.44
) / (
) / (
Nc
30.78
x
x
tan
tan
'f
30.3
)
)
tan
'f
5.71
tan
30.3
x
1.00
x
1
x
1.00

gc = g = gq =
equal 1, i.e.
1
=
=
'
9
4.5
x
x
kPa
0.5
0.5

+ 0.5 ' B' N s i t g
=
4.17
x
30.78
x
1.00
x
+
0.5
x
9
x
0.78
0.37
x
5.44
x
1
+
x
0.52
x
5.44
x
1
=
359.54
+
164.16
+
241.26
=
764.96
kPa
qult
qmax
=>
>
=
17.94
kPa
+ q' Nq sq iq tq gq
0.49
x
5.69
x
23.30
x
4.5
x
18.96
=>
- Annex D3 page 8 -
OK!
OK!
Project
Prepared by :
Checked by
Subject
Annex D4

NG Chun-ling
(AE/TM5)
Design of
1.5m Gabion Wall

Reference
Remarks
300
kPa
1000
Pa2
W1
1000
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
500
Pa4
Pwh
W2
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
21
kN/m
kN/m2
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33
Base width of wall
1.00


Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
Table 8
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85cv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
kN/m
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19
- Annex D4 page 1 -

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
Table 14
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.00
x
/

Arm (m)
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
1.00
/
2
Pa2
1.26
0.67
/
3
+
0.33
Pa3
1.26
0.33
/
2
Pa4
0.17
0.33
/
3
Pwh
0.56
0.33
/
3

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60
1
1.00
Pwv
-1.67
1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
Arm (m)
/
/
2
3

1.67
+
1.11
7.80 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
1
/
2
- ( 7.80
= 0.140m
B/6 =
1
/
6
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.50
0.67
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
7.80
-1.11
0.00
6.69
7.80
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
0.00
2.78
Mo )
2.78
V
13.93
0.167m
>
0.140m
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex D4 page 2 -
) /
kNm/m run
OK!
OK!

300
0
kPa
1000
Pa2
W1
1000
W2
500
667
333
Pa1
Pav
Pa3
Pa4
Pwh
W3
Insitu soil
Toe
Pwv
W1, W2, W3
Pa1
Pav
Pa2, Pa3, Pa4
Pwh
Pwv
Abbreviation
=
=
=
=
=
=
Value
Unit
kN/m2
kN/m
kN/m
Height of R.W.
1.00
0.33

21

Upthrust
kN/m
c'
Table 8
'
m
35
'f
35.0
cv'
Kah
30
0.271
Base width of wall
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
Back batter, =
10
0.10
19
kN/m3
2.6
c'
kN/m2
0.4
'
cv'
35
34
28.9
'f
35.0
Table 8
cf'
5.0
bf
28.9
Kp
3.610
(= 0.85fcv' )
( = tan-1(tan '/m ))
o
2
kN/m
o
( = c' / m )
( = b / m )
(/ = 0
/ = 0)
Fig. 19

Pa1
=
0.271
x
5.00
Pa2
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa3
=
0.271
x
0.67
Pa4
=
0.271
x
11
Pwh
=
10
x
0.33
x
x
x
x
x
1.00
21
21
0.33
0.33
x
x
x
/
0.67
0.33
0.33
2
Pah =
- Annex D4 page 3 -
=
=
=
=
=
=
Pai =
1.35
1.26
1.26
0.17
0.56
4.61
4.05

Table 14

=
0.00 kN/m - run

W1
=
26
x
0.6
x
Pwv
=
10
x
0.33
x
Pav
=
0.00
1.00
1.30
x
/
1.00
2
=
=
=
V=
15.60
-1.67
0.00
13.93

cos = 0.995
Force (kN/ m)
Pa1
1.35
Pa2
1.26
Pa3
1.26
Pa4
0.17
Pwh
0.56
tan =
0.100
/
/
/
/
/
2
3
2
3
3
Arm (m)
1.00
0.67
0.33
0.33
0.33

Force (kN/ m)
W1
15.60 ( 0.50
x
0.10
Pwv
-1.67 ( 1
x
2
Pav
0.00
1
Geoguide 1
=
=
=
=
=
0.33
Arm (m)
+
0.500 )
/
3 )

1.67
+
1.11
8.53 kNm/m run
Mo
>
=>
OK!
=> Mr
( Mr
Eccentricity e =
B
/
2
=
1
/
2
- ( 8.53
= 0.087m
B/6 =
1
/
6
x
x
0.995
0.995
0.00
Mo )
2.78
0.167m
Clause 9.2.4
- Annex D4 page 4 -
0.50
0.56
0.17
0.11
0.11
M =
Moment
0.68
0.70
0.21
0.02
0.06
1.67
(kNm/m run)
0.55
0.66
1.00
M =
Mr =
Moment
8.53
-1.11
0.00
7.43
8.53
2.78
kNm/m run
V
13.93
>
0.087m
=
=
=
) /
OK!
(kNm/m run)
(kNm/m run)
OK!
1.
RD 1045
This paper gives technical guidance for the design of gabion wall used in river
embankment. It also stipulates the requirements for Reno Mattress against the local
scouring at the toe of gabion wall.
This paper is not applicable to revetment structures other than the vertical faced
gabion wall structures for the protection of river embankment.
This paper does not take into consideration wave forces or other hydrodynamic
forces arising out of supercritical flow, curvature flow, ship waves etc. acting on the
gabion wall. Therefore, the designer should treat the guidance with great caution
when using the guidance for the design of gabions used for coastal protection and in
engineered channels. If in doubt, the designer should consult engineers with
knowledge/experience on hydrodynamics and suppliers of gabion structures.
This paper assumes that gabion wall would sit on top of good soil foundation.
Before carrying out the design of gabion wall, the designer should ensure that the
foundation of the gabion wall should have been properly investigated.
2.
General Background
Gabions are employed for many uses due to their versatility, which includes
hydraulic structures in river training works and in protection works for roads and land
reclamation. The gabions are steel wire cages that vary in size and are designed to
abate the destructive forces of erosion. Gabions are uniquely woven by twisting each
pair of wires one and one half turns continuously providing the inherent strength and
flexibility required. Gabion cages are normally designed to contain quarry run or
river run stones available at the site of erection. Cages are stacked to construct
structures of great durability and flexibility. The formed structure is capable of
carrying stress in biaxial tension. Gabion cages are not merely containers of stone
since each unit is securely connected to each adjacent cage during construction. The
wire mesh is monolithic through the structure in three dimensions, from top to bottom,
end to end, and from outer face to inner face. It is, therefore, apparent that the wire
reinforces the stone filling in tension.
Gabions form flexible structures that can deflect and deform to a certain limit in
Date: November 2006
Page 1-
RD 1045
any direction without fracture. It can withstand the movement of ground without
inordinate structure deformation. This attribute enables the gabion structure to be
built with a minimum foundation preparation. Gabion structures behave as
perforated barriers, allowing water to gradually pass through them. This is a
valuable characteristic in that hydrostatic pressure never builds up behind or under the
structure and cause failure to the gabion design. Gabion structures are regarded as
permanent. In the early stages after installation, siltation takes place between the
stone fill promoting vegetation and adding to the permanency of the structure. In
view of the environmentally friendly nature of the gabion construction as compared to
concrete, gabions are becoming more popular in engineering works in river
embankments which demand a natural looking environment with growth of vegetation
and potential for ecological lives.
3.
There is currently no universally accepted method for designing gabion walls.

However, it is suggested in GEOGUIDE 1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second
Edition, that gabion walls should be considered as gravity retaining wall for the
purpose of design.
The detailed design calculations for gabion wall of retaining height ranging from
1m to 4m, used in river embankment are shown in Appendix B.
3.1 Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall

Foundation treatment is important to the stability of gabion wall as weak
foundation may result in bearing failure or soil slip. Since it largely depends on the
soil conditions which may varies significantly for different locations, designers should
consider the requirements of treatment of foundation case by case. If necessary,
rockfill and/or other appropriate measures as determined by the designers should be
adopted to stabilize the formation before placing gabions.
3.2 Provision of Gabion Aprons

Gabion aprons are commonly used to protect the toe of a gabion retaining wall
structure from scour that could cause undermining in channel works applications. It
is recommended that the gabion apron in the form of Reno Mattress, (refer to Section
Date: November 2006
Page 2-
RD 1045
5.0) be a minimum of 300 mm in depth. The length of the gabion apron shall extend
beyond the toe of the structure a minimum of 2 times the anticipated depth of scour
formed under the apron. This will ensure that the gabion apron reaches beyond the
outer limit of the anticipated scour hole that may form. For fast-flowing rivers,
designers need to determine the exact depth and extension of Reno Mattress case by
case with the consideration of scouring at river invert during peak flow.
Scour occurs at toe of gabion retaining wall when it obstructs the channel flow.
The flow obstructed by the gabions form a horizontal vortex starting at the upstream
end of the gabions and running along the toe of the gabions, and a vertical wake
vortex at the downstream end of the gabions.
In accordance with Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At
Bridges, Fourth Edition, Froehlich's live-bed scour equation can be used to obtain the
potential depth of scour.
Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
where:
Shape Coefficients
Description
K1
Vertical-wall
1.00
0.82
Spill-through
0.55
Date: November 2006
Page 3-
RD 1045

Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s
L
ys = Scour depth, m
Fig. 3.2 Orientation of embankment angle, , to the flow
Date: November 2006
Page 4-
RD 1045
Fig. 3.3 Determination of length of embankment blocking live flow for abutment
scour estimation
Example:
Assume
K1 = 0.82,
K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1
the drawing in Appendix A.
ya
Fr
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.01
2.54
2.97
3.35
4.01
4.59
2.25
3.78
4.72
5.49
6.15
7.32
8.34
2.75
5.45
6.74
7.79
8.71
10.31
11.71
3.25
7.10
8.73
10.06
11.22
13.25
15.03
3.3 Provision of Geotextile Filter

The gabion apron will require minimal excavation and grade work. Generally the
gabion apron and gabion block are placed directly on the ground utilizing a geotextile
filter fabric between the gabions and soil interface to prevent leaching of soils
underneath the gabions.
Date: November 2006
Page 5-
RD 1045
The drawings in Appendix A show the details of gabion wall of retaining height
ranging from 1m to 4m, used in river embankment.
4.
4.1 Packing and Assembly

Packing
(i)
For ease of handling and shipping, the gabions are bundled folded flat.
Assembly
(i)
Open the bundle and unfold each unit.
(ii)
Lift the sides, the ends and the diaphragms of each unit into vertical position.
(iii) Attach the sides of four corners together with locking wire fastener or tying wire
and the diaphragms to the front and back of the gabion.
(iv) The tying operation begins at the top of the cage. The tying wire is laced around
the selvedge through each mesh all the way to the bottom of the cage.
4.2 Installation and Filling

Installation
(i)
Empty gabion baskets shall be assembled individually and placed on the

approved surface to the lines and grades as shown or as directed, with the
position of all creases and that the tops of all sides are level.
(ii)
All gabion baskets shall be properly staggered horizontally and vertically.

Finished gabion structures shall have no gaps along the perimeter of the contact
surfaces between adjoining units.
Date: November 2006
Page 6-
RD 1045

(Courtesy of and adapted from TerraAqua Gabions)
(iii) All adjoining empty gabion units shall be connected along the perimeter of their
contact surfaces in order to obtain a monolithic structure. All lacing wire
terminals shall be securely fastened.
(iv) All joining shall be made through selvedge-selvedge wire connection;
mesh-mesh wire connection is prohibited unless necessary.
Filling
(i)
The initial line of gabion basket units shall be placed on the prepared filter layer
surface and adjoining empty baskets set to line and grade, and common sides
with adjacent units thoroughly laced or fastened. They shall be placed in a
manner to remove any kinks or bends in the mesh and to uniform alignment.
The basket units then shall be partially filled to provide anchorage against
deformation and displacement during the filling operation.
Date: November 2006
Page 7-
(ii)
RD 1045
Deformation and bulging of the gabion units, especially on the wall face, shall
be corrected prior to additional stone filling. Care shall be taken, when placing
the stone by hand or machine, to assure that the PVC coating on the gabions will
not be damaged if PVC is utilized. All stone on the exposed face shall be hand
placed to ensure a neat compact appearance.
(iii) Gabions shall be uniformly overfilled by about 2540 mm to account for future
structural settlements and for additional layers. Gabions can be filled by any
kind of earth filling equipment. The maximum height from which the stones
may be dropped into the baskets shall be 900 mm.
4.3 Gabion Stone Placement

(i)
The stone fill shall be placed into the gabion units in 300 mm lifts. Cells shall be
filled to a depth not exceeding 300 mm at a time. The fill layer should never be
more than 300 mm higher then any adjoining cell.
(ii)
Connecting wires shall be installed from the front to back and side to side of
individual cell at each 300 mm vertical interval for gabions of depth exceeding
500 mm.
(iii) The voids shall be minimized by using well-graded stone fill and by hand
placement of the facing in order to achieve a dense, compact stone fill.
4.4 Lid Closing

(i)
The lids of the gabion units shall be tightly secured along all edges, ends and
diaphragms in the same manner as described for assembling.
5.0 Installation of Reno Mattress

Basically, the procedure for installation of reno mattress is similar to the
construction of gabion units. Particular attention should be paid to the following :
(i)
Mattress units should be placed in proper position so that movement of rockfill

inside the cage, due to gravity or flowing current, is minimal.
Thus, on slopes, Mattresses should be placed with its internal diaphragms at
right angles to the direction of the slope.
On river beds, position the Mattress with the internal diaphragms at right angles
to the direction flow.
Date: November 2006
Page 8-
RD 1045
(ii)
The Mattresses may be either telescoped or cut to form and tied at required
shape when necessary, for example, when Mattresses are laid on a radius. For
a sharp curve, it may be necessary to cut the Mattress diagonally into triangular
sections and tie the open side securely to an intact side panel.
6.

Schedule of Rates for Gabion Wall and Reno Mattress
Sample clauses of PS, MM and SoR for gabion wall and Reno Mattress are
shown in Appendix C.
7.
Geoguide 1 (Sections 9.5 and 13) may be referenced for the basis of providing a
general guideline on maintenance of gabion walls.
Generally speaking, maintenance requirements should be duly considered during
both the design stage and during routine inspection after completion of works [Ref.
8.5]. Detailed discussion on the maintenance requirement both in detailed design
stage and routine inspection are beyond the scope of this Technical Report. The
necessary maintenance requirements should be judged on a case-by-case basis.
However, some of the important considerations required to be considered during
detailed design stage and routine inspection are listed below.
design stage :
The water quality of river/stream would affect the durability of the wire
used in the basket. The suitability of the gabion structures to be used in
such river/stream environment should be within manufacturers
recommendation. If necessary, corrosion protection measures should be
applied to wires, such as PVC coated galvanized steel wires;
Gradation of stone aggregates should be based on gabion thickness and grid
size. As a rule of thumb, the size of stone measured in the greatest
dimension should range from 150mm to 300mm. In addition, the smallest
stone size must generally be larger than the wire mesh openings (usually of
Date: November 2006
Page 9-
RD 1045
about 100mm);
Package of stone aggregates should be manually performed instead of
mechanically performed. The mechanically package can cause unwanted
stress to the net. However, manually packing of stone aggregates should
not be over emphasized. Poorly packed gabions will cause undue
movements as well as excessive abrasion to the PVC coating. To allow for
the settlement of the stone aggregates, an over fill of about 25-40mm is
considered to be adequate;
The strength of the stone aggregates should be durable to resist the impact
from flood flow particularly if the flood flow is violent. The stress created
by the violent flood flow against gabions will lead to the shaking and
mutual thrust of stones inside gabions. If the stones are fragile, the stones
will start to crush into pieces small enough to fall outside the gabion net;
The opening of the gabion net can be torn away by the continuous thrust of
materials carried by runoff (e.g. sable, gravel, and rubble) against iron wires.
When the net opens, the stone filling it up fall out, and the structure loses all
its weight and, consequently, its function; and
Gabions structures are generally composed of superimposed layers of
gabion baskets. Special attention should be paid on gabion structures with a
stepped shape, only a part of the superimposed layer rests on a lower layer
of gabions. The remaining part rests directly on the earthfill. In this case,
the underlying earthfill has to be compacted carefully, and its adherence to
the lower layer of gabions should be ensured before surperimposing the
next layer.
routine inspection :
A gabion structure needs to be inspected annually and after each flood event.
However, a newly placed gabion structure is recommended to be inspected
for every 3 months or after each rainfall event whichever is the less;
Signs of undercutting or other instability should also be checked;
Any displacement or shifting of the wire baskets should need to be
corrected immediately;
Date: November 2006
Page 10-
RD 1045
Checking on the sign of damage or erosion of the river embankment should

be included; and
Checking for the wires of panels/cages for any signs of rusting and wear
should be included.
8.
Reference Documents
8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

Hydraulic Engineering Circular No. 18 Evaluating Scour At Bridges, Fourth
Edition, May 2001.
8.2 U.S. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water, Water Planning,
Stream Guide, Stream Management Guide No. 15 Gabion Revetments
8.3
U.S. Environmental Department of Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center,

Storm Water Best Management Practices Decision Support Tool #129 Gabions
8.4 Tricardi, Watershed Management Use of Gabions in Small Hydraulic Works

8.5 Geotechnical Engineering Office, Civil Engineering Department, the
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region, GEOGUIDE
1 Guide to Retaining Wall Design, Second Edition, October 2003.
Date: November 2006
Page 11-
Date: November 2006
RD 1045
Page 12-
RD 1045
Drawing Notes:
1.
All dimensions are in millimeters unless otherwise specified.
2.
Depending on the soil conditions, designers should determine whether any

ground treatment for foundation is required in consideration with sliding,
bearing or soil slip failures.
3.
Determination of Potential Scour Depth by Froehlich's Live-Bed Scour Equation
where:
Shape Coefficients
Description
K1
Vertical-wall
1.00
0.82
Spill-through
0.55

Ve = Qe/Ae, m/s
L
ys = Scour depth, m
App. A - 1
RD 1045
Example:
Assume
K1 = 0.82,
K2 = ( 90 / 90) 0.13 = 1
the sketches in the calculations in Appendix B.
Ya
Fr
0.25
0.5
0.75
1.5
1.5
2.01
2.54
2.97
3.35
4.01
4.59
2.25
3.78
4.72
5.49
6.15
7.32
8.34
2.75
5.45
6.74
7.79
8.71
10.31
11.71
3.25
7.10
8.73
10.06
11.22
13.25
15.03
4. Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The
5. The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot dip
galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
6. The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5
mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm.
7. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and
3.0 mm respectively, galvanized and coated with PVC in a similar way to the
mesh wire.
8. All wires shall be mild steel to BS 1052.
9. The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes the
lid.
10. All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically selvedged
App. A - 2
RD 1045
in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the full strength
of the mesh.
11. The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be
greater than 1m.
12. Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall be
placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
13. All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed square
stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size.
App. A - 3
RD 1045
App. A - 4
Annex E page 1
Annex E page 2
Annex E page 3
Design of Gabion Wall Used in River Embankment
RD 1045
Appendix C
Sample Particular Specifications,

Method of Measurement
and Schedule of Rates
for Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
RD 1045
Particular Specifications
Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
7.45 Submissions of Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
(1) The following particulars of the proposed material together with the method of
construction shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval at least 14 days
before first delivery of gabion mesh and Reno Mattress mesh to site:
(a) manufacturers literature for the gabion mesh and Reno Mattress mesh,
including details of:
- types of material employed; and
- recommendations of handling, storage, placing, jointing, fixing and
infilling with rocks.
(b) a certificate for the material showing the manufacturers name, the date
and place of manufacture and details showing that the material complies
with the requirements stated in the Contract, including results of tests
required in accordance with the Contract.
7.46 Gabion mesh
(1) The mesh used in fabricating gabion shall be of a proprietary type approved
by the Engineer.
(2) Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The
(3) The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.7 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot
dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of
0.5 mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. The diameter of the mild steel lacing
wire and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 3.0 mm respectively, galvanized
and coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. All wires shall be
mild steel to BS 1052.
(4) The PVC coating shall conform to the following requirements:
-
tensile strength shall not be less than 210 kg/cm2 in accordance with
ASTM D412-75;
App. C - 1
RD 1045
elongation shall not be less than 200% and not greater than 280% in
accordance with ASTM D412-75; and
resistance to abrasion shall not be greater than 0.19g in accordance
with ASTM D1242-56(75).
7.47Construction of Gabion Wall

(1) The gabion shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh which includes
the lid. Tying of mesh shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturers
recommendation.
(2) The gabion shall be divided by diaphragms into cells which length shall not be
greater than 1m.
(3) All edges of gabions, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically
selvedged in such a way as to prevent ravelling of the mesh and to develop the
full strength of the mesh.
(4) Infill to gabion shall be rock fill material of size 150 mm to 300 mm and shall
be placed in accordance with the manufacturers recommendations.
(5) All front and side faces of the gabion wall shall be fixed with hand packed
square stones of approximately 300 x 200 x 200 mm in size.
7.48Reno Mattress mesh
(1) The mesh used in fabricating Reno Mattress shall be of a proprietary type
approved by the Engineer.
(2) Mesh shall be hexagonal double twist and shall not ravel if damaged. The least
nominal dimension of the hexagon opening shall be 64 mm.
(3) The gabion mesh shall be formed with 2.2 mm diameter mild steel wires, hot
dip galvanized to BS 443 and further coated with polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
The PVC coating shall be dark green in colour, has an average thickness of 0.5
mm and nowhere less than 0.4 mm. The diameter of the mild steel lacing wire
and selvedge wire shall be 2.2 mm and 2.7 mm respectively, galvanized and
coated with PVC in a similar way to the mesh wire. All wires shall be mild
App. C - 2
RD 1045
steel to BS 1052.
(4) The PVC coating shall conform to the following requirements:
-
tensile strength shall not be less than 210 kg/cm2 in accordance with
ASTM D412-75;
elongation shall not be less than 200% and not greater than 280% in
accordance with ASTM D412-75; and
resistance to abrasion shall not be greater than 0.19g in accordance
with ASTM D1242-56(75).
7.49Construction of Reno Mattress

(1) The Reno Mattress shall be formed from one continuous piece of mesh
excluding the lid. The lid shall be a separate piece made of same type mesh as
basket. Tying of mesh shall be in strict accordance with the manufacturers
recommendation.
(2) The Reno Mattress shall be uniformly partitioned by diaphragms into internal
cells. The diaphragms shall be secured in position to the base and shall be in
strict accordance with the manufacturers recommendation.
(3) All edges of Reno mattress, diaphragms and end panels shall be mechanically
selvedged in such a way as to prevent unravelling of the mesh and to develop
the full strength of the mesh.
(4) Infill to Reno Mattress shall be rock fill material of size 75 mm to 200 mm
depending on the height of Reno Mattress and shall be placed in accordance
with the manufacturers recommendations. The size of rock fill shall be such
that a minimum of two layers of rock must be achieved when filling the
mattress.
App. C - 3
RD 1045
Method of Measurement
Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
7.82 Item Description
Gabion wall and Reno Mattress
7.83 Measurement
The unit of measurement shall be in cubic metre.

The measurement of gabion wall and Reno Mattress shall
be the volume calculated by multiplying the crosssectional area of the gabion unit by the height as shown
on Drawings or ordered by the Engineer.
7.84 Item Coverage
The items for gabion wall shall include for:

(5) levelling and preparation including but not limited
to blinding concrete and/or rockfill;
(6) assembling, placing and typing together in position;
(7) staking, tensioning and jointing the units together;
(8) providing and fabricating the gabion unit including
cutting and folding mesh to form special units and
shapes;
(9) providing, packing and compacting rubble filling;
(10) overfilling to allow for settlement;
(11) bracing wires and wiring lids after fillings;
(12) square stone facing;
(13) in the case of watercourses and ponds, work in
and/or dealing with the flow of water;
(14) placing additional steel wire mesh on the face of the
gabions;
(15) all necessary tests including submitting results to the
Engineer.
App. C - 4
RD 1045
Schedule of Rates
0720 Gabion Wall & Reno Mattress
Item No.
072001
072002
Description
Gabion wall
Reno Mattress
Unit
m3
m3
Schedule Rate
To be assessed when
incorporating into
contract SOR
App. C - 5
RD 1045

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RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

REPORT NO. RD 1045

GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN OF GABION WALL

Mainland North Division

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Scope and Qualifications

Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment

Construction of Gabion Wall

Installation of Reno Mattress

Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and

Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Scope and Qualifications

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Design Considerations of Gabion Wall used in River Embankment

There is currently no universally accepted method for designing gabion walls.

3.1 Treatment of the Foundation of Gabion Wall

3.2 Provision of Gabion Aprons

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Vertical-wall with wing walls

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Fig. 3.1 Abutment shape

K2 = Coefficient for angle of embankment to flow = ( / 90) 0.13

= Length of wall projected normal to the flow, m

Fig. 3.2 Orientation of embankment angle, , to the flow

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

3.3 Provision of Geotextile Filter

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Construction of Gabion Wall

4.1 Packing and Assembly

Open the bundle and unfold each unit.

4.2 Installation and Filling

Empty gabion baskets shall be assembled individually and placed on the

All gabion baskets shall be properly staggered horizontally and vertically.

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Fig. 4.1 Abutment shape

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

4.3 Gabion Stone Placement

4.4 Lid Closing

5.0 Installation of Reno Mattress

Mattress units should be placed in proper position so that movement of rockfill

Date: November 2006

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Sample Particular Specifications, Method of Measurement and

Maintenance Related Considerations and Maintenance Requirements

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Geotechnical Design of Gabion Wall

Checking on the sign of damage or erosion of the river embankment should

8.1 U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,

U.S. Environmental Department of Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center,

8.4 Tricardi, Watershed Management Use of Gabions in Small Hydraulic Works

Date: November 2006