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Environmental Science and Engineering
Environmental Science and Engineering
Environmental Science and Engineering
UNIT I
NATURAL
PART A
1
Define Environment
It is defined as the sum of total of all the living and non-living things
around us influencing one another.
Define Biosphere
The biological environment where the living organisms live and interact
with physical environment is called biosphere.
4. What are the types of natural Recourses? Give examples
(i) Renewable resources. Eg. Soil, Water, Air, Wildlife
(ii) Non-renewable resources. Eg. Minerals, coal, oil, natural gas
5.
8.
It is the optimum use of forest resources, which meet the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their
own needs.
9. What are the types of fresh water Resources?
a. Surface water
a) Standing water bodies : Lakes, reservoirs, estuaries
b) Flowing water bodies : Streams, rivers
b. Underground water
10.
Define Flood.
It is an overflow of water, whenever the magnitude of flow of water
exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks.
13.
15.
16.
18.
19.
20.
PART B
1. What is deforestation? Explain it causes effects and control measures.
2. Describe the Scope and importance of environmental studies.
3. Describe about dams and their effect on forest and tribal people.
4. Describe the uses and effect of Over- utilization of surface & ground water.
5. Explain the causes and effects of Flood & Drought.
6. Explain about causes and Management of Conflicts over water.
7. Describe the benefits and Problems of Dams.
Unit II
Ecosystem & Biodiversity
PART - A
1. What is ecology?
Ecology is the study of interactions among organisms or group of
organisms with their environment. The environment consists of both biotic
components and abiotic components.
2. What are the components of ecosystem?
A group of organisms interacting among them and with environment is
known as ecosystem.
3. How are biotic components grouped?
The numbers of biotic components of an ecosystem are grouped into three
groups based on how they get their food.
a) Producers
b) Consumer
c) Decomposers.
4. What are nutrient cycles?
The cyclic flow of nutrients between the biotic and abiotic components is
known as nutrient cycle or biogeochemical cycles.
5. What are hydrological cycles?
3. Loss of Biodiversity has serious economic and social costs for any
country.
14. Explain the classification of biodiversity.
Biodiversity is generally classified into three types
1. Genetic diversity
2. Species diversity
3. Community (or) Ecosystem diversity.
15. What is point richness?
It refers to the number of species that can be found at a single point in a
given space.
16. What are biodiversity hot-spots?
The hot spots are the geographic areas which possess the high endemic
species.
17. What are the criteria for recognizing hot spots?
1. The richness of the endemic species is the primary criterion for
recognizing hot spots.
2. The hot spots should have a significant percentage of specialized
species.
3. The site is under threat.
4. It should contain important gene pools of plants of potentially useful
plants.
18. Explain threatened and endangered species.
A species is said to be endangered, when its number has been reduced to
a critical level. Unless it is protected and conserved, it is in immediate danger
of extinction.
19. Explain vulnerable species.
A species is said to be vulnerable when its population is facing continuous
decline due to habitat destruction or over exploitation. Such a species is still
abundant.
20. What is the need of biodiversity conservation?
1. It provides immediate benefits to the society such as recreation and
tourism.
2. Drugs, herbs, food and other important raw materials can be derived
from plants and animals.
3. It also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals.
PART B
UNIT III
ENVIRNOMENTAL POLLUTION
PART - A
1. Define pollution.
Environmental pollution define as the inferable alternation of our
surrounding .
2. Mention the type of pollutants.
i) Biodegradable polluant
ii) non degradable polluant
3. Write the composition of atmospheric air.
Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen
-21%
Ar
<1%,
CO2
- 0.037,
O3, He, NH3 trace amount,
Water vapour - remaining
4. Differentiate primary and secondary air pollutants.
Primary air pollutant:
those emitter directed in the
atmosphere in harmful form(CO, NO ,SO2,)
Secondary air pollluants: some of the primary air pollutant
may react with one another or with the basic compenents of air to
form new polluants.
Moist NO/NO2 (HNO3/NO3)
5. Write the sources of common air pollution.
a) Carbon monoxide (CO)
b) Nitrogen di oxide ( NO2)
c)Sulphur di oxide (SO2)
d) Ozone(O3)
e) Chromium (Cr)
6. Define water pollution.
The alternation in physical chemical and biological
characteristics of water which may causes harmful effects on humans
and aquatic life.
7. What are point and non point sources of water pollution?
Point sources are discharged pollutants at specific locations
through popes ditches, or sewers into bodies of surface water.
Part-B
1. Discuss the major air pollutants and their impact.
2. Explain the various methods controlling air pollution.
3. Write a note on Water pollutions.
4. Define DO, BOD & COD. Write its significant.
5. Write the various treatments process of sewage water
6. Discuss the major soil pollution and their impact
7. Write the control measure of soil pollution.
8. Discuss the effects and control measure of marine pollution
9. What are the causes, effects, control measure of noise pollution?
10. What are the effects of thermal pollution? Write its management.
11. Explain the effects of nuclear and radiation pollution.
12. Write a note on municipals soil wastes.
13. Write a note on disposal of radio active wastes.
14. Write the role and responsibility of individual participation in
environmental pollution.
15. Discuss about cyclone. Write its effects and management.
16. What is earthquake? Enumerate its effects. What measures should take
to mitigate their disaster.
UNIT IV
SOCIAL ISSUSE AND THE ENVIRNOMENT
PART A
1. What is meant by sustainable development?
Sustainable development is defined as meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs.
Effect:
i) UV rays destroys the melamine pigment in human skin
ii) It also affect the aquatic forms
iii) Increases the average temperature of the earth.
17. How CFCs are accumulated in atmosphere.
CFCs are accumulated in atmosphere through
i) Aerosol propellants
ii) Cleaning solvents
iii) Refrigerants (Freon )
iv)Foam plastic blowing agent.
18. What is Dopson unit?
The amount of atmospheric ozone is measured by Dopson spectrometer
and is expressed in Dopson units(DU). 1 DU is equivalent to a 0.001 mm
thickness of pure ozone.
19. How ozone layer depletion does take places?
Depletion of ozone occurs due to the presence of CO2, CFC in the
atmosphere.
CI + O3 CIO + O2
CIO + O CI + O2
20. Give examples for Nuclear Holocausts.
i) Nuclear war
ii) At Chernobyl
21.What are the sources of wastes?
The sources of the waste materials are agriculture, mining,
industrial and municipal waste.
22.What is meant by environmental audit?
Environmental audit are intended quantity environment performance
and environment position.
23.What is meant byISO14000?
ISO 14000 is the environment management standards which exist to help
organizations minimize how their operations negatively affect the
environment and comply with applicable laws and regulations.
PART B
AIDS
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome.
It is a disease
PART B