Automobile Engine

4 Stroke Cycle

Automobile: Main systems

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Engine convert energy of fuel to energy of motion

Powertrain transfer power from engine to driven wheels
Brakes slow and stop vehicle
Steering control direction of travel
Suspension

6.
7.

Absorb bumps
Maintain alignment
Keep wheels in contact with road

Electrical generate and distribute electricity

Body protect occupants (

Automobile: Main Theme

Visually apparent how form follows function.
Visually Accessible.
How it works is there to see if look in the right
place.
Components performing specific function in
overall system also very apparent.
Systems and subsystems of components
contributing to overall operation also readily
apparent in automobile.

Engine
Engine
Chemical energy of
fuel and air

Convert chemical to
Kinetic energy
(energy of motion)

Fuel

Exhaust

Air

Heat
Kinetic Energy
Engine RPM

System Boundary automobile engine

Start at location where air and fuel

are burned and work out from there.
Put the car together starting with
the combustion

Engine: Underlying Principle

Internal combustion engine
Energy conversion device
Heat engine
Heat -> Work

Converts energy of fuel into energy of

motion.
4 stroke cycle
Otto cycle

Engine Construction
Basic generic Internal
Combustion Automobile
Engine.
Start where air/fuel are
burned and work out from
there.
Strip off components
Engine put together in
two halves
Upper half = head
Lower half = block
Seal between upper and
lower = head gasket

Engine
Engine head
Engine block
Engine head
gasket

Engine Construction
Look at single
cylinder
Most automobile
engines have more
than one cylinder
Same process in
each one

Engine: Main Parts

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Cylinder contain burning air/fuel hole in

metal block
Piston convert pressure of burning air/fuel
to force metal plug
Crank convert linear to rotary motion
crank-shaped metal
Connecting Rod Transfer force from piston
to crank metal bar
Spark plug Ignite air/fuel mixture
Insulated gap
Intake port allow air/fuel into cylinder
hole in engine head
Intake valve control flow through intake
port upside down metal T
Exhaust port allow exhaust to exit cylinder
hole in engine head
Exhaust valve control flow through
exhaust port upside down metal T

Valves

Crankshaft

4-Stroke Cycle

4-Stroke Cycle

4-Stroke Cycle Details

Cams

Timing Belt (also timing chain, timing gears)

Help seal pistons to cylinder walls

Firing Order

Heavy metal disk at the end of the crankshaft.

Helps to smooth out surges from the power strokes to keep engine rotating at a uniform rate.

Rings

Connects crankshaft to camshaft

Coordinates opening and closing of valves with up and down motion of pistons.
Insures that valves are opened and closed at proper time.

Flywheel

Open and close intake and exhaust valves.

Camshaft: several cams connected together.
OHC: Over head Cam, cam is above valves, allows higher engine speeds.
DOHC: Double Overhead Cam, separate control of intake and exhaust valve to optimize performance.

Each cylinder in different part of the cycle

Insures always one cylinder pushing the others
Smooths out vibrations
Distributes heat input to engine block

Multi valve engines

Small valves move quicker

Illustrations
Form following function
More than one design possible
Valve trains
Timing

Firing Order

1
P
E
I
C

2
E
I
C
P

3
C
P
E
I

4
I
C
P
E

Rings

Rings

Cams

Valve Trains (Cam Variation)

OHC and OHV

OHV and OHC Valve Trains

Timing
Gear

Chain

Connects crankshaft and camshaft

Coordinates valves and pistons

Belt

Timing Belt

Timing Chain

Timing Gear

Flywheel

Multi Valve Engines

Normal Innovation

Rotary Engine

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