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Flow in Circular Pipes: Objective
Flow in Circular Pipes: Objective
Flow in Circular Pipes: Objective
Objective
To measure
APPARATUS
Pipe Network
Rotameters
Manometers
Theoretical Discussion
Fluid flow in pipes is of considerable importance in process.
Animals and Plants circulation systems.
In our homes.
City water.
Irrigation system.
Sewer water system
Theoretical Discussion
Laminar flow
To describe any of these flows, conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum equations are the most general forms
could be used to describe the dynamic system. Where the key
issue is the relation between flow rate and pressure drop.
If the flow fluid is:
a. Newtonian
b. Isothermal
c. Incompressible (dose not depend on the pressure)
d. Steady flow (independent on time).
e. Laminar flow (the velocity has only one single component)
Laminar flow
Navier-Stokes equations is govern the flow field (a set of equations
containing only velocity components and pressure) and can be solved
exactly to obtain the Hagen-Poiseuille relation
.
Pz
Flow
Vz(r)
Pz+dz
In
Laminar flow
Continue
Forces balance
Sumofforces
Rateofchangeofmomentum
inthez direction inthez direction
dFz r 2r zr r dz
Pz
p z 2rdr
p z dz 2 rdr
g2 rdrdz
Vz(r)
Pz+dz
2.Pressure
3..Body force
r+dr
Laminar flow
Continue
Momentum is
Mass*velocity (m*v)
Momentum per unit volume is
*vz
*vz*dQ
dQ=vz2rdr
but
vz = constant at a fixed value of r
v z (v2rdr) z v z (v2rdr) z dz 0
Laminar flow
Laminar flow
Continue
2 r zr r dz 2 (r dr) zr r dr dz p z 2 rdr p z dz 2rdr g2rdrdz 0
dvz
dr
Q
R
0
p pz 0 pz L gL
R 4 p
2vz dr
8 L
Hagen-Poiseuille
Turbulent flow
When fluid flow at higher flowrates,
the streamlines are not steady and
straight and the flow is not laminar.
Generally, the flow field will vary in
both space and time with fluctuations
that comprise "turbulence
For this case almost all terms in the
Navier-Stokes equations are important
and there is no simple solution
uz
z
Uz
average
ur
r
Ur
average
P = P (D, , , L, U,)
p
average
P
Time
Turbulent flow
All previous parameters involved three fundamental dimensions,
Mass, length, and time
From these parameters, three dimensionless groups can be build
P
L
)
2 f (Re,
U
D
Re
UD
inertia
Viscousforces
f
2
1/2 U
Rh hydraulic radius
r 4 P
Q
8 L
P 8U
2
L
R
PR
f
U 2 L
P R
8
16
f
2
L U
UR Re
P D
0.25
f
0.079Re
2
L 2 U
Velocity Distributions
Turbulence causes transfer of momentum
from center of pipe to fluid closer to the pipe
wall.
Mixing of fluid (transfer of momentum)
causes the central region of the pipe to have
relatively constant velocity (compared to
laminar flow)
Close to the pipe wall eddies are smaller (size
proportional to distance to the boundary)
Surface Roughness
Additional dimensionless group /D need
to be characterize
Thus more than one curve on friction factorReynolds number plot
Fanning diagram or Moody diagram
Depending on the laminar region.
If, at the lowest Reynolds numbers, the laminar portion
corresponds to f =16/Re Fanning Chart
or f = 64/Re Moody chart
P D
f
L 2 U 2
1
4.0 * log Re*
f
f 0.4
f 0.079Re0.25
1
D
4.0 * log 2.28
1
D
D /
4.0 * log 2.28 4.0 * log 4.67
1
f
Re f
Fanning Diagram
1
D
D /
4.0 * log 2.28 4.0 * log 4.67
1
f
Re f
f =16/Re
f 0.079Re0.25
1
D
4.0 * log 2.28
Must be
dimensionless!
pipe material
glass, drawn brass, copper
commercial steel or wrought iron
asphalted cast iron
galvanized iron
cast iron
concrete
rivet steel
corrugated metal
PVC
Pipe roughness
pipe roughness (mm)
0.0015
0.045
0.12
0.15
0.26
0.18-0.6
0.9-9.0
45
0.12
Ergun Equation
PD p 3
150(1 )
f
1.75
2
LU o (1 )
U o Dp
Dp
Flow
U o Dp
Re
(1 )
2
D g
Leq/D
0.15
0.85
40
4.4
200
20
900
7.5
350
A2
KE
EE K E
EE K E
A2
A1
U 1
2
2
U
2
U2
2
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20
40
angle ()
60
80
Sudden Contraction
(Orifice Flowmeter)
Orifice flowmeters are used to determine a
liquid or gas flowrate by measuring the
differential pressure P1-P2 across the
orifice plate
2( p1 p2 )
Q Cd A2
2
(1
1/ 2
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
Cd 0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
102
103
P1
P2
Flow
105
104
Re
106
107
Venturi Flowmeter
The classical Venturi tube (also known as the Herschel Venturi
tube) is used to determine flowrate through a pipe. Differential
pressure is the pressure difference between the pressure
measured at D and at d
D
Flow
Pipe
Entrance
Turbulent flow
Laminar flow
http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~cfd/gallery/lim-turb.html
Owner: City of
Hammond, IN
Project: Water Main
Relocation
Pipe Size: 54"
D (m)
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
0.0068326
area
(m)^2
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
3.66806E-05
FlowrateFlowrateFlowratevelosity
(cc/min) (cc/sec)m^3/sec (m/sec) Re
300
5
0.000005 0.1363118
600
10
0.00001 0.2726235
870
14.5 0.0000145 0.3953041
1050
17.5 0.0000175 0.4770912
1200
20
0.00002 0.5452471
1400 23.333333 2.333E-05 0.6361216
1500
25
0.000025 0.6815589
2500 41.666667 4.167E-05 1.1359314
4000 66.666667 6.667E-05 1.8174903
6000
100
0.0001 2.7262354
9.31E+02
1.86E+03
2.70E+03
3.26E+03
3.73E+03
4.35E+03
4.66E+03
7.76E+03
1.24E+04
1.86E+04
Presure drop
Presure drop
Presure drop
DP/L
in(water)m
Pa(N/M2)
0.80
1.90
4.50
6.22
8.30
10.00
11.00
34.00
72.30
143.00
2.00E-02
196.0000
4.75E-02
465.5000
1.13E-01
1102.5000
1.56E-01
1523.9000
2.08E-01
2033.5000
2.50E-01
2450.0000
2.75E-01
2695.0000
8.50E-01
8330.0000
1.81E+00 17713.5000
3.58E+00 35035.0000
Re
DV
P
D
L 2 U 2
1.05E+02
2.50E+02
5.93E+02
8.19E+02
1.09E+03
1.32E+03
1.45E+03
4.48E+03
9.52E+03
1.88E+04
Friction Friction
Factor Fact
f exp (P1)
f equ
0.01980
0.01176
0.01324
0.01257
0.01284
0.01137
0.01089
0.01212
0.01007
0.00885
0.01430
0.01203
0.01096
0.01046
0.01011
0.00973
0.00956
0.00842
0.00748
0.00676
1.00E+00
-0.25
f = 0.079Re
Friction factor
f = 0.0688Re
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
-1
f = 16Re
1.00E-03
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
Re
1.00E+05