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PIA Module 3 (Electrical Fundamentals) Sub Module 3.18 (AC
PIA Module 3 (Electrical Fundamentals) Sub Module 3.18 (AC
PIA Module 3 (Electrical Fundamentals) Sub Module 3.18 (AC
Category Aerospace/Avionics
MODULE 3
Sub Module 3.18
AC MOTORS
3.18
Rev. 00
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Training Centre
Category Aerospace/Avionics
Contents
INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
PRODUCTION OF A ROTATING FIELD ------------------------------------------ 1
TYPES OF AC MOTOR -------------------------------------------------------------- 3
THE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR ---------------------------------------------------- 3
INDUCTION MOTORS -------------------------------------------------------------- 4
TWO-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR ---------------------------------------------- 6
SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS ------------------------------------------ 8
SHADED-POLE INDUCTION MOTOR ------------------------------------------- 11
HYSTERESIS MOTORS ------------------------------------------------------------- 13
SINGLE-PHASE COMMUTATOR MOTOR ------------------------------------- 13
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INTRODUCTION
The basic principles of magnetism and electromagnetic
induction are the same for both ac and dc motors, but the
application of the principles is different because of the rapid
reversals of direction and changes in magnitude characteristic
of alternating current. Certain characteristics of ac motors make
most types more efficient than dc motors, therefore such motors
are used commercially whenever possible. During recent years,
ac power systems have been developed for large aircraft with
the result that a much larger amount of electrical power is
available on aircraft than would be available with dc systems of
the same weight. Thus one of the main advantages of the ac
power system is that it provides more power for less weight.
PRODUCTION OF A ROTATING FIELD
A rotating field may be produced by applying a three-phase
supply to a three-phase stator. The field produced is of
unvarying strength and its speed of rotation depends upon the
frequency of the supply.
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Example
An input frequency of 50 Hz produces a field rotating at 50
revolutions per second or 3000 rpm.
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TYPES OF AC MOTOR
There are three principal types of ac motors. They are the
commutator motor, the induction motor and the synchronous
motor.
If the rotor is energised with dc it acts like a bar magnet and will
therefore try to line itself up with the magnetic field produced by
the stator. In the synchronous motor the three-phase ac
produces a rotating magnetic field, which causes the rotor to
follow the field, (assuming that the motor is already running).
The synchronous motor will not start of its own accord, because
the rotating magnetic field moves too quickly to provide a
starting force. The inertia of the rotor does not allow it to
respond to the rapidly rotating field. It has to be started and run
up to speed by another motor, usually a small induction motor.
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field moves from right to left, the change of flux through the
conductor induces a voltage in it. If the conductor is part of a
closed circuit, current flows in the conductor in the
INDUCTION MOTORS
The ac motor most commonly used on aircraft is the induction
type and, dependant upon application, may be designed for
operation from a three-phase, two-phase or single phase power
supply
It is robust, simple and cheaper than other types. The basic
three-phase induction motor has no slip rings or commuter and
has little to go wrong.
Fig 2(a) shows the stator of the induction motor, which is almost
the same as that of the synchronous motor, ie. it has threephase windings and associated pole pieces, which as usual
produce a rotating magnetic field when supplied with threephase ac.
The rotor in Fig 2(b) consists of a series of heavy copper bars
connected at each end by a copper or brass ring. No insulation
is required between the bars and the core on which they are
mounted because of the very low voltages induced in the rotor
bars. This type of rotor is a squirrel-cage and no external
electrical connections are made to it.
The basic principle of operation of the induction motor may be
explained by Fig 3 below, where a conductor is set at right
angles to a magnetic field. If the conductor is stationary and the
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the fields motion (the left-hand rule for motors). The conductor
therefore tends to follow the movement of the field.
40
100 4%
1000
This is a typical value of slip. As noted earlier, the slip depends
upon the load; the larger the load, the greater is the slip. But in
practice very little speed change occurs between a light and a
heavy load and the main use of an induction motor is as a
constant speed drive to a load.
This motor is only started under no load conditions. The speed
varies little between no load and full load when running and
makes the motor suitable for driving such machines as lathes,
bench drills and small generators.
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When nearly full speed has been attained, a device cuts out the
starting winding and the motor runs as a plain single-phase
induction motor.
Since the special starting winding is only a light winding, the
motor does not develop sufficient torque to start heavy loads.
Because a two-phase induction motor is more efficient than a
single-phase motor, it is often desirable to keep the auxiliary
winding permanently in the circuit so that the motor will run as a
two-phase induction motor. The starting capacitor is usually
made quite large, in order to allow a large current to flow
through the auxiliary winding. The motor can thus build up a
large starting torque.
When the motor comes up to speed, it is not necessary that the
auxiliary winding shall continue to draw the full starting current,
and the capacitor can be reduced, therefore two capacitors are
used in parallel for starting and one is cut out when the motor
comes up to speed. Such a motor is called capacitor-start,
capacitor-run induction motor
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
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FIG 9
As shown in Fig 10b, when the flux in the field poles tend to
increase, a short-circuit current is induced in the shading coil,
which by Lenzs law opposes the force and the flux producing it.
Thus, as the flux increases in each field pole, there is a
concentration of the flux in the main segment of each pole,
while the shaded segment opposes the main field flux.
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FIG 10
At point c shown in Fig 10a, the rate of change of flux and of
current is zero, and there is no voltage induced in the shaded
coil. Consequently, the flux is uniformly distributed across the
poles. When the flux decreases, the current reverses in the
shaded coil to maintain the flux in the same direction, as in Fig
10d. The result is that the flux crowds in the shaded segment of
the pole.
An examination of Figs 10b, c and d will reveal that at intervals
b, c and d, the net effect of the flux distribution in the pole has
ISO 9001:2008 Certified
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HYSTERESIS MOTORS
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