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11pms Pol Epi Ist Daskalakieu
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1105055
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-,
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, 2008
/ . 3
/ . 8
:
. / . 9
II. / . 14
III. Susan Neiman/ . 18
IV. / . 22
:
I. / . 26
II. - / . 30
III. / . 36
IV. Onora O Neill/ . 42
:
I. / . 46
II. Samuel Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty/ . 52
III. / . 56
V. / . 60
/ . 63
/ . 67
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(Neiman 1994: 54).
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( Michael Friedman)
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(1786),
Neiman, Kant ,
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16
The move to increasing degrees of autonomy is at issue in the progress by which knowledge,
Kant tells us, begins with the senses, and procceeds through understaning to reason (Neiman 1994:
50).
17
,
, .
, (Neiman 1994:
58). Neiman : , Kant
. Kant
. 18
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Neiman (
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(Neiman 1994: 58).
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18
Reconstructing the story of Adam and Eve, Kant sees the exit from paradise as the transition
from merely natural functioning to the use of reason. Kant describes the first acts of reason as
involving the capacity to resist natural drives (Neiman 1994: 58).
19
Routinly and automatically, understanding applies the twelve categories to the given
manofold. This is its sole function, and there is no means within it for doing something else...
(Neiman 1994: 58).
20
The capacity to demand explanations of experience requires the capacity to go beyond
experience, for we cannot investigate the given until we refuse to take it as given. To ask a question
about some aspect of experience, we must be able to think the thought that it could have been
otherwise (Neiman 1994: 58).
21
It may seem paradoxical that it is the capacity to go beyond experience that yields the
capacity to discover empirical, in addition to transcendental, laws. But this is just the result of Kant's
view that all possible experience requires some rule-governedness (Neiman 1994: 60).
,
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22
... [R]eason is the only candidate for making the transition between low-level kanowledge to
science (Neiman 1994: 62).
IV.
1.
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23
. Patellis 2007.
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(Interesse) ,
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27
(Faktum)
, ratio cognoscendi ( 14).
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: Kant
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. 71-97.
29
Kant,
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, . 2004.
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F
.
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. 32
Kant (1795).
Kant
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31
Ethical lawgiving (even if the duties might be external) is that which cannot be external;
juridical lawgiving is that which can also be external ( 384).
32
, . Williams
1983: 39-41.
33
I can indeed think of a moral politician, that is, one who takes the principles of political
prudence in such a way that they can coexist with morals, but not a political moralist, who frames a
morals to suit the stateman s advantage
(
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35
. 36
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( 85).
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36
, . Guyer 2000.
II.
, a
priori, . 37
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( 456).
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( 130).
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38
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61). ,
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( 135).
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, , Rousseau,
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40 .
a priori .
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( 39).
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.
(trias politica): ,
,
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), (potestas legislatoria,
rectoria et iudiciaria) 42 . ,
F
39
2001: 190.
:
,
.
( )
( 2001:
188-189).
41
.
.
, Kant, a priori , ,
.
42
Every state contains three authorities within it, that is, the general united will consists of
three persons (trias politica): the sovereign authority (sovereignty) in the person of the legislator; the
40
Kant,
,
. 43
, / . 44
F
, , Kant
, ,
( ).
.
, , ,
.
.
executive authority in the person of the ruler (in conformity to law); and the juridical authority (to
award to each what is his in accosdance with the law) in the person of juge (potestas legislatoria,
rectoria et iuiciaria) ( 457).
43
Kant, . Beiner, Booth
1993 Flikschuh 2000.
44
, . Bohman & Lutz-Bachmann 1997.
V. Onora O Neill
2. 2. ,
(
).
.
Onora O Neill ,
.
. Ernst Cassirer : -
,
.
Kant
: ;
(Cassirer 2001: 338).
O Neill
.
Kant
: (1784).
.
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,
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.
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,
. 45 , ,
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.
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,
. : ! (
44). Onora O Neill
,
Constructions of Reason.
F
O Neill , ,
,
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,
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,
.
[ ]
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.
. 46 O Neill
. ,
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45
Kant
,
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.
46
Toleration on this understanding is too negative a matter to be fundamental; It would be easy
in theory and often not ot difficult in practice, especially when we are called to tolerate matters we are
not much concerned about. Such a view of toleration fuels a recurrent suspicion that toleration is the
outward face of indiffrence (O Neill 1989: 31).
. O Neill :
.
, [ ]
. 47
F
Kant ,
.
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( 43).
.
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. 48
,
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47
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.
[ Kant] ,
,
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. 49
F
, O Neill,
.
(O Neill 1989: 34).
,
,
.
O Neill, ,
. Kant :
, ,
,
. ,
,
,
veto ( 382).
: (1786) Kant
. :
49
For the same reasons he would see reasoned discussion between friends, or an inward
process of reasoning, as fit to be public, though in no way made public; but would see all
communication that presupposes authorities other than that of reason as neither public nor fully
publizable (O Neill 1989: 34).
. :
,
. ,
,
; ( 86).
( 86). O Neill Constructions of Reason
( ).
Kant
,
a priori
(
) .
,
, (
), ,
( ) ( 81-84). 50
, , Kant
,
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,
( 79).
50
305.
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( 80).
.
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. ,
a priori
,
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.
a priori
( 104).
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: ,
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,
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(
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, .
,
( 83).
( 84) .
(,
, ) ,
, ( 84-85).
, ,
.
, (, ,
, , ).
. ,
,
, / /
. Kant :
(
= major) .
( = minor)
.
(conclusio) [] [
] a priori ( 10).
/
,
.
( )
()
/ / ( 85).
,
,
.
.
()
, .
.
.
( 92). Kant
, ,
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:
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[ ],
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,
( 86).
.
.
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, . Kant
:
, ,
,
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( ), .
( 95-96).
, Kant,
. , Kant,
.
.
,
.
.
8 Kant
/ . 51
.
,
.
( 126).
:
, .
,
,
, , ( 129).
( )
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Kant (
) . :
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,
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( 129).
( ).
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). ()
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.
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,
. 52 ,
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51
308.
52
,
, , ( 157).
,
.
(
) ( 157-158).
,
.
, ,
.
. (
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,
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, ).
(
) ,
. 53
, ,
, .
F
53
,
Fleischacker A Third Concept of Liberty.
Fleischacher A Third
Concept of Liberty
. Fleischacher
(Fleischacker 1999: 8).
,
. , ,
.
. Fleischacher
,
.
Fleischacher
.
,
. Fleischacher,
(Fleischacker 1999: 23-26).
,
.
, ,
,
(Fleischacker 1999: 25).
, ,
, ,
(Fleischacker 1999: 25). 54 Fleischacker
,
, ,
(Fleischacker 1999: 23-26). ,
,
,
.
F
Fleischacher
,
.
,
( )
, ( )
(Fleischacker
1999: 26-28). Fleischacher
.
. :
,
,
.
, , (Fleischacker
1999: 28). 55
,
,
,
,
(Fleischacker 1999: 28). ,
Fleischacher, .
. Fleischacher Kant
.
, ,
F
54
We realize that as organizable, rather than something we merely impose organization upon,
both when we succeed in getting a conceptual framework to apply to the world of our experience and
when our experience bucks our frameworks, when we have to repair a framework or start again
(Fleischacker 1999: 25).
55
Responsibility, in the sense we use that term when we speak of responsibility to
evidence, is something we learn in the first instasnce and paradigmatically from aesthetic
interpretation, not from scientific procedures or moral choices. In this way, aesthetic interpretation is
essential, if essentially in the backround, to all our thinking (Fleischacker 1999: 28).
,
( ).
.
,
( ).
, , ,
. Fleischacher
Adam Smith
.
( Smith)
Smith , Fleischacher,
, /
.
, ,
, .
, Fleischacher, ,
() .
,
Hanna Arendt
Kant. Hanna Arent New Scool for
Scial Research (1970)
Kant Kant .
Arent
.
Kant ,
,
56 . ,
Arent ( ) ,
( )
.
Kant
(Arent 2008: 32).
, Arent, Kant
.
F
, Arent
,
Kant ,
( ;, ;, ;).
Arent
56
. ,
,
. : []
(Arent
2008: 34). Arendt
,
,
.
( 2008: 85).
, ,
( 2008: 81-91).
, ( )
Arendt
Kant .
III.
(1784)
Kant
.
. 57
, Kant ,
.
F
Kant, ,
: ,
( 26), , Kant,
.
, ,
( 26-27).
57
Kant
, .
,
. , Kant
,
,
. ,
, , , ..,
.
( 27).
,
. :
, ( 27).
.
,
.
, ,
[ ]
( 28).
.
.
.
,
( 30).
,
(
)
.
,
( 32-34).
,
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