Mc lc

I.

Gii thiu
t vn
Cc phng php o nhit
Nhim v thit k
Tng quan v phn cng
S khi
Gii thiu v cc thit b.
2.1. LM335
2.2. ADC0809
2.3. B vi x l 8051
2.4. Khi phm n
2.5. Hin th Led
2.6. RS 232
2.7. Ngun
III.
Phn mm
1. Lu thut ton
1.1 Lu thut ton c ADC
1.2 Lu thut ton phc v ngt phm
1.3 Lu kim tra
1.4 Lu truyn tin
2. Phn mm chng trnh
IV.
nh gi sai s
V.
Kt lun,ti liu tham kho
1.
2.
3.
II.
1.
2.

I.

Gii thiu

1. t vn
Nhit l mt trong nhng i lng vt l c quan tm nhiu nht. Bi
v nhit c vai tr quyt nh trong nhiu tnh cht ca vt cht. Mt trong
nhng c im tc ng ca nhit l lm thay i mt cch lin tc cc i
lng chu s nh hng ca n,v d nh p sut ,th tch ca mt cht kh . Bi
vy, trong cc nghin cu khoa hc , trong cng nghip v i sng hng ngy
vic o nhit l iu rt cn thit. Tuy nhin, o c tr s chnh xc ca
nhit li l vn khng n gin.
Cng vi s ra i v pht trin mnh m ca cc h vi x l,vic o nhit
p dng vi x l,vi iu khin m ra nhiu hng,a n nhiu phng php
khc nhau,linh hot v chnh xc hn. C nhiu cch o nhit , trong c
th lit k mt s phng php sau y:
- Phng php quang da trn s phn b bc x nhit do dao ng nhit
(do hiu ng Doppler).
-Phng php c da trn s dn n ca vt rn , ca cht lng hoc kh
(vi p sut khng i ) , hoc da trn tc m.
-Phng php da trn s ph thuc ca In tr vo nhit , hiu ng
Sbeck , hoc da trn s thay i tn s dao ng ca thch anh.
2. Cc phng php o nhit
Trc tin ni v cc cm bin nhit , l cc cm bin c s dng vo cc qu trnh
nhit nh: t nng, lm lnh, trao i nhit.v.v. .i lng vo ca cm bin nhit l nhit
v i lng ra l tn hiu in (dng,p).Mt s cm bin thng s dng:
+Nhit in tr : Nguyn l lm vic l c in tr thay i theo s thay i nhit
ca n.Tu theo tc dng nhit ca dng in cung cp chy qua chuyn i ngi ta
phn ra: Nhit in tr t nng v nhit in tr khng t nng
Nhit in tr t nng ,dng in chy qua rt ln lm nhit ca n
tng ln cao hn nhit mi trng(100C -800C), nn c s to
nhit ra mi trng xung quanh, nh nhit dn, i lu, bc x .
Nhit in tr khng t nng, dng in chy qua rt nh khng lm
tng nhit ca in tr v nht ca n bng nhit mi trng.
Nhit in tr loi ny dng o nhit v cc i lng c hc nh
o di chuyn.
Nhit in tr phn lm hai loi: Nhit in tr dy(nhit in tr ng,nhit in tr
Platin, nhit in tr Niken) v nhit in tr bn dn.
+Cp nhit in:Nguyn l lm vic da trn 2 hiu ng:Thomson v Seebek
ng dng ca cp nhit in ch yu o nhit , ngoi ra n cn dc dng
o cc i lng khng in v in khc nh: o dng in tn s cao,o
hng chuyn ng v lu ng ca cc dng chy, o di chuyn , o p sut
nh
+Cm bin nhit dng c tnh diode v tranzitor
o nhit l nhim v thng gp trong cc ngnh nhit hc, ho hc ,luyn kim...Tu
theo nhit o m c th dng cc phng php o khc nhau.Thng thng nhit o c
chia thnh 3 gii : Nhit thp, nhit trung bnh v nhit cao. nhit trung bnh v
thp, phng php o thng l tip xc ngha l cc chuyn i c t trc tip ngay mi

trng cn o. i vi nhit cao,o bng phng php khng tip xc, ngha l dng c o
t ngoi mi trng o.
Mt trong s nhng cch l o nhit khng tip xc s dng cm bin
LM335
3. Nhim v thit k
Thit k h b VXL o nhit s dng VK89C51 v cm bin LM335 gii
quyt nhng vn sau:
- Thit k mch o nhit trong di t 0oC-100oC v hin th.
- Cnh bo khi nhit ln hn 80oC v khi nh hn 20oC
- Kt ni truyn thng tin o c vo my tnh
- Vit chng trnh phn mm gii quyt nhng vn trn
II.

Tng quan v phn cng

1. S khi

Cm
bin
LM335

Mch
khuch
i

ADC

Khi hin th
LED

VK 8051

Khi
bn
phm

PC

2. Gii thiu v cc khi

2.1 Khi cm bin LM335
LM335 l cm bin nhit c khong o t -400C n +1000C, chnh xc
cao, tnh nng cm bin nhit rt nhy.Tn hiu ng ra tuyn tn vi tn hiu ng vo.
Cng dng ca LM335:
+ LM335 c bin thin theo nhit l: 10mV/KO
+ C s n nh cao: 25OC ch c sai s 1%.
+ Ch tiu k thut:
- Tiu tn cng sut thp.

Dng lm vic t 4.10-4A 5.10-3A

Dng ngc 15mA
Dng thun 10mA
S bin thin ca in th theo nhit c hm
VOUT = 0.01xTOK
= 2.73 + 0.01xTOC
+ Cu trc ca b cm bin LM335 l loi cm bin c 3 chn tn hiu ra
tng t
-

+5V

Vout
LM335

VR

2.2 Khi iu chnh in p hay mch khuch i

u o di dng vi mch LM 335 l mt u o nhit n gin v chnh

xc ,c in p li ra t l thun vi nhit ca u o. u o ny khng cn n linh
kin ngoi nn khng cn chun li nhng nhit khc nhau .Trong vng nhit
phng , chnh xc t c 0,250C .Dng in tiu th c 60uA nn c th b qua s
tng nhit u o dng in nui to ra .
Tng ng vi di nhit o di t 0 oC-100oC th in p ra tuyn tnh l
2.73-3.73V.Ta iu chnh bin tr R20 25 0C th in p ra chn 2 ca cm bin l
2.98V.
- in p ra ca cm bin l t 2.73-3.73V ,trong khi thang in p vo lm vic
ca ADC0809 l 0-5V ,do vy ta cn tin hnh chun ha tn hiu trc khi a n
ADC. .S mch thc hin vic nh trn .Nguyn l hot ng ca mch l:
+ Dng mt i t zener v mt ngun nui to ra in p n nh 5V.

+ in p ny c ni vi mt bin tr R21 ni t. Dng bin tr ny iu

chnh in p vo b m l 2.73V. B m dng hn ch dng in trong mch .
+ Qua b m in p vn l 2.73V . in p ny c a n mt mch tr.
+ B tr c ni vi cc in tr nh hnh v . Gi tr ca cc in tr c
cho nh trn hnh. Vi cch mc nh vy in p ra ca b tr l :
Vout = Vin(+) Vin(-)
Ta c :
Vin(+) = 2.73 - 3.73 V
Vin(-) = 2.73V
Do vy :
Vout = 0 - 1V
Ta t c yu cu v in p. V cng hn ch dng in ta phi a
in p ny vo ADC qua mt b m nh trn hnh v.
Ta cn hin th kt qu ra LED ,mun vy cn c s ng nht :
Nhit o( 0C )
M nh phn u ra ca ADC
+ in p li ra ca LM335 l 10mV / 0C
+ Do vy vn ny c gii quyt bng cch t in p cc chn Vref
ca ADC thch hp.
Nh ta bit ADC 0809 c 8 bt u ra nn c:
28 - 1 = 255 ( bc thang )
Ta s dng ngun 5V,v 1 bin tr to ra Vref(+) ca ADC0809 l 2.55V,
Nn suy ra in p (ref)=2.55V .
Kch c bc thang l :
2.55/ 255 =0.01(V)
- in p a ti chn vo ca ADC l 0 - 1 V tng ng vi nhit u o
ca cm bin l 0 - 100 0C
- Tn hiu li ra ca cm bin 10mV / 0C.
- Kch c bc thang 10mV
2.3 Khi chuyn i ADC - s dng ADC0809
C nhiu phng php chuyn i mt i lng tng t sang gi tr s nh:
- ADC dng sng bc thang :lp ADC n gin ny s dng b m nh phn
lm thanh ghi v cho php xung nhp y b m tng mi ln mt bc,cho n khi
VAX # VA. ADC loi ny gi l ADC sng bc thang v dng sng ti VAX c tng bc
i ln . ADC dng sng bc thang bao gm mt b m ,mt DAC ,mt b so snh tng
t ,v mt cng AND iu khin . u ra b so snh dng lm tn hiu iu khin kt
thc chuyn i EOC-tch cc mc thp
*u im: +Tng i n gin
+Ph hp vi cc ng dng tc chm.
*Nhc im:Nu tng s bit tng phn gii thi khi ch cn
thm 1 bit ,thi gian chuyn i tng gp i.Nh vy tng phn gii th thi gian
chuyn i ko di.V th ADC loi ny khng ph hp vi nhng ng dng i hi phi
lin tc chuyn i mt tn hiu tng t thay i nhanh thnh tn hiu s.

- ADC lin tip-xp x(ADC0804,ADC0809...).

y l phng php c s dng rng ri , nhng mch in c phc tp nhng
thi gian chuyn i ngn hn . Phng php ny c thi gian chuyn i khng ph
thuc vo in p ng vo .
VA
+
VA

Clock
Logic iu khin MSB
LSB

Start
EOC

Thanh ghi iu khin

DAC

S khi chuyn i ADC dng phng php xp x lin tip

Hot ng
Khi tc ng cnh xung ca xung Start th ADC bt u chuyn i
-Mch logic iu khin t bit c ngha ln nht ca thanh ghi diu khin ln mc
cao v tt c cc bit cn li mc thp . S nh phn ra thanh ghi iu khin c
qua mch DAC to ra in p tham chiu Va .
Nu Va > Va th ng ra b so snh xung mc thp lm cho mch logic diu
khin xa bit MSB xung mc thp
Nu Va <Va th ng ra b so snh mc cao lm cho mch logic iu
khin gi bit MSB mc cao .
Tip theo mch logic iu khin a bit c ngha k bit MSB ln mc cao v to
ng ra khi DAC mt in p tham chiu V a ri em so snh tng t nh bit
MSB nh trn . Qu trnh ny c tip tc cho n bit cui cng trong thanh ghi iu
khin . Lc th Va gn bng Va ng ra ca mch logic iu khin bo kt thc
chuyn i .
Nh vy mch i ra n bit ch mt n chu k xung clock nn c th t tc rt
cao . Tuy nhin mch ADC xp x lin tip li khng th p ng vi tn hiu tng
t vo bin i cc nhanh .
- ADC chuyn i nhanh(MC10319,AD9010,... )
+B chuyn i nhanh (fast converter)l loi ADC c tc cao nht nhng
s mch phc tp hn cc loi khc.Chng hn,ADC nhanh N bit cn 2N-1 b so
snh,2N in tr v logic m ho cn thit.
+ B chuyn i nhanh khng cn tn hiu xung nhip v tin trnh chuyn i
xy ra lin tc.

+ Thi gian chuyn i l thi gian cn thit xut hin mt u ra s p

li mt thay i u vo tng t,ch ph thuc vo khong tr do truyn ca b so
snh v b m ho.Do ADC nhanh c thi gian chuyn i v cng ngn ngi:
VD:MC10319(Motorola)-8 bit:
tc<20ns
AD9010(Analog Devices)-10 bit: tc<15ns.
Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php khc nh:ADC sng bc thanh ln/xung;ADC tch
hp hai dc;ADC chuyn i in th thnh tn s; iu bin sigma/delta.
TNG QUAN V ADC 0809:
ADC0809 l b chuyn i tng t-s 8 bit 8 u vo tng t c dn knh
bi 1 b dn knh tch hp sn trn chip ADC.Nh vy mt mt n khng cn b dn
knh tng t ngoi ,mt khc li cho php c nhiu u vo hn, iu ny rt thun tin
cho vic o ,gim st cc i lng vt l nhiu im o khc nhau.
ADC0809 c 8 knh u vo tng t .Nh vy ADC0809 cho php gim st
ng thi 8 b cm bin,8 knh u vo tng t c dn knh v c chn nh nh 3
chn a ch A,B,C .
ADC0809 hot ng theo phng php lin tip-xp x.
Cc c tnh:
-D dng giao tip vi cc b vi x l
-B dn knh 8 u vo vi logic a ch
-Di in p u vo 5V v ngun cp 5 V
Mt vi thng s k thut chnh:
- phn gii:
8 bit
-Sai s :
+/- 1LSB
-Ngun cung cp:
5V .
-Cng sut:
15mW.
-Tc chuyn i: <100us
S khi cu trc bn trong ADC0809:

Cc chn ca ADC0809

S chn ca ADC0809
-Vcc: Chn cp ngun.
in p ngun:5V
-GND: Chn ni t.
- Vref(+) v Vref(-)
Hai chn a in p tham chiu.
Thng Vref (-) ni t.Trong bi Vref(+) c ni vi ngun 5V v mt bin
tr 10k ly ra Vref(+)=2.55V
-IN0->IN7(Input):-8 knh u vo tng t.
- ADDA,ADDB,ADDC l 3 chn chn knh u vo.
A,B,C la 3 bit chn 1 trong 8 knh u vo ca 1 Multiplexer tng t c
tch hp trong b ADC0809.
-ALE(Address Latch Enable):
Chn cht a ch (knh vo).
- Start: Chn gi tn hiu bt u chuyn i.
- EOC(End off Convertion):Chn nay gi tn hiu kt thc chuyn i.
- OE(Output Enable): Chn gi tn hiu cho php ly s liu s u ra.
- 01->08: l 8 chn tng ng 8 bit u ra ca s liu 8 bit c chuyn i.
- CLK: Chn tn hiu Clock , gi tn hiu xung ng h ADC lm vic .
CHC NNG & HOT NG CA ADC0809
* S khi chc nng ca ADC0809:

*ADC0809 th hin trn s trn c th dc chia theo chc nng thnh 2

mch con c bn.Hai mch con ny l mt b dn knh v mt b chuyn i A/D.
-B dn knh s dng 8 kho tng t cng ngh CMOS chun cung cp
mt trong 8 u vo tng t.Cc kho c iu khin chn,tu thuc vo s liu c
cht thanh ghi a ch b dn knh (multiplexer address register) 3 bit.
- Khi chc nng th hai l b chuyn i A/D lin tip-xp x,chuyn tn hiu
tng t u ra ca b dn knh thnh mt t s 8 bit. u ra b dn knh s i n mt
trong hai u vo ca b so snh. u vo kia nhn c t 1 thang in tr 256R c
mc vo mt cy kho dng transistor MOSFET (MOSFET transistor switch tree).Logic
iu khin b chuyn i s iu khin switch tree, a in p tng ng chy
ra(funneling a particular tap voltage) n b so snh. t c s cho kt qu ca s so
snh ny,b logic iu khin v thanh ghi lin tip xp x(SAR)s quyt nh in p
c chn ly ra s cao hn hay thp hn gi tr hin ti trn thang in tr.Tin
trnh(algorithm)ny c thc hin 8 ln trong 1 chuyn i,mi chuyn i cn 8 chu k
ng h.Nh vy tng cng thi gian chuyn i l 64 chu k ng h.
-Khi mt chu k chuyn i hon thnh,s liu kt qu c a vo b cht
u ra 3 trng thi.S liu trong b cht u ra c th sau c th c c bi mt h
thng tip nhn s liu(host system) bt c lc no trc khi kt thc chu k chuyn i
tip theo .Kh nng 3 trng thi ca b cht cho php giao tip d dng vi cc h thng
bus nh hng(bus oriented systems).
-Thc hin hot ng ca cc b chuyn i ny bng mt b vi x l hoc mt
s logic iu khin th rt n gin.Thit b iu khin u tin s chn knh vo. lm
iu ny ,mt a ch knh 3 bit c p vo cc chn A,B,C;v chn ALE (Address
Latch Enable) c a xung tch cc kho a ch vo thanh ghi a ch b dn knh.

Knh c chn
IN0
IN1
IN2
IN3
IN4
IN5
IN6
IN7

C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

- bt u chuyn i,chn START c p xung tch cc. sn ln ca

xung ny,nhng thanh ghi trong c xo v sn xung s chuyn i c bt u.
Cn 8 chu k ng h trong mi ln xp x.D l khng c chuyn i trong qu
trnh ,ADC0809 vn quay vng bn trong(internally cycling) qua 8 chu k ng
h.Mt xung start c th xut hin bt c lc no trong sut qu trnh ny nhng s
chuyn i s khng tht s bt u n khi b chuyn i quay vng bn trong n khi
bt u chui 8 chu k ng h sau.Ch cn chn START c gi mc cao th s
khng c chuyn i,nhng khi chn start c a xung thp s chuyn i s bt u
trong khong thi gian 8 chu k .
-u ra EOC c lt sn ln ca xung start.N cng c iu khin bi
chu trnh gm 8 chu k ng h,nn n s xung thp trong khong thi gian 8 chu k
ng h khi xy ra sn ln ca xung start .
S thi gian ca ADC0809:

10

Kt ni cc chn ca ADC0809 vi VK8051

- V ch dng 1 u o nn 3 chn ADDA,B,C ta t mc 0
- 01-08 l 8 bit u ra c ni vi cng P0 ca 8051
- EOC ni vi ngt ngoi INT0
- ALE,START,EO c iu khin bi cc tn hiu READ/WRITE
- u o nhit ni vo IN0.
2.4 B vi x l 8051
Tng quan cu trc 8051:
MCS-51 l h vi iu khin ca INTEL. Cc nh sn xut IC khc nh Siemens,
Advanced Micro Divices, Fujitsu v Philips c cp php lm cc nh cung cp th hai
cho cc chp ca h MCS-51.Vi mach tng qut ca h MCS-51 l chp 8051, linh kin
u tin ca h ny c a ra th trng. Chp 8051 c cc c trng c tm tt nh
sau :
_4KB ROM.
_128 byte RAM.
_ 4 port xut nhp (I/O port ) 8- bit.
_ 2 b nh thi 16 bit.
_ Mch giao tip ni tip.
_ Khng gian nh chng trnh (m) ngoi 64K.
_ Khng gian nh d liu ngoi 64K.
_ B x l bt(thao tc trn cc bit ring r).
_ 210 v tr c nh a ch, mi v tr 1 bit.

11

S khi ca chp 8051.

1)

T chc chn ca MCS51:

S chn ca 8051 dng DIP.

12

T chc chn ca 8051 dng PQFP/TQFP v PLCC

a)
port 0 : chc nng trn chn t 32 n 39 trong cc thit k c nh (khng dng
b nh m rng ) c hai chc nng nh cc ng IO. i vi cc thit k c ln ( vi
b nh m rng ) n c kt hp knh gia cc bus ).
b)
port1 : l mt port I/O trn cc chn 1-8. Cc chn c k hiu P1.0, P1.1,
P1.2 ... c th dng cho cc thit b ngoi nu cn. Port1 khng c chc nng khc, v vy
chng ta c th dng chng trong giao tip vi cc thit b ngoi mt cch t do.
c)
Port 2 : l mt port cng dng kp trn cc chn 21 - 28 c dng nh cc
ng xut nhp hoc l byte cao ca bus a ch i vi cc thit k dng b nh m
rng.
d)
Port 3 : l mt port cng dng kp trn cc chn 10 - 17. Cc chn ca port ny
c nhiu chc nng, cc cng dng chuyn i c lin h vi cc c tnh c bit ca
8051 / 8031 nh bng sau :
Bit
P3.0
P3.1
P3.2
P3.3
P3.4
P3.5
P3.6
P3.7

e)

Tn
RXD
TXD
INTO
INT1
TO
T1
WR
RD

Chc nng chuyn i

D liu nhn cho port ni tip
D liu pht cho port ni tip
Ngt 0 bn ngoi
Ngt 1 bn ngoi
Ng vo ca timer/counter 0
Ng vo ca timer/counter 1
Xung ghi b nh d liu ngoi
Xung c b nh d liu ngoi

Chc nng ca cc chn trn port3

PSEN (Program Store Enable ) : 8051 c 4 tn hiu iu khin

PSEN l tn hiu ra trn chn 29. N l tn hiu iu khin cho php b nh

chng trnh m rng v thng c ni n chn OE (Output Enable) ca mt
EPROM cho php c cc bytes m lnh.

13

PSEN s mc thp trong thi gian ly lnh. Cc m nh phn ca chng trnh

c c t EPROM qua bus v c cht vo thanh ghi lnh ca 8051 gii m lnh.
Khi thi hnh chng trnh trong ROM ni (8051) PSEN s mc th ng (mc cao).
f)
ALE (Address Latch Enable ) :Tn hiu ra ALE trn chn 30 tng hp vi cc
thit b lm vic vi cc x l 8585, 8088, 8086, 8051 dng ALE mt cch tng t cho
lm vic gii cc knh cc bus a ch v d liu khi port 0 c dng trong ch
chuyn i ca n : va l bus d liu va l byte thp ca a ch, ALE l tn hiu
cht a ch vo mt thanh ghi bn ngoi trong na u ca chu k b nh. Sau , cc
ng port 0 dng xut hoc nhp d liu trong na sau chu k ca b nh.
Cc xung tn hiu ALE c tc bng 1/6 ln tn s dao ng trn chip v c th
c dng l ngun xung nhp cho cc h thng. Nu xung trn 8051 l 12MHz th ALE c
tn s 2MHz. Ch ngoi tr khi thi hnh lnh MOVX, mt xung ALE s b mt. Chn ny
cng c lm ng vo cho xung lp trnh cho EPROM trong 8051.
g)
EA (External Access) :Tn hiu vo EA trn chn 31 thng c mc ln mc
cao (+5V) hoc mc thp (GND). Nu mc cao, 8051 thi hnh chng trnh t ROM
ni trong khong a ch thp (4K). Nu mc thp, chng trnh ch c thi hnh t
b nh m rng. Khi dng 8031, EA lun c ni mc thp v khng c b nh chng
trnh trn chip. Nu EA c ni mc thp b nh bn trong chng trnh 8051 s b cm
v chng trnh thi hnh t EPROM m rng. Ngi ta cn dng chn EA lm chn cp
in p 21V khi lp trnh cho EPROM trong 8051.
h)
RST (Reset) :Ng vo RST trn chn 9 l ng reset ca 8051. Khi tn hiu ny
c a ln mc cao (trong t nht 2 chu k my ), cc thanh ghi trong 8051 c ti
nhng gi tr thch hp khi ng h thng.
i)
Xtal1 & Xtal2 :Nh thy trong cc hnh trn, 8051 c mt b dao ng trn
chip. N thng c ni vi thch anh
gia hai chn 18 v 19. Cc t gia
cng cn thit nh v. Tn s thch
anh thng thng l 12MHz.
j)
Power: 8051 vn hnh vi
ngun n +5V. Vcc c ni vo chn
40 v Vss (GND) c ni vo chn
20.
Cp clock cho 8051

2. T chc b nh :
B nh bn trong bao gm ROM (8051) v RAM trn chip, RAM trn chip bao gm
nhiu phn : phn lu tr a dng, phn lu tr a ch ha tng bit, cc bank thanh ghi v
cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit.

14

Tm tt cc vng b nh ca 8051
Nh ta thy trn hnh, RAM bn 8051 c phn chia gia cc bank thanh ghi
(00H-1FH), RAM a ch ha tng bit (20H-2FH) , RAM a dng (30H--7FH) v cc thanh
ghi chc nng c bit (80H-FFH).
B nh ROM c 30 byte u tin c dnh cho bng vector ngt :
RAM trn chip bao gm vng RAM a chc nng, vng RAM vi tng bit c
nh a ch, cc dy thanh ghi (bank) v cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit.
a. Vng RAM a mc ch: C 80 byte, a ch t 30H n 7FH
Bt c v tr no trong vng RAM ta u c th truy xut t do bng cch s
dng nh a ch trc tip hoc gin tip.
b. Vng RAM nh a ch:
Chip 8951 cha 210 vi tr nh a ch in c 128 byte cha trong cc byte
a ch 20H n 2FH (16 byte x 8 = 128 bits), phn cn li cha trong cc thanh ghi
chc nng c bit.
Cng dng: + Truy xut cc bit ring r thng qua cc phn mn.
+ Cc port c th ng a ch tng bit, lm n gin vic giao tip
bng phn mn vi cc thit b xut nhp n bit.
c. Cc dy thanh ghi:
C a ch t 00H n 1FH, 32 v tr thp nht ca b nh ni cha cc dy
thanh ghi. Cc lnh ca 8951 h tr 8 thanh ghi t R0 n R7 (mc nh thuc bank 0
sau khi reset h thng)
d. Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit (SFR)
Khng phi tt c 128 a ch t 80H n FFH u c nh ngha m ch c
21 a ch c nh ngha.
Cc thanh ghi chc nng c bit bao gm:
+ PSW: c a ch l D0H
Bit
K hiu
a ch M t
PSW.7
CY
D7H
C Nh
PSW.6
AC
D6H
C nh ph

15

PSW.5
PSW.4
PSW.3

C 0
Chn dy thanh ghi 1
Chnh dy thanh ghi 0
00 = bank 0: a ch t 00F n 07H
01 = bank 1: a ch t 08F n 0FH
10 = bank 2: a ch t 00F n 07H
11 = bank 3: a ch t 00F n 07H
PSW.2
OV
D2H
C trn
PSW.1
D1H
D tr
PSW.0
P
D0H
C kim tra chn l
+ Thanh ghi B: C a ch F0H c dng chung vi thanh cha A trong cc php ton
nhn v chia.
+ Con tr Stack (SP) : l thanh ghi 8 bit a ch 81H, n cha a ch ca d liu
hin ang nh ca stack.
+ Con tr d liu DPTR:
- Dng truy xut b nh chng trnh ngoi hoc b nh d liu ngoi.
- DPTR l thanh ghi 16 bit c a ch 82H (byte thp ) v 83H (byte cao).
+ Cc thanh ghi port:
- Port 0 : a ch 80H
- Port 1 : a ch 90H
- Port 2 : a ch A0H
- Port 3 : a ch B0H
+ Cc thanh ghi nh thi:
8951 c 2 b nh thi/m dng nh khong thi gian hoc m cc s
kin.
- B nh thi 0: a ch 8AH (TL0 ) va 8CH (TH0)
- B nh thi 1: a ch 8bH (TL1 ) va 8DH (TH1)
Hot ng ca b nh thi c thit lp bi thanh ghi ch nh thi
TMOD a ch 89H v thanh ghi iu khin b nh thi TCON a ch 88H (ch
c TCON c nh a ch tng bit)
a. Thanh ghi ch nh thi TMOD:
GATE
C/T
M1
M0
GATE
C/T
M1
M0
TMOD cha hai nhm 4 bit dng thit lp ch nh thi cho b nh thi 0 v b
nh thi 1.
TMOD khng c nh a ch tng bit m c thit lp mt ln bng phn mm u
chng trnh.
Bit
7

Tn
GATE

F0
RS1
RS0

B nh thi
1

D5H
D4H
D3H

M t
-Bit iu khin cng. B nh thi 1 hot ng khi
GATE c set bng 1 v /INT1 mc cao.

C/T

- Bit chn ch m hoc nh thi. Xo bng 0 khi

m s kin (tn hiu vo t ng h h thng trong
chip), set bng 1 khi hot ng nh thi

M1

- Bit chn ch .

16

M0

- Bit chn ch .

Tng t nh vy vi 4 bit ca b nh thi 0. Vi cc ch nh thi c chn:

M1
M0
Ch
M t
0

Ch nh thi 13 bit

Ch nh thi/ b m 16 bit

Ch nh thi/ b m 8 bit t np li

Timer 0: TL0 l b nh thi/ m 8 bit iu khin.

bi cc bit chn ca Timer 0 chun. TH0 l mt b
timer 8 bit iu khin bi cc bit chn ca Timer 1.
Cn Timer 1 dng khng hot ng

b. Thanh ghi iu khin nh thi TCON:

TF1
TR1
TF0
TR0
IE1
IT1
IE0
IT0
Bit
Tn a ch bit
M t
TCON.7
TF1
8Fh
C trn ca b nh thi 1. c set bi phn cng
khi c trn, c xo bi phn mm hoc phn
cng khi b vi x l tr n trnh phc v ngt.
TCON.6

TR1

8Eh

TCON.5

TF0

8Dh

TCON.4
TCON.3

TR0
IE1

8Ch
8Bh

TCON.2

IT1

8Ah

TCON.1

IE0

89h

TCON.0

IT0

88h

Bit iu khin Timer 1. Set hoc xo bi phn cng

timer 1 hot ng hoc ngng.
C trn ca Timer 1. Set/ xo bi phn cng khi
Timer/ Counter 0 trn hoc b vi x l tr n trnh
phc v ngt.
Bit iu khin hot ng ca Timer 0.
C ngt bn ngoi 1 (kch khi cnh). Hot ng
bi phn cng.
C ngt bn ngoi 1 (kch khi cnh hoc mc).
Hot ng bi phn mm.
C ngt bn ngoi 0 (kch khi cnh). Hot ng
bi phn cng.
C ngt bn ngoi 0 (kch khi cnh hoc mc).
Hot ng bi phn mm.

+ Cc thanh ghi ca port ni tip: Chip 8951 c 1 port ni tip truyn thng vi
cc thit b nh cc thit b u cui hoc modem...
+ Cc thanh ghi ngt: c mt cu trc ngt vi 2 mc u tin v 5 nguyn nhn
ngt. Cc ngt b v hiu ho sau khi Reset h thng v c php bng cch vo
thanh ghi IE a chA8H.
Mc u tin ngt c thit lp bi thanh ghi IP a ch B8H.

17

+ Thanh ghi iu khin ngun: PCON c a ch 87H.

3. Hot ng nh thi:
L mt chui cc Flip-Flop ni tip nhau v nhn tn hiu t ngun xung nhp.
B nh thi c lp trnh sao cho s trn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v
set c trn ca b nh thi = 1.
Cc b nh thi s dng :
- nh thi trong mt khong thi gian.
- m s kin.
- To tc baud cho cc port ni tip.
Cc b nh thi c truy xut bng cch s dng 6 thanh ghi chc nng c
bit.

SFR ca b
nh thi
TCON
TMOD
TL0
TL1
TH0
TH1

Mc ch

a ch

iu khin
Chon ch
Byte thp ca b nh thi 0
Byte thp ca b nh thi 1
Byte cao ca b nh thi 0
Byte cao ca b nh thi 1

88H
89H
8AH
8BH
8CH
8DH

a ch ca Bit
C
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng
Khng

4. Hot ng ngt:
- L mt s kin, mt iu kin lm cho chng trnh hin hnh tm dng trong khi
iu kin c phc v bi mt chng trnh khc. Ngt ng vai tr quan trng
trong vic thit k, thc hin ng dng cc b vi iu khin.
- T chc ngt ca 8951:
. C 5 nguyn nhn to ra ngt: 2 ngt do bn ngoi, 2 ngt do b nh thi, mt
ngt do port ni tip.
. Khi xy ra 2 hay nhiu ngt ng thi hoc mt ngt trong khi ang thc hin
mt ngt khc th ta s c 2 s x l cc ngt: S chui vng v s mc u
tin.
Ngt c cho php v khng c cho php

Bit
IE.7
IE.6
IE.5
IE.4

K
hiu
EA
ET2
ES

a ch
bit
AFH
AEH
ADH
ACH

M t
(0= Khng cho php; 1= Cho php)
Cho php/ khng cho php ton cc
Khng s dng
Cho php ngt do b nh thi 2
Cho php ngt do port ni tip

18

IE.3
IE.2
IE.1
IE.0

ET1
EX1
ET0
EX0

ABH
AAH
A9H
A8H

Cho php ngt do b nh thi 1

Cho php ngt t bn ngoi (Ngt ngoi 1)
Cho php ngt do b nh thi 0
Cho php ngt t bn ngoi (Ngt ngoi 0 )

* u tin ngt:
Cc u tin ngt c lp trnh ring r c mt trong 2 mc u tin thng qua cc
thanh ghi chc nng c bit c nh a ch bit.
Bit
K
a ch
M t
hiu
bit
(0= Khng cho php; 1= Cho php)
IP.7
Khng s dng
IP.6
Khng s dng
IP.5
PT2
BDH
u tin ngt do b nh thi 2
IP.4
PS
BCH
u tin ngt do port ni tip
IP.3
PT1
BBH
u tin ngt do b nh thi 1
IP.2
PX1
BAH
u tin ngt t bn ngoi (Ngt ngoi 1)
IP.1
PT0
B9H
u tin ngt do b nh thi 0
IP.0
PX0
B8H
u tin ngt t bn ngoi (Ngt ngoi 0 )
X l ngt:
Cc thao tc xy ra sau khi ngt:
- Hon tt vic thc thi lnh hin hnh.
- B m chng trnh PC c hon tt.
- Trng thi ca ngt hin hnh c lu gi li.
- Cc ngt c chn li mc ngt.
- B m chng trnh PC c np a ch vct ca trnh phc v ngt ISR
- SR c thc thi.
Cc c ngt:
Ngt
C
Thanh ghi SFR v v tr bt
Do bn ngoi (ngt ngoi 0)
IE0
TCON.1
Do bn ngoi (ngt ngoi 1)
IE1
TCON.3
Do b nh thi 1
TF1
TCON.7
Do b nh thi 0
TF0
TCON.5
Do port ni tip
TI
SCON.1
Do port ni tip
RI
SCON.0
* Thanh ghi iu khin hot ng cng ni tip SCON:
SM0
SM1
SM2
REN
TB
RB8
Bit
K hiu
M t
SCON.7 SM0
Bit 0 chn ch ca port ni tip.
SCON.6 SM1
Bit 1 chn ch ca port ni tip.

19

TI

RI

SCON.5 SM2
Bit 2 chn ch ca port ni tip.
SCON.4 REN
Set/ xo bng phn mm cho php/ khng cho php thu.
SCON.3 TB8
Bit pht 8. Bit th 9 c pht cc cc ch 2 v 3;
c set hoc xo bi phn mm.
SCON.2 RB8
phn mm.

Bit pht 8. Bit th 9 nhn c c ngt pht; c xo bi

SCON.1
SCON.0

C ngt pht.
C ngt thu.

TI
RI

2.5 Khi phm n

Khi phm gm 4 phm l :Func,DEC,INC,OK.Khi bm vo phm no VXL s
gi chng trnh phc v ngt phm.Cc phm ny c dng tng v lu gi tr nhit
.
- Phm FUNC :lu gi tr cnh bo max
- Phm DEC: tng gi tr nhit t
- Phm INC: gim gi tr nhit t
- Phm OK: lu gi tr cnh bo min
Ta dng vi mach 74LS148 gii m phm.Khi n nt vi mch s pht ra 1 ngt
cho VXL bit nhn m phm vo
c im chnh ca vi mch 74LS148
-L 1 IC m ha c 8 ng vo song song.Mi ng vo s tong ng vi 1 m
nh phn li ra song song qua 3 cng A,B,C
-Cc li vo c cc chn X0-X7 l cc li vo u tin tch cc thp,chn EI l li
vo cho php tch cc thp
- Cc li ra gm c cc chn ADC l cc m ca u vo,chn EO l li ra cho
php tch cc cao,chn GS s pht ra 1 ngt khi c phm c n
EI
H
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L

X0
X
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
L

X1
X
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
H

X2
X
H
X
X
X
X
X
L
H
H

X3
X
H
X
X
X
X
L
H
H
H

X4
X
H
X
X
X
L
H
H
H
H

X5
X
H
X
X
L
H
H
H
H
H

X6
X
H
X
L
H
H
H
H
H
H

X7
X
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

GS
H
H
L
L
L
L
L
L
L
L

A
H
H
L
H
L
H
L
H
L
H

Cc u vo t X4-X7 ,ta s c cc u ra A,B,C c m tng ng l

Phm
A
B
FUNC
1
1
DEC(-)
1
0
INC(+)
0
1

20

B
H
H
L
L
H
H
L
L
H
H

C
H
H
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
C
0
0
0

EO
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H

OK

2.6 Hin th Led

S dng 1 LED 4digit hin thi nhit .
Tn hiu t P2 ca khi Vi x l c ua qua b gii m LED 7 thanh 74LS47 n
LED 7 thanh.
Nhit mi trng c o trong khong 0OC n 100OC v hin th trn LED.
2.7 RS 232
Max 232 l mch truyn tin cng nghip khi Master gi Slave th m phin truyn
tin.Vic truyn tin i xa mc in p TTL c th gy suy gim in p ,ln nhiu lm
kh phn bit c tn hiu 0 hay 1 .iu ny lm sai lch thng tin nn truyn thng i
xa phi tng mc in p
Nhng mc in p ca cc mch s TTL l khcs vi mc in p ca my tinh nn
cn c mch chun
Cng ni tip RS232 l giao din dng cho nhiu mc ch o lng iu khin v
nhiu ng dng iu khin khc.Trong PC cng ni tip thng l cc cng COM1,
COM2.Vic truyn d liu qua cng RS232 c tin hnh theo cch ni tip tc l cc
d liu truyn ni tip trn 1 ng dy ,cng RS232 d dng cho lin kt imim,gia 2 my tnh vi nhau hay gia my tnh vi ngoi vi
Cc thng s k thut :
- Tc truyn ti a l 20BAUD
- Khong cch cc i l 15m
- Mc logic 1l t -3 n -25V
- Mc logic 0l t 3 n 25V
- Tn hiu nhiu cho php 2V
Cu trc cng ni tip kiu chn
Chn
Chc nng
Vo /Ra

21

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

DCD
RxD
TxD
DTR
GND
DSR
RST
CST
RI

IN
IN
OUT
OUT
GROUND
IN
OUT
IN
IN

Cu trc 1 Frame
Bit start

Bits Data

Bit Parity

2.8 Khi ngun cung cp

Ta dng 2 ngun 5V v 9V cp cho mch

22

Bit Stop

2.9 S nguyn l tng th

+5

R9

R1 0

R1 1

R1 2

U5
+5
6
7
9
R5
RES2

INT1

R6
RE S2

A2
A1
A0

14
15

GS
EO

VCC

R4
RES2

5
4
3
2
1
13
12
11
10

EI
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

GND

7 4LS148
R2
RES2

K2

K3

K4

K1

16

+5
R1
RES2

R3
RES2

J3
NPN

J4
NPN

J5
NPN

+5

Q1 A

16

Q1 B
1

U7 A

3
4 011

1
2

2
401 1

10

11

12

GND VCC

CLK
EN
R

3
4
5
6

Q0
Q1
Q2
Q3

CL K

A3

A2

A1

452 0
J1

TA2

g
6

dp

c
4

C1 0
2 7uF

2MHz

+5

13
12
11
10
9
15
14

C9
27u F

U4
a
b
c
d
e
f
g

+5

GND

R1 4
2

7 4LS47
8

R2 1

VCC

BI/RBO
RBI
LT
A
B
C
D

16

R1 5

R1 9

Z1
1

A K

4
5
3
7
1
2
6

+5

J2

+5

K
1

A
1 L5
L ED

RST

INT 1
INT 0

13
12
15
14

R1 3
10K

31
C3
2

19
18

12

30PF
TA1
11. 0 92

C4
21

RD
WR

RST

9
17
16

EA/VP

11

1
1
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

RD
WR

IN-3

IN-4
EOC

IN-5

ADD-A
ADD-B
ADD-C

IN-6

X1
X2
RE SET

IN-2

IN-7
AL E

16
RXD
T XD
AL E /P
PSE N

10
11
30
29

RXD
TXD

re f(-)

12

re f(+)

ENABL E
ST ART
CLOCK

+9
8
7
6
5

DAU DO

AD6 20

P20
P21
P22
P23
P24
P25
P26
P27

T1
T0

IN-1

28

R1 7

21
20
19
18
8
15
14
17

INT 1
INT 0

27

m sb2 -1
2 -2
2 -3
2 -4
2 -5
2 -6
2 -7
lsb 2-8

Q4

B
R2 0

IN-0

LM 335Z
INT0

25
24
23

Q2 A

OUT

R1 8

R7

26

400 1

R8
2

U2
DAU DO

RG
RG
Vin - Vs+
Vin + OUT
Vs- Re f

+V

1
2
3
4

R1 6

GND

L EDA

39
38
37
36
35
34
33
32

WR

P00
P01
P02
P03
P04
P05
P06
P07

VCC

L4

P10
P11
P12
P13
P14
P15
P16
P17

GND

K5
B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

22
6
9
6
10

4
5
CLK

RD

Q2 B
400 1

ADC080 9
13

U1
805 1

30PF

+5

C8

1 UF
C7

V+
VVCC

R1 OUT
R2 OUT
T 1 OUT
T 2 OUT
C2 +
C2 -

12
9
14
7
4
5
MAX23 2

+ C6
1 UF

1
6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5

15

+ C5
1 UF

DB9
U8

R1 IN
R2 IN
T1 IN
T2 IN
C1 +
C1 -

GND

T XD

13
8
11
10
1
3

2
6
16

+
1 UF
RXD

T itle

Size

Nu mber

Re visio n

A2
Da te:
File:
1

III.

Phn mm
1. Lu thut ton

23

1 3-Ja n-2 00 7
D:\DA Vix uly \TrUNG\don hie tdo . d db

She et
of
Dra wn By :
8

1.1 Lu thut ton

Start

P3.3=1

Call Delay
To xung Start, ALE cho ADC
Ch ngt ngoi EX0 (ADC bin di xong)
To xung OE cho php c d liu t ADC
Ct d liu ly t ADC vo thanh Ro
Hin th nhit mi trng
Kim tra nhit cnh bo

END

1.2 phc v ngt phm

24

Call Key_sev

Key-SRV

Cm tt c cc ngt gi n VXL
Ct cc thanh ghi s dng
c m vo thanh ghi ACC

Tang muc thap

ACC=0
0

Giam muc thap

ACC=0
1

Tang muc cao

ACC=1
0

Giam muc cao

ACC=1
1

RETI

25

1.3 Lu kim tra

Gi Red_Led

T>Tma
x

Gi Blue_Led
T<Tmi
n

RETI
1.4 Lu truyn tin
SC_SRV

Cm cc ngt khc

Gi trnh phc v nhn

byte

RI=
1

Gi trnh phc v ngt

truyn

TI=
1

Cho php cc ngt

RETI

26

2. Phn mm chng trnh

# Include 89c51
Org 00h
ljmp Start
Start :
Mov SP,#6Fh
mov IE,#00h
mov PSW,#00h
Mov R6,#20h
Mov R7,#80h
Mov TMOD,#01h
mov P0,#0ffh
mov P1,#00h

;chon che do 16 bit

Delay:
Mov TL0,#00h
Mov TH0,#00h
Setb TR0
Again :
jnb TF0,Again
clr TF0
ret
Delay1:
nop
nop
nop
nop
nop
ret
Loop:

;tao xung start cho ADC

jnc P3.3,Key_sev
Lcall Delay
setb P3.6
lcall delay1
clr P3.6

BD_xong:
setb P3.7

27

;tao xung EO cho ADC

lcall delay1
clr P3.7
mov R0,P0
mov P0,#0ffh
mov A,R0
Lcall Led_show
clr P1.6
clr P1.7
lcall Canhbao
ljmp loop
Led_show :

;hien thi gia tri o thanh ghi A ra man Led

Mov R5,A
Anl A,#0fh
Clr P1.0
Clr P1.1
Setb P1.2
Mov P2,A
Mov A,R5
Swap A
Anl A,#0fh
Clr P1.0
Clr P1.2
Setb P1.1
Mov P2,A
Ret

Canhbao:
clr c
subb A,R6
jnc HT1
setb P1.6
HT1:
subb A,R7
jnc HT2
ljmp Loop
HT2:
etb P1.7
ret
Key_sev :
Push Acc
Mov A,P1
Swap A
Cjne A,#00,Kiem_tra1

28

Mov A,R6
Inc A
mov R6,A
Lcall Led_show1
ljmp ketthuc
Kiem_tra1 :
Cjne A,#01h,Ktra2
mov A,R6
Dec A
mov R6,A
lcall Led_show1
ljmp ketthuc
Ktra2 :
Cjne A,#02h,ktra3
mov A,R7
inc A
mov R7,A
lcall Led_show1
Lcall ketthuc
ktra3:
Cjne A,#03h,ketthuc
mov A,R7
dec A
mov R7,A
lcall Led_show1
Lcall ketthuc
ketthuc:
Pop Acc
Reti

; Truyen thong
Mov TMOD,#20h
Mov TH1,#0fdh
Mov SCON,#50
Setb TR1
Send:
Mov SBUF,A
Wait:
Jnb TI,Wait
Clr TI

29

Ret
End.

IV.
nh gi sai s
Sai s gp phi ca h VXL do cc sai s:
-Sai s h thng:do s hiu bit sai lch hoc khng y v h o,hay do iu
kin s dng khng tt nh:sai s do dc tnh ca cm bin,do cc i lng chun
khng ng... v do x l kt qu o
- Sai s ngu nhin:khng th xc nh do tn hiu,cc i lng nh hng
nh gi sai s
- B phn ngun c th cung cp ngun nui khng n nh gy sai s khong 1%
- Cm bin c sai s 10C di o 0-1000C nn sai s ln ti 1%
- Mch o c th do nh hng ngoi ,cc linh kin nh in tr,t,...c th gy sai
s 1%
- ADC gy sai s 1 bc lng t nn sai s l 1/28 = 0.39%
- Sai s tng l
= (12 + 22+ 32+42)1/2 =1.8%
Vy sai s ca thit b ti a l 1.8%
Nh vy sai s ca mch ch yu do phn tng t,cn phn s nh khng ng
k.Ta c th d tnh c sai s v c phng php gim sai s

30

V.
Kt lun,ti liu tham kho
Sau 12 tun nghin cu ,thit k v c s gip tn tnh ca thy Hong S
Hng chng em hon thnh cc yu cu c bn ca mn hc n Vi x l.Tuy
bi tp ca chng em cn nhiu hn ch do s nghin cu ,tm hiu v VK,linh
kin,thiu kinh nghim thc t nhng qua thc hin bi tp mn hc ny chng em
hiu hn v cu to ,hot ng v ng dng ca VK,c bit l
VK89C51.Chng em xin chn thnh cm n thy Hong S Hng v cc thy c
trong b mn gip v to iu kin thun li cho chng em.
Ti liu tham kho
-K thut VXL v lp trnh Assembly cho h VXL- Xun Tin
-H vi iu khin 8051-Nguyn Tng Cng

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