Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values*

Reference Intervals for Hematology

TEST
Acid hemolysis (Ham test)

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
No hemolysis

SI UNITS
No hemolysis

Alkaline phosphatase, leukocyte

Total score, 14-100

Total score, 14-100

4.6-6.2 million/mm3
4.2-5.4 million/mm3
4.5-5.1 million/mm3
4500-11,000/mm3

4.6-6.2 1012/L
4.2-5.4 1012/L
4.5-5.1 1012/L
4.5-11.0 109/L

0%
3%-5%
54%-62%
25%-33%
3%-7%
1%-3%
0%-1%
150,000-400,000/mm3
25,000-75,000/mm3 (0.5%-1.5% of erythrocytes)

0/L
150-400 106/L
3000-5800 106/L
1500-3000 106/L
300-500 106/L
50-250 106/L
15-50 106/L
150-400 109/L
25-75 109/L

Coagulation tests
Bleeding time (template)
Coagulation time (glass tube)
D-Dimer
Factor VIII and other coagulation factors
Fibrin split products (Thrombo-Welco test)
Fibrinogen
Partial thromboplastin time, activated (aPTT)
Prothrombin time (PT)

2.75-8.0min
5-15min
<0.5mcg/mL
50%-150% of normal
<10mcg/mL
200-400mg/dL
20-25sec
12.0-14.0sec

2.75-8.0min
5-15min
<0.5mg/L
0.5-1.5 of normal
<10mg/L
2.0-4.0g/L
20-35sec
12.0-14.0sec

Coombs test
Direct
Indirect

Negative
Negative

Negative
Negative

Corpuscular values of erythrocytes

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
(MCHC)

26-34pg/cell
80-96m3
32-36g/dL

26-34pg/cell
80-96fL
320-360g/L

Haptoglobin

20-165mg/dL

0.20-1.65g/L

Hematocrit
Males
Females
Newborns
Children (varies with age)

40-54mL/dL
37-47mL/dL
49-54mL/dL
35-49mL/dL

0.40-0.54
0.37-0.47
0.49-0.54
0.35-0.49

Cell counts
Erythrocytes
Males
Females
Children (varies with age)
Leukocytes, total
Leukocytes, differential counts*
Myelocytes
Band neutrophils
Segmented neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets
Reticulocytes

*Conventional units are percentages; SI units are absolute cell counts.

*From Rakel, R.E.; Bope, E.T. (2005). Conns current therapy 2005. Philadelphia: Elsevier.

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Hematologycontd

TEST

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Hemoglobin
Males
Females
Newborns
Children (varies with age)

13.0-18.0g/dL
12.0-16.0g/dL
16.5-19.5g/dL
11.2-16.5g/dL

8.1-11.2mmol/L
7.4-9.9mmol/L
10.2-12.1mmol/L
7.0-10.2mmol/L

Hemoglobin, fetal

<1.0% of total

<0.01 of total

Hemoglobin A1C

3%-5% of total

0.03-0.05 of total

Hemoglobin A2

1.5%-3.0% of total

0.015-0.03 of total

Hemoglobin, plasma

0.0-5.0mg/dL

0.0-3.2mol/L

Methemoglobin

30-130mg/dL

19-80mol/L

0-5mm/hr
0-15mm/hr

0-5mm/hr
0-15mm/hr

0-15mm/hr
0-20mm/hr

0-15mm/hr
0-20mm/hr

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

Wintrobe
Males
Females
Westergren
Males
Females

Reference Intervals* for Clinical Chemistry (Blood, Serum, and Plasma)

ANALYTE
Acetoacetate plus acetone
Qualitative
Quantitative

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Negative
0.3-2.0mg/dL

Negative
30-200mol/L

Acid phosphatase, serum (thymolphthalein

monophosphate substrate)

0.1-0.6 units/L

0.1-0.6 units/L

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, serum (SGPT)

1-45 units/L

1-45 units/L

Albumin, serum

3.3-5.2g/dL

33-52g/L

Aldolase, serum

0.0-7.0 units/L

0.0-7.0 units/L

Aldosterone, plasma
Standing
Recumbent

5-30ng/dL
3-10ng/dL

140-830pmol/L
80-275pmol/L

Alkaline, phosphatase (ALP), serum

Adult
Adolescent
Child

35-150 units/L
100-500 units/L
100-350 units/L

35-150 units/L
100-500 units/L
100-350 units/L

Ammonia nitrogen, plasma

10-50mol/L

10-50mol/L

Amylase, serum

25-125 units/L

25-125 units/L

Anion gap, serum calculated

8-16mEq/L

8-16mmol/L

Ascorbic acid, blood

0.4-1.5mg/dL

23-85mol/L

Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum (SGOT)

1-36 units/L

1-36 units/L

Base excess, arterial blood, calculated

0 2mEq/L

0 2mmol/L

Bicarbonate
Venous plasma
Arterial blood

23-29mEq/L
21-27mEq/L

23-29mmol/L
21-27mmol/L

Bile acids, serum

0.3-3.0mg/dL

0.8-7.6mol/L

Bilirubin, serum
Conjugated
Total

0.1-0.4mg/dL
0.3-1.1mg/dL

1.7-6.8mol/L
5.1-19.0mol/L

ACTH (see Corticotropin)

*Reference values may vary, depending on the method and sample source used.

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Clinical Chemistry (Blood, Serum, and Plasma)contd

ANALYTE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Calcium, serum

8.4-10.6mg/dL

2.10-2.65mmol/L

Calcium, ionized, serum

4.25-5.25mg/dL

1.05-1.30mmol/L

Carbon dioxide, total, serum or plasma

24-31mEq/L

24-31mmol/L

Carbon dioxide tension (PCO2), blood

35-45mm Hg

35-45mm Hg

-Carotene, serum

60-260mcg/dL

1.1-8.6mol/L

Ceruloplasmin, serum

23-44mg/dL

230-440mg/L

Chloride, serum or plasma

96-106mEq/L

96-106mmol/L

Cholesterol, serum or EDTA plasma

Desirable range
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol

<200mg/dL
60-180mg/dL
30-80mg/dL

<5.20mmol/L
1.55-4.65mmol/L
0.80-2.05mmol/L

Copper

70-140mcg/dL

11-22mol/L

Corticotropin (ACTH), plasma, 8

10-80pg/mL

2-18pmol/L

Cortisol, plasma
8:00 am
4:00 pm
10:00 pm

6-23mcg/dL
3-15mcg/dL
<50% of 8:00

170-630nmol/L
80-410nmol/L
<50% of 8:00 am value

Creatine, serum
Males
Females

0.2-0.5mg/dL
0.3-0.9mg/dL

15-40mol/L
25-70mol/L

Creatine kinase (CK), serum

Males
Females

55-170 units/L
30-135 units/L

55-170 units/L
30-135 units/L

Creatinine kinase MB isoenzyme, serum

<5% of total CK activity

<5% of ng/mL by
immunoassay

<5% of total CK activity

<5% of ng/mL by
immunoassay

Creatinine, serum

0.6-1.2mg/dL

50-110mol/L

10-65pg/mL

35-240pmol/L

30-100pg/mL
200-400pg/mL
50-140pg/mL

110-370pmol/L
730-1470pmol/L
180-510pmol/L

Ferritin, serum

20-200ng/mL

20-200mcg/L

Fibrinogen, plasma

200-400mg/dL

2.0-4.0g/L

Folate, serum
Erythrocytes

3-18ng/mL
145-540ng/mL

6.8-41nmol/L
330-120nmol/L

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), plasma

Males
Females, premenopausal
Females, postmenopausal

4-25mU/mL
4-30mU/mL
40-250mU/mL

4-25 units/L
4-30 units/L
40-250 units/L

Gastrin, fasting, serum

0-100pg/mL

0-100mg/L

Glucose, fasting, plasma or serum

70-115mg/dL

3.9-6.4nmol/L

-Glutamyltransferase (GGT), serum

5-40 units/L

5-40 units/L

Growth hormone (hGH), plasma, adult, fasting

0-6ng/mL

0-6mcg/L

Haptoglobin, serum

20-165mg/dL

0.20-1.65g/L

75-175mcg/dL

13-31mol/L

am

Estradiol-17, adult
Males
Females
Follicular
Ovulatory
Luteal

am

value

Immunoglobulins, serum (see table of Reference

Intervals for Tests of Immunologic Function)
Iron, serum

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Clinical Chemistry (Blood, Serum, and Plasma)contd

ANALYTE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Iron-binding capacity, serum

Total
Saturation

250-410mcg/dL
20%-55%

45-73mol/L
0.20-0.55

Lactate
Venous whole blood
Arterial whole blood

5.0-20.0mg/dL
5.0-15.0mg/dL

0.6-2.2mmol/L
0.6-1.7mmol/L

Lactate dehydrogenase (LD), serum

110-220 units/L

110-220 units/L

Lipase, serum

10-140 units/L

10-140 units/L

1-9 units/L

1-9 units/L

2-10 units/L
15-65 units/L
1-12 units/L
12-65 units/L

2-10 units/L
15-65 units/L
1-12 units/L
12-65 units/L

Magnesium, serum

1.3-2.1mg/dL

0.65-1.05mmol/L

Osmolality

275-295mOsm/kg water

275-295mOsm/kg water

Oxygen, blood, arterial, room air

Partial pressure (Pao2)
Saturation (Sao2)

80-100mm Hg
95%-98%

80-100mm Hg
95%-98%

pH, arterial blood

7.35-7.45

7.35-7.45

Phosphate, inorganic, serum

Adult
Child

3.0-4.5mg/dL
4.0-7.0mg/dL

1.0-1.5mmol/L
1.3-2.3mmol/L

Potassium
Serum
Plasma

3.5-5.0mEq/L
3.5-4.5mEq/L

3.5-5.0mmol/L
3.5-4.5mmol/L

0.0-0.4ng/mL

0.0-1.3mmol/L

0.1-1.5ng/mL
2.5-28.0ng/mL

0.3-4.8mmol/L
8.0-89.0mmol/L

1.0-15.0ng/mL
1.0-20.0ng/mL

1.0-15.0mcg/L
1.0-20.0mcg/L

Lutropin (LH), serum

Males
Females
Follicular phase
Midcycle peak
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal

Progesterone, serum, adult

Males
Females
Follicular phase
Luteal phase
Prolactin, serum
Males
Females
Protein, serum, electrophoresis
Total
Albumin
Globulins
1
2

6.0-8.0g/dL
3.5-5.5g/dL

60-80g/L
35-55g/L

0.2-0.4g/dL
0.5-0.9g/dL
0.6-1.1g/dL
0.7-1.7g/dL

2.0-4.0g/L
5.0-9.0g/L
6.0-11.0g/L
7.0-17.0g/L

Pyruvate, blood

0.3-0.9mg/dL

0.03-0.10mmol/L

Rheumatoid factor

0.0-30.0IU/mL

0.0-30.0kIU/L

Sodium, serum or plasma

135-145mEq/L

135-145mmol/L

Testosterone, plasma
Males, adult
Females, adult
Pregnant females

300-1200ng/dL
20-75ng/dL
40-200ng/dL

10.4-41.6nmol/L
0.7-2.6nmol/L
1.4-6.9nmol/L

Thyroglobulin

3-42ng/mL

3-42mcg/L

Thyrotropin (hTSH), serum

0.4-4.8IU/mL

0.4-4.8mlU/L

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

5-60pg/mL

5-60ng/L

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals* for Clinical Chemistry (Blood, Serum, and Plasma)contd

ANALYTE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Thyroxine (FT4), free, serum

0.9-2.1ng/dL

12-27pmol/L

Thyroxine (T4), serum

4.5-12.0mcg/mL

58-154nmol/L

Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

15.0-34.0mcg/mL

15.0-34.0mg/L

Transferrin

250-430mg/dL

2.5-4.3g/L

Triglycerides, serum, after 12-hr fast

40-150mg/dL

0.4-1.5g/L

Triiodothyronine (T3), serum

70-190ng/dL

1.1-2.9nmol/L

Triiodothyronine uptake, resin (T3RU)

25%-38%

0.25-0.38

Urate
Males
Females

2.5-8.0mg/dL
2.2-7.0mg/dL

150-480mol/L
130-420mol/L

Urea, serum or plasma

24-49mg/dL

4.0-8.2nmol/L

Urea, nitrogen, serum or plasma

11-23mg/dL

8.0-16.4nmol/L

Viscosity, serum

1.4-1.8 water

1.4-1.8 water

Vitamin A, serum

20-80mcg/dL

0.70-2.80mol/L

Vitamin B12, serum

180-900pg/mL

133-664pmol/L

*JCAHO requires IU to be spelled out as International Units when written by hand.

Reference Intervals for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Serum or Plasma)*

ANALYTE
Analgesics

THERAPEUTIC RANGE

TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS

PROPRIETARY NAME(S)

Acetaminophen

10-40mcg/mL

>150mcg/mL

Tylenol
Datril

Salicylate

100-250mcg/mL

>300mcg/mL

Aspirin
Bufferin

Amikacin

20-30mcg/mL

Peak >35mcg/mL
Trough >10mcg/mL

Amkin

Gentamicin

5-10mcg/mL

Peak >10mcg/mL
Trough >2mcg/mL

Garamycin

Tobramycin

5-10mcg/mL

Peak >10mcg/mL
Trough >2mcg/mL

Nebcin

Vancomycin

5-35mcg/mL

Peak >40mcg/mL
Trough >10mcg/mL

Vancocin

Carbamazepine

5-12mcg/mL

>15mcg/mL

Tegretol

Ethosuximide

40-100mcg/mL

>250mcg/mL

Zarontin

Phenobarbital

15-40mcg/mL

40-100ng/mL (varies widely)

Luminal

Phenytoin

10-20mcg/mL

>20mcg/mL

Dilantin

Primidone

5-12mcg/mL

>15mcg/mL

Mysoline

Valproic acid

50-100mcg/mL

>100mcg/mL

Depakene

Cyclosporine

100-300ng/mL

>400ng/mL

Sandimmune

Methotrexate, high-dose, 48hr

Variable

>1mol/L, 48hr after dose

Tacrolimus (FK-506), whole blood

3-20mcg/L

>15mcg/L

Antibiotics

Anticonvulsants

Antineoplastics and Immunosuppressives

Prograf

*Values may vary depending on the method and sample collection device used. Always consult the reference values provided by the laboratory performing the
analysis.

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (Serum or Plasma)contd

ANALYTE
Bronchodilators and Respiratory Stimulants

THERAPEUTIC RANGE

TOXIC CONCENTRATIONS

PROPRIETARY NAME(S)

Caffeine

3-15ng/mL

>30mcg/mL

Elixophyllin

Theophylline (aminophylline)

10-20mcg/mL

>30mcg/mL

Quibron

Amiodarone (obtain specimen more than

8hr after last dose)

1.0-2.0mcg/mL

>2.0mcg/mL

Cordarone

Digoxin (obtain specimen more than 6hr

after last dose)

0.8-2.0mcg/mL

>2.4ng/mL

Lanoxin

Disopyramide

2-5mcg/mL

>7mcg/mL

Norpace

Flecainide

0.2-1.0mcg/mL

>1mcg/mL

Tambocor

Lidocaine

1.5-5.0mcg/mL

>6mcg/mL

Xylocaine

Mexiletine

0.7-2.0mcg/mL

>2mcg/mL

Mexitil

Procainamide

4-10mcg/mL

>12mcg/mL

Pronestyl

Procainamide plus NAPA (N-acetyl

procainamide)

8-30mcg/mL

>30mcg/mL

Propranolol

50-100ng/mL

Variable

Inderal

Quinidine

2-5mcg/mL

>6mcg/mL

Cardioquin
Quinaglute

Tocainide

4-10ng/mL

>10ng/mL

Tonocard

Amitriptyline

120-150ng/mL

>500ng/mL

Elavil
Triavil

Bupropion

25-100ng/mL

Not applicable

Wellbutrin

Desipramine

150-300ng/mL

>500ng/mL

Norpramin

Imipramine

125-250ng/mL

>400ng/mL

Tofranil

Lithium (obtain specimen 12hr after last

dose)

0.6-1.5mEq/L

>1.5mEq/L

Lithobid

Nortriptyline

50-150ng/mL

>500ng/mL

Aventyl
Pamelor

Cardiovascular Drugs

Psychopharmacological Drugs

Reference Intervals* for Clinical Chemistry (Urine)

ANALYTE
Acetone and acetoacetate, qualitative

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
Negative

SI UNITS
Negative

Albumin
Qualitative
Quantitative

Negative
10-100mg/24hr

Negative
0.15-1.5mol/day

Aldosterone

3-20mcg/24hr

8.3-55nmol/day

-Aminolevulinic acid (-ALA)

1.3-7.0mg/24hr

10-53mol/day

Amylase

<17 units/h

<17 units/h

Amylase/creatinine clearance ratio

0.01-0.04

0.01-0.04

Bilirubin, qualitative

Negative

Negative

Calcium (regular diet)

<250mg/24hr

<6.3nmol/day

Catecholamines
Epinephine
Norepinephine
Total free catecholamines
Total metanephrines

<10mcg/24hr
<100mcg/24hr
4-126mcg/24hr
0.1-1.6mg/24hr

<55nmol/day
<590nmol/day
24-745nmol/day
0.5-8.1mol/day

*Values may vary, depending on the method used.

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Clinical Chemistry (Urine)contd

ANALYTE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Chloride (varies with intake)

110-250mEq/24hr

110-250mmol/day

Copper

0-50mcg/24hr

0.0-0.80mol/day

Cortisol, free

10-100mcg/24hr

27.6-276nmol/day

Creatine
Males
Females

0-40mg/24hr
0-80mg/24hr

0.0-0.30mmol/day
0.0-0.60mmol/day

Creatinine

15-25mg/kg/24hr

0.13-0.22mmol/kg/day

Creatinine clearance (endogenous)

Males
Females

110-150mL/min/1.73m2
105-132mL/min/1.73m2

110-150mL/min/1.73m2
105-132mL/min/1.73m2

Cystine or cysteine

Negative

Negative

Dehydroepiandrosterone
Males
Females

0.2-2.0mg/24h
0.2-1.8mg/24h

0.7-6.9mol/day
0.7-6.2mol/day

Estrogens, total
Males
Females

4-25mcg/24hr
5-100mcg/24hr

14-90nmol/day
18-360nmol/day

Glucose (as reducing substance)

<250mg/24hr

<250mg/day

Hemoglobin and myoglobin, qualitative

Negative

Negative

Hemogentisic acid, qualitative

Negative

Negative

17-Hydroxycorticosteroids
Males
Females

3-9mg/24hr
2-8mg/24hr

8.3-25mol/day
5.5-22mol/day

5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid
Qualitative
Quantitative

Negative
2-6mg/24hr

Negative
10-31mol/day

17-Ketogenic steroids
Males
Females

5-23mg/24hr
3-15mg/24hr

17-80mol/day
10-52mol/day

17-Ketosteroids
Males
Females

8-22mg/24hr
6-15mg/24hr

28-76mol/day
21-52mol/day

Magnesium

6-10mEq/24hr

3-5mmol/day

Metanephrines

0.05-1.2ng/mg creatinine

0.03-0.70mmol/mmol creatinine

Osmolality

38-1400mOsm/kg water

38-1400mOsm/kg water

pH

4.6-8.0

4.6-8.0

Phenylpyruvic acid, Qualitative

Negative

Negative

Phosphate

0.4-1.3g/24hr

13-42mmol/day

Porphobilinogen
Qualitative
Quantitative

Negative
<2mg/24hr

Negative
<9mol/day

Porphyrins
Coproporphyrin
Uroporphyrin

50-250mcg/24hr
10-30mcg/24hr

77-380nmol/day
12-36nmol/day

Potassium

25-125mEq/24hr

25-125mmol/day

0.0-1.9mg/24hr

0.0-6.0mol/day

0.0-2.6mg/24hr
2.6-10.6mg/24hr
0.2-1.0mg/24hr

0.0-8.0mol/day
8-33mol/day
0.6-3.1mol/day

Pregnanediol
Males
Females
Proliferative phase
Luteal phase
Postmenopausal

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Clinical Chemistry (Urine)contd

ANALYTE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

Pregnanetriol

0.0-2.5mg/24hr

0.0-7.4mol/day

Protein, total
Qualitative
Quantitative
Protein/creatinine ratio

Negative
10-150mg/24hr
<0.2

Negative
10-150mg/day
<0.2

Sodium (regular diet)

60-260mEq/24hr

60-260mmol/day

Specific gravity
Random specimen
24-hr collection

1.003-1.030
1.015-1.025

1.003-1.030
1.015-1.025

Urate (regular diet)

250-750mg/24hr

1.5-4.4mmol/day

Urobilinogen

0.5-4.0mg/24hr

0.6-6.8mol/day

Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)

1.0-8.0mg/24hr

5-40mol/day

Reference Intervals for Toxic Substances

ANALYTE
Arsenic, urine

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
<130mcg/24hr

SI UNITS
<1.7mol/day

Bromides, serum, inorganic

Toxic symptoms

<100mg/dL
140-1000mg/dL

<10mmol/L
14-100mmol/L

Carboxyhemoglobin, blood
Urban environment
Smokers
Symptoms
Headache
Nausea and vomiting
Potentially lethal

Saturation, percent
<5%
<12%

<0.05
<0.12

>15%
>25%
>50%

>0.15
>0.25
>0.50

Ethanol, blood
Intoxication

<1.0mmol/L
>22mmol/L

Coma

<0.05mg/dL<0.005%
>100mg/dL
>0.1%
300-400mg/dL
0.3%-0.4%
400-500mg/dL
0.4%-0.5%
>500mg/dL
>0.5%

Lead, blood
Adults
Children

<20mcg/dL
<10mcg/dL

<1.0mol/L
<0.5mol/L

Lead, urine

<80mcg/24hr

<0.4mol/day

Mercury, urine

<10mcg/24hr

<150nmol/day

Marked intoxication
Alcoholic stupor

65-87mmol/L
87-109mmol/L
>109mmol/L

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Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Reference Intervals for Tests Performed on Cerebrospinal Fluid

TEST
Cells

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
<5mm3; all mononuclear

SI UNITS
<5 106/L, all mononuclear

Protein electrophoresis

Albumin predominant

Albumin predominant

Glucose

50-75mg/dL (20mg/dL less than

in serum)

2.8-4.2mmol/L (1.1mmol/L less than

in serum)

<8% of total protein

<14% of total protein

<0.08 of total protein

<0.14 of total protein

CSF serum IgG ratio

CSF serum albumin ratio

0.3-0.6

0.3-0.6

Oligoclonal banding on electrophoresis

Absent

Absent

Pressure, opening

70-180mm H2O

70-180mm H2O

Protein, total

15-45mg/dL

150-450mg/L

IgG
Children 14yr
Adults
IgG index

Reference Intervals for Tests of Gastrointestinal Function

TEST
Bentiromide

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
6-hr urinary arylamine excretion >57% excludes pancreatic insufficiency

-Carotene, serum

60-250ng/dL

Fecal fat estimation

Qualitative
Quantitative

No fat globules seen by high-power microscope

<6g/24hr (>95% coefficient of fat absorption)

Gastric acid output

Basal
Males
Females
Maximum (after histamine or pentagastrin)
Males
Females
Ratio: basal/maximum
Males
Females

0.0-10.5mmol/hr
0.0-5.6mmol/hr
9.0-48.0mmol/hr
6.0-31.0mmol/hr
0.0-0.31
0.0-0.29

Secretion test, pancreatic fluid

Volume
Bicarbonate

>1.8mL/kg/hr
>80mEq/L

d-Xylose

>20% of ingested dose excreted in 5hr

absorption test, urine

Reference Intervals for Tests of Immunologic Function

TEST
Complement, serum
C3
C4
Total hemolytic (CH50)
Immunoglobulins, serum, adult
IgG
IgA
IgM
IgD
IgE

CONVENTIONAL UNITS

SI UNITS

85-175mg/dL
15-45mg/dL
150-250 units/mL

0.85-1.75g/L
150-450mg/L
150-250 units/mL

640-1350mg/dL
70-310mg/dL
90-350mg/dL
0.0-6.0mg/dL
0.0-430ng/dL

6.4-13.5g/L
0.70-3.1g/L
0.90-3.5g/L
0.0-60mg/L
0.0-430mcg/L

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10

Appendix: Laboratory Reference Values

Lymphocytes Subsets, Whole Blood, Heparinized

ANTIGEN(S) EXPRESSED
CD3

CELL TYPE
Total T cells

PERCENTAGE (%)
56-77

ABSOLUTE CELL COUNT

860-1880

CD19

Total B cells

7-17

140-370

CD3 and CD4

Helper-inducer cells

32-54

550-1190

CD3 and CD8

Suppressor-cytotoxic cells

24-37

430-1060

CD3 and DR

Activated T cells

5-14

70-310

CD2

E rosette T cells

73-87

1040-2160

CD16 and CD56

Natural killer (NK) cells

8-22

130-500

Helper/suppressor ratio: 0.8-1.8

Reference Values for Semen Analysis

TEST
Volume

CONVENTIONAL UNITS
2-5mL

SI UNITS
2-5mL

Liquefaction

Complete in 15min

Complete in 15min

pH

7.2-8.0

7.2-8.0

Leukocytes

Occasional or absent

Occasional or absent

Spermatozoa
Count
Motility
Morphology

60-150 106mL
>80% motile
80%-90% normal forms

60-150 106mL
>0.80 motile
>0.80-0.90 normal forms

Fructose

>150mg/dL

>8.33mmol/L

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