Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering
Traffic
Traffic Engineering
Engineering
Typical Traffic Distribution
on a Cellular System
100%
90%
SUN
80%
Efficiency %
80%
41
MON
70%
60%
TUE
50%
WED
40%
THU
30%
Capacity,
Erlangs
FRI
20%
SAT
10%
0%
# Trunks
50
Hour
August, 1998
6-1
August, 1998
6-2
PSTN
Office
Cell
DMS-MTX
6-3
6-4
6-5
So
rr
y!
One Erlang
We must not plan to keep trunks busy all the time. There must be
a reserve to accommodate new talkers! How much reserve? next!
August, 1998
6-6
Servers
Queue
User population
Queues we face in
everyday life
1) for telephone calls
2) at the bank
3) at the gas station
4) at the airline counter
August, 1998
6-7
PSTN or other
Wireless user
Carried
Traffic
MTXBSC
BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS
Offered
Traffic
August, 1998
6-8
Cell
August, 1998
6-9
Number of Trunks
vs. Utilization Efficiency
Imagine a cell site with just one voice channel. At a P.02
Grade of Service, how much traffic could it carry?
The trunk can only be used 2% of the time, otherwise the
blocking will be worse than 2%.
98% availability forces 98% idleness. It can only carry
.02 Erlangs. Efficiency 2%!
Adding just one trunk relieves things greatly.
Now we can use trunk 1 heavily, with trunk 2
handling the overflow. Efficiency rises to 11%
0.02 2%
0.22 11%
50
# Trunks
6 - 10
Number of Trunks,
Capacity, and Utilization Efficiency
Utilization
Efficiency
Percent
10
August, 1998
20
30
Trunks
40
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Capacity,
Erlangs
6 - 11
E
0.0001 0.002
0.02
0.2
1
2
2.935
Number of
available
circuits
Capacity
in Erlangs
300
A = f (E,n)
August, 1998
6 - 12
0.0204
0.223
0.602
1.09
1.66
2.28
2.94
3.63
4.34
5.08
5.84
6.61
7.4
8.2
9.01
9.83
10.7
11.5
12.3
13.2
14
14.9
15.8
16.6
17.5
#Trunks Erlangs
26
18.4
27
19.3
28
20.2
29
21
30
21.9
31
22.8
32
23.7
33
24.6
34
25.5
35
26.4
36
27.3
37
28.3
38
29.2
39
30.1
40
31
41
31.9
42
32.8
43
33.8
44
34.7
45
35.6
46
36.5
47
37.5
48
38.4
49
39.3
50
40.3
August, 1998
#Trunks Erlangs
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
41.2
42.1
43.1
44
44.9
45.9
46.8
47.8
48.7
49.6
50.6
51.5
52.5
53.4
54.4
55.3
56.3
57.2
58.2
59.1
60.1
61
62
62.9
63.9
#Trunks Erlangs
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
64.9
65.8
66.8
67.7
68.7
69.6
70.6
71.6
72.5
73.5
74.5
75.4
76.4
77.3
78.3
79.3
80.2
81.2
82.2
83.1
84.1
85.1
86
87
88
#Trunks Erlangs
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
#Trunks Erlangs
88
89.9
91.9
93.8
95.7
97.7
99.6
101.6
103.5
105.5
107.4
109.4
111.3
113.3
115.2
117.2
119.1
121.1
123.1
125
127
128.9
130.9
132.9
134.8
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
136.8
138.8
140.7
142.7
144.7
146.6
148.6
150.6
152.6
154.5
156.5
158.5
160.4
162.4
164.4
166.4
168.3
170.3
172.4
174.3
176.3
178.2
180.2
182.2
184.2
#Trunks Erlangs
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
186.2
188.1
190.1
192.1
194.1
196.1
198.1
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
213.9
215.9
217.9
219.9
221.9
223.9
225.9
227.9
229.9
231.8
233.8
#Trunks Erlangs
250
300
350
400
450
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
235.8
285.7
335.7
385.9
436.1
486.4
587.2
688.2
789.3
890.6
999.1
1093
6 - 13
Pn(A) =
max # of
trunks
An
n!
n
1 + A + ... + A
1!
n!
A = Traffic (Erlangs)
n = Number of Trunks
August, 1998
Number
of
Trunks
Offered
Traffic,
A
Offered Traffic
lost due to
blocking
average
# of busy
channels
time
6 - 14
SUN
80%
MON
70%
60%
TUE
50%
WED
40%
THU
30%
FRI
20%
SAT
10%
0%
Hour
6 - 15
Busy-Hour
In telephony, it is customary to collect and analyze traffic in hourly
blocks, and to track trends over months, quarters, and years
When making decisions about number of trunks required, we
plan the trunks needed to support the busiest hour of a normal
day
Special events (disasters, one-of-a-kind traffic tie-ups, etc.)
are not considered in the analysis (unless a marketingsponsored event)
Which Hour should be used as the Busy-Hour?
Some planners choose one specific hour and use it every day
Some planners choose the busiest hour of each individual day
(floating busy hour)
Most common preference is to use floating (bouncing) busy
hour determined individually for the total system and for each
cell, but to exclude special events and disasters
In the example just presented, 4 PM was the busy hour every
day
August, 1998
6 - 16
Existing System
Traffic In Erlangs
8
11
7
10
7
6 11
16
19
8 7
16
7
6
3
9
9
5
2
5
7
August, 1998
6 - 17
Traffic Clues
27 mE/Sub in BH
103,550 Subscribers
1,239,171 Market Population
adding 4,350 subs/month
Population Density
new
Shopping Center
Vehicular Traffic
920
Land Use
Databases
5110
22,100
4215
3620
August, 1998
1230
6620
Subscriber Profiles:
Busy Hour Usage, Call Attempts, etc.
Market Penetration:
# Subscribers/Market Population
use Sales forecasts, usage forecasts
Population Density
Geographic Distribution
Construction Activity
Vehicular Traffic Data
Vehicle counts on roads
Calculations of density on major
roadways from knowledge of vehicle
movement, spacing, market
penetration
Land Use Database: Area Profiles
Aerial Photographs: Count Vehicles!
6 - 18
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 feet
0 MPH
10 MPH
20 MPH
30 MPH
40 MPH
50 MPH
August, 1998
6 - 19
Traffic
Density
3.5%
27mE
Land Use
Cell Grid
August, 1998
6 - 20
25 mE
1.667
150 sec. (41.7 mE)
87 %
70 %
15 %
15 %
13 %
15 %
10 %
75 %
0.87
August, 1998
6 - 21
August, 1998
6 - 22
Dimensioning
System Administrative Functions
System administrative functions also require traffic engineering input. While
these functions are not necessarily performed by the RF engineer, they
require RF awareness and understanding.
Paging
The paging channel has a definite capacity which must not be
exceeded. When occupancy approaches this limit, the system must
be divided into zones, and zone paging implemented.
Impact of Short Message Service (and others) must be considered
Autonomous Registration
Autonomous registration involves numerous parameters and the
registration attempts must be monitored and controlled to avoid
overloading.
August, 1998
6 - 23
End of Section
August, 1998
6 - 24