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2 1999.22
3
Tenney Frank, Roman Imperialism, New York; 1929.pp130ff.(hereafter Frank 1929).
4 .
5
VI, 51-53: tu regere imperio populos, Romane, memento
(hae tibi erunt artes), pacisque imponere morem,
parcere subiectis et debellare superbos.

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Lapis niger
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)(Annales I,1:Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere ) (rex
rex Sacrorum Boak &Sinnigen 1965,p43 .
11
Eutropius I, 1-20; Flor.I,1.

Res publica
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Aequi Volsci .

Spurius
Cassius Foedus Cassium
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Foedus
aequum .
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Livy.I, 57-60.
Cicero, De Rep.II, 52.
14
Flor. I,4.
15
Dionysius, .Hal., 95,6.1-3.
13

16 ius civile :
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Canuleia 445 .
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Diod., XIV,16,43,102; Frank 1929, pp 20-21.


Frank1929,pp22-23.
22
.1983 Boak &Sinnigen 1965,p51; 118-117
23
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MacKendrick 1976,p 87ff .

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Sidicine
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27 1982 .89
28

MacKendrick 1976, p88.


Frank 1929 p46.
30
Livy,VIII,23.9.
31
Livy,VIII,1-5; Kagan 1986, pp60-62.
29

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Tusculum Aricia Lanuvium
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34 1974 .145

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Livy VIII,11-14 ; Kagan 1986, pp 65-67; Frank 1929,p 34 ff.
36 1982 .118

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Fauces Caudinae

Capua . Beneventum

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Frank 1929, p46.


Livy, IX,2-6; Salmon 1922, p12ff; Frank 1929, p48ff; Oxf.Class.Dic.s.v. Caudine Forks.

- - .
LIBER DE VIRIS ILLUSTRIBVS URBIS ROMAE (Electronic Source), 30-31.

37
38

.
Sentinum

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Flaminius

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39

Didorus XIX,10; Frank p 49.


40 232 .

Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv.Flaminius (1).
41
Frank 1929, pp 115-116.
42
Walbank JRS1963, p 6.
43
Frank 1929, p51ff.


-
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-

. Tarentum

Venusia .


Thurii
) (
.

Lucani
.

Lucri Rhegium .

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Pyrrhus Epirus


) (-
Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv. Tarentum.

44

45 1983 .133-132
46

Oxf. Class.Dic., sv., Thurii.


1974 152 ;Frank 1929,p61 ff
48 ) (I, 6.5 .
49 : - ) (30 - 2002
.258-213
50 1983.133

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Phalanx

Heraclea

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51 1979.41
52 1974 Appian,Rom.His III,frag.,10; Lewis&Reinhold,pp86-871.155-154
53
Poly. III,25,1-2.
54
Flor.I, 13.
55
Frank CAH1928, pp 658-662.

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Otranto -
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56

Eutropius II, 15: C. Fabio Licinio C. Claudio Canina consulibus anno urbis conditae
quadringentesimo sexagesimo primo legati Alexandrini a Ptolomaeo missi Romam venere et a
Romanis amicitiam, quam petierant, obtinuerunt.; Dionysius Hall., Ant.Rom XX,14.1-2; Dio Cass., X.
1993 41; Neatby, TAPA 1950,pp 92-97;3
57 1965 .129-128
58 1982 .126

:
.


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59

NH, XXXIV.32.
60 ) (Ann.XIV,21.
. Frank 1929,pp64-65.

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Greenidge 1901, pp289-310; Badian 1958,pp 15-24;Kagan 1986, pp69-92.

61

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Pax Romana .
- -
.

-
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.
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- -
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.
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.

.
Scullard 1961, p130ff=Kagan 1986, pp88-89.
63 1983 .144-143
64 1974.157
65 1983.144

62

.

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.

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Appius Claudius Caecus

Via Appia .
.

. Pax Deoum


.
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66 312 307 296 . 295




Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv., Claudius Caecus.
67
LIBER DE VIRIS ILLUSTRIBVS URBIS ROMAE 34:1 Appius Claudius Caecus in censura
libertinos quoque in senatum legit. Epulandi cantandique ius tibicinibus in publico ademit. 2 [Duae
familiae ad Herculis sacra sunt destinatae, Potitiorum et Pinariorum.] Potitios Herculis sacerdotes
pretio corrupit, ut sacra Herculea servos publicos edocerent: unde caecatus est, gens Potitiorum
funditus periit. 3 Ne consulatus cum plebeiis communicaretur, acerrime restitit. 4 Ne Fabius solus ad
bellum mitteretur, contradixit. 5 Sabinos, Samnitas, Etruscos bello domuit. 6 Viam usque Brundisium
lapide stravit, unde illa Appia dicitur. 7 Aquam Anienem in urbem induxit. 8 Censuram solus omnium
quinquennio obtinuit. 9 Cum de pace Pyrrhi ageretur et gratia potentum per legatum Cineam pretio
quaereretur, senex et caecus lectica in senatum latus turpissimas condiciones magnifica oratione
1982discussit; Boak&Sinnigen1965,pp83f; 109
68 1999 . 94& 4121


. pietas

.
.




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.


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69 1974.83
70 1988 ..36
71 1983.145

Greenidge 1901, p290=Kagan 1986,p70.

72

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( Narnia . .
Via Flaminia
.
Frank

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( Fregellae
Via Latina
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( ) Alba Fucentia(
Kagan 1986, p 90.

73

74 1982 .120-119
75

Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv.,Narnia; Frank 1929,,p58,no 17


Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv., Fregellae.
77
Frank 1929,p54; Dion. Hal. Ant. Rom. XVII, 5.
76

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78 1983 .147-146
79 1999.21
801983 .146

81

Strabo, 6. 283
Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv., via Appia
83
Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv.,Flaminius (1)& Via Flamina.
82

.
(C

. :

) ( MacKendrick1976

.
tribunus militum
. tribunus celerum

) centuriae

.
.

.

84 1979 .52-51
85 1983 .146

.
- Servius Tullius
-


.

.

- - centuria -
. .


. Fabrum
Cornicium Tupicinum

Proletarii .

.Comitia centuriata
.
legio

.
Imperium militare
.
.Extra pomerium

.Imperator

86 1983.159
87
. 1979.52
88 1982 .81-80 1983.52
89 1979 95 1982.107


.
: hastati

principes .triarii

.


. manipuli

. .



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.


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Camillus
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Stipendium

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90 1982.82
91 1983 .55-54
92 1982 . 82-80

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93 1997 74 1983.159
94 1983.40
95 1983 .128-127
96 1983 41 1982. 126

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.


.

250
275

280
300
338

350

360
396

400
450
505

509

500
550

- - .

.Fetials

Dobson 1993, pp 113ff.

97

98 .148-
99 Fetials fari . 32
.
Res Gestae 7: Pontifex maximus, augur, XV virum sacris faciundis, VII virum epulonum, frater arvalis,
sodalis Titius, fetialis fui; Frank,p12,no 20

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1974 ..205
Res Gestae 26: nulli genti bello per iniuriam inlato
.
100
Cicero,De Legibus II,9,22; Oxf.Class.Dic.,sv. fetials; Lewis & Reinhold 1990, p501;Frank 1929, p8.
101
Frank 1929, p9.
102 1965
103
Livy I,32.7: Si ego iniuste impieque illos homines illasque res dedier mihi exposco, tum patriae
compotem me nunquam siris esse..
104
Livy I,32.7: Audi, Iuppiter, et tu, Iane Quirine, dique omnes caelestes, vosque terrestres vosque
inferni, audite; ego vos testor populum illum"quicumque est, nominat"iniustum esse neque ius
persoluere; sed de istis rebus in patria maiores natu consulemus, quo pacto ius nostrum adipiscamur.


) : (
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. .

-:
.

Ius belli .


.
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105

Dion Hall. Roman Antiq II,LXXII,4, Lewis& Reinhold 1990, p144.


Livy I,24.8-9: si prior defexit publico consilio dolo malo, tum tu ille Diespiter populum Romanum
sic ferito ut ego hunc porcum hic hodie feriam; tantoque magis ferito quanto magis potes pollesque.
107
Frank 1929,p9.
108
Dion Hall,Roman Anti II,LXXII,5, Lewis & Reinhold1990, p144 f.
109
De Rep. III, 23, 35: Nullum bellum suscipi a civitate optima nisi aut pro salute.
110
De Rep. III, 23,35: illa iniusta bella sunt,quae sunt sine causa suscepto, nam extra ulcescendi aut
propulsandorum hostium causam bellum geri iustum nullum potest.
111
Cicero III, 23, 35: Noster autem populus sociis defendendis terram iam omnium potitus est.
106


- .

Iusta ac pia bella

.
. "

- ) - (
.
. mos maiorum
.


. bellum iustum
.


.


. - -

- .


.
"
Cicero,Duties I ,9.35. Liwis&Reinhold 1990, p 499
Livy XLII,47
114 1965 .-

. Frank 1929,p9

112
113

115

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.

Messana
.

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.

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Regina marium
.

.




. - -

- -
.
116 . Dio
Frank p88-89.Cass., XI. 43,1
117 .125
118
Boak&Sinnigen 1965,p104.
119
PolyIII,21-4.


.
-

:



.


.
Appius Claudius Caudex


.

.
- -

)
( Aegates .
.

) (
.

120

Ennius,Ed.Vah.223:Appius indixit Karthaginiensibus bellum.;Livy,XXXI,1: App.Claudium


;consulem qui primum bellum Carthaginiensibus intulit ;Oxf.Class.Dic., Claudius Caudex, Appius
Boak&Sinnigen 1965,p105; Frank; p 91ff.
121
1983Poly.,Histories I.LXII.3-4; Flor. I,18; 260


- -
.


. :
:
.

.

- -.-

: .


.

122
Cicero, ad Varro,III.12-14
123 1982 .141
124 .
125
Frank 1929, pp90ff

.
- -
.


-
- .

.


. .


) (

126

Poly., III,22-26; Beaumont JRS 1939,pp74-86


127 282.Poly. I,7 :
128 mare clausum .Frank 1929,pp 90-91 :
129
Poly I, 79,1-3.
130
Poly I, 79,1-3 & III.28;Frank 113,ff

. - -
- -

.
. -
-
.


.
- -

.

.



Ebro .
. -

Livy., XXI..5-7; also see Dio Cassius VIII,21-22


Aeneid IV,249-298.

131
132

133 1982 .142


134 ) (Poly II,13.7 )(Livy XXI,2.7

.
135 .


.

.
.


.
.


.

.
.

Flor.I,21.
. - Flor.I,20; -
138 Liv.,XXI,2,7&Appian.,the Spanish wars VI,7.
226
Frank 1929,p123

136
137

. .

) (-


.

.


.
.


) (
.

:



.
.



. .


Appian, The Spanish wars, VI. 6-13; Kagan 1986, pp112-114.
140 1988 .200

139


Trebia
.

Trasimene
.

.

.


.
.
- . -

Quintus Fabius Maximus




.


.
Fabian tactics

Cunctator


.
Ennius .


Aemilius Paulus
141 1983 . 275-273
142 1997 .137
Ennius IX, 307: Unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem.

143

. Caius Terentius Varro



Cannae .



Aufidus
.
.

.

.

.
Pax deorum
- - .


)
(

. -
.


- -


.
.
Eutrop., III,10.
Livy XXV,12.5&22.44.& Poly,III,113.
146 1982 150.

144
145


.
:
.

Puplius Cornilius Scipio


.
.

-

.

.

.
.
.



.
.
- Zama -


Africanus

.


.

.
1471979 . 76


.
-
- .

- -
"
."delenda est Carthago
.
.
.

. - -

.
.
.

-:

.
.


.

-

.

.
Poly IX,10.9;Walbank JRS1963,p6.
Poly XV, 10.2; Walbank JRS1963, p9.

148
149

. .



.Bellum Iustum
) (

-
-
- -

.
- Ebero
- .

.

Hallward -
: :

150 1983 282.
151

Kagan 1986,pp 116-117


152
CAH VIII 1930, pp25-32(= Kagan 1986, pp119-123).

Massilia -


.

.


.

.
.



.
- -

: .

.




...


.

153 1982 159.


)Hallward CAH VIII 1930, p 25 (=Kagan 1986,p 119

154


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Dio Cassius,
VIII,21-22
X. 41
XI. 43
Diodorus Siculus; Koinai
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XIV,16,43,102
XIX,10
Dionysius Halicarnassius,
Antiquitates Romanae
VC,6.1-3
XX,14.1-2
II,LXXII,4
II,LXXII,5
Ennius, Ed.Vah.223
Fragmenta IX, 307
Eutropius, Breviarium ab urbe
Condita I, 1-20; II, 15; III,10


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.1979
.. 314
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1974 )
( .1974
1988 .1988
1993
.1993
1965


.1965
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133. .1997
1982

1982
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1983
1983
1999

1999
.
-

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