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13 + 23 + 33 + 4 3 +... + n 3 = (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... + n )2
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8
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8
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8
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(   (
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II p0 : . B=j 6 4# 8 6 E B

u n = 3 2n :
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u n +1 = 3 2n +1 :
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u n = 3 2n 
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u n +1 = 2u n 3 = 2(3 2n ) 3 = 6 2 2n 3 = 3 2n +1 : B

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 9 n+1 1 = 9 9 n 1 : &#-

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 5 R n
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 5 R n
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9 n + 1 = 8k ^I k PI
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 9 0 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2 : &#--0 H# , 2 8 7R:
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 4
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RI (#

: 1 RI (#

sn = 12 + 2 2 + 32 + ... + n 2 : n -0 5 B0C -:  (  r=
. sn
,- sn +1 t > s 4 s 3 s 2 s 1 t4
. sn = 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) : n* ( n  (  =@ ( 
6

: I

s1 =12 = 1 : s 1 4
s 2 =12 + 2 2 = 5 : s 2 4
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s 4 =12 + 2 2 + 32 + 4 2 = 30 : s 4 4
: sn
,- sn +1

sn +1 = 12 + 2 2 + 32 + ... + n 2 + (n + 1)2 = sn + (n + 1)2
sn +1 = sn + (n + 1)2 :
sn = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) :E n* ( n   =@ ( 
sn = 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
F pn B4=
6

: p1
I ( GHI

1 1(1+1)(21+1) = 1 23 =1
 B=j 6 s1 = 1  8 6
6
6

II p1 : . B=j 6 4# 8 6 E B

sn = 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
6

:
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sn +1 = 1 (n + 1)(n + 2)(2n + 3) :
II pn + 1 =(

6
: &#-
sn+1 = 1 + 2 + 32 + ... + n2 + (n + 1)2 = sn + (n + 1)2

= 1 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) +(n + 1)2 = 1 (n + 1)[n(2n + 1) + 6(n + 1)]

6
6

= 1 (n + 1) 2n 2 + 7n + 6 = 1 (n + 1)[(n + 2)(2n + 3)]

6
6
2

-8-


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sn = 16 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) E n* ( n

 (  :

: 2 RI (#
. 2 n n + 1 E n ( n  (  =@ ( 

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2 n n + 1
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II p0 : .
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n
2n+1 n + 2 : pn + 1
I ( =2 n + 1 : pn
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n
2 n + 2 n (n + 1) + 2n : @& 2 n + 1 : &#- 
Y (
2 n +1 (n + 1) + 2 n : @& 2 2 n (n + 1) + 2 n :
2 n 1 2 n 2 0 B n 0 E n n 
b&4= 2 n 1
Z0 2 n +1 (n + 1) + 2 n
Z0(

II pn + 1 : @& 2n+1 n + 2 : 2 n +1 (n + 1) + 1
. 2 n n + 1 E n ( n  (  :

: 3 RI (#
: BR# 
0
 -I ( u n )
 0=
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 E n ( n  (  =@ ( 
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( u n +1 u n n ( n  ) (  v# ( -#u ( u n )
 ) : '
u n +1 u n n ( n  =( =@ (  B\# -#u ( u n ) R
un +1 un
F pn B4=
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u1= 1 + u 0 = 1 + 1 = 2 : &#-
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II p0 : .
HHI B

2 1 : u1 u 0 : &#- n = 0 (

un +1 un :
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u n + 2 u n +1 :
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B0 ' 2
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 ( u n )
 -  #0[ ( 0 ; + [ 2 7R:  -#u
u n + 2 u n +1 : un +1 + 1 u n + 1 : b&4=

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 B n B0C -: 
(  II pn :
   xH& w0 -:Z 0. : 4 RI (#
u 0 = 2 : BR# 
0
#-:
 ( u n )
u +2
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2un + 1
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u n 1
F pn B4= : I
: p0
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II p0 : .
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u n +1 1 : pn + 1
I ( =u n 1 :
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: xH& w0 -:H '
( u n = 1 E u n +1 = 1 ) v# ( u n +1 1 E u n 1 ) 
u n +1 1 E u n 1 : @= =( - B
u n = 1 E u n +1 = 1 : @= =( B\#
u +2
u n = 1 : @& u n +2 = 2un +1 : E n
= 1 : u n +1 = 1 : 
2un + 1

II pn + 1 : @&
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: 5 RI (#
- 10 -

u 0 = 1 : BR# 
0
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n ( n  (  u n +1 = 2 + u n
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: p0
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II p0 : .
HHI B 0 1 2 : 0 u 0 2 : &#-
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0 u n +1 2 :
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2 2 + u n 4 : 2 + 0 2 + u n 2 + 2 : @& 0 u n 2 : &#-
E [0 ; + [ 2 7R:  -#u B0 ' 2
- 
0 u n +1 2 : 0 2 + u n 2 : @& 0 2 2 + u n 4

II pn + 1 : @&

. 0 u n 2 E n B0C -:  (  :

[ -I ( un )
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a 
: 6 RI (#
u 0 = 2 : BR# 
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1 u n 2
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: p0
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II p0 : .
HHI B 1 2 2 : 1 u 0 2 : &#-
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1 u n +1 2 :
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2 1 + u n 3 : 1 + 1 1 + u n 1 + 2 : @& 1 u n 2 : &#-

- 11 -

1
1 1 E r* 7R: 
nZ& RH
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1+ 1+
1 + 1 : -2= 1 -0
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3
1 + un
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1 u n +1 2 : 1 u n +1 2 : @&
3
2

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. 1 u n 2 E n B0C -:  (  :

. 7 -0R :r 2

n+2

+3

2 n +1

: 7 RI (#
E n ( n ]  =@ ( 

: I

7 -0R :r 2

n+2

+3

2 n +1

F pn B4=
: p0
I ( GHI

II p0 : . 7 -0R :r 7 20 + 2 + 32 0 + 1 =22 + 31 = 7 : &#-

7 -0R :r 2 n + 2 + 32n +1 :
II pn =\

7 -0R :r 2 (n +1)+ 2 + 32(n +1)+1 :

II pn + 1 =(

2 (n +1)+ 2 + 3 2 (n +1)+1 = 2 n +1+ 2 + 3 2 n + 2 +1 = 2 (n + 2 )+1 + 3(2 n +1)+ 2: &#-

= 21 2 n + 2 + 3 2 3 2 n +1
= 2 2 n + 2 + (2 + 7 ) 32 n +1
= 2 2 n + 2 + 2 3 2 n +1 + 7 3 2 n +1

= 2 2 n + 2 + 3 2 n +1 + 7 3 2 n + 1
( 
Y ( ) 7 -0R :r 2 n + 2 + 32n +1 
( 7 -0R :r 7 -0 PY ) 7 -0R :r 7 32 n +1
. 7 -0R :r 2 2 n + 2 + 32n +1 + 7 32n +1 2 E

II pn + 1 : @&

. 7 -0R :r 2 n + 2 + 32n +1 E n B0C -:  (  :

- 12 -

: 8 RI (#
. -0 5 B0C -: n
II -: y x b a
. ax by [n] E x y [n] a b [n] ] =@ 
: k B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
x k y k [n] E x y [n] 
: I
( n -0R :r x y ) v# ( x y [n] ) : '
: ax by [n] E x y [n] a b [n]  =@ 

a b =k1n GHI# k 1 PI -: -# @=E a b [n] 

x y =k 2 n GHI# k 2 PI -: -# @=E x y [n] 

ax by = (ax by ) + bx bx = (a b )x + ( x y )b : &#-
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( ) ( )

ax by [n] : n -0R :r ax by : @&

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: k B0C -:   =@ ( 
x k y k [n] E x y [n] 
. k = 0 
( II
F

x k y k [n] E x y [n] :
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x k + 1 y k + 1 [n] E x y [n] :
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k +1

b&4= 8| 4 t4 x k y k [n] x y [n] (

.
II pk +1 : @& . x k + 1 y k + 1 [n] : x x k y y k [n]

x k y k [n] E x y [n] : k B0C -:  (  :
: 9 RI (#
- 13 -

z = cos + i sin : @ -: 1 @R#C t -: z

z n = cos n + i sin n n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
: I
z n = cos n + i sin n
F pn B4=
: p0
I ( GHI
cos(0 ) + i sin (0 ) = 1  B=j 6 z 0 = 1  8 6

II p0 : . B=j 6 4# 8 6 E B

z n = cos n + i sin n :
II pn =\
. z n + 1 = cos(n + 1) + i sin (n + 1) :
II pn + 1 =(
: &#-
z n +1 = z n z = (cos n + i sin n)(. cos + i sin )
= cos n.cos + cos n.i sin + i sin n.cos + i sin n.i sin
= (cos n.cos sin n.sin ) + i(cos n.sin + sin n.cos)

cos(a + b ) = cos a. cos b sin a.sin b : > R0=

sin (a + b ) = sin a. cos b + cos a.sin b
z n + 1 = cos(n + ) + i sin (n + ) : B
= cos(n + 1) + i sin (n + 1)
.
II pn + 1 : @&

(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n : n B0C -:  (  :

: 10 RI (#
z = [ r ; ] z = [ r ; ] : ^ (-0 5 -: z z
arg(z z ) arg( z ) + arg(z ) [2 ] z z = z z : ]
: n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
arg( z n ) n arg( z ) [2 ]
zn = z n
: I
: arg(z z ) arg( z ) + arg(z ) [2 ] z z = z z 
- 14 -

z = r (cos + i sin ) : z = [ r ; ] : &#-

z = r (cos + i sin ) : z = [ r ; ] : &#-
: @&
z z = [r (cos + i sin )][r (cos + i sin )]
= rr (cos + i sin )(cos + i sin )
= rr [cos . cos + cos .i sin + i sin .cos + i sin .i sin ]
= rr [(cos .cos sin .sin ) + i(cos .sin + sin .cos )]
cos(a + b ) = cos a. cos b sin a.sin b : > R0=
sin (a + b ) = sin a. cos b + cos a.sin b
z z = rr [cos( + ) + i sin ( + )] : B
z z t -0R BjRj  B rr [cos( + ) + i sin( + )]

z z = [r r ; + ] : b&4=
arg(z z ) arg( z ) + arg(z ) [2 ] z z = z z :
: z n = z n n B0C -:   =@ ( 
: p0
I ( GHI

II p0 : . z 0 = 1  B=j 6 z 0 = 1 = 1  8 6
z n = z n :
II pn =\
. z n +1 = z n +1 :
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z n = z n 
Y ( z n +1 = z n z = z n z : &#-
.
II pn + 1 : @& . z n +1 = z n z = z n z = z n +1 : B

z n = z n n B0C -:  (  :
: arg( z n ) n arg( z ) [2 ] n B0C -:  =@ ( 
: p0
I ( GHI

( )

arg z 0 arg(1) 0 [2 ]  8 6

II p0 : . 0 arg( z ) 0 [2 ]  B=j 6

- 15 -

 arg( z n ) n arg( z ) [2 ] :
II pn =\

arg( z n + 1) (n + 1) arg( z ) [2]

:
II pn + 1 =(

( 1 |4 t4 ) arg( z n +1) arg( z n z ) arg( z n) + arg( z ) [2] : &#-

arg( z n ) n arg( z ) [2 ] 
Y (

arg(z n +1) n arg( z ) + arg( z ) (n + 1)arg( z ) [2 ] : B

.
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arg( z n ) n arg( z ) [2 ] E n B0C -:  (  :

: 11 RI (#
. f ( x ) = 1 : BR#  r 7R:
0
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0 
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d'
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=&
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: f

f (4 ) ( x ) =

24

x5

f (3) ( x ) =

(n )

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f ( x ) =

f ( x ) =

x3

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( x ) = n +1 : f (n ) ( x ) : &.
x

(n )

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x n +1

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:
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: p1
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1
f (1) ( x ) = f ( x ) = 2 :  8 6

( 1)1 1! =
x1+1

- 16 -

x2

:  B=j 6


II p1 : . B=j 6 4# 8 6 E B
f (n ) ( x ) =

f (n +1) ( x ) =

(n +1)

. f

(x) = [ f

(n )

(n )

( 1)

n +1

( 1)n n !
n +1

x
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n+2

:
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:
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( 1)n n ! ... ( 1)n +1 (n + 1)!

( x) = n +1 = =
: &#-
n+2
x
x

II pn + 1 : @&

(
1)n n !
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E n
x n +1

-0 5 B0C -:  (  :

- 17 -


RI 5 (#

:1 (#

: n -0 5 B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n = n(n + 1)
2
1 + 1 + 1 + ... +
1
= n
1 2 2 3 3 4
n(n + 1) n + 1
1 1! + 2 2 ! + 3 3! + ... + n n ! = (n + 1) ! 1
1 2 3 ...
n
1
+ + + +
=1
2 ! 3! 4 !
(n + 1)!
(n + 1)!
(2n)!
2n [1 3 5 ... (2n 1)] =
n!

: 2 (#
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: n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 

. -0 5 B0C -: 2 7R:
4H H# ( + 1)n n 1
: 4 (#
: BR#  n B
0 ( 
u n ) (
a r u0= a
n ( n  (  u n +1 = 2u n 1

- 18 -

: n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
.
  ( u n )
 a = 1 
.  -#u ( u n )
 a = 2 
. 
nZ& ( u n )
 a = 0 

: 5 (#
: BR#  n B
0 ( 
u n ) (
u0= 1
n ( n  (  u n +1 = 2u n +1 n
u n n E n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
: 6 (#
: BR#  n B
0 ( 
u n ) (
u 0 = 2
un
n ( n  (  u n +1 =
2 + u n2
u n 0 E n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
: 7 (#
: BR#  n B
0 ( 
u n ) (
u0= 2
1 + u n2
n ( n  (  u n +1 =
2u n
. u n > 0 E n B0C -:  ( =@ ( 
. 1 -0 \.8 ( -I
nZ& ( u n )
 (
. #= t4 
H ( u n )
 b&.
: 8 (#
: BR# 
0
#-:
 ( u n )

] 0 ; 2 [ 2 ( BHH

-:

u 0 = 2 cos
n ( n  (  u n +1 = 2 +u n
- 19 -

. u 2 u1 t4

u n = 2 cos ( n ) : n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
2

: 9 (#
: n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
sin (2 n +1 )
n
2
cos ( ) cos (2 ) cos (2 ) ... cos (2 ) =
2 n +1 .sin
k z 2k ^
: -0 5 n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
sin n + 1
2
. sin n
sin ( ) + sin (2 ) + sin (3 ) + ... + sin (n ) =
2

sin
2

k z 2k ^

: 10 (#
. B0C -: n HH -: b a
: n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
n
n 1
n2
n
(a + b )n = a n + a n 1b + a n 2 b 2 + ... + b n
0
1
2
n
n
n!
n != n(n 1)(n 2) ... 1 =
: '
p p !(n p ) !
: 11 (#

. f (x) =

x2

: BR#  r { 2 } 7R:
0
#-0
- f

H
- t 7R:  f f ) . f ( x ) f ( x ) t4
( f
-R
=j
H
- 78
: -0 5 n B0C -:  (  =@ ( 
(
1)n . n !
(n )
(
n)
( f
-R
=&
H
- B f ) . f ( x ) =
( x 2)n +1

- 20 -