Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Microsoft Excel Tutorial
Microsoft Excel Tutorial
Microsoft Excel Tutorial
Fakhr-e-Alam
Microsoft
Excel 2003 (Tutorial)
Engr. Fakhr-e-Alam
B.Sc (Elec. Engg.) from Pakistan,
ECD from China.
D.A.E (Elect.) from Pakistan,
Diploma in IT from Pakistan.
E-mail:
alam091@yahoo.com
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
Spreadsheet Basics... 6
1.1
Screen Layout 6
1.2
Title bar.. 7
1.3
Menu bar 7
1.4
Standard Toolbar... 7
1.5
Other Tools.... 8
1.6
Task Pane... 9
1.7
2.
Modifying Worksheets... 10
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
Selecting Cells..... 11
2.5
2.6
2.7
Freeze Panes.... 12
3.
Formatting Cells..... 13
3.1
Formatting Toolbar.. 13
3.2
3.3
Formatting Worksheet..... 14
3.4
3.5
Format Painter.. 15
3.6
AutoFormat.. 15
4.
4.1
Basic Sorts... 16
4.2
Complex Sorts. 16
4.3
Auto-fill... 17
5.
5.1
Page Breaks.. 18
5.2
Page Setup 18
5.3
Margins 18
5.4
Header/Footer.. 19
5.5
Sheet. 19
5.6
Print Preview 20
5.7
Print.. 20
6.
6.1
Formulas Definition. 21
6.2
Formulas.. 21
6.3
Formulas Bar 21
6.4
Linking Worksheets. 21
6.5
6.6
Function Definition. 22
6.7
Basic Functions 22
6.8
Arguments 23
6.9
Operators.. 23
6.10
Operator Order. 24
6.11
Function Wizard.. 24
6.12
6.13
6.14
AutoSum.. 26
6.15
Errors in Formulas... 26
7.
Charts... 27
7.1
Chart Wizard 27
7.2
Chart toolbar.... 29
7.3
Resizing a chart 29
7.4
Moving a chart..... 30
7.5
7.6
Chart Types.. 30
7.7
8.
8.1
Comments................................ 33
8.2
To Viewing Comments 33
8.3
Use Go To 33
8.4
8.5
8.6
9.
Additional Readings.... 36
9.1
Tab Color. 36
9.2
Hide / Unhide... 36
10.
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
11.
11.
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
1. Spreadsheet Basics
Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that you can use to organize, analyze and attractively
present data such as a budget or sales report. Each Excel file is a workbook that can hold many
worksheets. The worksheet is a grid of columns, designated by letters, and rows, designated by
numbers. The letters and numbers of the columns and row called labels are displayed in gray buttons
across the top and left side of the worksheet. The intersection of a column and a row is called a cell.
Each cell on the spreadsheet has a cell address that is the column letter and the row number. Cells can
contain text, numbers, or mathematical formulas.
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Note: If not all the list appears, press on the Toolbar Options button
placed at the end of any
toolbar, and press on Add or Remove Buttons tag, then select Standard and you will get the possible
commands for this toolbar.
New: Select File > New from the Menu bar. The New Workbook pane appears on the right hand side
of the screen. Under the title New select Blank workbook. An alternative is to click the New button
found on the Standard toolbar to create a new workbook.
Open: Click File > Open from the Menu bar, or click the Open button
toolbar to open an existing workbook.
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Print Preview: Select File > Print Preview from the Menu bar, or click the Print Preview button
found on the Standard toolbar to preview the worksheet before it is printed.
Spelling: Use the Spelling button
worksheet.
Cut, Copy, Paste,
Modifying Worksheets section.
Zoom: To change the size of the worksheet that appears on the screen, choose a different percentage
from the Zoom option
b. Drawing toolbar: contains certain commands for drawing shapes, filling colors, etc.
Note: To add or remove a toolbar select from the Menu bar, View > toolbars and then select the toolbar
of your choice. A toolbar that is displayed has a check beside it.
c. Scroll bars: allow you to browse through a worksheet.
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
2. Modifying Worksheets
2.1 Moving Through Cells
Use the mouse to select a cell you want to begin adding data to and use the keyboard strokes
listed in the table below to move through the cells of a worksheet.
Movement
One cell up
One cell down
One cell left
One cell right
Top of the worksheet (cell A1)
End of the worksheet (last cell
containing data)
End of the row
End of the column
Any cell
Key stroke
Up arrow key
Down arrow key or enter
Left arrow key
Right arrow key or TAB
CTRL + Home
CTRL + END
CTRL + right arrow key
CTRL + Down arrow key
Edit > Go To (menu bar
command)
Add a worksheet to a workbook by selecting Insert > Worksheet from the Menu bar.
To add a row to a worksheet, select Insert > Rows from the Menu bar, or highlight the row by
clicking on the row label, right-click with the mouse, and choose Insert.
Row:
Add a column by selecting Insert > Columns from the Menu bar, or highlight the column
by clicking on the column label, right-click with the mouse, and choose Insert.
Column:
Add a cell by selecting the cells where you want to insert the new cells, Click Insert > Cells >
Click an option to shift the surrounding cells to the right or down to make room for the new cells.
Cells:
10
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Cells to select
One cell
Entire row
Entire column
Mouse action
click once in the cell
click the row label
click the column label
click the whole sheet button (upper left
corner of the labels empty label)
drag mouse over the cells or hold down the
SHIFT key while using the arrow keys
Entire worksheet
Cluster of cells
on
Copying Cells
To copy the cell contents first highlight the cell then select Edit > Copy from the Menu bar or click the
Copy button
11
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
1. Click the label of the row that is below the row that you wish to keep frozen at the top of the
worksheet.
2. Select Window > Freeze Panes from the Menu bar.
Note: To remove the frozen panes, select Window > Unfreeze Panes
Freeze panes have been added to row 1 in the image above. Notice that the row number 1 skip as the
worksheet is scrolled, row 1 will remain stationary while the remaining rows will move.
12
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
3. Formatting Cells
3.1 Formatting Toolbar
The contents of a highlighted cell can be formatted in many ways. Font and cell attributes can be
added from shortcut buttons on the Formatting toolbar. If this toolbar is not already visible on the
screen, select View > Toolbars > Formatting from the Menu bar, or right click on the toolbars area,
and select the Formatting toolbar.
Number
Alignment
Border
and Pattern tabs - These tabs allow you to add borders, shading, and background colors to a
cell.
Protection
13
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
14
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
3.6 AutoFormat
Excel has many preset table formatting
options. You can add these styles by following these
steps:
1. Highlight the cells you want to format.
2. Select Format > AutoFormat from the
Menu bar.
3. On the AutoFormat dialog box, click to
select the format you want to apply to your
highlighted table. Use the scroll bar to view all
of the formats available.
4. Click the Options... button. This will open
the Format to apply section at the bottom of
the AutoFormat dialog box to select the elements
that the formatting will apply to.
5. Click OK when finished.
15
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
16
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
4.3 Auto-fill
The Auto-fill feature allows you to quickly fill
cells with repetitive or sequential data such as
chronological dates or numbers, and repeated text.
If you want to auto-fill a column with cells displaying the
same number or date you must enter identical data in two
adjacent cells. Highlight the two cells and drag the handle
of the selection with the mouse.
The Auto-fill feature can also be used for alternating text
or numbers. For example, to make a repeating list of the
days of the week, type Monday into a cell in a column.
Highlight the cell and drag across with the mouse.
Auto-fill can also be used to copy functions. In the example below, column A and column B each
contain a list of numbers and column C contains the sums of columns A and B for each row. The
function in cell C2 would be "=SUM(A2:B2)". This function can then be copied to the remaining cells
of column C by selecting cell C2 and dragging the handle down to fill in the remaining cells. The autofill feature will automatically update the row numbers as shown below if the cells are referenced
relatively.
17
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
5.3 Margins
Change the top, bottom, left, and right margins under the Margins tab. Enter values in the
Header/Footer fields to indicate how far from the edge of the page this text should appear. Check the
boxes for centering Horizontally or Vertically to center the page.
18
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
5.4 Header/Footer
Add preset Headers and Footers to
the page by clicking the drop-down menus
under the Header/Footer tab.
To modify a preset Header or Footer, or to
make your own, click the Custom Header
or
Custom Footer buttons. A new window
will open allowing you to enter text in the
left, center, or right on the page.
Format Text After highlighting the text
click this button to change the Font, Size,
and Style.
Page Number - Insert the page number of
each page.
Total Number of Pages - Use this feature along with the page number to create strings such as "page 1
of 15".
Date - Add the current date.
Time - Add the current time.
File Name - Add the name of the workbook
file.
Tab Name Add the name of worksheet.
5.5 Sheet
Click the Sheet tab and check Gridlines
box under the Print section if you want the
gridlines dividing the cells to appear on the page.
If the worksheet is several pages long and only
the first page includes titles for the columns,
select Rows to repeat at top from the Print titles
section to choose a title row that will be printed at
the top of each page.
19
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
5.7 Print
To print the worksheet, select File >
Print from the Menu bar or click on the
Print button
toolbar.
Click OK to print.
****************************
20
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
6.2 Formulas
Formulas are entered in the
worksheet cell and must begin with an
equal sign "=". The formula then
includes the addresses of the cells
whose values will be manipulated with
appropriate operators placed in
between. After the formula is typed
into the cell, the calculation executes
immediately and the formula itself is
visible in the Formula Bar. See the
example to the right to view the
formula for calculating the subtotal for
a number of textbooks. The formula
multiplies the quantity and price of
each textbook and adds the subtotal for
each book.
21
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Example
Description
SUM
=SUM(A1:A100)
AVERAGE
=AVERAGE(B1:B10)
MAX
=MAX(C1:C100)
MIN
=MIN(D1:D100)
SQRT
=SQRT(D10)
TODAY
=TODAY()
22
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
6.8 Arguments
An argument is the reference behind the function. The reference can be any of the following
type:
Argument Types
Argument
Numbers
Text
Logical Values
Cell References / Range
Example
1,2,3
January
(True or False)
B7 or B7:B20
6.9 Operators
Operators are mathematical symbols that are broken into four categories
Keystroke Operators
Arithmetic
Explanation
+
Addition
Subtraction
*
Multiplication
/
Division
%
Percent
^
Exponentiation
Comparison
Explanation
=
Equal to
>
Greater than
<
Less than
>=
Greater than or equal to
<=
Less than or equal to
<>
Not equal to
Text
Explanation
&
Reference
:
,
Example
2+3
5-1
7*3
8/2
90%
7^2
Example
B1=D1
B1>D1
B1<D1
B1>=D1
B1<=D1
B1<>D1
Example
"Scott" & "Hi" produces
"Scott Hi"
Example
Explanation
Includes cells of a column or row
B3 : B20
between the designated limits
Separates arguments in a function
(B3, B20)
23
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Example
Percent
Exponentiation
Multiplication, Division
Addition, Subtraction
Ampersand
Comparisons
Notice that percent has the highest precedence, multiplication and division have same order of
precedence, also addition and subtraction have same order of precedence.
Excel performs all operations within sets of parentheses first, and you can use this to get exactly the
order of operations you want. If multiple operations are encased in multiple sets of parentheses, the
operations are performed from inside to outside, then follow the order of operations, and then left to
right.
24
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
25
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
6.14 AutoSum
Use the AutoSum functions
Error Values
Error
####
# VALUE
Meaning
The column is too narrow to display
the result of calculation
Wrong type of argument or
reference
#DIV/0!
#NAME?
#REF!
#NULL
How to Fix
Widen the column
Check operands and
arguments
Change the value or the
cell reference so that the
formula doesn't divide by
zero
Be sure the name still
exists or correct the
misspelling
Click Undo to restore
references and then
change formula references
Check for typing and
reference errors
26
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
7. Charts
A chart allows you to visually display your data. Charts help users compare data and identify
trends. This section explains how you can create simple charts from the data selection you have in a
worksheet.
Before you can create your chart you must enter data into a worksheet, and then highlight the data to
specify to Excel which information to use as part of the chart, then do the following:
1. Insert > Chart, the Chart Wizard appears or
2. Click the Chart Wizard button
on the Standard toolbar, the Chart Wizard appears or
3. Press F11 on your keyboard. The chart will be created using the data you selected.
3. In the Chart Type dialog box: Choose the Chart type and the Chart subtype if necessary. Click
Next.
27
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
4. In the Chart Source Data dialog box: Select the data range in case different from the area
highlighted in step 1 and click Next.
5. In the Chart Options dialog box: Enter the title of the chart and titles for the X- and Y-axes. Other
options for the axes, Grid Lines, Legend, Data Labels, and Data Table can be changed by clicking on
the tabs. Click Next to move to the next set of options.
28
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Category (x) axis: is the axis (usually a vertical axis) that shows a scale of values by which the
data series are measured.
Category (y) axis: is the axis (usually a horizontal axis) that displays a category labels for all the
data series.
The Gridlines tab: You can add gridlines (both vertically and horizontally) to your chart. This is
important when you have a chart with values close to each other.
The Legend tab: A color, text, or graphics Key identifying each series in the chart.
The Data Labels tab: Text or values displayed at Data Points (an individually plotted value
associated with a specific category).
The Data Table tab: Enables you to place a table below the x-axis. This feature aligns the
numeric data under the corresponding category.
29
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Display Data by Column or Row: Displays the data by columns or rows according to the data
sheet.
Angle Text - Select the category or value axis and click the Angle Clockwise or Angle
Counterclockwise button to angle the selected text by +/- 45 degrees.
30
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
31
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Here you have the option of a full page scale to fit the page or custom. You can also determine the
printing quality. Now click on Print Preview to preview your worksheet (then close).
32
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
8.3 Use Go To
The Go To option takes you to a specific cell without scrolling down
to it. From the Edit menu, select Go To.
Enter a grid reference in the Reference box (for example type A400
in the Reference box) then click OK, and you go to cell A400.
33
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Click the Options button to be able to specify further details of your search. To specify find options:
The Within box: either search within the sheet or the workbook
The Search box: select whether you want to search by rows or columns
The Look in box: select the type of information you want to search for (formulas, values or
comments)
The Match case check box: If you want to distinguish between upper and lowercase characters
in your search
The Match entire cell contents check box: to search for an exact or complete match of a cells
content
The Format button: you can identify the format of the text youre searching for, choose between
specifying the format you are looking for or selecting a cell which contains the format you want
to find
To find all cells containing the specified text: Enter the find criteria and options as normal and click on
Find All. A panel is displayed at the bottom of the dialog box listing the cells where the search text is
found.
Note: To cancel a search, press the ESC key from the keyboard.
34
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Click OK.
The Confirm Password dialog box that appears, re-enter your Password to open so that you
confirm that you typed it correctly. Do the same for Password to modify.
Save your worksheet under any name you want. Whenever anyone attempts to open this worksheet,
he will be asked for a verification password.
******************************
35
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
9. Additional Readings
9.1 Tab Color
To change the tab color, right click on the tab you want, and select Tab Color. From the color
list that appears choose the color you want.
To hide a column or a row, you have to highlight the whole column / row by right clicking on its
Letter/ Number, and choose Hide.
To unhide a column or a row, highlight the columns / rows next to the hidden one, right click on
them, and choose Unhide.
36
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Function
AVERAGE(range)
COUNT(range)
COUNTIF(range, value)
MAX(range)
MIN(range)
MODE(range)
STDEV(range)
Function Description
Calculates the mean (arithmetic average) of a range of cells
Counts the number of values (cells containing numbers in a
range)
Counts the number of cells that are the same as a specified
value.
Returns the maximum value of a data set.
Returns the minimum value of a data set.
Returns the most frequently occurring, or repetitive, value
in a range of data.
Calculates the standard deviation of a sample.
Given that:
Range: Represents the set of values (number1, number2)
Value: The criteria upon which you want to evaluate; it can be a number (14), a cell reference (G5), an
expression (E5>7), or text (Victor).
37
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
2. Round Function
Rounds a number to a specified number of digits.
Written as: Round (number, num_digits)
Number: The value you want to round.
Num_digits: The number of decimal places you want to round.
3. Ceiling Function
Returns number rounded up, away from zero, to the nearest multiple you specify.
Written as: Ceiling (number, significance)
Number: The value you want to round
Significance: The multiple you want to round to
4. Floor Function
Rounds number down, toward zero, to the nearest multiple you specify.
Written as: Floor (number, significance)
Number: The value you want to round.
Significance: The multiple you want to round to
38
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
2. OR Function
Returns False if all the logical arguments are false
Returns True if one or more arguments is true
Written as: OR (logical1, logical2)
Logical Value 1, 2 : These are the conditions to be met to test a logical true or false result.
You can use up to 30 conditions within the formula.
3. NOT Function
Returns the opposite of the logical value
Written as: NOT (logical)
Logical : This is the value that can be evaluated with a True or False Condition. If True, NOT
returns False, if False, NOT returns True.
4. IF Function
The IF ( ) function decides the contents of a cell on a spreadsheet based on whether a test
condition is true or false.
It returns a value if one condition is True, and returns another value or result if the condition is
False.
Written as: IF (logical_test, value_if: true, value_if_false)
Logical_test : Is any value or expression that can be evaluated to True or False.
VALUE IF TRUE : Is the value returned if the logical_test is True.
VALUE IF FALSE : Is the value returned if the logical_test is False
=
<>
>
>=
<
<=
Equal to
Not equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Less than
Less than or equal to
******************************
Written By: Engr. Fakhr-e-Alam
39
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Appendix I
Microsoft Excel Shortcut Keys
Ctrl+A
Select All
None
Ctrl+B
Bold
Ctrl+C
Copy
Edit, Copy
Ctrl+D
Fill Down
Ctrl+F
Find
Edit, Find
Ctrl+G
Goto
Edit, Goto
Ctrl+H
Replace
Edit, Replace
Ctrl+I
Italic
Ctrl+K
Insert Hyperlink
Insert, Hyperlink
Ctrl+N
New Workbook
File, New
Ctrl+O
Open
File, Open
Ctrl+P
File, Print
Ctrl+R
Fill Right
Ctrl+S
Save
File, Save
Ctrl+U
Underline
Ctrl+V
Paste
Edit, Paste
Ctrl W
Close
File, Close
Ctrl+X
Cut
Edit, Cut
Ctrl+Y
Repeat
Edit, Repeat
Ctrl+Z
Undo
Edit, Undo
F1
Help
F2
Edit
None
F3
Paste Name
F4
F4
None
F5
Goto
Edit, Goto
F6
Next Pane
None
F7
Spell check
Tools, Spelling
F8
Extend mode
None
F9
F10
Activate Menubar
N/A
F11
New Chart
Insert, Chart
F12
Save As
File, Save As
40
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Ctrl+:
None
Ctrl+;
None
Ctrl+"
Ctrl+
Edit, Copy
Shift
none
Shift+F1
Whats This?
Shift+F2
Shift+F3
Insert, Function
Shift+F4
Find Next
Shift+F5
Find
Shift+F6
Previous Pane
None
Shift+F8
Add to selection
None
Shift+F9
Calc Sheet
Shift+F10
None
Shift+F11
New worksheet
Insert, Worksheet
Shift+F12
Save
File, Save
Ctrl+F3
Define name
Ctrl+F4
Close
File, Close
Ctrl+F5
Restore
Ctrl+F6
Window, ...
Shift+Ctrl+F6
Window, ...
Ctrl+F7
Move window
XL, Move
Ctrl+F8
Resize window
XL, Size
Ctrl+F9
Minimize workbook
XL, Minimize
Ctrl+F10
XL, Maximize
Ctrl+F11
Ctrl+F12
File Open
File, Open
Alt+F1
Insert Chart
Insert, Chart...
Alt+F2
Save As
File, Save As
Alt+F4
Exit
File, Exit
Alt+F8
Alt+F11
Ctrl+Shift+F3
Ctrl+Shift+F6
Previous Window
Window, ...
Ctrl+Shift+F12
File, Print
Alt+Shift+F1
New worksheet
Insert, Worksheet
41
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Alt+Shift+F2
Save
File, Save
Alt+=
AutoSum
No direct equivalent
Ctrl+`
Ctrl+Shift+A
No direct equivalent
Alt+Down
arrow
None
Alt+
Format, Style
Ctrl+Shift+~
General format
Ctrl+Shift+!
Comma format
Ctrl+Shift+@
Time format
Ctrl+Shift+#
Date format
Ctrl+Shift+$
Currency format
Ctrl+Shift+%
Percent format
Ctrl+Shift+^
Exponential format
Ctrl+Shift+&
Ctrl+Shift+_
Ctrl+Shift+*
Ctrl++
Insert
Ctrl+-
Delete
Ctrl+1
Format, Cells
Ctrl+2
Bold
Ctrl+3
Italic
Ctrl+4
Underline
Ctrl+5
Strikethrough
Ctrl+6
Show/Hide objects
Ctrl+7
Ctrl+8
None
Ctrl+9
Hide rows
Ctrl+0
Hide columns
Ctrl+Shift+(
Unhide rows
42
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Ctrl+Shift+)
Unhide columns
Alt or F10
None
Ctrl+Tab
None
Shift+Ctrl+Tab
None
Ctrl+Tab
None
Shift+Ctrl+Tab
None
Tab
Next tool
None
Shift+Tab
Previous tool
None
Enter
Do the command
None
Shift+Ctrl+F
Shift+Ctrl+F+F
Shift+Ctrl+P
*****************************
43
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Appendix II
Important Formulas
SUM
Horizontal
100
200
300
Vertical
100
200
300
600
=SUM(C7:C9)
Single
Cells
100
300
600
=SUM(C4:E4)
600
=SUM(C13,D14,E13)
200
Multiple
Ranges
100
200
3000
Functions
100
200
300
400
500
600
4800
=SUM(C17:C19,E17:E19)
400
500
600
800
=SUM(AVERAGE(C23:C25),MAX(E23:E25))
What Does It Do ?
This function creates a total from a list of numbers.
It can be used either horizontally or
vertically.
The numbers can be in single cells, ranges are from other functions.
Syntax :
=SUM(Range1,Range2,Range3... through to
Range30).
44
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Note :
Many people use the =SUM() function incorrectly.
This example shows how the SUM has been combined with plus +
symbols.
The formula is actually doing more work than
needed.
It should have been entered as either =C48+C49+C50 or
=SUM(C48:C50).
100
200
300
600
=SUM(C48+C49+C50)
Wrong!
=SUM(C48:C50)
Correct
=C48+C49+C50
Correct
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sales
10
50
30
20
Running
Total
10
60
90
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
110
=SUM($D$7:D7)
=SUM($D$7:D8)
=SUM($D$7:D9)
=SUM($D$7:D10)
=SUM($D$7:D11)
=SUM($D$7:D12)
=SUM($D$7:D13)
=SUM($D$7:D14)
=SUM($D$7:D15)
=SUM($D$7:D16)
=SUM($D$7:D17)
=SUM($D$7:D18)
Type the formula =SUM($D$7:D7) in cell E7 and then copy down the table.
It works because the first reference uses dollar symbols $ to keep $D$7 static
as the formula is copied down. Each occurrence of the =SUM() then adds all
the numbers from the first cell down.
45
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
The function can be tidied up to show 0 zero when there is no adjacent value
by using the =IF() function.
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Sales
10
50
30
20
Running
Total
10
60
90
110
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
=SUM(IF(D7,$D$7:D7,0))
=SUM(IF(D8,$D$7:D8,0))
=SUM(IF(D9,$D$7:D9,0))
=SUM(IF(D10,$D$7:D10,0))
=SUM(IF(D11,$D$7:D11,0))
=SUM(IF(D12,$D$7:D12,0))
The =SUM() only takes place when there is data in
column D. Otherwise the value 0 zero is entered.
North
South
East
West
Total
Jan
45
30
35
20
130
Feb
50
25
10
50
135
Mar
50
35
50
5
140
46
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
SUMIF
Item
Brakes
Tyres
Brakes
Service
Service
Window
Tyres
Tyres
Clutch
Date
1-Jan-98
10-May-98
1-Feb-98
1-Mar-98
5-Jan-98
1-Jun-98
1-Apr-98
1-Mar-98
1-May-98
Cost
80
25
80
150
300
50
200
100
250
service
160
325
1000
=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12)
=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Tyres",E4:E12)
=SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100")
450
=SUMIF(C4:C12,E18,E4:E12)
What Does It Do ?
This function adds the value of items which match criteria set by the user.
Syntax :
=SUMIF(RangeOfThingsToBeExamined,CriteriaToBeMatched,RangeOfValuesToTotal)
=SUMIF(C4:C12,"Brakes",E4:E12)
=SUMIF(E4:E12,">=100")
PRODUCT
Numbers
2
3
5
10
3
7
Product
6
50
210
6300
=PRODUCT(C4,D4)
=PRODUCT(C5:D5)
=PRODUCT(C6:D6,10)
=PRODUCT(C4:D6)
47
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
What Does It Do ?
This function multiples a group of numbers together.
It is the same as using 2*3*5*10*3*7, which results in 6300.
Syntax :
=PRODUCT(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number30)
or
=PRODUCT(RangeOfNumbers)
or
=PRODUCT(Number1,Range,Number2...)
SUMPRODUCT
Item
Tyres
Filters
Bulbs
Sold
5
2
3
Total Sales Value :
price
100
10
2
526
=SUMPRODUCT(D4:D6,E4:E6)
What Does It Do ?
This function uses at least two columns of values.
The values in the first column are multipled with the corresponding value in the second
column.
The total of all the values is the result of the calculation.
Syntax :
=SUMPRODUCT(Range1, Range, Range3 through to Range30)
Example :
The following table was used by a drinks merchant to keep track of stock.
The merchant needed to know the total purchase value of the stock, and the potential
value of the stock when it is sold, takinging into account the markup percentage.
The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with the Case Price
to calculate what the merchant spent in buying the stock.
The =SUMPRODUCT() function is used to multiply the Cases In Stock with the Bottles
In Case and the Bottle Setting Price, to calculate the potential value of the stock if it is
all sold.
Written By: Engr. Fakhr-e-Alam
48
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Cases
Product
In Stock
Red Wine
10
White Wine
8
Champagne
5
Beer
50
Lager
100
Case
Price
120
130
200
24
30
Bottles
In Case
10
10
6
12
12
Bottle
Cost
12.00
13.00
33.33
2.00
2.50
Markup
25%
25%
80%
20%
25%
=D39/E39
Bottle Selling
Price
15.00
16.25
60.00
2.40
3.13
=F39+F39*G39
7,440 =SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,D35:D39)
=SUMPRODUCT(C35:C39,E35:E39,
9,790 H35:H39)
2,350
=E44-E43
Brackets in formula
Sometimes you will need to use brackets, (also known as 'braces'), in formula.
This is to ensure that the calculations are performed in the order that you need.
The need for brackets occurs when you mix plus or minus with divide or multiply.
Mathematically speaking the * and / are more important than + and - .
The * and / operations will be calculated before + and - .
Example 1 : The wrong answer !
10
20
2
50 =C12+C13*C14
You may expect that 10 + 20 would equal 30
And then 30 * 2 would equal 60
But because the * is calculated first Excel sees the
calculation as 20 * 2 resulting in 40
And then 10 + 40 resulting in 50
49
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
LCM
Numbers
6
20
12
18
34
96
Least
Common
Multiple
60
36
1632
=LCM(C4,D4)
=LCM(C5,D5)
=LCM(C6,D6)
What Does It Do ?
This function calculate the Least Common Multiple, which is the smallest
number
that can be divided by each of the given numbers.
Syntax :
=LCM(Number1,Number2,Number3... through to Number29)
FACT
Number
Factorial
3
6
=FACT(C4)
3.5
6
=FACT(C5)
5
120
=FACT(C6)
10
3,628,800
=FACT(C7)
20 2,432,902,008,176,640,000 =FACT(C8)
50
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
What Does It Do ?
This function calculates the factorial of a number.
The factorial is calculated as 1*2*3*4..etc.
The factorial of 5 is calculated as 1*2*3*4*5, which results in 120.
Decimal fractions of the number are ignored.
Syntax
=FACT(Number)
Time Sheet
Week
Mon
beginning 05-Jan-98
Day
Mon 05
Tue 06
Wed 07
Thu 08
Fri 09
Arrive
8:00
8:45
9:00
8:30
8:00
Normal
Hours
Lunch Lunch
Out
In
13:00 14:00
12:30 13:30
13:00 14:00
13:00 14:00
12:00 13:00
Depart
17:00
17:00
18:00
17:00
17:00
Total
Hours
Under worked by
Over worked by
37:30
Total
8:00
7:15
8:00
7:30
8:00
=(F6-C6)-(E6-D6)
38:45
=SUM(G6:G10)
1:15
=IF(G3-G11>0,G3-G11, "-")
=IF(G3-G11<0,ABS(G3-G11),"-")
14:45
51
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
First Name
Hussain
Adil
Hassan
=LEFT(C14,FIND(" ",C14,1))
=LEFT(C15,FIND(" ",C15,1))
=LEFT(C16,FIND(" ",C16,1))
Last Name
Yousif
Ahmed
Mahdi
=RIGHT(C22,LEN(C22)-FIND(" ",C22))
=RIGHT(C23,LEN(C23)-FIND(" ",C23))
=RIGHT(C24,LEN(C24)-FIND(" ",C24))
Last Name
Al-Shaikh
Al-Zahrani
Al- Ashwor
=RIGHT(C37,LEN(C37)-FIND("#",SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","#",LEN(C37)LEN(SUBSTITUTE(C37," ","")))))
52
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Full Name
Hussain Yousif Al-Shaikh
Adil Ahmed Al-Zahrani
Hassan Mahdi Al- Ashwor
Percentages
There are no specific functions for calculating percentages.
You have to use the skills you were taught in your maths class at school!
Finding a percentage of a value :
Initial value
% to find
Percentage value
120
25%
30
=D8*D9
Example 1
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the increases.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.
Grade
A
B
C
% Rise
10%
15%
20%
Name
Alam
Sara
Ali
Hussain
Khalifa
Usman
Grade
A
B
C
B
C
A
Old Salary
SR 10,000
SR 20,000
SR 30,000
SR 25,000
SR 32,000
SR 12,000
Increase
SR 1,000
SR 3,000
SR 6,000
SR 3,750
SR 6,400
SR 1,200
=E23*LOOKUP(D23,C18:C20,D18:D20)
=E24*LOOKUP(D24,C18:C20,D18:D20)
=E25*LOOKUP(D25,C18:C20,D18:D20)
=E26*LOOKUP(D26,C18:C20,D18:D20)
=E27*LOOKUP(D27,C18:C20,D18:D20)
=E28*LOOKUP(D28,C18:C20,D18:D20)
120
25%
150
=D33*D34+D33
53
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Example 2
A company is about to give its staff a pay rise.
The wages department need to calculate the new salary including the % increase.
Staff on different grades get different pay rises.
Grade
A
B
C
Name
Alam
Sara
Ali
Hussain
Khalifa
Usman
% Rise
10%
15%
20%
Grade
A
B
C
B
C
A
Old Salary
SR 10,000
SR 20,000
SR 30,000
SR 25,000
SR 32,000
SR 12,000
Increase
SR 11,000
SR 23,000
SR 36,000
SR 28,750
SR 38,400
SR 13,200
=E48*LOOKUP(D48,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E48
=E49*LOOKUP(D49,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E49
=E50*LOOKUP(D50,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E50
=E51*LOOKUP(D51,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E51
=E52*LOOKUP(D52,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E52
=E53*LOOKUP(D53,C18:C20,D18:D20)+E53
120
60
50% =D59/D58
You will need to format the result as % by using the % button on the toolbar.
Example 3
An manager has been asked to submit budget requirements for next year.
The manger needs to specify what will be required each quarter.
The manager knows what has been spent by each region in the previous year.
By analyzing the past years spending, the manager hopes to predict
what will need to be spent in the next year.
Q2
2,000
4,000
8,000
9,000
23,000
Q3
9,000
9,000
7,000
6,000
31,000
Q4
7,000
5,000
3,000
5,000
20,000
Total
100,000
54
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Q4
7%
5%
3%
5%
20%
=G74/H78
=G75/H78
=G76/H78
=G77/H78
=G78/H78
Q4
10,500
7,500
4,500
7,500
30,000
=G82*E88
=G83*E 88
=G84*E 88
Total
150,000
150
25%
120 =D100/(100%+D101)
Example 4
An employ has to submit an expenses claim for traveling and accommodation.
The claim needs to show the VAT tax portion of each receipt.
Unfortunately the receipts held by the employee only show the total amount.
The employee needs to split this total to show the original value and the VAT amount.
VAT rate
Receipt
Petrol
Hotel
Petrol
17.50%
Total
SR 10.0
SR 235.0
SR 117.5
Actual
Value
Vat Value
SR 8.51
SR 1.49
SR 200.00 SR 35.00
SR 100.0 0 SR 17.50
=D115/(100%+D110)
=D113-D113/(100%+D110)
55
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Age Calculation
You can calculate a persons age based on their birthday and todays date.
The calculation uses the DATEDIF() function.
The DATEDIF() is not documented in Excel 5, 7 or 97, but it is in 2000.
(Makes you wonder what else Microsoft forgot to tell us!)
Birth date :
1-Jan-60
Years lived :
and the months
:
and the days :
49
=DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")
4
3
=DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")
=DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")
You can put this all together in one calculation, which creates a text version.
Age is 49 Years, 4 Months and 3 Days
="Age is "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"y")&" Years, "&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"ym")&" Months and
"&DATEDIF(C8,TODAY(),"md")&" Days"
1-Jan-60
Age is :
49.34
=(TODAY()-C23)/365.25
AND
Items To Test
500
500
25
800
25
500
12
Result
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
=AND(C4>=100,D4>=100)
=AND(C5>=100,D5>=100)
=AND(C6>=100,D6>=100)
=AND(D7>=1,D7<=52)
56
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Syntax :
=AND(Test1,Test2)
Note that there can be up to 30 possible tests.
Formatting :
When used by itself it will show TRUE or FALSE.
Example
The following example shows a list of examination results.
The teacher wants to find the pupils who scored above average in all three exams.
The =AND() function has been used to test that each score is above the average.
The result of TRUE is shown for pupils who have scored above average in all three exams.
Name
Alan
Bob
Carol
David
Eric
Fred
Gail
Harry
Ian
Janice
Maths
80
50
60
90
20
40
10
80
30
10
Averages
47
English Physics
75
85
30
40
70
50
85
95
30
Absent
60
80
90
80
70
60
10
20
20
30
54
Passed
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
FALSE
TRUE
FALSE
FALSE
=AND(C38>=AVERAGE($C$29:$C$38),D38>=
AVERAGE($D$29:$D$38),E38>=AVERAGE
($E$29:$E$38))
60
OR
Order
No.
AB001
AB002
AB003
AB004
Cost
1000
1000
2000
5000
Payment Handling
Type
Charge
Cash
SR Visa
SR 5
Cheque
SR Delta
SR 5
=IF(OR(E4="Visa",E4="Delta"),5,0)
=IF(OR(E5="Visa",E5="Delta"),5,0)
=IF(OR(E6="Visa",E6="Delta"),5,0)
=IF(OR(E7="Visa",E7="Delta"),5,0)
57
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Syntax :
=OR(Test1,Test2)
Note that there can be up to 30 possible tests.
Formatting :
When used by itself it will show TRUE or FALSE.
Example :
The following table shows a list of orders taken by a company.
A handling charge of 5 is made on all orders paid by Visa or Delta cards.
The =OR() function has been used to determine whether the charge needs to be applied.
Order
No.
AB001
AB002
AB003
AB004
Cost
1000
1000
2000
5000
Payment Handling
Type
Charge
Cash
SR
Visa
SR 5
Cheque SR
Delta
SR
5
=IF(OR(E27="Visa",E27="Delta"),5,0)
NOT
Cells To Test
10
20
10
20
10
20
1-Jan-98
1-Feb-98
Hello
Goodbye
Hello
Hello
Result
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
TRUE
TRUE
FALSE
=NOT(C4>D4)
=NOT(C5=D5)
=NOT(C6<D6)
=NOT(C7>D7)
=NOT(C8=D8)
=NOT(C9=D9)
What Does It Do ?
This function performs a test to see if the test fails. (A type of reverse
logic).
If the test fails, the result is TRUE.
If the test is met, then the result is FALSE.
Syntax :
=NOT(TestToPerform)
The TestToPerform can be reference to cells or another calculation.
58
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Example :
The following table was used by a library to track books borrowed.
The date the book was Taken out is entered.
The period of the Loan is entered.
The date the book was returned is entered.
The =NOT() function has been used to calculate whether the book was returned within
the correct time, by adding the Loan value to the Taken date.
If the book was not returned on time the result Overdue is shown, otherwise OK is shown.
Taken
1-Jan-98
1-Jan-98
1-Jan-98
Loan
14
14
14
Returned
5-Jan-98
15-Jan-98
20-Jan-98
Status
OK
=IF(NOT(D33<=B33+C33),"Overdue","OK")
OK
=IF(NOT(D34<=B34+C34),"Overdue","OK")
Overdue =IF(NOT(D35<=B35+C35),"Overdue","OK")
IF
Name
Alan
Bob
Carol
Sales
1000
6000
2000
Target
5000
5000
4000
Result
Not Achieved
Achieved
Not Achieved
=IF(C4>=D4,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C5>=D5,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C6>=D6,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
59
Tutorial I
Name
Alan
Bob
Carol
(MS-Excel)
Sales
1000
6000
2000
Target
5000
5000
4000
Result
Not Achieved
Achieved
Not Achieved
=IF(C31>=D31,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C32>=D32,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
=IF(C33>=D33,"Achieved","Not Achieved")
Example 2 :
The following table is similar to that in Example 1.
This time the Commission to be paid to the sales rep is calculated.
If the Sales are greater than or equal to the Target, the Commission is 10% of Sales.
If the Sales do not reach Target, the Commission is only 5% of Sales.
Name
Alan
Bob
Carol
Sales
1000
6000
2000
Target
5000
5000
4000
Commission
50
600
100
=IF(C43>=D43,C43*10%,C43*5%)
=IF(C44>=D44,C44*10%,C44*5%)
=IF(C45>=D45,C45*10%,C45*5%)
Example 3 :
This example uses the =AND() within the =IF() function.
A builders merchant gives 10% discount on certain product lines.
The discount is only given on products which are on Special Offer, when the Order Value is
1000 or above.
The =AND() function is used with the =IF() to check that the product is on offer and that the
value of the order is above 1000.
Product
Special
Offer
Wood
Glass
Yes
No
Cement
Yes
Turf
Yes
Order
Value
SR
2,000
SR 2,000
SR
500
SR
3,000
Discount
Total
SR
SR
200
-
SR
SR 1,800
SR 2,000
SR
500
SR
300
SR 2,700
=IF(AND(C61="Yes",D61>=1000),D61*10%,0)
60
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
AVERAGE
Temp
Rain
Mon
30
0
Tue
31
0
Wed
32
0
Thu
29
4
Fri
26
6
Sat
28
3
Sun Average
27
29
1
2
=AVERAGE(D4:J4)
=AVERAGE(D5:J5)
Mon
30
0
Tue
Temp
Rain
Wed
32
0
Thu
29
4
Fri
26
6
Sat
28
3
Sun Average
27
28.667
1
2.3333
=AVERAGE(D8:J8)
=AVERAGE(D9:J9)
Temp
Rain
Mon
30
0
Tue
No
Reading
Wed
32
0
Thu
29
4
Fri
26
6
Sat
28
3
Sun Average
27
28.667
1
2.3333
=AVERAGE(D12:J12)
=AVERAGE(D13:J13)
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun Average
Temp
30
No
32
29
26
28
27
24.571
Rain
Reading
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun Average
Temp
30
32
29
26
28
27
28.667
Rain
2.3333
=SUM(D31:J31)/
COUNTA(D31:J31)
=SUM(D32:J32)/
COUNTAD32:J32)
=SUM(D35:J35)/
COUNTA(D35:J35)
=SUM(D36:J36)/
COUNTA(D36:J36)
61
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
DAVERAGE
Life
Hours
3000
2000
Product Wattage
Brand
Bulb
200
Horizon
Neon
100
Horizon
Spot
60
Other
10
8000
Sunbeam
Bulb
80
1000
Horizon
Spot
100
unknown Horizon
Spot
200
3000
Horizon
Other
25
unknown Sunbeam
Bulb
200
3000
Sunbeam
Neon
100
2000
Sunbeam
Bulb
100
unknown Sunbeam
Bulb
10
800
Horizon
Bulb
60
1000
Sunbeam
Bulb
80
1000
Sunbeam
Bulb
100
2000
Horizon
Bulb
40
1000
Horizon
Unit
Cost
4.50
2.00
Box
Quantity
4
15
0.80
0.20
1.25
2.50
0.50
5.00
1.80
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.20
0.80
0.10
25
40
10
15
10
3
20
10
25
25
30
10
20
1.24
=DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E23:E24)
What Does It Do ?
This function examines a list of information and produces and average.
Syntax :
=DAVERAGE(DatabaseRange,FieldName,CriteriaRange)
The DatabaseRange is the entire list of information you need to examine, including the
field names at the top of the columns.
The FieldName is the name, or cell, of the values to be averaged, such as "Unit Cost" or F3.
The CriteriaRange is made up of two types of information.
The first set of information is the name, or names, of the Fields(s) to be used as the basis
for selecting the records, such as the category Brand or Wattage.
The second set of information is the actual record, or records, which are to be selected,
such as Horizon as a brand name, or 100 as the wattage.
62
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Examples :
The average Unit Cost of a particular Product of a particular Brand.
Product
Bulb
The average of Horizon Bulb is :
1.16
Brand
Horizon
=DAVERAGE(B3:I19,F3,E49:F50)
This is the same calculation but using the actual name "Unit Cost" instead of the cell address.
1.16
=DAVERAGE
(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E49:F50)
0.53
Wattage
100
=DAVERAGE
(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E60:F61)
0.17
Wattage
<100
=DAVERAGE
(B3:I19,"Unit Cost",E67:F68)
CHOOSE
Index
Value
1
3
2
3
1
2
Result
Alan
Carol
Bob
18%
10%
15%
=CHOOSE(C4,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
=CHOOSE(C5,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
=CHOOSE(C6,"Alan","Bob","Carol")
=CHOOSE(C7,10%,15%,18%)
=CHOOSE(C8,10%,15%,18%)
=CHOOSE(C9,10%,15%,18%)
63
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Time
Alan
1:30
Bob
1:15
Carol
2:45
David
1:05
Eric
1:20
Position
Medal
=IF(D30<=3,CHOOSE
(D30,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=IF(D31<=3,CHOOSE
4
unplaced
(D31,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=IF(D32<=3,CHOOSE
1
Gold
(D32,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=IF(D33<=3,CHOOSE
5
unplaced
(D33,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=IF(D34<=3,CHOOSE
3
Bronze
(D34,"Gold","Silver","Bronze"),"unplaced")
=RANK(C34,C30:C34)
2
Silver
CONVERT
Amount
To Convert
1
1
1
Converting
From
in
ft
yd
Converting
To
cm
m
m
1
1
1.5
0.5
yr
day
hr
mn
day
hr
mn
sec
=CONVERT(C4,D4,E4)
=CONVERT(C5,D5,E5)
=CONVERT(C6,D6,E6)
=CONVERT(C8,D8,E8)
=CONVERT(C9,D9,E9)
=CONVERT(C10,D10,E10)
=CONVERT(C11,D11,E11)
64
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
What Does It Do ?
This function converts a value measure in one type of unit, to the same value expressed
in a different type of unit, such as Inches to Centimetres.
Syntax :
=CONVERT(AmountToConvert,UnitToConvertFrom,UnitToConvertTo)
Example
The following table was used by an Import / Exporting company to convert the weight
and size of packages from old style UK measuring system to European system.
Weight
Pounds
5
Ounces
3
Kilograms
2.35301
=CONVERT(D28,"lbm","kg")+
CONVERT(E28,"ozm","kg")
Height
Length
Width
Feet
12
8
5
Inches
6
3
2
Metres
3.81
2.5146
1.5748
=CONVERT(D34,"ft","m")+
CONVERT(E34,"in","m")
Abbreviations
This is a list of all the possible abbreviations which can be used to denote measuring systems.
Weight & Mass
Gram
Kilogram
g
kg
Slug
sg
Pound mass
U (atomic
mass)
Ounce mass
lbm
ozm
Time
Year
Day
Hour
Minute
yr
day
hr
mn
Second
sec
Distance
Meter
Statute mile
Nautical
mile
Inch
Foot
Yard
Angstrom
Pica (1/72
in.)
Pressure
Pascal
Atmosphere
mm of
Mercury
m
mi
Nmi
in
ft
yd
ang
Pica
Pa
atm
mmHg
65
Tutorial I
(MS-Excel)
Temperature
Degree Celsius
Degree
Fahrenheit
Degree Kelvin
Force
Newton
Dyne
Pound force
Energy
Joule
Erg
Thermodynamic
calorie
IT calorie
Electron volt
Horsepowerhour
Watt-hour
Foot-pound
BTU
Liquid
Teaspoon
tsp
Tablespoon
tbs
N
dyn
lbf
Fluid ounce
Cup
Pint
Quart
Gallon
Liter
oz
cup
pt
qt
gal
l
J
e
Power
Horsepower
Watt
HP
W
Magnetism
Tesla
Gauss
ga
c
cal
eV
HPh
Wh
flb
BTU
Prefix
exa
peta
tera
giga
mega
kilo
hecto
dekao
Multiplier
1.00E+18
1.00E+15
1.00E+12
1.00E+09
1.00E+06
1.00E+03
1.00E+02
1.00E+01
Abbreviation
E
P
T
G
M
k
h
e
Prefix
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
femto
atto
Multiplier
1.00E-01
1.00E-02
1.00E-03
1.00E-06
1.00E-09
1.00E-12
1.00E-15
1.00E-18
Abbreviation
d
c
m
u
n
p
f
a
******************************
66