CHAPTER 25

THE ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL

Select odd-numbered solutions, marked with a dagger (), appear in the Student Solutions
Manual, available for purchase. Answers to all solutions below are underscored.
25-1.

W = QV = 2 105 12 = 2.4 106 J

25-2.

W = qV = 1.6 1019 1.5 = 2.5 1019 J

25-3.

V ( p2 ) V ( p1 ) = E i dr =

p2

600 m

p1

0m

100 V

dZ

= +60, 000 V (earth and plane)

The Eiffel tower is grounded; therefore V = 0.
25-4.

E-field strengths as shown.

V = V(p2) V(p1)
p2

= E dr
p1

3.4 105 V
=
(0.01 m)
m

5
1.1 10 V

(0.01 m)
m

= 4500V
25-5.

25-6.

The potential energy of the proton is U = qp V.

1
The kinetic energy of the proton is: K = m p v 2
2
1
From conservation of energy: qp V = m p v 2
2
19
2q pV
2 1.6 10 C 2.5 105 V
v=
=
= 6.9 106 m/s
mp
1.67 1027 kg

Energy = qV
Energy 20 109 eV
V =
=
= 20 109 V
q
e
E 20 109 V
=
= 1.25 107 V/m
l
1600 m
1
(a) By conservation of energy, E = mv2 eV(r)
2
19
E = eV(r) = 1.6 10 12 J = 1.92 1018 J
E=

25-7.

1 2
mv = E =
2

2E / m =

2 1.92 1018 J
= 2.1 106 m/s
9.1 1031

534

CHAPTER

25

(b) The negative terminal is at 6V potential, and the positive is at +6V. Since infinity is at 0V
(ground potential), V = 6 and E = eV. Then
1
eV =
mv2
2
or
1
(1.6 1019)6 = (9.1 1031 ) v2
2
= 1.45 106 m/s
25-8.

Assume a constant field between electrodes

V = E i dl = El = (3 106 )(6.35 104 )

(0.025 in = 0.35 104 m)

Therefore, V = 1900V

eV =

1
mp v 2 v =
2

25-10.

V1 =

q 9 109 N m 2 /C 2 2 1012 C
=
0.30 m
4 0 r

25-11.

25-12.
25-13.

2eV
=
me

2 1.6 1019 C 2000 V

= 2.7 107 m/s
9.1 1031 kg

25-9.

At r = 0.6 m,
1
V2 = V1 = 3 102 V
2
Kinetic energy = Potential energy
1

me v 2 = eV
2
me v 2 9.1 1031 kg (1.8 107 )2 m 2 /s 2
V

=
=
= 9.2 102 Volts
19
2e
2 1.6 10 C
mv02
1
me v 2 = Potential energy = e E0 x x =
2
2eE0

When the electron is a distance r from the proton, its total energy is:
qp
1
Etotal = me ve2 | e | V , where V =
, | e | = q p = 1.6 1019 C
2
4 0 r

1
9 109 Nm 2 /C 2
Etotal = 9.1 1031 kg (4.0 105 ) 2 (1.6 1019 C) 2
= 1.92 1020 J
2
4.3 109 m
When the electron is very far from the proton, potential energy = 0,
1
Etotal = me ve2
2
1
From conservation of energy, me ve2 = 1.92 1020 J
2
v=

2 1.92 1020 J
= 2.05 105 m/s
9.1 1031 kg

535

CHAPTER

25-14.

25
q

q = 4 0 rV
4 0 r
Since q is not changing,
4 0 rV
rV
1 1 = 4 0 r2V2
1 1 = r2V2 (12 cm)(50000 V) = (17 cm) V

V =

V = 3.53 104 V

25-15.

VP
, where VP is the potential at the point where the worm is located, r is the
r
distance from the center of the dome to the worm, which is 65 cm.
q
q
, Vsphere =
.
If q is the charge on the dome, then VP =
4 0 r
4 0 R
R
15
(75000 V) = 1.73 103 V
Therefore, rVP = RVsphere VP = Vsphere =
65
r
1.73 103 V
= 2.66 104 V/m
So at point P, the electric field is E =
0.65 m
When the worm achieves equilibrium, mg = QE

Electric field E =

Q=

25-16.

25-17.

mg
0.2 103 kg 9.8 m/s 2
=
= 7.36 108 C
4
4
2.66 10 V/m
2.66 10 V/m

q
82 1.6 1019
= 9 109
V/m = 1.7 107 V/m
15
7.1 10
4 0 r
1 3q
V(r) at center is:
= 2.5 107 V/m
4 0 2 r
V(r) =

Potential energy at the surface [see Equation (25.33)]

Qe
9 109 N m 2 /C2 78e 2 C2
U = qV(r) =
=
= 2.57 1012 J
15
7.0 10 m
4 0 R
3 1 Qe
12

= 3.86 10 J
2 4 0 r
Let r be distance from center of nucleus. Then,
1 Q
78 1.6 1019
1.12 107
V(r) =
= 9 109
V/m =
V/m
r
r
4 0 r
1
E = mv2 + qV(r). At closest approach v = 0. Therefore,
2
1.12 107
12
E = qV(r0) = (2 1.6 1019)
J = 1.7 10 J
r0

U(r = 0) = eV(0) =

25-18.

Therefore r0 =
25-19.

2 1.6 1019 1.12 107

= 2.1 1014 m
1.7 1012

Potential at surface =

1 Q
94 1.6 1019
= 9 109
V = 1.80 107 V
15
7.5 10
4 0 r

Energy of -particle at this distance

E = qV(r) = (2 1.6 1019) 1.80 107 J
= 5.8 1012 J = min kinetic energy needed

536

CHAPTER

25-20.

2Q

At a distance x from the origin, V = V1 + V2 =

4 0 x 2 +
25-21.

d
4

2 0 x 2 +
2

d2
4

3
a a a
a
At the center of the cube, V = 8
, where r = + + =
2
4 0 r
2 2 2
Q
4Q
V =8
=
3
0 3a
4 0
a
2
At the center of a face,
Q

V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 =

V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 =

Q
2

a a
4 0 +
2 2

Q
2 2a 0

Q
2

a a
4 0 + + a 2
2 2

V = 4V1 + 4V5 =

2Q
2a 0

2Q
3a 0

At the center of an edge,

Q
Q
=
V1 = V4 =
a 2 0 a
4 0
2
Q
V2 = V3 = V5 = V6 =

25-22.

2Q
4 3a 0

2Q
1
1+

a 0
3

Q
2 5 0 a

a
4 0 a 2 +
2
Q
Q
=
V7 = V8 =
2
6 0 a
a
4 0 a 2 + + a 2
2
Q
2
1
V = 2V1 + 4V2 + 2V7 =
1+
+

a 0
5 3
Q
2Q

V =
2
2
4 0 x + D
4 0 ( x D ) 2 + D 2

At x = D, V has the maximum value.

537

25

CHAPTER
25-23.

25

Divide the arc into infinitesimal pieces with length R d . Each piece has charge dq = Rd . The
Rd
dq
=
.
potential from this piece is dV =
4 0 R 4 0 R

Integrate to find V. , R, are constants, so

R

V =
d =

4 0 R 0
4 0
25-24.

-2
0

2d

The electric field from a sheet with surface charge density is given by: E =

.
0

2
2
For 0 y d , E1 = +
j
j=
0
0 0 0
2
2
For d y 2d , E2 =
j
j=
0
0 0 0
2
For y 2d , E3 =

+
=0

Since V (r ) = E i dr , so if we define y = 0 to be the reference point for electric potential, we

ref

have:
y

For 0 y d , V =
0

dy =

2 y

For d y 2d , V = E1dy E 2 dy =
d

For y 2d , V = E1dy
0

25-25.

2d

E2 dy
d

2 d

E dy =
3

2d

2 ( y d )

2 d

(2 y 4d )
0

2 (2d d )

=0

1 Qq
(2 1.6 1019 ) (88 1.6 1019 )
= 9 109
= 5.5 1012 J
7.4 1015
4 0 r
1
(b) All U has been converted to kinetic energy mv2. Therefore,
2

(a) U =

538

CHAPTER

v=
25-26.

2U
=
m

2 5.5 1012
m/s = 4.0 107 m/s.
6.7 1027

1
Q
r
4 0
40
10
40
= 9 109 2000 + 3000 + 6000

(a) V =

= 7.5 107 V
(b) V =

1
4 0

40
40
+
+
= 9 109
2
2
2
3000 + 50002
2000 + 5000

25-27.

6000 + 5000
10

2 1.6 1019 1.6 1019 1.6 1019

1 Q
9

10
V=
= 9 10
0.3 1010 0.632 1010
0.6 10
4 0 r
9 1.6
= 23 V
0.632
dq 1
ds
, where the charge per unit length = Q / l
dV =
=
4 0 r 4 0 h 2 + s 2

=
25-28.

ds

V=
=
ln
2
2
4 0
l / 2 4 0 h + s

l
2
2
2 + (l / 4) + h
Q
=
ln

4 0 l l + (l 2 / 4) + h 2

l/2

l
+ (l 2 / 4) + h 2
2
l
+ (l 2 / 4) + h 2
2

539

25

CHAPTER

25-29.

25-30.

25

l
1
Q
h
;= .
=
;h=
l
l
2 3
3
2
Therefore, V(0)
l

(l 2 /4) + l 2
+

4(3)
Q 1 2

=
ln
l 4 0 l + (l 2 /4) + l 2 /r (3)

1+

Q 1
3
=
ln
l 4 0 1 + 2

Q 1 2+ 3
=

ln
l 4 0 2 3
Outside shell, E field is zero.
(By symmetry all E-fields point radially outward):
V(c) = V() = 0.
E-field inside shell given by
Gauss LawCharge enclosed in surface radius r, b
< r < c is
r 3 b3
Q + Q 3
3
c b
and
Q
E(r) 4r2 = net E(r) =

Qnet
4 0 r 2

1(r 3 b3 )
Q
=
2
3
3
4 0 r (c b ) 4 0
c3

Q
=
r
3
3 3
4 0 (c b ) r

E (r ) =

1
r2

r
c
3
3
3
3
c b c b

c3 r 2
Q
V (b) V (c) = E ( r )dr =

c
4 0 (c 3 b3 ) r
2 c
c3 b 2 c3 c 2
c3 b 2 3 2
Q
Q
=
+

=
c = V (b )

+
4 0 (c 3 b3 ) b
2
2 4 0 (c 3 b3 ) b
2 2
c
b

From r = b to r = a, E =

1
4 0 r 2

Therefore,
a

4 0

V (a ) V (b) = E (r )dr =

Q
1
Q
dr =
=
2
r
4 0 b 4 0

540

1 1

a b

CHAPTER
c3 b 2 3 2

+
c

1
1
Q 1 1
Q b

2 2 +

V (a ) = V (b) +

4 0 a b 4 0
c 3 b3
a b

From r = 0 to r = a by Gauss Law

Qr 3
Q r
E ( r )4 r 2 =
E (r ) =
0 a3
4 0 a 3
Therefore,
V(0) V(a) =

r
Q
Q
r2 =
dr =
3
3
4 0 a
2(4 0 )a
0 2(4 0 )a
Q

Therefore,
c3 b 2 3 2

+
c

1 Q 1
Q
3 1 1
=

V (0) = V (a ) +
b 3 2 32 +
2 4 0 a 4 0
c b
2 a b

25-31.

V = V(1) + V(2) + V(3) + V(4)

Q l ds
V (1) =
4 0 l 0 s + x
l + x
ln

4 0 l x
x =l
Q
du
V (2) =

x
2
4 0l
u + l2
x =e
Q
=
ln + 2 + l 2
4 0l
x
=

V(2) =

V(3) =

( x + l ) + ( x + l )2 + l 2
ln
4 0l
x + x2 + l 2

Q
4 0

dy
y 2 + x2

Q
4 0l

ln y +

y 2 + x2

l + l 2 + ( x + l )2

ln

x+l
4 0

l + l 2 + ( x + l )2
Q l + x
ln
V =
+ ln
l+x
4 0l x

V(4) =

l + l 2 + x2
ln

x
4 0l

( x + l ) + ( x + l )2 + l 2
+ ln

x + x2 + l 2

l + l 2 + x2
+ ln

Volts

541

25

CHAPTER
25-32.

25

For the straight rods,

(r r ) + r1

ln 2 1
V=

4 0
r1

ln 2 for each.
4 0 r1

For a semicircle of radius r1

ds
dV =
4 0 r1
r1 ds

V=
=
=

0
r1
4 0
4 0 4 0
(independent of r1)
Therefore,

r2
V=
en 2 +
=
ln + Volt
2 0
r1 2 0 2 0 r1

25-33.

There is no electric field in cavity.

Therefore, V(a) V(0) = 0
By Gauss Law, E-field for
a < r < b given by
r 2 a2 e
E(2re) = 2
2
b a 0

1 r 2 a2

2 0 r b 2 a 2

a2

r
E(r) =

r
2 0 (b 2 a 2 )
E=

r2

V(b) V(a) = E (r ) dr =
a 2 enr

2
2
a
2 0 (b a ) r
b
2
2
2

a en(b / a )
a +b
b
+ a2 ln =
=

2
2
2
2
2 0 (b a )
2
a 2 0 b a

V (b) V (0) [since V(a) = V(0)]

25-34.

From Chapter 23, Problem 34, E =

Z
1
2
2 R Z + R 2
Q

Taking V() = 0 we have

2 0 R

V(Z) =
=

E ( Z ) dZ +

(Z

Q
2 0 R

Z 2 + R 2

Q
2 0 R 2

dZ
Z + R
Z

Z 2 + R2 Z

542

along axis.

CHAPTER

25-35.

The electric field in the tube is given by

25

1
and the potential difference between r = a, r = b,
2 0 r

given by
a

V = E (r ) dr =
b

2.5

b
ln =
ln
=
ln(1000)
3
2 0 a 2 0 2.5 10
2 0

103
= 145 V
=
2 0 ln1000
1
145
Thus, E at the surface of wire =
= 1.16 107 V/m
=
2 0 r 1.25 105
Therefore,

1 1
145
= 1.16 104 v/m
=
2 0 r 1.25 102
1
The electric field in the tube given by
and potential difference between r = a, r = b, given
2 0 r
E at cylinder =

25-36.

by E (r ) dr =
b

b
ln .
2 0 a

1 103V
1.0
3
= 145 V
=
1

10
V

=
ln

ln1000
2 0 0.001
2 0
1
145 V
E at surface of wire =
= 5.7 106 V/m
=
2 0 r 0.001 m
1 145V
= 5.7 103 V/m
E at cylinder =
=
2 0 r 1.0m

Here V =

25-37.

E i ds

Then Q =

, where Q = charge inside a sphere of radius r, = kr 5/2 C/m3

4 r 2 dr =

( 4 r ) E = 8k
2

dr

4 r 2 ( kr 5 / 2 ) dr = 4 k

= 8 k r

E=

2k
0r 3 / 2

r
r
r
2k
But V(r) = V() E i dr = E i dr =

r3 / 2
0
4k
Volt
V(r) =
0 r

Take any point (x,y,z) on the

surface of the sphere. Then

543

2k
dr =
0

dr
r3/ 2

CHAPTER

25

x2 + y2 + z2 = R2
1 Q Q ( R / h)
V =
+

r2
4 0 r1

r1 and r2 as shown
r1 = x 2 + y 2 + (hz ) 2
2

R2

r2 = x + y +
z
h

Therefore,

1
1
Q
R
V(x,y,z) =

2
4 0 x + y 2 + (h z ) 2 h
R2

z
x+ y+

Q
1
R
1

2
2
2
2 1/ 2
2
2
2
2
4
2 1/ 2
4 0 ( x + y + z 2 zh + h )
h ( x + y + z 2 R z / h + R /h )
2

Q
1
1

2
2 1/ 2
2
2
4
2 1/ 2
4 0 ( R 2 zh + h )
h / r ( R 2 R z /h + R /h )

Q
1
1
2
=0
=

2
2 1/ 2
2 1/ 2
4 0 ( R 2 zh + h )
(h 2 zh + R )
=

Therefore, potential constant is at 0 on entire surface.

25-38.
d/2

+
d/3

+
d/2

In order to make the uncharged conducting sheet in the middle to have zero electric field, the top
of the middle sheet must have charge density , its bottom must have charge density + .
Take the negative charged sheet at the bottom as reference point. The top of the conducting sheet
d d 1 2
d d 1 d
is located at y = + = d . Its bottom is located at y = = .
2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
Based on the charge densities and their location, the electric fields at different regions are:
1

=
For 0 y d , E1 =
0
3
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
1
2
For d y d , E 2 = 0
3
3

544

CHAPTER

For

E3 =
+

j= j
0
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
E4 = 0

2d
y d,
3

For y d ,

Using V(r) = E i dr
ref

1
For 0 y d ,
3

V1 = E1 i dr =
0

for

1
2
d y d,
3
3

For

2d
y d,
3
d /3

V3 =

d
d
V2 = constant = V1 ( ) =
3
3 0

2d / 3

E dy

E 2 dy

y
0

d /3

E 3 dy =

d /3
(2d / 3 y ) (d y )
+0+
=
0
0
0

E3 dy =

d /3
(2d / 3 d )
+0+
=0
0
0

2d / 3

for y d ,
d /3

V4 =

2d / 3

E1dy

25-39.

E2 dy

d /3

2d / 3

0 < r < R, E1 = 0.
R < r < R1, E2 =

Q
4 0 r 2

R1 < r < R2, E3 = 0.

r > R2 , E4 = 0
Use the electric fields above to find electric potential
r

using: V (r ) =

R2

E i dr

reference
point

(a) r > R2, Va = 0

(b) R1 < r < R2, Vb = constant = Va(r = R2) = 0
R2
R
r
Q
Q
Q

(c) R < r < R1. Vc = 0dr 0dr

dr =
2
4 0 r
4 0 R1 4 0 r

R2
R1
(d) 0 < r < R, Vd = constant = Vc(r = R) =
25-40.

Q
4 0 R1

3Q Q
Q
=
2
4 0 r
2 0 r 2
For a r b, E = 0
Q
For r a, E =
4 0 r 2

For r b, E =

Define V = at r =
r

For r b, V1 (r ) =

Q
2 0 r

R1

dr =

Q
2 0 r

545

Q
4 0 R

25

CHAPTER

25

a r b, V2 (r ) = V1 (r = b) =
b

2 0 r

25-41.

2 0 b
b

r a, V3 (r ) =

(Q)
Q
Q 1 1
+
dr =
( )
2
4 0 r
2 0 b 4 0 a r

dr

First, find the electric fields in different regions using Gauss Law:
q
Qr
1 Q 4 3 Qr 3
r =
E1 =
r < a, 4 r 2 E1 = inside =
3
0
0 4 a3 3
0a
4 0 a 3
3
Q
a r b , E2 =
4 0 r 2
b r c, E3 = 0 (It is a conductor)
Q + 2Q
3Q
=
r c E4 =
2
4 0 r
4 0 r 2
r

Now use V (r ) = Edr to find the potential at different regions:

3Q
3Q
dr =
2
4 0 r
4 0 r

r c, V4 ( r ) = E4 dr =

b r c, V3 = constant = V4(r = c) =
c

a r b,

4 0 c

V2 (r ) = E4 dr E3 dr E2 dr =

r a,

3Q

a
2

3Q
4 0 c

Q
4 0 r

Q
4 0 b

Qr

8 0 a

Q 3 1 1 r
1
+ 3 +

4 0 c a b a
2a
2

25-43.

4 0 c

V1 (r ) = E4 dr E3 dr E2 dr E1dr
=

25-42.

3Q

V
= (2x + 2y)
x
V
Ey =
= 2x
y
V
Ez =
=0
z
Therefore, at x 2, y 2, E = 8i 4j V/m
Ex =

Example 9 gives:
Q
x
Ex =
2
2
4 0 ( x + y + z 2 )3 / 2
Q
y
Ey =
2
2
4 0 ( x + y + z 2 )3 / 2

546

|ra

Q
4 0 r

Q
4 0 b

CHAPTER
Ez =

4 0 ( x + y + z 2 )3 / 2
2

Q x2 + y 2 + z 2
Q 2
1
E +E +E =
=(
)

2
2
2 3
2
4 0 ( x + y 2 + z 2 ) 2
4 0 ( x + y + z )
Q
Q
=
| E | = Ex2 + E y2 + Ez2 =
4 0 ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 4 0 r 2
1 Q 2
1 3Q
for (r R )
V =
r +
3
4 0 2 R
4 0 2 R
dV
1 Qr
Qr
=
=
3
dr
2 0 2 R
4 0 R 3
dV
Qr
Er =
=
, which agrees with 24.18.
4 0 R 3
dr
2
x

25-45.

25-46.

25-47.

25-48.

2
y

2
z

V
= 2 xy 3 yz
x
V
Ey =
= x 2 3 xz 2 zy
y
V
Ez =
= 3 xy y 2
z
E = (2 xy + 3 yz )i ( x 2 + 3 xz + 2 zy ) j (3 xy + y 2 )k
Ex =

V
2
2 x
2 y
2 z
=
sin
cos
cos
a
a
b
c
x
V
2
2 x
2 y
2 z
Ey =
=
cos
sin
cos
y
b
a
b
c
V
2
2 x
2 y
2 z
Ez =
=
cos
cos
sin
z
c
a
b
c
Q
1
i
(a) V(x,y,z) =
ri
4 0
Ex =

1
6e
6e

+
4 0 ( x + 0.4 1010 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2
( x 0.8 1010 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2

dV
(b)
Ex =
dx

1 1
6e 2( x + 0.4 1010 )
2e 2( x + 0.8 1010 )
1

2
2 3/ 2
2
2 3/ 2
10 2
10 2
4 0 2 [( x + 0.4 10 ) + y + z ]
2 [( x + 0.8 10 ) + y + z ]
=

Ey =
=

dV
dy

1 1
6e 2 y
2e 2 y
1
+

10 2
2
2 3/ 2
10 2
2
2 3/ 2
4 0 2 [( x + 0.4 10 ) + y + z ]
2 [( x + 0.8 10 ) + y + z ]

547

25

CHAPTER

25-49.

25
p

V =

4 0 ( x + y + z 2 )3 / 2
V
p
3 xz
Ex =
=
2
x
4 0 ( x + y 2 + z 2 )5 / 2
2

Ey =

V
p
3 yz
=
2
4 0 ( x + y 2 + z 2 )5 / 2
y

Ez =

V
p
3z 2
1
=
2
2
2
2 5/2
2
2 3/ 2
4 0 ( x + y + z )
(x + y + z )
z

On z axis, x = y = 0

Ex = Ey = 0, | E | = Ez =

2 0 z 3

On x axis, y = z = 0,

25-50.

Ex = Ey = 0, | E | = Ez =

p
2 0 x 3

At point P, electric potential produced by positive charged rod is:

r =l + x
Q
dr
Q
l+x
V+ =
=
ln

x
4 0l r = x r
4 0l
Electric potential produced by negative rod is:
y =l / 2
Q
dy
V =

2
4 0 l y = l / 2 l

2
+
x

+y
2

=
ln y +
4 0l

2
l

y2 + + x
2

y = l/ 2

|
y = l/ 2

2
l2 l
Q l 2 l
l
l

=
+ + x +
ln
+ + x
ln
4 0l 4 2
2
2
4 2

Vtotal = V+ + V
2

E=

Q
4 0l

ln

2
2
l2 l
l+x
Q l 2 l
l
l

+ + x + ln
+ + x
ln
x
4 0l 4 2
2
2
4 2

dVtotal
i
dx

548

CHAPTER

25-51.

+ x
Qi
x
xl x
1
2

2
2
2
2
2
x
4 0l l + x
l + l + x + l l + l + x

4 2
2 4 2

2
2

l2
l l2 l
l
l

+ + x
+ + x +
2 4 2
2
4 2

Q i
l

2
4 0l x(l + x)
l

+ x

Qi
l
l
1

2
4 0l x(l + x) l + x l 2 l

+ + x
2

4 2

Qi 1
1

2
2
4 0 x(l + x) l
l
l

+ + x
+ x

2
4 2

(a) From Equation 41, potential due to ring is

1
Q
V=
2
4 0 ( z + R 2 )1 / 2
Consider the tube to be made up of
many small rings. The potential
due to a ring element is
1
dQ
dV =
2
4 0 ( z + R 2 )1 / 2
Q
But dQ = dx. Therefore,
l
1 Q
dx
dV =
2
4 0 l ( z + R 2 )1 / 2
Where z = distance from ring element to the point on the axis, x,
1 Q
dx
V
therefore z = x x . Therefore, dV =
4 0 l [( x x) 2 + R 2 ]1 / 2
1 Q x= l / 2
dx
= dv =

/
2
x
l
=
4 0 l
[( x x) 2 + R 2 ]1 / 2
Let x = x y dx = dy
Then

549

l2 l
l

+ + x
4 2
2

2
l2 l

+ + x
4 2

2
l2 l

+ + x
4 2

l

+ x
2

+ x
2

25

CHAPTER

25

1 Q y = xl / 2
dy
2

=
/
2
y
x
l
+
4 0 l
( y + R 2 )1 / 2
y = x + l / 2
1 Q
=
ln y + y2 + R 2
y = xl / 2
4 0 l

V =

2
2
1 Q x + l / 2 + ( x + l / 2) + R
ln
4 0 l xl / 2 + ( x + l / 2) 2 + R 2

(Table of integrals)

V
(b) By symmetry, the electric field must only point in x-direction. Therefore, E = Ex i =
i
x
2

1 Q
l
l

=
ln x + + x + + R 2

4 0 l x
2
2

V
l
l

ln x + x + R 2

x
2
2

1 Q 1 + ( x + l/2)[( x + l/2) 2 + R 2 ]1 / 2
=

4 0 l x + l/2 + ( x + l/2) 2 + R 2

1 + ( x l/2)[( x l/2) 2 + R 2 ]1 / 2

x l/2 + ( x l/2) 2 + R 2

25-52.
25-53.

1 (40)(40) (40)(10) (40 10)

9
+
+

= 3.6 10 J
4 0 5000
8000
3000
Potential energy

ke 2
k (2e)
U = 2
+
10
10
0.958 10 2(0.958 10 cos37.5)
By (2) U =

where k =
U=

1
4 0

ke 2
0.958 1010

4 +

2cos37.5

= 8.1 1018 J

At a point outside the spherical charge distribution,

the charge can be replaced by a point charge as was
shown using Gauss Law in Chapter 24.

2e 2
1 2e 2
e2
+
+

10
10
10
4 0 0.2 10
0.2 10
0.4 10
2 (1.60 1019 ) 2 (1.60 1019 ) 2
17
+
= 9.0 109 2
= 4.0 10 J(250 eV)
10
10
0.2 10
0.4 10

25-54.

By (2) U =

25-55.

U=

1 Q 2 d 1 (1.0 106 ) 2 0.001

= 6.3 104 J
=
2 0 A 2 (8.85 1012 )(0.09)

550

CHAPTER

25-56.

U=

1
0E2 volume (see Equation 12)
2

4
1
8.85 1012 25 1010 0.2 5 104 = 1.1 10 J
2
2
1
1
U = QV = 2 106 3 104 = 3 1 J
2
2
2
1
1
C
21 2 V
U = 0E2 = 8.85 1012

(3.4

10
)
= 5.1 1031 J/m3

m2
2
2
Vm
8
3
1
1
(a) u = 0E 2 = (8.85 1012 ) 1002 J/m3 = 4.4 10 J/m
2
2
(b) Volume of air 4R2 R = 4(6,380,000 m)2(10,000 m) = 5.12 1018 m3
Therefore, Energy U = uV = 4.4 108 J/m3 (5.12 1018)m3 = 2.3 1011 J

25-57.
25-58.
25-59.

25-60.

25-61.
25-62.

The potential at point 1 is:

Q
Q 5
2Q
2Q
1
V1 =
+

4 0 2a 4 0 a 4 0 3a 2 0 a 4
3
So the energy of caused by charge 1 is:
Q2 1
Q2
5
U = QV1 =
0.67

2 0 a 3 4
2 0 a

2(-Q)

1(Q)

3(Q)

6(-Q)
5(Q)

Consider all pairs, using (25.48), we get:

Q2
U(total) = 1.01
0 a
1
1
u = 0 E 2 = 8.85 1012 C/(Nm 2 ) (2.0 1010 )2 N 2 /C2 = 1.77 109 J/m3
2
2
(a) Consider a typical charge e.
e 2e 2e 2e 2e
e2
1 1 1

+ ...... =
U =

1 + + ...
4 0 a 2a 3a 4a
2 0 a
2 3 4

1 2 1 3 1 4
x + x x + ...
2
3
4
1 1 1
Let x = 1 ln 2 = 1 + + ...
2 3 4
2
e
U =
ln 2
2 0 a
(b) ln(1 + x) = x

(c) If a = 3.0 1010 m,

U =

(1.6 1019 C) 2
ln 2 = 1.06 1018 J = 6.6 eV
2 8.85 1012 C/(Nm 2 ) 3 1010 m

551

4(-Q)

25

CHAPTER

25-63.

U=

25-64.

U =

25
1 4Q 2
Q2
+2

4 0 d
2d
Q2

4 0 d

(4 + 2)

12kQ 2

2d

charge pairs
along the
free diagonals

U=

25-65.

4kQ 2

3d

12kQ 2
d

pairs
along body
diagonals

pairs
along
edges

4kQ 2 3
1
1
5.83kQ 2

;
k
=
=
3
J

4 0
d 2
d
3

Let R be distance between -particles.

4e 2 4e 2 4e 2
1
U=
=
+
+
=
R
R
4 0 R
1 12e 2

4 0 R
= 9.0 109

12 (1.6 1019 ) 2
J
3.0 1015

= 9.2 1013 J = 5.8 106 eV

25-66.

Let distances between -particles be R. By an extension of

formula (2),

U=

2e 2
6
4 0 R
1

factor of 6 appearing because there are six lines joining the

-particles to each other.
(2 1.6 1019 ) 2
1
= 9.0 109 6
eV
3.0 1015
1.6 1019
= 1.2 107 eV

25-67.

Energy U =

1
1
1 q1q2
Vcloud (r1)q1 + Vcloud (r2)q2 +
2
2
4 0 r12

Qr 3
1 3Q
+
3
4 0 2 R
4 0 2 R
R
At position of electrons r = ,
2
therefore,
Vcloud (r) =

552

CHAPTER
1 Q
1 3Q
r
Vcloud =
+
2

4
8
4

0
0 2R
1 11Q
=
4 0 8 R
Therefore,
1 1 11Q
1 11Q 1 q1q2
U=
q1 +
q2 +

2 4 0 8R
4 0 8R 4 0 r12
11(2 1.6 1019 )(1.6 119 )
9

= 9.0 10
8 0.5 110

(1.6 1019 )(1.6 1019 )

J = 8.1 1018 J = 50 eV
10
0.5 10

+ 9.0 109

1
1 1 Q2 1
(7.5 106 ) 2
QV =
= (9.0 109 )
J = 1.7 J
2
2 4 0 R
2
0.15

25-68.

As in Example 1, U =

25-69.

Electrical energy in the space between R and 2R

is given by

dU = dv = 0 E 2 (4 r 2 dr )
2

2R 1 Q 2
2
0
U=

(4r )dr
R 2 4 r 2
0

Q2
8 0

Q2 1
R
8 0 2

Utotal =

25-70.

25-71.

2R

dr
Q2 1
=

8 0 2 R
r2

Q2 1
Q2 1
Q2 1
1
Q2 7
+
=
+
=

8 0 2 R 8 0 5R 8 0 2 R 5R 8 0 10 R

By (9), U =

1 Q2

8 0 R

1 e2
=
= mec2

8 0 R

Therefore,

1 e 2 8.99 109
(1.60 1019 ) 2
R =
=
= 1.41 1015 m

2
31
8 2
2
8 0 me c
9.11 10 (3.00 10 )
First, use Gauss Law to find the electric field in regions r R and r R
4 3
Qr 3
Qr
E (r R) =
r =
3
4
4 0 R 3
0
0 R3 3
0 R
3
q
Q
Q
4 E (r R) = inside =
E (r R) =
0
0
4 0 r 2
1
Since there is no charge outside the sphere, when we use U = V (r R )dQ to calculate the
2
energy, we only need the potential inside the sphere: V (r R ) , which can be found by:
4 E ( r R) =

qinside

553

25

CHAPTER

25
R

V (r R ) = E (r R)dr E ( r R) dr =

4 0 R

Qr 2
Q
3Q
Qr 2
+
=

3
8 0 R
8 0 R 8 0 R 8 0 R 3

U =

1
1
3Q
Qr 2
V
r
R
dQ
(
)
(
)dQ

2
2 0 8 0 R 8 0 R 3

Since dQ = dv =

4 r 2 dr =

3Qr 2
dr
R3

4
R3
3
R
R
1
3Q
Qr 2 3Qr 2
3Q 2
3r 2 r 4
3Q 2
1 3 2
U
dr
(
)
(
So, =

=
3 )dr =
Q /R
=
3
3
3
2 0 8 0 R 8 0 R
16 0 R 0 R
R
R
20 0 R 4 0 5
25-72.

By Example 4,
1 3Q 2
1 3e 2
U=
=
n (eV)
4 0 5R
4 0 5 R
where n = # of electric charge
9
Pu: n = 94 U = 1.03 10 eV

235

25-73.
25-74.

235

Np : n = 93

U = 1.01 109 eV

235

U : n = 92

U = 9.9 108 eV

235

Pa : n = 94

U = 9.7 108 eV

eV
1 3q 2
3e 2
= 9 109
= 8.6 105 eV
15
4 0 5R
5(0.1 10 ) e
1
U = u dV =
0E2 dV.
2
The electric field E between the sphere and the shell is
1 Q
4 0 r 2

U =

where Q = charge on sphere.

dV = 4r 2 dr
Therefore,
2

Uspace = 0 1 Q2 4r 2 dr
R
4 0 r
(R1,R2 = inner and outer radii)
R2

Uspace =

1 Q2
2 4 0

Utotal = Uspace =

R2

R1

r
1 Q2
=
r 2 2 4 0

2
1 Q2
1

=
r
R1 2 4 0

1
1

R1 R2

Q2 1
1
1
9
6 2 1

= (9.0 10 ) (1.0 10 )

8 0 R1 R2
0.1 0.2

= 0.0225 J

554

CHAPTER

25-75.

(a) The gravitational field g =

By analogy E g;

0 E 2

Since u =

1
4 0

= 40

GM
1 Q
; The electric field E =
.
2
r
4 0 r 2

E2
=
8

E2
1
8

4 0

g2
8 G
1 3 2
(b) From the result of Problem 71, U elec=
Q /R
4 0 5
1
Use the analogy
G , M Q, the gravitational energy of the moon is:
4 0

substituting analogous variables in gives u =

3 GM 2
= 1.24 1029 J
5 R
U grav
(3 / 5)(GM 2 /R ) 3 GM
=
=
= 1.9 1011
U restmass
Mc 2
5 Rc 2

Ugrav =

25-76.

(a) U =

1 3 Q2
, from Equation 25 for a uniform
4 0 5 R

sphere.
Therefore,
U = 9.0 109
3 (92 1.60 1019 ) 2
J = 1.6 1010 J = 9.9 108 eV
5
7.4 1015

(b) Let R1 be radius of palladium nucleus, R0 be radius of uranium. By constant volume

4
4
2 R13 = R03
3
3
2 R13 = R03 R1 = 21 / 3 R0
U = Uint + Uinter
1 3 (46e) 2
Uint = 2
4 0 5 R1
= 2 9.0 109
Uinter =

3 (46 1.60 1019 ) 2 1/3

2 = 1.0 1010
5
7.4 1015

Q2
(46 1.6 1019 ) 2 1/3
= 9.0 109
2 = 4.2 1011 J
4 0 rinter
2 7.4 1015

Therefore,
U = 1.4 1010 J

555

25

CHAPTER

25

(c) At this time Uinter 0 (since rinter ). Therefore,

1 3 Q2
(46 1.6 1019 ) 2 1/3
U = Uint = 2
= 2 9.0 109 0.6
2
4 0 5 R1
7.4 1015
= 1.0 1010 J

(d) U = 1.6 1010 J 1.0 1010 J = 6 1011 J = 4 108 eV

(e)

25-77.

288

U has atomic mass 238 g/mol = 0.238 kg/mol

Therefore Mol. of U = 1/0.238 = 4.20 mol
Number of U atoms = 4.20 mol 6.02 1023/mol = 2.5 1024 atoms
Each atom releases 6 1011 J. Therefore, energy released = 6 1011 2.5 1024
J = 1.5 1014 J

Let V2,V1 be potential at wire, shell, respectively. Charge Q on wire,

Q on shell. Then
1
1
1
U=
QV = QV2 + (Q ) V1
2
2
2
1
= Q(V2 V1)
2
V2 V1 = 1.0 103 V.
Since V2 V1 = V =

E dr =

b
ln
2 0 a

b
ln where l = length of tube
2 0l a
(see Question 29),
2 0l
Q=
(V2 V1 )
ln(b / a )

Therefore,
1
U = 20l
2

25-78.

b 1
2
ln a (V2 V1)

7
1.0 1
3 2 = 4.1 10 J
= (8.85 1012) 0.10 ln
(1.0 10 )
0.001
1
R = 1 1015 m, = 0E2
2
1
when U = U = u dv = 0 E 2 (4 r 2 dr )
2
For r R/2, from Example 24.4,
2e 2
U1 =
8 0 5 R

For r R, E = 0; U = 0

r 3 R3

R
e
r R (4)r 2E =
1 3 8 3
R R
2
0

556

CHAPTER

E=

2e
( R3 r 3 )
7 0 r 2 R 3

R
r R;
2
R
1
4e 2
1 3
U2 = 0
( R r 3 ) 2 (4r 2) dr
3 2
4
R
/
2
2
(7 0 R ) r

R6

2rR 3 + r 4 dr
6 2
49 0 R r

8e 2

After simplification, U = U1 + U2 =
25-79.

0.98e 2
= 7.1 (105 ) eV
8 0 R

Electric field in the cylinder is (by Gauss Law)

Q
l r 2 lr 2
(i) r < a, 2rl E(r) = net =
=
0 a2 0a2
0
Therefore, E(r) =

lr 2
r
=
2 0 rl 2 0 a 2

(ii) Between the rod and the cylinder,

1
a < r < b E(r) =
2 0 r
(a) Therefore, between the rod and the cylinder,
2

1
1 1
2
0E2 = 0
=
2
2 2 0 r
8 2 0 r 2
(b) Inside the cylinder, the energy per unit length is:
u=

1
1 r
2r 2
=
0 E 2 = 0
2
2
2 2 0 a
8 2 0 a 4
Total energy of the system is in length l is:
r =a
r =b
2r 2
2
U = udv =
dV
+
r =a 8 2 0 r 2 dV
r = 0 8 2 a 4
0
u=

where U is energy in cylinder in length l. Take volume elements to be concentric cylindrical

shells of volume 2rl dr. Therefore,
a
b
2r 2
2
U=
2
rl
dr
+
a 8 2 0 r 2 2rl dr
0 8 2 a 4
0
=

b dr
l 2 a r 3 dr
l 2 1
b
+
=
0 4

+ ln

a
a
a
r 4 0 4
4 0

Therefore, energy per unit length U = U/l =

25-80.

F =

2 1
b
+ ln
4 0 4
a

qQ
4 0 r 2

From Newtons Second Law, m

d 2x
qQ
=
2
4 0 r 2
dt

557

25

CHAPTER

25

Since m

d2x
dv
dv dx
dv
dv
qQ
=m
=m
= mv , Therefore, mv =
dt 2
dt
dx dt
dt
dt 4 0 x 2

m vdv =

25-81.

3d

dx
x2

mv 2
qQ 1
1
qQ
( )=
=
2
4 0 d 3d
6 0 d

qQ
3 0 md

v=

a=

qQ
4 0

F qproton E 1.6 1019 C 2.5 106 V/m

=
=
= 2.40 1014 m/s 2
m
mproton
1.67 1027 kg

x=

v 2 v02
0 (6.9 106 m/s) 2
=
= 9.96 102 m
2a
2 2.24 1014 m/s 2

V = Ex = 2.5 106 V/m 9.96 102 m = 2.50 105 V

25-82.

U(1,0,0) =

qq 9 109 (1.6 1019 ) 2

=
= 2.3 1018 J
1010
4 0 r

U(0.5,0.5,0) =

9 109 (1.6 1019 ) 2

= 3.3 1018 J
0.707 1010

Work required W = U(1,0,0) + U(0.5,0.5,0)

1018
= 1018 J =
= 6.25 eV
1.6 1019
25-83.

(a) Evaluate

E i dr

by taking the route of

straight line from (0,0,0) to (3,0,0)

Ex dx + E y dy + Ez dx = 0
=
25-84.

x =3

x =0

6 x 2 y dx =

x =3

x =0

0 dx (since y = 0) = 0

(KE + PE) = mv 2 + U = 0 at r =
2

From conservation of energy, at any other point

2U
KE = PE or v =
m
Qe
9 109 82e 2
= 2.66 1012 J
At the nuclear surface, U =
=
15
7.1 10
4 0 R

v|r = R =

2 2.66 1012
= 4.1 107 m/s
31
3490 9.1 10

At the center of the nucleus

3 2U
7
v|r = 0 = i
= 5.02 10 m/s
2 m

558

CHAPTER
25-85.

25

Electric field pointing radially out given by

1
2 0 r
Therefore,
V(b) V(a) =

1
dr
2 0 r

a
=
ln
2 0 b
Therefore,
a
u = qV = l
ln
2 0 b
12 mm
16
= 1.6 1019 5.5 108 2 9.0 109 ln
= 4.29 10 J.
mm
0.8

This energy converted to kinetic energy

1 2
mv = E = v
2
25-86.

2 4.29 1015
m/s = 3.1 107 m/s
9.1 1031

2E
=
m

(a) Potential from a point charge is Vpoint =

4 0 r

The rod can be divided into small segments with length dx. Each dx can be seen as a point charge
Q
with dq = dx
l
dq
Q
dx
The potential from each segment is dV =
=
2
4 0 r 4 0 l x + y 2
V =

4 0 l

(b) E y =
25-87.

Q
=
A

x =l

dx

x2 + y 2

x =0

4 0 l

ln

l + l 2 + y2
y

l + l 2 + y2
V
Q
Q
=
(ln
)=
y
4 0l y
y
4 0 y l 2 + y 2

4Q
C/m2
2
3 R

R
)
4

Potential at point P is given by

1 dQ
2 dr
dV =
=
4 0
4 0 r 2 + x 2
V=
=

2 0

(R2

rdr

R/ 2

r + x2

R2
2
+ x2
R + x2

2 0
4

559

CHAPTER

25

2Q
3 0 R 2

R2 + x2

R2
+ x2

V
2Q
x

E = i
=
2
2
x 3 0 R R + x 2

25-88.

x
i

R2
+ x2
4

q2 1
1
1 1
1
1
+
+ + +
+

4 0 L
2L L L
2L L
2
q 4
2
=
+

4 0 L
2L
q2
=
(4 + 2)
4 0 L
U=

This is the kinetic energy, at large distances, of all four particles.

1

K.E. = 4 mv 2 when v = speed of each.

2

2
q
(4 + 2)
2mv2 =
4 0
q2

v2 =
(4 + 2) m/sec
8 0 mL

or
1/ 2

q2

v2 =
(4 + 2)
8 0 mL

25-89.

m/sec

1
1
1
Vother (1) q1 + Vother (2) q(2) + . . . = Vother (i) q (i)
2
2
2
where Vother = potential at dv due to all charges du
1 du (Q / l )
Q
du
dvother =
=
4 0 u + x + V
4 0l + x + V
l
Q l
d
Vother = dVother =

0
4 0l 0 + x + V
V
Q
i q(i) = 0 dV l
Therefore,
U=

560

CHAPTER

U=
=
=
25-90.

1 Q

2 4 0l
Q2

4 0l

dv

du
+ x +V

Q
Q
dv =
4 0l 2
l
2

du
Q2
=
+ x + v 4 0l 2

V
du
dv

+x+v 0

l + x+v
dv ln

x+v

( x + 2l ) x
x + 2l
x ln
+ 2l ln

2
4 0 l
(x + l)
x + l
Q2

1 3Q 2
4 0 5R
1 3
U =
( Q22Q12 ) = 3.6 106 eV
4 0 5 R

U=

Therefore,
1 3 l 2 (82 7 2 )
R=
m = 3.5 1015 m
4 0 5 3.7 106 l
25-91.

There is no electric field in the cavity, hence its energy = 0.

Q r 3 a3
By Gauss Law, E(r) in the shell is given by: 4r 2E(r) =

0 b3 a 3

Q 1 r 3 a3
Q
a3
=

r
Therefore, E(r) =

4 0 r 2 b3 a 3 4 0 (b3 a 3 )
r2
2

1
a3
Q
2
r

0
r =a 2 4 0 (b3 a3 ) r 2 4r dr
r =b
1
Q2
a6
4
3
=

+
r
2
a
r

dr
2 4 0 (b3 a 3 ) 2 r = a
r2

1
Therefore, Ushell = 0E 2 dV. =
2

r =b

r5
1
Q2
a6
3 2

a
r
=

2 4 0 (b3 a 3 ) 2 5
r a
b5

1
Q2
a6 a6
3 2
a
b

+ a5 + a5
=

3
3 2
2 4 0 (b a ) 5
b
5

b5
1
Q2
a6 9 5
a 3b 2
+ a
3
3 2
2 4 0 (b a ) 5
b 5
Q
From Gauss Law, E (r > b) =
,
4 0 r 2

Ushell =

1 Q
1 Q2
2
4r
So, Uoutside= 0
dr
=

2 4 0 r 2
8 0 b
b
therefore
Q2
9
6 6

U total =
b 3a 3b3 + a 5b (after simplification)
3
3 2
8 0 b(b a ) 5
5

561

25

CHAPTER

25-92.

25

Density of the original nucleus is: 0 =

4
R3
3
This should be equal to the density of the final two nuclei. Therefore, both nuclei have density
q
charge of each nucleus q / 2
, where V is the volume of one nucleus, which is
n =
=
=
4
volume
of
each
nucleus
V
3
R
3
4
equal to r 3
3
q/2
q
R
So:
=
r = 1 / 3 = 0.794 R
4 3
4
2
r
R3
3
3
Each of the final nuclei has energy:
1 3(q / 2) 2
1 3q 2 / 4 0.315 3q 2
Un =
(
)=

=
4 0
5r
4 0 5 0.794 R 4 0 5R

The two nuclei have energy:

25-93.

0.630 3q 2
, which is 0.630 times the energy of the original nucleus.
4 0 5R

Use the electric fields found in Problem 71:

r
3Q
E (r R) =
, where =
3 0
4 R 3
Q
E (r R) =
4 0 r 2

2
2

|
E
(
r
R
)
|
4
r
dr
| E (r R) |2 4 r 2 dr

2 0
R

2 R
2
4
4 Q
dr
r 4 dr +

2
2 2 2
16 0 R r
9 0 0
4 2 R 5
Q2
+

2
2
4 0 R
9 0 5
Q2
Q2
3Q 2
+
=

2
2
20 0 R 4 0 R 20 0 R

U =
=

2
2
2

0 R

562