Amount of native-language (L1) use affects the pronunciation of an

L2
Flege, Frieda and Nozawa
Single-system hypothesis
Weinreich (1953) suggest mutual influence of bilinguals two
languages on each other.
Grosjean (1982) not appropriate to assess bilinguals in the
same way that one assesses monolinguals
Cook (1995) divergences from monolingual-defined norms for
the L1 or the L2 should not be viewed as a failure (also Selinker,
1972), but as the necessary consequence of mufti-competences
in two languages.
Bilingual process languages differently from monolinguals (Mack,
1986)
According to the hypothesis, L1 and L2 phonetic systems
necessarily interact with one another. Paradis (1993) but can
form constrained subsystems that can be activated or
deactivated to varying degrees.
The nature, strength, and directionality of the influence may vary
as a function of factors such as the number and nature of
categories established for phonic elements of the L1 and L2, the
amount and circumstances of L1 and L2 use, language
dominance, etc (see list of references).
Study
Determine if degree of perceived foreign accent in an L2 depends
on the amount of L1 use two groups (Highuse and Lowuse)
differ in terms of how much they continued to speak the MT.
Methods
Talkers: 3 groups of 10 males/10 females
o Group 1 Native English speakers
o Group 2 Higher reported use of Italian
o Group 3 Lower reported use of Italian.
Listeners: 2 groups of 10
o Americans
o Canadians