K NIM 52 NM NGY THNH LP TRNG (01.04.1956 01.04.

2008)

GII PHP KIM SOT LNG NHIN LIU

NG C DIESEL TIU TH TRONG QU TRNH KHAI THC
SOLUTIONS TO CONTROL THE FUEL CONSUMPSION
OF DIESEL ENGINE DURING ITS OPERATION
GS.TS. L VIT LNG, ThS. NGUYN ANH VIT
Khoa ng Tu, Trng HHH
Tm tt:
Trong qu trnh khai thc phng tin giao thng vn ti th chi ph v nhin liu cp
cho h ng lc chim t trng ln so vi cc chi ph khc, c bit i vi cc phng
tin vn ti thu. Trong nhng nm gn y gi thnh nhin liu tng ln khng ngng
th vic tit kim nhin liu ng vai tr quan trng ti hiu qu khai thc i vi ng
c diesel. gii quyt vn ny c nhiu gii php c p dng trong qu trnh
khai thc ng c diesel. Ni dung bi bo xut p dng gii php c tnh kh thi l
s dng thit b o lu lng nhin liu tiu th trc tipca ng c diesel trong qu
trnh khai thc.
Abstract:
In trading operation of transports, expension of fuel consumption on propulsion plant is
greater than the others, especially for marine transports. Recently, the cost of fuel is
rising incessantly so fuel economization plays an important role in the economical
operation of the Diesel engine. In order to solve this problem, many solutions have been
applied to the Diesel engine operation. This article presents a feasible solution using
flowmeter to measure the direct fuel consumption during operation of the Diesel engine.
1. t vn
Trong qu trnh khai thc phng tin giao thng vn ti th chi ph v nhin liu cp cho
h ng lc chim t trng ln so vi cc chi ph khc, c bit i vi cc phng tin vn ti
thu. Trong nhng nm gn y gi thnh nhin liu tng ln khng ngng th vic tit kim nhin
liu ng vai tr quan trng ti hiu qu khai thc i vi ng c diesel. Trong qu trnh khai
thc tit kim lng nhin liu do ng c tiu th v gim tht thot nhin liu ngi ta s
dng cc gii php khc nhau:
- Hon thin kt cu ng c v p dng tin b k thut ti u ho h thng cp
nhin liu v cp khng kh nhm tng hiu sut nhit ng c;
- Tng p ho ng c;
- S dng nhin liu ho trn cho cc loi ng c c cng sut va v nh;
- Phc hi tnh trng k thut ca h truyn ng v phng tin vn ti tng hiu sut
v gim sc cn;
- La chn ch tc hnh trnh hp l gim sc cn, nht l phng tin vn ti
thu;
- nh mc tiu hao nhin liu cho tng loi tu v tng tuyn ng.
Hu ht cc gii php nu trn cc nh thit k, ch to v khai thc trin khai thc
hin v t hiu qu trong phm vi cho php, ch c gii php nh mc tiu hao nhin liu cho
tng loi tu v tng tuyn ng l gii quyt cha tht tho ng. gim lng nhin liu
tht thot i vi cc phng tin vn ti thu, vn ti ng b trong qu trnh khai thc, B
Giao thng vn ti trin khai cc nhm ti v lnh vc nh mc nhin liu. Tuy nhin vic
nh mc nhin liu m bo chnh xc l iu kh khn, v c qu nhiu yu t nh hng do
tc ng ca t nhin, cng nh tc ng ca ngi khai thc gy ra m ngi lm cng tc nh
mc khng th cp ht c.
V vy, cn phi c gii php kim sot lng nhin liu do ng c diesel tiu th trong
qu trnh khai thc chnh xc v thun tin hn v thng qua vic kim sot lng nhin liu tiu
th cn kim sot c tnh trng k thut ca ng c, mt trong cc gii php l lp thit b o
lu lng nhin liu trn ng ng cp nhin liu cho ng c.

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2. nh gi phng php nh mc nhin liu

Tit kim nhin liu l vn quan trng khng ch ring i vi nc ta m l vn
ton cu. gii quyt vn ny B Giao thng vn ti cp kinh ph tin hnh nghin cu
nh mc nhin liu cho i tu sng, i tu bin t nhng nm 80 th k trc. Kt qu nghin
cu cc ti ny c nghim thu v a vo ng dng. Mi y, trong nm 2006 S Khoa
hc Cng ngh thnh ph Hi Phng nghim thu ti Xy dng m hnh ng dng
phng php tnh nh mc tiu hao nhin liu v tnh tiu th nhin liu thc t cho my chnh
i tu vn ti bin, Cng ty vn ti bin Bai can trin khai v p dng ti ny. Hin nay
cc cng ty vn ti thu u cp hay thanh ton nhin liu cho tu hot ng theo nh mc. Ti
cc cng ty khai thc tu vic cp pht nhin liu cho i tu c giao cho Phng Vt t hay
Phng K thut. Vic nh mc nhin liu c xy dng trn c s kinh nghim khai thc thc
t v tnh ton theo c tnh tiu hao nhin liu ca ng c. nh mc lng nhin cp cho
ng c ngi ta thng cn c vo cc thng s kinh t, k thut ca ng c, tnh trng k
thut ca ng c, h trc, v tu, tuyn ng khai thc, lng hng chuyn ch v cc yu t
khai thc sau y:
- Cc thng s kinh t, k thut ca ng c trn c s l lch ng c do nh ch to
cung cp;
- Tnh trng k thut ca ng c, h trc, v tu do phng k thut cung cp;
- Tuyn ng khai thc, thi gian hnh trnh, lng hng chuyn ch do phng khai
thc cung cp;
- iu kin thi tit trn tuyn ng khai thc theo tng ma v chuyn hnh trnh do
ngi khai thc trc tip bo co.
Trn c s cc thng tin thu c ngi ph trch cp pht xy dng cng thuc nh
mc v b sung cc h s ph thuc vo tnh trng k thut, lng hng chuyn ch c th ca
tng con tu v tuyn ng khai thc c th cp hay quyt ton lng nhin liu tiu th i
vi tng con tu.
Vi mi cng ty khai thc tu li p dng mt cng thc nh mc v a vo cc h s
tnh ton khc nhau, v th khng th kim sot mt cch chnh xc lng nhin liu do ng c
tiu th trong qu trnh khai thc.
T cc cng thc tnh ton lng nhin liu tiu th thy r, vic nh mc khng st thc
t ch, cc phng tin vn ti thng xuyn thay i ch cng tc nh tu lai dt, hay tu
vn ti vin dng hot ng trong iu kin thi tit thng xuyn thay i i vi mi chuyn
hnh trnh. Khi cc h s a vo tnh ton nh mc cp pht cho tu ch mang tnh tng
i, vic khai bo lng nhin liu tiu th hon ton ph thuc vo i ng s quan. Tuy nhin
trong khi cha c gii php no hp l hn th cc cng ty vn phi s dng gii php cp nhin
liu theo nh mc, chc chn rng vi gii php ny lng nhin liu tht thot khng nh. iu
ny s nh hng n tnh kinh t khai thc con tu v nh hng n hiu qu khai thc ca
cng ty vn ti. V d khi nh mc nhin liu tiu th cho cng mt loi tu, cng lng hng
chuyn ch, c tnh trng k thut nh nhau, chy trn cng mt tuyn ng nhng khi thi tit
bin khc nhau th lng tiu hao nhin liu khc nhau, nn khng th a ra con s chnh xc
c; hay cng mt loi tu, chy trn cng mt tuyn ng, cng iu kin thi tit bin nh
nhau nhng khai thc ch tc khc nhau th lng nhin liu tiu hao khc nhau rt
nhiu, c bit i vi tu c trng ti ln. thy r iu ta xt i vi con tu c trng ti
6000 tn, lp ng c chnh c cng sut 3200 kW, nu khai thc tu vi ch nh mc, khai
thc ht cng sut 3000 kW th lng nhin liu tiu th trong 1 gi khong 600 kg. Nu khai thc
ch nh ti hay chy xui sng, xui gi ht khong 1000 kW th lng nhin liu tiu th
trong 1 gi khong 250 kg. Nh vy lng nhin liu d ra khong 350 kg/gi so vi ch inh
mc. Lng nhin liu d tha rt ln, nu ngi trc tip khai thc con tu c trc li th
kh c th kim sot c.
Cho n nay cha c mt ti liu hay cng trnh no trong nc cng b v vic s dng
thit b o lng nhin liu tiu hao theo ch cng tc trong qu trnh khai thc ng c diesel
nhm kim sot mc tiu hao nhin liu cho phng tin vn ti.
Theo thng tin nhn c cc cng ty vn ti nc ngoi u cp nhin liu theo mc tiu
hao thc t nn trn ng c khng lp thit b o lng nhin liu tiu th. i vi cc ng c

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K NIM 52 NM NGY THNH LP TRNG (01.04.1956 01.04.2008)

chnh tu thu th h mi u c lp thit b o lng nhin liu tiu hao nhng vi mc ch ch

yu l kim sot tnh trng k thut ca ng c.
i vi cc i tu ang khai thc ca Vit Nam gim lng nhin liu tht thot, th
khng th p dng gii php nh mc nh hin nay m cn phi s dng thit b o lu lng
nhin liu trc tip trn h thng cp nhin liu cho ng c. Thit b ny c th xc nh chnh
xc lng nhin liu tiu hao theo ch cng tc, ph thuc vo tnh trng k thut ca ng c,
ca con tu ng vi lng hng chuyn ch v cc iu kin thi tit mi trng trong qu trnh
khai thc.
3. Thit b o lu lng nhin liu trc tip cp cho ng c
Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta ch to v s dng nhiu loi thit b o lu lng cht
lng theo cc nguyn l o khc nhau nh:
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l chnh p;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l chy bao;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l tc dng chy;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l dch chuyn dng;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l dng xoy;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l siu m;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l in t;
- Lu lng k o theo nguyn l Coriolit.
Mi loi thit b o u c u nhc im ring khi s dng o lu lng cht lng.
Tuy nhin o lu lng nhin liu cp cho ng c diesel tu thu th khng phi loi lu lng
k no cng c th o c, m thit b o cn phi tho mn mt s iu kin khai thc nh sau:
- Trong qu trnh hot ng p sut v tc dng nhin liu thng xuyn thay i
ph hp vi ch lm vic ca ng c;
- Thit b o phi chu c p sut v nhit tng i cao khi dng nhin liu lu
ng;
- nht nhin liu thay i theo loi nhin liu s dng cho ng c (chuyn t nhin
liu nh sang nhin liu nng v ngc li).
Sau khi phn tch cc loi thit b o lu lng cht lng k trn, c th dng loi lu
lng k o theo nguyn l tc dng chy (lu lng k kiu tuabin) l ph hp nht o lu
lng nhin liu cp cho ng c.

Hnh 1. B tr lu lng k kiu tuabin

1- Van chn, 2- Bu lc, 3- Nn dng s cp, 4- Lu lng k kiu tuabin

Lu lng k kiu tuabin c mt s u nhc im sau:

a) u im
- u im chnh ca lu lng k ku tuabin l chnh xc cao ( 25% hoc tt hn),
nhy cao, c th lm vic c vi p sut v nhit cao (trn 5000 psi v 8000F vi cun cm
chu c nhit cao), c kt cu chc chn.
- Thi gian hiu chnh nhit , tn hiu v s tuyn tnh ha c thc hin trong thi
gian ngn.
- Kt cu n gin, s chi tit t, c th vn dng ch to trong nc.

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b) Nhc im
- Cc chi tit ca thit b c kch thc nh, chnh xc cao nn cng ngh gia cng kh
khn;
- Trong thit b o loi ny cn phi b tr c cu chnh dng s cp v th cp pha u
vo gim mc chy di ca dng, do gy nn kh khn khi lp t i vi cc ng ng
nh;
- Kh bo v khi lp rp ln tu.
4. Kt lun
- gim lng nhin liu tht thot trong qu trnh khai thc ng c cn phi c gii
php kim sot lng nhin liu tiu th chnh xc;
- Thit b kim sot cn phi xc nh chnh xc lng nhin liu tiu hao theo ch cng
tc, ph thuc vo tnh trng k thut ca ng c, ca con tu ng vi lng hng chuyn ch
v cc iu kin thi tit mi trng trong qu trnh khai thc;
- Thit b kim sot hp l nht i vi ng c chnh tu thu l thit b o lu lng kiu
tua bin lp trc tip trn h thng cp nhin liu cho ng c.
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1]. L Vit Lng, L thuyt ng c diesel, NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 2000.
[2]. Nguyn c Tr, Xy dng m hnh ng dng phng php tnh nh mc tiu hao nhin liu
v tnh tiu th nhin liu thc t cho my chnh i tu vn ti bin, ti NCKH cp Thnh
ph, Hi Phng, 2006.
[3]. Nguyn Ngc Hu, C s o lng dung tch cht lng, NXB Gio dc, H Ni,1999.
[4]. Technology department, Hoffer Flow Company, Turbine flowmeter installation and service
manual, Hoffer professional publishing, Elizabeth City, 2007.
Ngi phn bin: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vnh Pht

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