PHILOSOPHY OF MAN: LEARN THE BASIC JERWIN M. MAHAGUAY RESTPHILOSOPHY OF MAN Jerwin Mahaguay Philippine Copyright, 2011 ISBN: 978-971-0577-16-3 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means - whether virtual, electronics, mechanical, Photocopying, recording or otherwise- without the permission of the authors and the publisher. HisGoPhil Publishing House, Inc. 272 - Sto. Domingo I, Capas, Tarlac TIN: 006-872-050 E-Mail: hisgophilpublishing@yahoo.com Website: www.hisgophil.com Mobile no. 0939-1923-964FOREWORD eee Learn the basic! This is an imperative in the process of learning and beyond. One cannot go beyond without understanding the ground principles, As human beirigs aim to become wise, he/she should first have the knowledge and apply it to his/her personal experiences, and this results to wisdom. Philosophy is a musti It isa very wrong contention that Philosophy is only for selected few. As philosophy is the sclence of all things through their first causes under the light of the natural reason, it ushers every human person to dwell on the three levels of his relationship::intrapersonal, his relationship with himself; interpersonal, his relationship with others; and metapersonal, his relationship with the divine. Thus, everyone is invited to learn Philosophy for Philosophy is Life! Neophyte Jerwin Mahaguay’s The Philosophy of Man: Learn the Basic, a textbook intended for-‘non-Philosophy majors, is a great tool.in materializing my standpoints raised above. The hook is basically divided into two,.a historical survey of both the Western and Eastern Philosophies, and their application to real life experiences and situations. Given the limited time of he semester or five months of learning the course, Mahaguay critically selected some representatives from different ages of western philosophy and reflectively chose important tenets from Eastern Philosophy. Notably is his inclusion of the being-developed Filipino Philosophy, thus a good contribution to its promotion and growth. Furthermore, the book offers carefully selected human iiiexperiences such as love, suffering and death which are points for perennial introspection. The exercises after every topic and chapter are commendable for they will surely lead the students to think and even discuss among themselves even after the school hours. With this, the academic community would like to thank and congratulate Jerwin Mahaguay fora his contribution. Let this be an invitation for everyone who will encounted and be challenged by this book to think and beyond. Sapere aude! Dare to think! Fr. Maxell Lowell C. Aranitia, Ph.D. San Carlos Seminary, Makati City 15 October 2011 Fr. Maxell Lowel! C. Aranilla,Ph.D. is presently a Philosophy professor at San Carlos Seminary in Makati City, De La Salle University-Manila, Immaculate Conception Seminary in Bulacan and Mary Help of Christians College Seminary in Pangasinan. He holds a PAD in Philosophy (DLSU), MA Philosophy (DLSU) and MA Pastoral Ministry (ADMU). He earned units of MA Spirituality from Creighton University, Nebraska, USA. He had post-doctoral studies in Theology of the Body Institute, Philadelphia, USA. He took Seminary Formation for Formators courses in Rome, Italy and Nebraska, USA. He present papers locally and internationally. He writes philosophical and theological articles for various journals. His expertise includes Christian Philosophy, Medieval Philosophy, Philosophy of Education, Asian Philosophy and the Philosophy of Karol Wojtyla. ivPREFACE Learn the basic is the call of this book. Every complex and grand project starts with the fundamentals. Einstein's groundbreaking theory of relativity started with the study of the basic operations of mathematics. Michael Jordan, the ereatest basketball player who ever lived started with the basics of dribbling and shooting the ball. These only prove that going back to basic is the key to achieving success. The same is true in the field of Philosophy of Man, it tackles a vast range of principles, beliefs, and ideas but before one digs into the fundamental problems of human existence; it is necessary to understand the basic philosophical principles. The book is divided into two parts. Part | - Historical Approach focuses on the views of man in Western perspective: ancient, medieval, modern and postmodern. This part will also dea! with the Eastern tradition or perspective: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Islam and Filipino Philosophy. Part Il- Experiential Approach narrows on the different issues which can be socletal, religious or cultural and other practical questions asked about the existence of man, Topics on human life, sexuality, love, evil, suffering, and death will be discussed. In the end, philosophy is an incomplete and continuous enterprise. This book represents only a spark of knowledge in the vast history of thought. In is the hone of the author that with the basic knowledge that students learn from this book, they are more equipped to face the complexities of being human.' i i i i i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My gratitude to all the persons who helped me to make this book possible, especially the following: The faculty of De ta Salle University. Department of Philosophy for guiding me in my philosophical inquiry, above all to Fr. Maxell Aranila for editing and for writing the foreword of this work. . Saint Augustine Seminary community, for planting on me the seed of wonder. Appreciation is given more to Fray Alfred Perias, OSA for his arts and design made for this book. Miss Tanya Namit,'Miss Jesselyn Y. Caborda, and Dr. Henry G. Magat for patiently reading and editing this work. FEU-East Asia College Community, especially to Miss Bernadeth Cabico, Miss Ade! Cabantan and Miss Lina Munar , for giving me the opportunity to practice the essence of going back to basic in the field of philosophy. My fellow educators, particularly to Mr. Ric Lazo, Mr. Al. Lupac, Mr. Lambert Cargullo, Bro. Clifford Sorita, and Mr. Sam Barcelo- ns, for inspiring me to put my thoughts into writing. Thank you! vi7a God Be the Glery!Table of Contents Who are the Philosophers? Branches of Philosophy v vi 1 What is Philosophy? 2 3 a Why study Philosophy? 8 Points for Human Perfection 10 Activity 12 Quotations to Ponder 13 Quiz 14 PART I: HISTORICAL APPROACH 16 Chapter 1: Human Nature. Different Paradigms 20 Points for Human Perfection 22 Activity 23 Quotations to Ponder 24 Quiz 25 ‘Chapter 2: Pre-Socratic: Man and the Many... acne 20. Thales Heraclitus Empedacles Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Pender Quiz Chapter 3: Sophists: Man and Rhetoric... Protagoras Georgias Trasymachus Fallacies Points for Human Perfection vilTable of Contents Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 4; Socratic: The Reflective Man .. Socrates Plato Aristotle Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 5: Medieval: Man in the image of God ... St. Thomas Aquinas Five ways of Proving the Existence of Ged Human act and Act of Man Modifiers of Human Act Conditions of the Morality of Human Act Principle of Double Effect Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 6: Modern Philosophy: Man anid Reason .. Rene Descartes John Locke Immanuel Kant i Points for Human Perfection i Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 7: Post Modern Philosophy : Man and Society Karl Marx Friedrich Nietzsche j \ I viiiEEE EE ES Table of Contents Sigmund Freud Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 8: Eastern Philosophy: Man and Nature ...... (slam Buddhism Confucianism Taoism Points for Human Perfection Activity ‘Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter §: Filipino Philosophy: Man and the Search far Meaning ..... dose Rizat Florentino Timbreza Fr. Leonardo Mercado SVD Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz PART Il; Experiential Perspective Chapter 10: Life and Humanity... ‘The Beginning of Life Christian Perspective Rationalist Perspective Existentialist Perspective Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz 1e9 110 111 134 132 152Table of Contents Chapter 11: Man and the Supernatural... Chapter 12: Man: Love and Friendship. Chapter 13; Humanity and Sexuality... ssasveveencsissaned LOD Perspectives towards God 154 Theism 1s4 Atheism 156 Agnosticism Apatheistic Common Mistakes Points for Human Perfection Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz What is Love? Love in Human Relation The Experience of Love Love and Sexuality Conclusion Points for Human Perfection Activity. Quotations to Ponder Quiz Sex Gender Transgender and Transsexual Sexual Preference Summary 175 Points for Human Perfection 175 Activity 176 Quotations to Ponder v7 ‘Quiz 178Table of Content: ee Chapter 14: Man and Suffering....... Whatis suffering? 181 Meeting of Man and Suffering 182 Anticipation of Suffering 184 Conclusion 185 Points for Human Perfection 185 Activity Quotations to Ponder Quiz Chapter 15: Evil and Humanity ... St. Thomas on Evil Everything Created by God is Good igi Evil as Unintentionat 193 Evil has na Essence 492 Buddhism on Evit 493 Origin of Being 193 Karma ig4 Independent Origination 195 Conchision 196 Points for Human Perfection 196 Activity 197 Quotations to Ponder 198 Quiz 199 Chapter 16: Death and Humanity. a ae 204 Existential Perspective 201 Christian Perspective 202 Buddhism and Hindu Perspectives 203 Conclusion 204 Points for Human Perfection 204 Activity 205 Quotations to Ponder 206 Quiz 207 xiTable of Contents Chapter 17; The End of Humaniity.nun, Christian Perspective Socio-Political Perspective Economic and Poverty Perspective 210 Global Warming Perspective 241 The Robotic Society Perspective 212 Conclusion 213 Points for Human Perfection 213 Activity . 214 Quotations to Pender 215 Quiz BIBLIOGRAPHY.INTRODUCTION It should be noted that if one studied philosophy, he has studied literature, law, math, engineer- ing, astronomy, gymnastics, wrestling, and aesthetics. In short, he has tried to study everything. It is because a phitos- opher is known as the “jack of all trades” and philosophy is considered as the compendium of all learning, the matter and the matrix of all knowledge ! "Montemayor, Felix. 1993. Introduction to Phiiosophy through the Philosophy of Man, Mandaluyong City soot ~ae eePhitosaphy of Man _ What is Philosophy? Etymologically, philosophy is defined as the love of wisdom. This definition comes from the Greek words philia which means jove and sephia which means wisdom. ‘This term was given by Pythagoras of Samos, He argued that it is really impossible for human. ‘being to know ity is only available to God. With this everything because this poss: limitation, he says that man can only befriend svisdom or somehow love wisdom. From then tic words philia and sophia were used to name those who are the lovers of svisdom or the philosophers, But it must be cleared that ancient people were atready thinking or philosophizing even before the term philosophy was introduced. In formal definition, Philosophy is n"@7'S #¢t of questioning and © the things around him parts which are searching for the meaning of his existence end 01 This definition is divided into six important . interconnected and interdependent to each other sich as: 1. Hurnan- philosophy is natural to man as Aristotle says man Syme has the desire to know. This natural inclination is imboda."4 en man’s nature as a rational being It is because thinking a reasoning separates this activity to other activity which is oly available to those with rationality such as man. 2. Act- philosophy is not a content to be memorized rather it is an activity to be done and practice. As an act it is as always personal. It means that thinking is something which cannot be done by one person for the sake of the other. 965 ——————————S I ——EEE———E—E—E————Introduction 3. Question- philosophy is an inquiry which” sterts with, swonder and. curiosity with the basic and ordinary experience in | life: Phen the next will be on asking the right question’ {6 ditive ona. certain conclusion. Thus it is not all about, questioning “out-on asking the right question. ai 4, Search- in philosophy after asking the right question, the search for the answer follows. The search is the process of selecting the appropriate rational explanation on something and then thinking also the possible weakness of one’s answer. It follows that search for the answer is incomplete without also searching the possible answer to the possible question to be asked to your answer. The search therefore is just like the game of chess where every move or answer lies the anticipation of what will be the weakness of your answer or move. . 5, Meariing- it is the end and direction of every activity. — = meaning to ‘ondself and to everyone constitutes | this unending sea” 6. Everything- nothing is outside the bounce of philos shical » discussion. Even those which are not yet known are alres* - part of it. ‘Who are the Philosophers? Since philosophy is man’s act of questioning, aa searching for the meaning of his cxistence and of the things around him, then’ everyone who is capable to question and search for meaning will be “apnea ———— ES i rrPhilosophy of Man - Le considered philosopher. By qhe virtue of the definition then the above argument is really applicable. But in the sirict sense, philosophers are only those who have think the meaning. of the common and ordinary things which most 6} jie are explained through the rule of commonsense and the rule.of the ‘inany. ‘Phus, it is the nature of the philosopher to ask and verify the truthfaness of the orditary and basic courage to question am things in life. These things inelude life, relationships, environment, and knowledge. It follows that philosophizing is not a ‘grandiose project limited only to the great minds. It is a task available to svekB8: to be critical, to wonder and to ask sight questions about the common human — condition. Branches of Philosephy. All bratiches, of knowledge were part of philosophy before. Law, engineering, “astronomy, chemistry, and* medicine are basically connected to’ philosophy. Because of the needs Brought by advancement and development in trades, ‘these branches were: separated, But the separation isnot absolute because there are still concerns from these branches that need to be’ addressed only in philosophy like moral dilemmas. -- ——eEeS eeIntroduction —— ee _irtucttion. For example: ‘The couple Mario, a civil engineer and Katrina, a nurse who are both came from families of professionals are happily married. On the se-| cond month of their marriage, Katrina got pregnant. But during the check-up they are informed that Katrina has ectopic pregnancy- a Pregnancy which develops outside the uterus or womb This situa-| tion means that if Katrina continues ker pregnancy the baby might live bur it might result to her death. If she will undergo an operation! she can recover but entails the death of the baby. What then is the tight decision for this situation? On this given situation the involves are engineer, nurse, doctors, and other members of the family who are all professionals. But the situ- ation cannot be decided by only one of the specialization above. Thus there inust be an aid of philosophy. What then are the branches of phi- Josophy and what branch is applicable on this situation? At present there are five branches that remain under the umbrella of philosophy: 1. Metaphysics- deals with the origin of being or everything. It talks about the existence of things both material and immaterial. a. Theodicvy- talks about the certainty and nature of the divine. b. Cosmology- deals with the origin, laws and nature of the universe. aS = = 5Philosophy of Man 2. Epistemology- studies the certainty of human knowledge. Ht asks the questions “How are we sure that what we know is true?” It clarifies the main sources of human knowledge such as rationalism and empiricism. Rationalism states that knowledge is certain because it is innate to man. Empiricism holds that it is experience which makes knowledge certain. From these, other branches have evolved: a. Philosophy of Science - clarifies the certainty of scientific knowledge. There is certain arrogance when someone says that such stuff is scientific. But what does it mean to be scientific? Hundreds of years ago everyone believed that the Earth is the center of the solar system. With new developments, the belief shifted to the Sun being the center of the Solar System. b. Philosophy of Mind - deals with the nature and functions of the mind. It questions the relationship of the mind which is a system and the body which is biological. Is there really a mind or is it just a part of the biological body? Hermeneutics - deals with the interpretation of the mean- 9 ing of text, action and events. a Psychology- deals with behavior of man being composed of body and mind (soul). =e § SeIntroduction 3. Logic- It is the study of systematic thinking and argumentation, Before, when we say togic it only means Aristotelian. This covers the logic formulated by Aristotle in his book Organon. But now there ate two forms of the system of logic a. Aristotelian (also known as Traditional or Formal Logic)- The study of syllogistic arguments in word together with the written and spoken fallacies. Fallacies mean | erroneous argument. : b, Symbolic Logic- focuses with the study of argument using symbols and numbers. The point of this study is that “any argument can escape subjectivity if it can be put into symbols.” 4, Aesthetics — Deals with the criteria of what is beautiful Everyman is attracted to what is beautiful. But can we equate beauty to good, right, or truth? What then is beauty? 5. Ethics- deals with an act being good or bad. This is also known as moral philosophy. a, Bio-ethies- tackles moral questions in medical profession, ¢.g. Your mother is diagnosed with cancer stage 3. Being the eldest in the family you are informed by the doctor about the situation. Knowing that such news will affect your mother’s condition, will you tell her the truth? You must be informed that the patient has the right to know her condition. TEES YT SoarPhilosophy of Man b. Business ethics- deals with the question of doing good in the enterprise where everyone is driven by self interest and that is to have profit. c. Environmental Ethics- discusses the care for the environment amidst the drive for development. d. Political and Social Philosophy- seeks about the best way to mule and serve the people. e, Philosophy of Man- questions the identity of man as man, ‘being, and living with the others in the world. Why study Philosophy? Because of the wide demand of other specializations such as business management, and technical courses, only few opt to study philosophy. They are those a} preparing for priesthood, b) preparing for law school, c) driven by curiosity and last d} who are forced to study philosophy. What then is the value of studying philosophy? i, Practical Value - the ability to utilize the worth and usefulness of the things around. Philosophy is a required subject; to graduate is impossible without taking this course. So if one considers the time for “Even a boring a Cait J f philosophy as waste, then he is wasting Can De anteresting = Eseys | . when your goal”; é three hours of his life every week. Why not isto doit enjoy. learn and find the best out of it?Introduction 2. Personal Value- is the acknowledgement of one’s finiteness and limitations. In times of difficulty one can’t argue that he is an engineer so death should be more compassionate to him. In philosophy everyone will be given ideas on how to value the details of one’s person and existence. . Professional Value- the attitude towards how one lives and w relates what he knows. In philosophy everyone is taught that becoming a professional (engineer, nurse, 1.T., computer analyst, etc.) is not all about the degree but the maturity to relates one’s ideas. = . Moral Value- the awareness of the conditions of an action to be done, as good or bad. Philosophy acknowledges that knowing what is good dees not necessarily mean doing what is good. a Aesthetic Value- the capacity to see beauty and learning everywhere. In philosophy, everyone is taught to see the beauty of ordinary things which are the foundation of great works in the society. Socio-Political Value- the process of finding one’s place in the a society because everyone is born a leader. One can graduate and be a manager but wili never be a leader without the help of philosophy. ee Economic Value- the evaluation of things is necessary to one’s happiness. It isthe goal of philosophy to stimulate thought == —o———Philosophy of Man to seek things with less expenditure but with lasting satisfaction at the end. Method of the Study No one can teach anybody the best way on how to philosophize. There is 9 single method for this activity. A fruitful method for one might be ineffetive to the other. Thus method of studving philosophy varies from every incividual In spite of these clifferences there are some methods which are very helpful in attaining Dasic and fundamental knowledge in philosophy. One of these is the survey method This method is done by enumerating and analyzing the strengu? and weakness of the ideas of different philosophers, This 15 not te imitate them but to learn from them and be aware of their mistakes, which hopefuily will not be taken again, Thus at ihe end of the survey, the promise is not that everyone will already be philosopher. The thing is that, they are already equip with the basic ideas which are helpful in dealing with their inquiry. In doing so let everyone be reminded that the ultimate goal of philosophical survey is ta humbly develop and cultivate one’s own ideas while respecting the strength and weakness of the others’ ideas.introduction Points for Human Perks A |. No one can escape from thinking. ? Tearing philosophy is a personal decision. 3. Studying philosophy is not living with the ideals of others; rather if is knowing their ideals, sustaining what is helpful and denouncing those which are worthless. SES jf eeActivity #1 —— ; MY PLEDGE TO LEARNING ‘ ; : t j Oniy an honorable man piedge in behalf uf his name! : i! to i of , hereby wiite my name te : plecige my honor for the fulfilment of what is written below. 2.5 5 That, starting today, in the Day of the Lord, | will live my life in consonance _<* with the Highest Ideal.-~ That, | will strive for the best and renounce mediocrity : _ invail my undertakings-~ That, iwill value every second of my life as 4 quality time, which | will devote in learning and seeking ° what is better for me, for the country, and for the common good. That, | will seek learning wherever and whatever form ittakés. ie eS py pm a pte Through the help of the Supreme Being above, | pledge my name for these noble acts. aaa Signature Over Printed Name Witness /Signature Over... Printed Name1 B. Select three quotations from the given statements and 7 Biplain each by applying it in real fife situations { 4. He who risks and fails can be forgiven. He wv : } fails is a faiture in his whole being, Paul Tillich } 2. Even a boring occupé can be interesting when your goal is to do itbetter. Robert Half people think that they are thinking, they will love =} : . If you make ut if you really make them think, they will hate you. Aristotle t ; | 4 4A man should look for what is, and not for what he thinks should be. & Albert Einstem arom / aTEST # i Name:, Course: A. Fill in the blanks: Supply the missing word/s to complete the statement. 1-2. Philosophy comes from the Greek wards which means love and which means wisdom. 2. Ethics deals with the of an act. 3 deals with the origin and meaning of everything. 4-5. Epistemology holds that there are two main sources of knowledge first is which holds that knowledge is innate. The secord is which states that experience is the main source of knowledge. 6, The sub-field of ethics which deals with the basis of ruling and dealing with the society is, . is the systematic study of thinking and argumentation 8, In Psychology man is composed of and mind. is deals with the study of the universe. 10, Beauty is the main concern of 8. Identification: Name the subfield of philosopiiy that covers the topic given below. 1, Allah is the God of the Muslim. 2. The sun is the canter of the solar system. a 3, Democracy is the best system of government. es “ = 14 aos:4. Every patient has the right to know and to be informed of his sickness. 5. WWiadaling maging tao, Manifap magpakatao. _6. Manis like a computer, the software is the mind and the hardware is the body. 7. Every manager should give time for corporate social responsibility. 8.The use of the electric chair for the death penalty is inhumane. 9. Animals should be treated fairly and with dignity. 10.Al students of Philosophy are handsome. Mario is 2 student of philosophy. Therefore, Mario is handsome.PARTI HISTORICAL APPROACH hae RN A he BASIC fitCHAPTER 1 Human Nature Madaling maging Tao, Mahirap Magpakatac™ What makes aman, man? When no one is asking, it seems that common sense has the readymade answer to the question ‘What is human and whatitis not?” By simply pointing to human figure, then everything will be simple and alright. But if someone sincerely : 4 asks "What really it is that makes a hu- man, human?” Then it seems that every answer drowned out of commonsense disintegrates, ? Filipino Maxim SSS SS 17 Se————————— : Philosophy of Man Preliminary Quest for Human Nature Philosophy of man therefore is a question of human nature. Human nature here is the identity which separate man from other creatures. It is man’s distinct characteristic or quality which makes him man, where in the absence of this thing then one cannot be categorized as man. So the question here is, “\s there anything in nature which separate man from the other?” if there Is, then “What is this nature?” Some of the answers are the following: 4. One would take the human figure as the basis of being a human. Thus, when someone has two eyes, two legs and two hands, with all the biological features common to humans, then he is really a human being. How about the fetus that hasn't developed the ears and the eyes? Isn’t he human? Here, the prolife activist will rally and say it is. On the other hand, monkeys have the similar features with man. Are they considered as human also? So, here the first definition seems to collapse and leads us to find for another one. 2, Rationality is the capacity of man to think and to reason out, It is one of the best and common stand of many who are trying te define man. If one has the capacity to reason out and deal with others then he can be considered a man. But, the thing is science reveals that the dolphins also have the rationality common to man. So, can we say that dolphins are atso- ——E——— 1SChapter 1 Human Nature human beings? Going back to the fetus and those who are old aged individuals, they lack rationality but still many are claiming that they are still human being. 3. Others would say that man has ihe moral aspect’ of life, Morality deals the classification of act as good and bad. ‘Man acts fram the bases of this law of morality that is doing geod and avoiding evil. How about those who are doing things like killing another person? Are they still human? How about those animals that will do everything to take care of their offspring to the point of sacrificing their lives? They are doing good things. Do they have the right to say that they are human? 4. Man is immersed to a way of life of a certain place which is passed down from one generation to the next. This is known as culture. .Man lives in a society where he is capable of discovery and learning. He can create tools, and gadgets. He can learn a language, make laws, and follow a religion. But if a certain thing can make a tool and speak the language of man, do you think it has the automatic right to be called human?” How about a robot that can speak and make things thet man can do? Or in the aspect of a bed ridden man who can’t speak nor communicate. Do you think he lacks humanity? From ail of these arguments, at the end the question remains, “What makes man a man?” SSE 19 smePitlosophy of Man Different Paradigms Paradigm is a set of fundamental principles that guides the thinking process. It is rooted on everyone's biases and prejudices. Since everyone comes from different place, time, history, ard culture, then everyone Is destined to have individual paradigm. It follows that given a simple topic, a flower in a vase for example, there are many interpretations depending on one’s paradigm. Thus, a farmer while looking to the flower would think of the fertilizer used to make such beautiful flower, if an artist will be given the chance to gaze on the flower it is possible that his angle of reference is on its arrangement. There are many different thoughts, yet there is only one flower. With ‘his reality, the same will be used to expose the reality of man. There is only one topic and that is the reality of man, yet there are many competing paradigms in dealing with it. This book therefore will try to unveil what makes man “man” in different paradigrns. In short, it will survey different views on man such as: ee 2) ceChapter 1 Human Nature ANCIENT PRE-SOCRATIC SOPHISTS asinte PHILOSOPHIES BUDDHISN ISLAM CONFUCIANISM ‘raaisea MEDieavaL St.thomas Modean PHILOSOPHERS FILHO PHHLOSOPY EXISTENTIAL. sesr00eRH fas urs ove Secor et sexual nese WORLD, AND eat Figure 2 DIFFERENT VIEWS ASQUT MAN These different paradigms will try ta answer the question “What makes a man, man?” Here every answer matters for it reflects certain bellet that is shared by millions of people. Though it doesn’t follow that the numbers of adherents add to the truthfulness of- certain theary, but the thing is, if something has no manifestation then it is close ta nothing. Given that certain theory has believers then maybe it has something to say. AS we continue this quest may we keep our childlike attitude of wonder. aePhilosophy of Man Enjoy and welcome to beautiful world of philosophy of man! Challenge of the Study The task at hand is to survey all the answers to th: ey bay makes a man man?” it is imperative that the strength and weakness of these answers must be analyzed and evaluated so that their mistakes will not be taken again. In doing so, it is not the purpose of the study to come up with an answer which wil overpower all the pioneering answers. Because philosophy is unending search for meaning it will never end and the coming of ever perfect answer wili not happen. So the most important here in finding the answer Is not the answer itself rather the process of finding the answer. The Points for Human Perfection MAN cannot 2 4, “iscover new OCEANS Armless he has the URAGE to sight. of the shore. Andre Gide process of thinking is philosophy and philosophizing itself. 1. Any search must start in finding the right question before locking for the right answer. 2. Everyone has his own prejudice and So it is to be bias. important open-minded of afl the choices before selecting one idea. There is no selection without choices. 3. Respect is the secret in the world of differences. EE 22 SeB. Select three quotations fram the given statements and clearly explairé by applying it in real life situations. 1. Asking the right questions takes as much skill as giving the right answers. Robert Half 2. Two monologues do not make a dialogue. jeff Daly 3. Man cannot discover new oceans unless he has the courage to lose sight of the shore. Andre Gide 4. itis time for parents to teach young people early on that in diversity there is beauty and there is strength. Maya Angelou for diversity. John Fitzgerald KennedyTEST #2 Name: Date: Course: Section: Room no.: TEST #2 A. \dentification: Name the term being asked in each statement below. 1. The way of iife of a certain piace passed from one generation to the ocher 2. The capacity of man to think and to reason out 3. itis the basis of what is good and what is bad. 4. A set of fundamental principles that guides thinking 5. Part of culture which pertains to laws, morals, beliefs, language and other non material entity within the society B. Essay: 1. When do you think is the start or the beginning of life? 2. Is the fetus already a human being? 3. If the orangutans can think and walk the same as an eight year ofd child, can we say that the orangutans are also human? 4, Do you think the dead man is still a man? 5. Think of at least one basis which makes man unique and differentCHAPTER 2 Pre- Socratics: Man and the Many Pre-Socratics: Man and the Many Poet-theologians were the authority in explaining things before the coming of the philosophers. They used primarily myth .and fables on their explanations which are centered ba- sically on. the concept of the gods, Truth springs from argu- ment amongst friends David Hume But when the philosophers arrived, the basis for explanation shifted surse. Thus the phitosophers are more concerned on how to explain things rationally. The distinction does not mean the poet - theologians did not use 7 ee comes cess 2G er peorPhilosophy of Mar reason, they also used reason but their explanations were basically dominated by the explanation from myth. Philosophers on the other hand sometimes aiso used myth in expiaining out majority is explained trough the used of reason.(Yarza 11) The Beginning of the First Philosophy Philosophy started in the Greek world known as lonia which is known today as Turkey. lonia is unique place because of being near the sea- as that time water transportation is the most efficient. Within ionia were the different city states which are known aiso for being the intellectual centers. Of all the intellectual centers, Miletus produced the first three philosophers who are Thales, Anaximander, and Anaximenes. Being from tonia most of the time they are called as lonians, but others used Miletus as their place so they used the term Miletians. Thales (624-546 6.C.} The history of thought became different when Thales “calculated an eclipse and he challenged the prevailing belief at that time, that this event will occur at a perticular time not because of the will of the gods but because it is ks 5 . Thales mathematically possible °. The people of Melitus www.google.com waited for the event with bated breath and anticipated Thales’ humiliation, but the eclipse occurred. 3 Marias, Julian. 1967. History of Philosophy. New York: Dover Publications ine.p.13 gee 27 mene eeree eetChapter 2 Pre- Socratics: Man and the Many From that point on, reason claims its place in human history. This also signals the beginning of Philosophy. Thales was considered as the first philos- opher and one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece. 8 The Problem of One and the Many After correctly predicting the exact time of the eclipse, Thales became widely recognized and was asked “What the origin of everything was?” Thales, using his wit believes that water was the source of everything. © This was based on his observation from living in an island. A human being develops from the meeting of the sperm and egg which are basically liquid in content. Then when old age comes and death occurs everyone will be decomposed and will end up with water, For a long period of time this belief was considered a dogma. Everyone was convinced that this is true, The Milesians The fame of Thales did not last because his belief was challenged by Anaximander (610-546 B.C) who proposed that everything is made out of apeiron or boundless. This is based on the belief that there is a series of causes which will end up to an endless search. So, to figure out it is better to say that it is boundless. Anaximander’s Idea was challenged by Anaximenes (585-528 B.C.) who said that it is air which is the origin of everything, Convinced by the idea of Thales, Anaximenes says that every water form will end unas alr in the end. * Russel, Beltrand. 1971. History of Western Philosophy. Great Britain: Novello and Company Ltd. =ee Philosophy of Man Heraclitus (504-501 B.C.) After this exchange of ideas there were other philosophers who joined the bandwagon in the search for the origin of everything like Heraclitus. Heraclitus believes that what is cam- mon and basic foundation of nature is change, For him nothing will iast forever. Everything = & 3 Heraciitus changes, The only thing which will remain in this www.google.com world is change. It is observable in the world that the end of one signals the beginning of another. Nothing stands sti!l. Everything is changing. So there is nothing in the world except change.> Heraclitus suggests that human relation Is not excluded in this reality. Everything In humaty relation is also changing. He later said, “One cannot step on the same river twice.” This means that in human relation there is no second chance, every second is unique. So, if one student fails his studies then such opportunity will not happen again. it is like stepping into the river, the first step is unique because of the rocks and water surrounding that step The second step is already different because the water is flowing so the situation of the river is already different. The same goes for the student, he may be given the chance to study again but the situation has already been changed. So, one cannot step in the same river twice. In human life, like the student, once the opportunity comes, one has to grab and utilize it to the 5 ibid. p. 27 ees 20: eerieChapter 2 Pre- Socratics: Man and the Many utmost, for it will never come again. Empedocles(490-430 BC} After the claim of Heraclitus, Empedacles declared a cessation to the argument by saying that if there are things that start with water, air, fire and earth, then let these four stands as the origin of everything. He tried to put an end on? this dispute by simply acknowledging the idea of www.google.com everyone. Points for Human Perfection 1. Risk is very important before all changes to happen. , 2. Criticisms and suggestions are very important aspects of development. They acknowledge the strength of any idea and reveals points for improvement. 3. Innovation symbolizes development. a |Activity #3 Name:, Course: iA. Let us Help Each Other: No man has the monopoly of truth. This line is ftrue also in self formation- asking others’ opinion, feedback, and criticism is i important in order to change one’s shortcomings. ' { Direction: Write your name on this paper and pass it to your classmates. Let | them write the negative things that they believe should be improved about you. They may or may not write their names. Thank them afte, in search of fame, power, and prestige?CHAPTER 4 Socratic: The Reflective Man “Te ser wise - Sacrates is considered as one of the sophists but on the positive “perspective. He is unique because he set new direction of education which was different from Protagoras. For him knowledge is important in itself, With this honor his name was used to refer to the group of thinkers who lived during his time -the Socratics. One could ciaim that Sacrates became the inspiration of the new brand of philosophers after him. aK nS aPhilosophy af Man gocrates (469-399 B.C.) “alli know is that | know nothing’ 22 Socrates is considered as the wisest man \. who everived. He is different because during his time every saphist is proclaiming that everything can be known because truth is just a creation of Mele ot www.google.com Man. Here, Socrates is the only one who acknowledged that as a man he has limitations and cannot know infinite knowledge. Because of his humility he wae considered as wisest among all of the philosophers. Humility is a sign of wisdom. Socratic Method One of the main contributions of Socrates in the history of thought is his dialectic method, also known as the Socratic Methad. This method is done in establishing an idea or position by simply asking series of questions in the context of a dialogue. Here Socrates is not giving definition or lecturing; rather he is just relying on the answer of the one he is talking to, to the point of arriving in the best answer. Socrates relates this idea to the profession of “his mother as a midwife, for him like the midwife he is just helping someone to deliver the idea which is already within him, like the midwife who is just helping the mother to deliver the baby. ’ *Ptato.1927. The Dialogues of Plato(Apology). Trans by. Benjamen Jowett. New York Liverright Publishing Corp. p. 7. ~~ SE 52 ert eChapter 4 Socratic: The Reflective Man Reason for him is what separates man from the beasts. it is what makes man unique. But because of his new ideas, there were many people who contradicted him. He was summoned in court with the following cases: A. Denying the traditional gods- for him reason is the highest —_ideai. Se, God must be in the form of reason. This idea directly contradicts the gods of the Greeks which are rooted from the mythology. 8. Corrupting the minds of the youth- Through the process of dialectic or questioning, Socrates won the attention of his audience particularly the youth. Because of his new ideas about God and reason, Athenians believed that Socrates is changing the tradition and beliefs of the youth, which was against the norm of his time. idea about man For Socrates, reason separates man from other creatures. Man has the rationality which Is very distinct and unique. He has the high regard on the rationality of man which can only be fully realized within the state. That is why Socrates Is 2 very loyal citizen of Athens, he served as a soldier in the Athenian war. When he was in prison there were opportunities to escape but he chose to stay as a sign of respect for the state. How to be a Good Man? - Knowing Is doing His high regards to reason prompted him to say that “if you know the good, then do the good.” Socrates claims that no one will do bad things willfully. This means, once man failed to do good then he is under the state of ~~ 69 eeePhilosophy of Man ignorance from what really is good. OF Socrates is convinced that doing harm to someone is always unintentional. [t is because for him, if you are doing harm to your neighbor you are also. doing harm to he greatest yourself. But you will not do harm to eA o-livi honor in this ae yourself save aut of accident or what we PRETEND to be.” Socrates informed that smoking is bad and it may cause diseases, yet you are still unintentional. "As an example: You are smoking. Socrates would say that, in spite of the information, still you do not really know by heart that smoking is bad. it is because if you know that, then you will not smoke. Rationality is Humanity For Seerater rationality is equated to humanity- the dividing line between man and other creatures. But it doesn’t mean that the more your rational capability is, the better type of human being you are. Here you . Should know thy self. If you know within yourself your capacity, you need not boast or look for the praise and approval of others. The more you know, then the more you become humble. Because of this rationality man has the capacity to regulate himself and control his body against woridly desires. Socrates said “unexamined life is not worth living.” Socrates is giving everyone here the power to direct Ibid. p. 12 es 5g eerChapter 4 Socratic: The Reflective Man oneself through the process of self-examination or reflection. Man is able to evaluate the things he has done, be it right or wrong. After evaluation it also opens the possibility for man to correct the wrong he has done and continue the good that he has started. Without this process of examination, life for Socrates is nothing and worthless. Plato (827-347 B.C.) Socrates Is the teacher of Plato. Plato on the other hand, is one of the best students of Socrates. When Socrates, died Plato wrote books with Socrates as one of his characters. Since Socrates failed to write his ideas, there is confusion in the interpretation of the works of Plato regarding the attribution of the ideas given. One fumbles at knowing if the idea was of Plato or Socrates. Later in his life, he built his awn school named Academy. He is also the teacher te one of the pillars of philosophy, no other than Aristotle. Later in Plato’s life, he built a school named Academy, This idea came to light because according to him their knowledge must be passed down to the youth so that it will be developed and will not perish. Thus there must be a place for this transfer of learning. As a result the Academy became the pioneer and model of the formal schoois of today where the youth are summoned to stay and study. On the entrance of the Academy is written “Let no one enter here without knowledge in Geometry.” This wards give the impression about the Academy as strict and center of science during that time. One of the main products of Academy and the best student of Plato is Aristotle. ~ ee 55 —————————Philosophy af Man idea about man Plato’s idea of man is dependent on his metaphysical theory of reality. lt means, oefore dealing with his theory of man it is necessary know his metaphysics first. For Plato there are two types of reality, the worid of forms and the world of particulars. What is real is found in the wortd of forms or in the ideas of god. This realm is perfect and unchanging. What Is present therefore in this world is the world of particular which is not perfect and is always changing. Applying this metaphysics to man, man therefore is composed of form (soul) and of particular (body). It fallows that soul is unchanging and real. The body is the one which is changing and simply sharing its perfection to the reality of the soul. This soul for Plato is immortal in nature and unchanging. Thus, change is only applicable to body but not on soul, How to be a good man? Body and soul are two distinct realities in the Platonic perspective. For him man is purely soul before it united with the body. This union with the body made the soul imprison in the body which is prone to sensible pleasure, passions and ignorance, The purpose of man therefore is to free the soul from its attachment to the body.’ It is because for Plato, the fullness of life of man will be attained only when the soul as the essence of man is freed from the body. Plato on the other hand, acknowledges that with the unification of soul and body, man is composed of three faculties such as: 2Varza, Ignatius. 1994, History of Ancient Philosophy. Manila Philippines: Sinag-Tala Publishers, P. 101 SS 6 eeFaculty Characteristics Virtue 1. Reason -drive to reach genuine wisdom - Wisdom | 2. Spirit -impulse towards, beauty-and goodness - Courage 3. Appetites -drives for the pleasure of the body - Temperance Of the three faculties, for Plato, reason must be the superior in =r order to free the soul from the body. Thus, in every faculty, in order to attain liberation, one must have wisdom as the superior to control reason. Courage is to direct one’s spirit and temperance is to control the pleasure seeking drive of the body embedded on his appetites. Here, with the superiority of reason, man can live a virtuous life in human relation. Plato extended this idea of man in relation to politics. For him, man and society have the same components that need the same virtues to attain harmony. Thus, soclety follows the same category. Man Virtues Society 1. Reason Wisdom 3 - Leaders/peliticians 2. Spirit Courage Soldiers/guardians 3. Appetite Temperance Workers/laborers The comparison of man and society entails that in a society the jeader must be the superior and must possess the genuine wisdom in dealing with the people. For him, the leader must be a philosopher king - it is simply ~~ EE —E—————E—————E eePhilosophy of Man a because Plato believes that only a philosopher can grasp the relation of virtue and knowledge. He can create a society capable of creating perfect men. For him, the guardians must obey the decree of the leaders, that they will not get married, and will not own any property. They will only mothers themselves to serve the state. The workers must act productively workers tp support the need of the society and to develop their full potentiais zs workers. With every one of these members of the society doing their duties, embodying with the right virtue and having the leader as the superior, then society will attain perfect harmony. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) After the death of Plato, Aristotle left the Academy because most of his ideas are in contradictory [% to the principles taught by the successors of his teacher. He spent his early years teaching, but later he Plato (lek) and Aristotle (right) = devoted his journey in study of Part of the Painting a “The Schools of Athens” natural sciences. His works became www.google.com very instrumental in the development of modern science. Being famous during his prime, he was summoned by Philip of Macedon to educate his son, who became one of the greatest conqueror, who ever lived -Alexance> cme Great. Aristotle became responsible for Alexander’s education. After the ‘ail and death of Alexander, afraid for his life, Aristotle went back to Athens. ', SE RR err eeTa EEEEEEf «EE Chapter 4 Socratic: The Reflective Man Athens, he founded a school and named it “Lyceum” in honor of Apollo Lyceus. This school became the rival of the “Academy.” Idea about Man Like Plato his theory of man is also inseparable to his metaphysics or theory of reality. But, for him reality is not the same as what Plato conceived, a world of forms or the ideas of the gods which is ideal in nature. For Aristotle, the sensibie world is the real world-the practical one. He is not pointing to the other transcended world, rather he is pointing on the world of particulars as the real. , if the particular tree is real, why then it is changing? Aristotle says that everything is composed of form and matter. The form is what makes the | tree different from other things while the matter is the physical attribute of the tree. Thus, the matter is capable of changing because the matter is composed of many accidence such as the texture, color, height etc. Though =. the change of this accidence might not affect its form and will remain as a tree. On the other hand, this change is also brought about by what Aristotle called as the principle of actuality and potentiality. Actuality is the current | state or form, while potentiality is the capability of becoming of matter. Thus, a tree’s current state is its actuality, but within the tree is the potentiality or the capacity of becoming a paper or 2 chair. The same is applicable in human relation; your seatmate is not only the one who you observed as silent and simple. Within him lies his potentiality and future. You do not knew what he tan be in the tuture. So, im dealing with others, one is aiso dealing with others’ potentiality and future. Bs ee emer es 50 SS eePhilosophy of Man aan ve Life in general is operating in three functions according to Aristotle. These three are the following: A, Vegetative- réfers to the capacity to reproduce, develop, and grow B. Sensitive- refers to the capacity of the operation of senses, feelings, and movements C. intellective- refers to the capacity to think, reason out, con- template and choose Aristotle says that with these three functions of life, man is different from other creatures. Vegetative and Sensitive aspects are available to animals but they lack the intellective. Plants, on the other hand, are limited to vegetative state. It is only man who has intellect, the capacity to think, contemplate, and choose his act. For Aristotle, the essence of man is his intellect or his reason. It follows that the perfect man is the one using his intellect. This is far different from Plato who is saying that the perfect man is in the world of ideas. , So, man as we see in experience, is the real man for Aristotle. The form of man which makes him different is his intellect and the matter is his body. Change in height, weight, and other qualities in man are possible because of the potentiality within him. But, this change on his matter does hot change his essence of being man.pe Chapter 4 Socratic: The Reflective Man How to be a good man? Intellect for Aristotle is equated to virtue. It simply points out that once a man uses his intellect, basically the resuit or end (telos} will be good. On the other hand the highest act for him of inteilect is not by understanding the natural world but in the act of contemplating the divine. With this act of contemplating, man is getting near to his origin. But in human relation for Aristotle, man must follow the virtue of the mean also known as just middle. This means that man must avoid extremes. Any deprivation and excess is bad for him. Thus, too much studying is bad just as not studying. Eating too much is gluttony and is a vice, not eating on the other hand will endanger man’s vegetative faculty or will harm his body. Some would say that “Is it alright to rob a bank provided the robber wil get just what is agpropriate for his needs?” This situation is not included on his virtue of the mean because tne very act of robbing is already agaiii the nature of 2 person with a mature intellect. it follows that such act is already bad and unacceptable. Points For Human Perfection 1. Socrates points cut that one should not boast about one’s learning or achievement because the jeg! sign of wisdom is humility. The more one knows and achieve the humble he should be. 2. Socrates says “Unexamined life is not worth living” also “know thyself.” tt is good to look for what is ideal in life or to change others. But itis better if one starts with himself the good’and chan,zé he wants others to do.Philosophy of Man 3. Plato and Aristotle were both convinced of the capacity of man to think and reason out to attain perfection. 4. Aristotle opens the idea that in respecting someone, we are not only respecting his current human status but also we are respecting the potentiality within him. Do not be bad to your seatmates; he might be your future boss. . 5. In the virtue of the mean, ail excess, defects and deprivation is a sign of weakness.Activity #5 Name:, Date: Course: Section: Room no.: A. Reflection-Action-Direction: Going back to self is the theme of the Socratic Philosophers. Applying this to your life, it is therefore ve ere you are so that you can assess where are you going. } Direction: In the 3 boxes below describe yourself twenty years from now. _ (Begin with box #3). Then proceed to box number 2 and write necessary ; things that you need to do in order to attain what you have written in the box | f number 3. Then inthe 1° box, assess and ask yourself “Do you think your | § way of life now will bring you to the third box? If not write the things » that you need to do and change. important to know Box 3 Rationale: Our everyday decisions determine our life. These decisions make | up our destiny.B, Select three quotations from the given statements and clearly explain each by applying it in real life situations, 1. It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought yee accepting it. Aristotle . The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Aristotle j i 3. Wise men talk because they have something to say; fools, because they ave to say something. Plato , oo 4, You can discover more about a person in an hour of play than in a year of conversation. Plato ' 5.The greatest way to live with honor in this world is to be what we pret to be. Socrates : \TEST #5 Name: Date: Course: Section: Room no.: 4, Identification: Give the name of the philosopher who is associated with the ideas or situatian given in every statement below. 1. Teacher of Alexander the Great 2. Founded the school named Lyceum 3. Student of Plato 4. Knowing is doing 5, Man has potentiality within 6. Intellect is virtue 7. The leader must be a philosopher king 8. Any excess or deprivation is bad 3. Man cannot develop his full potential outside the state 10. Practice what you preach B. Analysis: Study each statement and state your stand on each issue. 1. Urinating anywhere wherever you feel the need lessens one’s degree of being human. 2. Upon seeing a beautiful woman wearing sexy clothes approaching, Dindo whistles immediately. He contends that his act is a noble act of appreciation. 3. Upon knowing through ultrasound that her child will be. born with defects and will live sn abnormal life, Jen decided to abort her baby. ~~ O— =E————————————E———— eeTEST #5 4, Following the virtue of the mean or the just middle is impossible because everyone has different standard. 5. Ron believes that it is not proper to utier ihe line “Pasensya au , eo tang.” Do you think there is a merit to accept this idea? SE 66 Ste eteital CHAPTER 5 Medieval: The Man in the Image of Ged Between the ancient and » modern period is the known as the Christian age because it marks the rise of the that in this period brilliant Mero or Muslim scholars also emerged. But this chapter will only explore the Christian perspective since the islamic philosophy wil! be tacked in the preceding chapters, ~~ 67 SSPhilosophy of Man St Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) — j The Doctors and the Fathers of the church decide for her teachings. So, to study the belief of the church is to deal with her “wisest of all the holiest and the holiest among the wisest” Doctor and Father of Her Teachings -Thomas Aquinas. Thomas is froma St. Thomas Aquinas wealthy family of businessmen in Aquino, Rome, At ~“WWW.google.com first, his family was against his decision to enter the seminary and be a priest. His family even kidnapped him from the seminary and brought him far away from religious connection, But, Thomas was really convinced that his calling is for priesthood so he found his way back to the seminary and dedicated the test of his life to the church. A. Idea about Man: In the image and Likeness of God "God created man according to his image and likeness.” This Statement has four implications. First, there is a God who is the creator. Second, there Is a man who is created by God. Third, the creation bears the characteristics of his creator who is God. Fourth, man as creature has responsibility towards God as his creator. First: God Exists. Thomas insisted that knowing God is both available through faith and reason. He believes that It is not only in faith that the nature of God can be conceived, if someone is looking for a rational explanation for God'sChapter 5 Medieval: The Man in the Image of God existence one should consider his five aroofs of the existence of God. ? 1, Argument from Motion- movement is the indication of life. Life and motion is everywhere. But like a series of dominoes, in order for one to move, there must be a movement from the start, it is impossible to have movement without it starting from somewhere. Such movement should be caused by the Unmoved Mover who is God. 2. Argument from Cause- in nature everything comes because of something. But, there couldn’t be a series of infinite cause. There must be the cause of the first cause which he himself has no cause. Since infinite series of causes is Impossible, there must be God who is the Uncaused Cause. oe , 3. Argument from Possibility and Necessity- in nature there are things which . are present yet not necessary. Like man, it could be there is no man yet there is man. So knowing that they are not necessary, there must be knowledge of what is necessary which is not a possibility but a necessity. if that necessary is a necessity then such Necessary Being is God. 4. Argument from the gradation of Being- we experience a person whose knowledge is unbelievable. After a while we will find another who is more knowledgeable. Then we meet one who is more knowledgeable than the previous one we've met. One who possesses a superlative degree of quality, one who is the best, he must be the Perfect being who is God. 5. Argument from design- looking at the beauty of the universe is a source of amusement and inspiration for some. There is not a hint of irregularity in this *3 Aquinas, Thomas. 1920. Trans by Peter Kreeft. The Summa of the Summa. San Francisco: ignatius Press. i genes 69 oaPhilosophy of Man : : Sannin otherwise harmonious universe. There must be a great designer, “the Governor of the World who is God: These are the rational aspects in proving the existence of God. But in the end as Thomas says, it is still a matter of faith. Those who believe in this rational explanation need no further clarification, but for non-believers, whatever explanation will not suffice. Believing in God is really a matter of faith. Second: Man Exists. Man is created by God. In all occasions the creator is higher than the created or the created is lower than the creator. So, the created is not the creator which means man is not God. The creation of man by God therefore is not a right rather a privilege or gift given to him by God his creator. is nota right rather a privilege or gift given to him by God his creator. Third: Man as a Special Creature Man is net only a creature of God. He is also created after his image and likeness, This makes man higher than other creature. Since God who is the creator is good, his creation is also good. Being created in the likeness of God, man is aiso good and bears all the attributes of God such as rationality. To elaborate this point; man is created with the seal of goodness and rationatity. God gave man the freedom of choice to will and act according to his rationality. Fourth: Man and His Duty With his noble life, it is the role of man according to St. Thomas to bring back to God all these gifts. The purposes of man therefore are to: know,Chapter 5 Medieval: The Man in the Image of God love, and serve God. The possible question here is that “In what way man:can serve and love God?” The answer here is that these duties are carried on to all creations of God such as nature, ather people and to oneself. So, any act is act towards God. What then is act? B. How to be a Good Man? Responsibility: Human act and Act of Man in human relation act or action is the main substance of goodness or evil. Without act, nothing will be considered good or bad. There are two types of acts: first is the human act; and the second is the act of man.” Basi- cally, to be called a human act it has these three components: A. Knowledge - man must therefore be embodied with mature mental estates \ B. Freedom — man must have the capacity to decide to do or not to doa certain act C. Voluntariness - man must be personally willing to do the act. It must be noted that without one of these three, an act will notbe considered a human act. Thus, it is human act when a college student js watching pornographic film in the computer laboratory, because he is already a college student with a mature mental state, no one forced him to watch such, and that he alone voluntarily did the act. On the other hand, any omission of one of the criteria will fall under act of man. Act of man is man’s action fueled by sensation such as; hearing, listening, seeing, feeling, touch, * Glen, Paul 1965. Ethics. London: B. Herder Book Co.p. 3 perros 7) yet rennerPhilosophy of Han and smelling. Here, even the animals can do such acts without deliberation. Hearing the argument of your father and mother regarding confidential matters is not your fault. You have ears so you happen to hear. But the act will be human act if you stop and pay attention to their conversation. You already have the knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness ‘on that situation. ; tt is important to note the difference between the two because the difference embodies the entire Christian morality. The point is that, if your act ig human act then joi are responsible for your act. it means you are accountable for your act whether your act is good or bed. But when your act is an act of man, then you are not responsibie or accountable for your act. Responsibility towards an act is very important oecause it shows the connec- tion between the agent and the act. Modifiers of Hurman Act itis clear that when your act is a human act you are responsible for it. But, there are cases where the voluntariness, freedom, and knowledge of the agent are atfected by other things. Special consideration is given to these modifiers: ® First: ignorance- it is the absence of knowledge. It could be present in a negative sense when an individual has no knowiedge of something which is not required of him: An exampie is 2 farmer who has no knowledge of how to fly an airpiane. The other oneis in a positive sense which is present when ibid, p, 25 ae 72 SeePm SIRE en Chapter § Medieval: The Man in the image af God someone lacks the knowledge of things that he is expected of him. Thus, a marine transportation student is expected to know how to read a compass because that is required in his profession, There are three types of positive ignorance that are worth mentioning: A. Vincible ignorance- is the absence of knowledge about what should be known which can be easily solved through the light of reason. A student who was absent is expected to ask his classmates about the assignment if there is. If he failed to-do his:. assignment, then he is in the state of ignorance. He can solve this solve this in a variety of ways. He can ask his classmates per- sonally, through phone, email, and other possible ways. : B. invincible Ignorance- is the absence of knowledge about what shouid be known but cannot be easily soived through the light of reason. Knowing that there is always traffic, Amel woke up and left his house early to come on time. But along the way, the bus he is riding lost Its breaks. So, he transferred to the taxi to maxim- ize time. But after a while, there was an accident and all vehicles were stranded. Here, there is no way for him to know and control the situation hence he ie caught in the state of invincible ignorance. . C. Affected ignorance- it happens when the agent voluntarily wants to be ignorant to escape from possible sanction: A good example is a student who knows that all the announcement regarding school activities, like the uniform to be used, are posted on the —=————E—EEEEEEEEEE—SEP7”_—T—=E—EE—————————————Philosophy of Man nm university website. But he decided not to check on the website. On the day of the event he was wearing different uniform and he is arguing that he has no knowledge of the said rule. Rule # 1. Vincible ignorance does not destroy but somehow lessens the voluntariness and responsibility of an agent. Rule # 2. Invincible ignorance destroys the voluntariness.of an act. Rule #3, Affected ignorance does not exempt the agent to the consequence of his action. It basically increases the culpability of the agent. Second: Concupiscence (passions). these are the strong bodily tendencies and emotions such as anger, happiness excitement, love, hatred, desire, horror, delight, hope, despair, bravery, and fear. These Passions occur in two kinds: A. Antecedent- happens spontaneously within an event that it para- lyzes the judgment of reason. A man who jumps from his bicycle upon seeing his house burning is under this antecedent concupiscence. His perception of danger covers his reason. B. Consequent—is present when after a traumatic or undesirable event planned something to avenge such experience. Here, the strong feeling is still present but there is already a reason involved in planning the act: Jam was elbowed accidentally by one of the players of the opposing team. He was hurt, so before the end of the game Jam swayed also his elbow to avenge his aggrieve situation, ESS 74 eeChapter 5 Medieval: The Man in the Image of God Rule #1. Antecedent concupiscence may lessen or totally destroy the responsibility of the agent. Rule #2. Consequent concupiscence does not destroy the responsibility of the agent. It increases the gravity of one’s act. Third: Fear- is the heightened of emotion brought about by a foreseeable danger. It is separated from passion because with the apprehension of the mind of the coming danger, there is already a mental reasoning. So, to be afraid isto know what to be afraid of and to think also of the possible outcome. Fear could be: -A, Act with fear or in spite of fear- this happens when a person willfully performs an act even if he is afraid. A robber enters the bank even if he is fearful. B. Act done from fear or through fear- it is present when.a person does an act because of a possible danger to be done to him or to others. Afraid for his iife, Julius gave the bag containing the salaries of his employees to the thief. Rule # 1. Acts with fear is always voluntary. Rule # 2. Acts done from fear or through fear is always voluntary. Here voluntariness can be lessened but will never be destroyed, Fourth: Violence- it is the application of force on a person compelling him to do things against his will. Rape for instance is a form of violence which is against the will of the victim. Like fear, there is also a danger but in violence there is no choice left for the victim. The body of the victim is used in the act, we ES 75 ———————Philosophy of Man but the person’s will dictates the denial of the action. In this case, violence is always involuntary. Rule #1. Acts out of violence is always involuntary. % Fifth: Habit- it is the repetition of the same activity over time. If the act is Positive, it is considered virtue. But, if it is negative, then it belongs to vice. Time-seems to bea culprit on the aspect of habit because it seems that the longer a person does an act it appears that the act is acceptable and god. But, in reality time has nothing to do with the goodness of an act. So anything bad, even if many are subscribing to it, will remain bad independent of any criteria. The problem is that this habit lessens rationality and seems to be elevated as second nature to man like cursing, Here are general principles for habit. Rule #1. Habit is always voluntary. Rule #2. Unintentional repetition of something is imputed to the agent only if he is informed about his acts. A person who has body odor needs to be informed about his state because it is possible that he is not aware of it. Rule #3. After the reminders are given, the agent must be watchful and must exert effort to address his habit. Otherwise he is already responsible for his act, When is an act good or bad? as After establishing the responsibility of individual to his act it- is... important to know what makes an act good or bad. Here, there are many things to be considered, First, an act is good if it is in accordance with reason, and bad if it is against reason, Reason is the characteristic of manChapter & Medieval: The Man. in the Image of God which separates him from plants and animals. Se, any act which will betray reason is not good. Stealing, for example is bad because taking something that is not your own shows animalistic behavior. On the other hand, in moral conduct, good act and bad act is determined by three conditions. * A. Object { act itself)- the act must be in accordance with reason B. intention (end) - it is the end that the agent wants to achieve €. Circumstances- these are the conditions surrounding the act which answer the following: who, what, where, how, and when With probiem in any of these three will make the act bad: Thus,a good act with a bad intention is bad. It is like helping an old man to.cross the: street simply to impress one’s fiancée is bad. Or when. the intention is good © put the way is bad. The same as what Robinhood did, he stoie from rich to help the poor. His intention is nobie but the act is bad, hence the act is still bad. This principle states that “the end does not justify the means.” Everything must.be right, from the intention to the act, up to the circumstances surrounding the act. Principle of Double Effect There are instances where there !s one action yet there are two effects, one is good and the other is bad. A concrete example is when 2 graduating student found out that she was pregnant. She has to decide if she will continue pregnancy (which according to the doctor is very sensitive) or abort the baby-if she will continue the pregnancy, then the baby will live but Ibid. p. 102Philosophy of Man ae her studies will be sacrifiged. On the other hand, if she will abort the baby, she can focus on her studies but the baby will die. Here there is just one act available yet there are two competing effects, a | Bood ‘and bad. On this situation the principle to be used is the Principle of Double effect. Wherein, if » just any of the conditions isnot Satisfied then the act must Gt tbe Conditions for the Principle of Double Effect’: ide. ITH act mustbe good in itself or atleast indifferent. 2. The good effect ‘must precédes from-the evil. 3. The intention must be good. 4. There must be a proportionate grave reason in doing the act * (there is no other way and there is a high possibllity to Points for Human Perfection 1. It is possible that we are not here, we are very lucky that we are given the chance to live and touch lives in this happy world. Happily live your life and make the most out of it, 2. Your life is your decision, Be responsible for your acts and choices. 3. Reason finds room.for excuses but consdiéiice will find its own waysActivity #6 Date: ——_— 7t am Responsible. Responsibility is the fruit of reason and freedom in E Christian philosophy. It is not only knowing what should be done but also \ § doing the act in the right time, right place and with the right reason. 4 Direction: Make a personal slogan which you think will help or remind you to ¢ do your responsibility to God, to others, and to yourself. ydea 1S BETTER 3 Rationale: A responsible man is reflective. He is than just having prudent in his act or speech because for him § a GOOD idea.” “Godis in every person he deals with”. Oe ln F : (by applying it in real life situations. 1. The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdem- Proverbs 9:10, 2. To one who has faith, no explanation is necessary. To one without faith, no explanation is possible.”St ThomasTEST #6 ee Bate: Name: Course:, Section: Room no.: A. identification: Study the given situations. Determirie if the act is 2 human act or act of man. Write HA for human act and AC for act of man. 14, Gina, 2 Fourth year high school student, opened the letter which Is intended for her father. 2. in the middle of the night Arnold stood up and went to the kitchen. In the morning he woke up without knowing why he was in the kitchen. j . 3. Saver, avery intelligent and highly trained dog bit Marco when he accidentally stepped on Saver’s feet. 4, Jam cut his parents wedding picture. He was 2 years old then. 5. General Mahaguay, @ highly respected leader summoned his man and ordered them to prepare for coup d’ etat. . B. Analysis: From the modifiers of human act, select the best principle suitable to the given situation. Determine whether the agent is responsible or not. 4. As Mark passed by the house of Leo, he saw the naked picture of a beautiful young artist posted in the window of Leo’s house. But as he recognized the beauty of the young artist, he stopped and keenly looked to every part of the artist’s body. 2, Ben, a mentally-challenged person, loves to walk everyday. One day he went to St. Dominic Church. As he entered, the mass was in progress, but he continuously walked in front of the altar and ‘ghiouted “ANG GANDA NG DAMIT KOI" 3. Gerry is a third year honor student. His favorite subject is Mathematics. He loves to solve trivia about Math. One morning during their confession in the chapet his teacher confronted him. He was caught solving one of their assignments while praying.TEST #6 4. Rio, a third year law student, failed to submit his project on time. When his teacher asked him about the Project, he defended himself by retorting that he was not around when the project was given. 5. It’s a part of Jeff's way of life to speak disgusting words every time he opens his mouth, He was always reminded of this bad habit but it seems he does not want to get rid of it. One evening he was asked by his parish priest to lead the rosary. When he was about to start, he saw his friend Von. He immediately greeted Von with disgusting words which echoed through the microphone. C. Application: Here are examples of current ethical issues, make a moral decision in line with Christian perspective, 1, Euthanasia (Mercy Killing) Seeing the gravity of his sickness, your father wrote a letter in which he requested that he dogs not want to prolong his agony any longer and wants his life support machine to be turned-off so that he can join his creator. Would you obey his request and turn of the machine which supports his life or let his agony continue? 2. Is it moral to sell ene’s.blood or any part of the body to support oneself? in the first place you are not destroying anyone’s right, you are simply exercising your freedom and responsibility to your life and your body? . 3. Your best friend got pregnant, She is a scholar, eldest in the family, and a bread winner, She is expected to help her four younger. °° siblings. Her father died a year ago and her mother is working as a housemaid.“Her boyfriend on the other hand also came from a poor family. Being her only friend she asks for your advice if she will abort the baby or not. What is your advice?TEST #6 oO a pate ——____———— Nee ; Room ne.:__—— Section: _ ons. Determine if the act is @ human yen situath ct of man a=: human actand AC for a ar high school student, opened the letter which ended for her father * the might Arnold sto ee ening he woke up without knowing why he d up and went to the ty trained dog bit Marco when 3 Saver avery intelligent and high on Saver's feet wedding picture. He was 2 years old then. a highly respected leader summoned his + them to prepare for coup d’ etat. & anaes From the modifies of human act, select the best principle the given situation. Determine whether the agent is responsible or As Mark passed Dy the house of Leo, he saw the naked picture of artst posted in the window of Leo’s house. But keenly looked to every part of the artist’s body. 2 mentally-challenged person, loves to walk everyday. One day he went te St. Dominic Church. As he entered, the mass was in 5, but he continuously welked in front of the altar and “ANG GANDA NG DAMIT KO!" ty i$ 2 third year honor student. His favorite subject is Mathematics. He loves to solve trivia about Math, One Guring their confession in the chapel his teacher confronted He was Caught solving one of their assignments while nw ow ci ——SS——— —== $1vest #6 signe wr 4. Rio, a third year law student, failed to submit his project on ime. When his teacher asked him about the project, he defended himself by retorting that he was not around when the Project was given. 5 It's part of Jeff's way of life to speak disgusting words every time he opens his mouth. He was always reminded of this bad habit but it seems he does not want to get rid of it. One evening he was asked by his parish priest to lead the rosary. When he was about to start, he saw his friend Von. He immediately greeted Von with disgusting words which echoed through the microphone. C Apphcation: Here are examples of current ethical issues, make a moral decision in line with Christian perspective. L. Euthanasia (Mercy Killing) Seeing the gravity of his sickness, your father wrote a letter in which he requested that he does not want to prolong his agony any longer and wants his life support machine to be turned-off so that he can join his creator. Would you obey his request and turn of the machine which supports his lite or let his agony continue? 2 Is it moral to sell one's blood or any part of the body to support oneself? In the first place you are not destroying anyone's right, you are simply exercising your freedom and responsibility to your life and your body? 3. Your best friend got pregnant. She is a scholar, eldest in the family, and a bread winner, She is expected to help her four younger siblings. Her father died a year ago and her mother is working as a housemaid, Her boyfriend on the other hand also came from a poor family, Being her only friend she asks for your advice if she ‘will abort the baby or not. What is your advice? a eeCHAPTER 6 Modern: Man and Reason oes Masses. Slowly this academic aspects the power of the During the ancient and medieval period, the production of books is simply done by writing manually. Dis- cussion and exchange of ideas were limited, but with the in- vention of printing ma- chine the history of thought changed its direction. Books became more available to the situation dethroned the nobles and priests in their position with respect to the search for truth, in politics, economics and nobles and priests were —————[S==== 3 —_———praise of Man nd This situation brought the scientific, economic, political and in revolution. |p the field of philosophy everything is also questioned starts to answer the question “What is the basic foundation of dustrial ernis™ . not dogmatic or just created by the virtue of authority?” nore Descartes (1596-1650) is considered as the father of Descartes hy. He is a scientist and profession. For him ancient and cic because knowledge on these anc and is dictated by the big names Aristotle and St. Augustine. He Rene Descartes www google com ne foundation of truth which for him is ¢ cannot be falsified whatever is the case, This truth must be inde: =f whoever is challenging, wherever, and whatever ways of test it g to the question above, Descartes arrived at the answer *_ | think therefore | am. For him the foundation of truth is eing (cogito).(t is the only truth which Is certain and cannot be imple 2s when you are thinking, then one thing Is sure, ‘that sees 4 someone who is thinking. So, if you doubt that you are thinking, ubting is a proof that you are thinking. In short, one thing Is if > and that is, there is someone who is thinking. If that is the case, “cecre ¢ thinking, then he is existing. It should be noted that the 4 ees _ anilChapter 6 Modern: Man and Reason a jeal evistence oF presence rather the nce pertained here Is not phys! d, will, or consciousness. 0, this position opens only the existence of a min mind but not of the body. With this temperament, the certainty of the . modern man arrives to the arena- the thinking being. Mind and Body Problem With the discovery of self in the ph dichotomy between mind and body evolved. Being certain about the body. "For him mind or ilosophy of Descartes, the of the self or mind, Descartes was dubious consciousness can exist even without the body. Thus, the mind and the bady are two distinct substances. What then is the connection between the mind and the body? Descartes’ answer is pineal gland- a gland located on the — lower part of the brain. It seems that Descartes did not answer this problem, but during his time that is the most acceptable answer. With this belief and discovery, modern era labeled the body as inferior to the mind. The implication of this can be seen in different aspects of human affairs. Consider the economic system, it is the construction workers who are working physically hard the whole day but they receive meager compensation compared to the engineers who are just sitting down and thinking. Today, students would take Information Technology rather automotive or agriculture, Work which involves mental faculties is considered superior over physical we ork. AS a result, in . In education more MDescartessfene (EGY an Descartes, Rene. 1991. Principles of Phil 7 and Reese P.Miller, Netherlands: Kluwe: “Ibid. p.7 ——————————___ 5 -_— _ losophy. Trans By Valen le tine R, i r Academic Publishers p. 6, ———Se tothe discipline of the mind and lec & given ta the rine fs giver I nen line ofthe body all problems of students’ discipline are handled by the ise dance councilors who deal with the students’ “psyche” or mind. This guid rings the new man who has a big ming but with a week body. Modern man ig measured according not to ihis strength and physical capacity but on the level of his mind of educational achievement. What you are and what you ae are determined by what you know Howto bea Good Man? Modernism talks about reason and certainty. That is why this era opened the doors to the development of science. Everything is measured according ta the decree of scientific method. Outside the scientific method Jes falsity. it signals the evolution ang discovery im different Relds such as: megicice, astranamy, biology and others. So, to be a good man is to use one’s reason. It means one must be rational. One needs to be exact and specific, Something which cannot be measured and observed is questionable. Since man is a thinking being, it means man has to use his reason at all times, Acts done without reason is a malicious act because it defies the nature of man who |s a thinking being. Here, believing is measured according to evidences and not on the basis of the impulse of emotion. In human relation, this period in history urges man to study. To be able to Selong in a society and to live a good life, it is very important that an individual obtain a degree. John Locke (1632-1707) “odern philosophy is a wrestling match between rationalists and ee SS (I (“EEChupter 6 Modern: Man on’ the foundation for the = ast the forefront ef the o in medicine Hie in yential political figures ohn Upelan fer inthe table of — www.google.com of knowledge and conception of ne of the main concerns of the modern man. It should be remembered that modernity took place cience ny and politics ep or “tabula hurnan brain is in a blank t of birth. This idea directly contradicts Descartes *T gh experience, mind acquires ideas which what we know. ideas are any materials mind. Here experience has two aspects and processes outside the mind. Second ne Passion of the Western Mind. United States of Aim: Ballantine Books. 2.332 ————_—___ L808Philosophy of Man idea about Human Nature Man for Locke is basically good and driven by his natural inclination to reason, With man’s rational faculty, he is aware of his natural rights such as right to life, freedom, property and to live peacefully with others. Unlike other thinkers of his time, Locke believes that man is capable of ruling himself because he |s naturally good. This idea is possible because his reason is suffi- cient enough to look for what ls good for himself and for the common good. o Self-rule on the other hand does not pertain to anarchy. Locke acknowledges that government is still necessary to regulate man. But for him government is not an authority powerful than the people, instead government is just @ contract created by the people by submitting some of their rights so that regulahon for the sake of commen good will be attained.” it follows that the will of the people stands higher than any form of government. This theary is one of the main bases of democracy How to Be a Good Man? Z e Since mind is in the state of It is not enough to ve.a blank slate or tabula rasa, It Is very im- Q BO fn portant for Locke to be cautious in the thing 41s process of educating the youth. For him to use experiences during infancy and younger WELL. Rene Descartes "Chappell, Vere. 1994. The Cambridge Companion to Locke. United States of __ America: Cambridge University Press. 9. 20 ** Russel, Beltrand. 1971. History of Western Philosophy. Great Britain: Novello and Company Ltd. p.606 °FChapter 6 Modern: Man and Re, they set the foundation of one’s seis Ss ry important because h must be given more emphasis. Although reason “a lly be done, the youth will be easily corrupted years are ver gion of the yout! educ seek what should rightfu without proper guidance in education, Immanuel Kant (1774- 1804) The man who practices what he preaches is embodied by Kant. He advocates coherence, validity, and rationality not only on his writings but also on how he lived his life, As 2 matter of fact there is 2 street named after him which is called the “The Philosopher's Immanuel Kant wwe. google.com Walk.” The Honor was given to him because, on his way lo the university, he was seen by the townsfolk everyday on that street, without missed. nis philosophy states that there is really truth which can be known through the senses which is cailed phenomena. There are also things which cannot be known by experience or observation and these are the noumena or the thing in itsell fi € thing in itself. Here, he is bridging the claim of the rationalist that iowledge Is | can knowledge |s innate and can be deduced through reason alone and that of ‘the empiricist that knowled t eis known i ge |5 known only in the aspect of experience. On the other hand, he is sayin Seying that man should reserve a vacuum that there are things that man can’t know, such as Gi d Sed, immortality and freedom, For him, though these things ar, not knowable, portant, als gs are knowabl t itis impo i -alS0 to maintain the beliefon them for the sake of mora ty.pritesophy of Man yee about man = = ~ What makes man different from other beings, is that man has the gift of reason and free will. Man, therefore, has the knowledge to decide what to go and what not to do. There is 4 self governing faculty in man which makes him the master of his acts and gives him the courage to direct his act to his desired end. With this dignity, it is the idea of Kant that man should be treated as equal. This equality should be based on the dignity of man himself. it means man should be treated fairly independent of his height, color, family and other attributes, How to be a Good Man? Since reason separates man from beast, Kant believes that only acts preceded from reason is moral. Anything done and should be done out of rational decision is good. It is therefore a responsibility or duty of man as rational ta act according to reason. This rational act based on duty to do what is good for the sake of good is known as Categorical imperative. In the context of categorical imperative, doing good Is good because it is man’s duty and it is what his nature dictates as natural. The end of doing good Is the end in itself, Categorical imperative will best be discussed in three aspects: 1, Laws of Universality- Something is good if whoever in such position will do the act. That, whatever is the case, the act (s still good in itself. Here, rape for instance is not good because not everyone will like and do the same act. Provided the rapist becomes the victim, surely he will also try to prevent the act. Giving water to the thirsty is good because whoever is thirsty, the OE SOOOChapter 6 Modern: Man and Reason act of giving |S desirable 2. Man is always an End- Every act shows the dignity of the actor as ct must be directed to the good of a fellow rational so his 3 is nat good to use someone just a dignified indt means in attaining an end. Prastitution for example, is not categorically imperative because one is simply using an individual to attain personal end which is pleasure. Helping the townsfolk with the agenda that during the election their votes will be given to you is not a goed act. The Good Samaritan is the best example; he helped the victim because the victim needs his help. He asked nothing from the victim, The Samaritan did the act because that act is in accordance to reason. 3. Self Autonomy of Man: Since categorical imperative is universal It is important to specify a criteria about who are subject to it and how it should be applied. This criterion is written nat with any holy book but with every nature of man. Man having reason and goodwill has the moral duty to do the good thing for the sake of good. Not doing the good act when it is necessary is a denial of one’s nature which is good. So, wherever, whenever, and whatever circumstances, man will do his duty to do good because everyone has reason and goodwill in which categorical imperative is rooted, a aphilosophy of Man points for Human Perfection 1. Descartes’ proclamation that “I think, therefore | am” leads to the point that any act of the will dictates that there is someone who is existing. One can substitute the line “i dream, therefore | am." Dreaming |s a sign of human existence. Those who are not dreaming do not differ from plants and animals. 2. Modern philosophy gives priority to the capacity of the mind. It is necessary to follow the trend because it is what makes a man suited to this modern society, But it should be noted that we should nat neglect the body because when the body deteriorates, the mind is also affected. Healthy mind, therefore, requires a healthy body. 3. Everyone by virtue of being man is good and unique, Using someone to reath one’s end Is against one’s mature as rational being.Activity #7 Date: Weme; AL My Reason and i: Reason is the battle cry of modern philosophy. Here measurement and observation are very important Direction: Using this paper, write or do something to prove that you are here and mot creaming. Make an argument proving to your teacher that this situation is real and today Is really your class.'B Select three quotations from the given Statements and clearly expla each by applying it in real life situations, 1. Itis not enough te have a good mind, The Main thing is to use it well. Rene Descartes 2. Whenever anyone has offended me, | try to raise my soul so high that the fense cannot reach it. Rene Descartes =—— Thad therefore to remove knowledge, in order to make room for belief, Immanuel Kant al mmaturity is the incapacity to use one's intelligence without the guidance of another, Immanuel Kant i ee 5. What worries you, masters you. John Locke 4 NNR Aii i et SsTEST #7 Date: Name: Room no. _ Section: ___ uate the value of each statement in line with modern Is In coherent with modern Course;____ A. True or False: Eval phitosophy. Write True if the statement philosophy and False if the statement contradic! t the teachings of modern philosophy. ___]. Reason or mind is the foundation of modern philosophy. 2. Modern philosophy comes after the ancient period The coming af modern philosophy brought the establishment of w formal schaols and universities to secure the education of the mind, During the modern period the scientist and mathematician became the most pawerful because they hold what is exact and rational through the scientific method. 5. Modern period is also known as “Enlightenment or Renaissance,” 6. Modern era continues the supremacy of the church in alll field, 7, Modern develapment has nothing to do with the political revolution which give rise to democracy and abolishes monarchy. 8. Categorical imperative is available only to the Christians and to those who have studied philosophy. 9, For Kant man can know everything even the nature of God because man is the most sophisticated creature by the virtue of his reason 10. “Cogito erga sum” means “| think, therefore | am.”TEST #7 ee B, Activity: Make a caricature or poster regarding the superiority of the mind over the body. Select your subject from the following areas: a. Music ©. Social Status b. War f. Sports ic. giving honors &. Socialization d. finding jobs h. MedicineCHAPTER 7 Post Modernism: Man and Society understana tne Post Modernism warld, but to change ; t karl Mare Pest Modernism is the era in west- \ } a ern history of thought which the main a project is questioning the validity, truth, and meaning of thing believed. The call of the philosophers of this time is for everyone to be suspicious. Everything must be clarified and put into question, it deconstructs the dogmatic style of medieval and the arrogance of reason in modern.“This time in the rustory of thought open the ground tothe idea of the others, recognize Lawrence. 1996. From Modernism to Postmotfiernism, Massachusetts olishers Inc. p.4philosophy of Man