127

Gamma- Function and

The Basic

By

the Elliptic Functions

the Eev. F. H. Jackson,

(Communicated by Professor A. E. Forsyth, Sc.D.,

November

12,

Eead December

RN,
LL.D.j, F.R.S.

15,

Eeceived

1904)

Introduction,

In this paper I propose to discuss certain product functions.

Functions of which the typical factor

I.

is

[^-f^co],

that

is

to

say

(^+^'- 1)/0 1).

II.

Functions of which the typical factor

The functions belonging

which appear in

is

\x-\'mwi-f-no)^.

to the first class are substantially the q products,

Many

Elliptic Function theory.

different notations

have

been used in the discussion of such functions, notably the notations of Jacobi,

Halphen*

Weierstrass, Halphen, Tannery, and Molk.

discusses the notations

used by various writers, and compares their respective advantages.

work the products

following

will be discussed

that of the gamma-function.

In the

under a notation analogous to

The function Vp {x, w), which

will be used

is

the simplest function satisfying the difference equation

f{x^-w)

is

termed the base, and

casejp

1,

parameter

o>

the function r^(^,

a function S^

^^

manifest that

is

(A)

termed the parameter of the function.

is
cd)

degenerates into the

{x,

w) will be derived.

Vp{wx)Vp{x)

when ^

1,

this

function

siuTTx/dOy also that for special values of jp it will differ

only by an exponential factor of the second degree.

are discussed

functions Gp

{x, oo)

of the

and Gp

will

degenerate into

from the a functions

Functions of this nature

products with a typical factor [^

(x, co^ co^)

double-gamma function

will be

denoted T^

0)3)

ft)

In

function with

by Halphen.f

In the discussion

for the

gamma

&>.

From r^ {x, )

It

= {x-\f{x),

((35, ft)),

(^,

ft)i,

analogous to the

+ mft)^ + ?^ft)3],

function and the

formed, and from these, certain functions

will be derived, satisfying difference equations

parameters, with elliptic function coefficients.

"^

Fonctions Elliptiques,'

vol. 1, p. 252.

-*

Fonctions Elliptiques,'

vol. 1, pp. 240, et seq.

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

128

For general investigations

Function

Elliptic

L. J. Eogers,
It

may

and

to

of q series,

tlieory,

The Basic

[Nov. 12,

not specially in connection with

memoirsf by Professor

Heine,* to

to

refer

sundry papers^: by the author.

be useful to state here the principal transformations which appear

in this paper.

^\

Sjpf^,

V^ix,

=const.

'/'

=o L

n~-l

G^fni^ix.m)

= XC*

T^^^^,

ft))

0^^

n n

n n
r

Vy

J S^(^^

=const.

T^ix + ,(a]

+ ~,

ft)

i GL(a?H

ft>,

&>

^ T^^^+^-^ft),ft)jp

1.

Function V^ {x,

m\

In order to bring the function r^([^]) into line with more general
products,

we

introduce a parameter,

ft),

and form a function

satisfying the

difference equation

and such that

The function

V^ (ft),

r, (.,)=

[i;^J,c

= a>L^+ft)JL;r-f

1.

M[2a,][3a,]

infinite

product

[/cH

is also

j?^

2ft)J[a:J+Oft;J

<

\X-\-K(i)\

1.

convergent when

\f\ >

does not then satisfy the difference equation /(^4-ft))

ducing, however, an exponential

(-^)

r^^-,.,,..

in which

The

ft))

is

factor, p^^^+'^^Z^",

we

1,

but the function

= [^]/(^)'

have, in case

^1

intro-

^*^
j

>

1,

a function

'

Kugelf unctionen,' chap. 2, vol. 1, Appendix,

London Math. Socy. Proc.,' vols. 24 and 25.
London Math. Socy. Proc.,' series 2, vols. 1, 2, and 3

Amer. Jour. Math.,'

'

Boy. Soc.

vol. 27.

Proc.,' vol. 74, p. 61.

*
;

R.

S.

Edin. Trans.,'

vol.

41

Gamma- Function and

1904.]

which

we

satisfies

129

the Elliptic Functions,

the difference equation (A). In terms of the function rp([a?]);*

find

r^

ix, 0))

Fj (x, )

analogous to
It is easily

[ft>](^/")-i

= ct)^^/")~^r (^/g^)

.f

deduced that

r^ ( a?,

The function

may

(1)

ft))

_^^e2'^2a;/a,p^

(^^^

^)^

be expressed in other forms, for example,

00

(B)

These expressions are absolutely convergent of

convergent in case

|>

can, however,

,-Qx.

,<?=

l02^

l-_p

similar expression in case

jo^
|

>

2 -^
1

1, is

[Sft)]

easily written

As ^

gamma-f auction.

amd TraTtsformation of
Vp\{nx,

Consider

down.

the two expressions converge into

side,

Weierstrass' expression for the

Midti;plicaUon Theorem

(C)

[sw]

approaches the value unity from either

viz.,

form an expression convergent

ft)

a limiting form,

but they are not

I A +^,. M^ ^^

^^^ ff

ft))

1,

_L_ ^
V^(x,

We

1.

in this limiting case, viz.

<

^'^
|

ft))

the

Parameter

ft).

nx/ib)

(<)

n
r

x-\

Tpi(nx + n(o,Q))

ft)

=
"^

Then, since

r^(^+

71.

n1
n

ft)

r^H (nx -}-(% 1)

ft), ft)),

^11
.^n-

we

(l>(x-i-Q)) =^

find

The function
^

d!>

'

(a?)

(j>

has no singularities

Eoy. Soc.

t Of. Barnes,

(x).

when x

is

positive, it is finite

Proe.,' vol. 74, p. 61.

*

Messenger

of Mathematics,' 1899, p. 71.

and

The Basic

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

130

[Nov. 12,

single-valued since only principal values of [x] are denoted by that symbol,
therefore,

by

^(x)

Lionville's theorem,

constant,

is

0)

and by putting x=-, we

It/

are able to write

_ ^^^*
n1 r

Tpi(nx,

ft))

^-zi

^^0 L

which

is

rJ^+
n

(6)

ft)

\^

a quasi-multiplication theorem for the function V^

{x,

ft)),

reducing to

the multiplication theorem of Gauss and Legendre in case j?=l, ft)=l.

It is easily

shown that
1

V^{nx,(d)

i.

m\Xy

a)

I.

n.

If

we apply

this to equation (6), it reduces that equation to the

^/}

'

p[Xf

(8)

in

form

which

Denoting the derivatives of log r^

-1

r,p?,

{x,

m) by

0,

'^^ (x, m), it is

seen that

(9)

form transformation

These expressions

theorems for V^ (x,

co)

and

its

logarithmic derivatives.

Function Sp (x^

co).

Consider the absolutely convergent product

f(x)

X[x]^

-iL

[2a)-j-x][2Q)

^J

x]

(10)
[2a>J

which reduces, in case^

1, to

TTX

sin

The product may be expressed by

00

(1) as

X
r^ (x,

Choose X*

Fp

ft)

(-r,
.2

ft)

ft))

Vp (co

X,

ft))

and now denote the function by the symbol

Sp {x,

ft)).

'

Gamma-Function and

1904.]

the Elliptic Functions.

LO

JL

It is at once evident that

= 0,

S^(0,6))

also

by means

ft)

S^
(

2'

[j::]

O/o \pC)

so that

Sp (a?+ 2mft))

-^

V^ function

of the difference equation of the

Sp(^+ft))

^_^-^
I?

= -p-2m;-m(2m~l)cog^ (^)^

Transformation of the Parameter

(11)

co.

been shown that

It has

= en |r^/^+

CO

L p\Xf

ft))T,

n.

therefore
ft)

ft)\

?l

?ly

ft)

ft)

71/

;2?~|('^+^>^ft)W^---i.^!i>
,ft)
i^^

??.

=
Since

C2

S^ {x,

|ria^+ ^jrift)-a?-

XM

ft))

r^

we are

(ft)

+ a?) Fp

(ft)

x)

^r^(ft)+a:5)rp(ft)---aj).
)

and

X^

(12)

= ri'l^'/'
*^

'

able to write this equation (12)

S^f.2?,

= A.Sj5(a?, ft))S^(^+, )

S^(^4- ^^'''~^^ ^^

A=<^

/ft)

/2ft)

ft)

(13)

In ^")}''

ft)

ri

ft)

n2^

We

notice that
00
'ft)

Denoting the
derivative

by

<I>^

first

{x,

1~JP

mw

derivative of log S^ (a?,

ft)),

it

by Zp(^,

ft))

ft)),

Zpix.A
ft)

ft)^

$^(^,

^\=

\ "A

%Zp[x'\
r

rft)
,ft)
-^l

(14)

V$/^ + r^,a)
J

Cy.

and the second

follows that

Halphen, *Fonctions

Elliptiques,' vol.

1, p.

198.

'

The Basic

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

132

From

the infinite product expression for

[Nov. 12,

follows that

r^(a?, q>) it

It is easily

deduced that

S 21

v2ft)

i'_iffa;_%a;'2

TT

>

ii-(^2_l)-ir^^3(l),-2-^-2;;;;^(^)^
ft)

(16)

\^ft)o
ft)3

/
/

CWi

ft)i

^ ,1")= _i5l^%4ft,33^(^).

5^

.2ft)'3

Various series expressions for the functions

tion with the functions

cr,

S,

ft)i
"'I

and

S, Z,

(f>

known

either directly from their forms given above, or from

Treatise

(16)

or the functions S^,

Sp

may

be obtained,

series in
S-^

of

connec-

Halphen's

^p (^,
Sp {y,

Since

ft>)

r^ (y) r^ (co -3/)

r^ {x) Tp (ft) a?)

(17)

ft))

and the quotient of the basic-gamma functions may be expanded

in a

Heinean

series.f
1

^ W-y-^l
-.

^v

[^^/J .^g j^-^^-^] [2ft)-3^-^] \p-y\\x-y^r^'\

M[ft)-y]

^^

ft)

S^ (-,

also
it

ft)

1,

follows that

V
S

'

[ft)][2ft)][ft)-y][2ft)-2,]

i /^
,.x
1
^.
(^,ft))l+^

[^~-2^][2^-^]

.^2a>

[ft>

- 2a?]

+i.

^.^^j.^^^

[2ft)

- 2^] [2^ -

Similarly,

'-'"("''">

ft)]

^____^^^^

[2^ -f ft)]
.

(18)

-2^]
^+^"[2][2 -2.] +
[ft)

and by taking account of the expression

2(

in

which

5-

e""!^'"i,

we

find

2
0)3

^+

e2<o

[2]

2-1<c

Halphen, vol. 1, p. 393.

Amer. Journal Math.,' vol.

-^

Q^.

'

27, p.

1.

(19)

Gamma-Function and

1904.]

133

the Elliptic Functions.

3.

Series involving q

Forms of

Bessel's

and

Legendre's Coefficients.

have shown* that

n-T\
^
'"

(l-!>s)(l-px)

T
.

o(l

....

-rx) (1 -!?+%)

- _ W ^^ W[,-l]
[T]^^ [2]!
1

(l-p-'x)

.... (1 -p-'+'ic)

o_

(-iypk(^-.)

W[^-i]

[^-^+1] ^.^

(bl<l)Changing the base |? into p^y and replacing ^ by p^xX, we write

(i-/.x)_,

n^

i^f^) = 1-ty /..+/L=jilL_3]^w

Writing X

e^^^,

(1 -p^xe-'^'^)_r^^

=
__

(1

[2]TT"[2ti]

x*^

- V'^^^ cos 26 -'rp^x%^

(l'-2p^'^xGos26-^p^w^)

^
=

coefficient of

we have

(1 '-p^xe^^)_^

The

(1

in the product of these

^[2] ... [2^-2]

2p'^-ia? cos 2(9+^^- V)

two

series is

[2]

= ^" ([2] [4/'^^ i2nw {' ^" ^^^-^ [2]gJ^] ^ ^' ' ^""-'^ '
'

[2n][2^-2]
[2'i-l]
[2*1-3]
PTF]
[3]

^^

= P'^n (cos 2^).

In case p
P

=1,

this coefficient is a

well-known form

of Legendre's coefficient

cos 2d.

'

Lond. Math. Socy. Proc., series

2, vol. 2, p.

193.

134

Rev.

The Basic

H. Jackson.

[Nov. 12,

{l-2p^xGOB2e-\-p^x^)-.x^l^xp'^^{Qo^2e)-\-xY'^c^{G0^2e)+ ....

Making ^
VIZ.

1,

we

(21)

obtain at once from this a series for Jacobi*s function sn,

:-

^^^^"^^ =

l+<?Pi(cos2^)

+ q^,{coB2d)+

...,

(22)

(l-2i>^'"cos2^+/'")

because

fi
^-^_2pHo.2e+fU= ^"1(12jp2-i cos 26*
+ p*-2)

It follows that

^=
ill

+ 2^i(l)H-?^^,(l)+

(23)

+?''P(1)+

which

m-^.^

,
1^nK^)-P

[2^]'

l2n-\[2n-2-\

[2^3

[^]
-Til
+
{^21 .[2n-]}^\ ^[2][2^-l] [2][4]-[27.-l][2,i-3]
I

...

...}.

In precisely the same way we see that

-1+^

[2]^^+^

and by taking the product

we

[2] [4]

two such

of

^'

+-^

[2][4]..[2]

series, viz.,

(1j)^X^)_|(l ^^X''')_|,

find

i,(-T^^5^^^F^) =
M[g+2]...[5 + 2n-2]

P/ (cos 20) =

PJf4j

-._ 2^0
2
^ ^^ '"^+
.

W [s+ 2]

[s+2^-4]

-p][4r7r[2^^=2T-

2cos2(,-2)e+ ...

be an odd integer, the infinite product

(24)

may be

(25)

written

"
(1 - 2xf''' cos 2g + .^V*")
1
(l-2icp^-*cos20+a^y~2)" ,ifi(l-2^^2"'-icos20 + a^^*"-2)'

= <ir i)/2
^|^\

The expansion

"

+ 2.y"-'^/(cos 2.).

^2.]

.f|-3

In case

"^

in powers of

x of the

first of

these products

is

well

known

[2] [4]

^2 cos 2w(9 +
\

[27^]

[s- 1]
2 cos
,P,^3
[2][s+2,-3]

2(n-2)6+
^
'

\}'

Gamma 'Function and

1904.]

135

the Elliptic Functions.

hence the following relation will hold among the coefficients p^, p/,

f / = f + ^if .i + %f -3 +
.

Forms of

Series involving q

In this section certain

which will contain

J[.^]

I[.,^],

that

+ Cn.

(26)

be found

series expressions for elliptic functions will

coefficients

is,

denoted

replace

p by

p~^,

etc.

1^,^], Jj;^^],

we

BesseVs Coefficients,

being the generalised Bessel function.*

function

we

If

invert the base

in the

obtain

^-,fo{2^^ + 2r}!{2r}^

which we denote
Similarly,

^ "^

i^'^^-^M {^)-

by inversion

the base

of

in the function

J[^],

we

obtain

{2^^+2r}!{2r}!^

= i^^'iw (4
and not ^j^ 3w(^/p),

From

as is erroneously stated.f

the well-known equation

we deduce

that

U{l+X(p~l)p-'^}

= l + ^^+^j+

n u+Mi-P)r'} =
=
If

(29)

we change
"=**

the base

= E,(\).

ip

p+1

0^

and write xt/p + 1

for X,

we

.and, as in the case of Bessel's coefficients,

exp-i

'

|(^ +

ri)

io(^)+

-^

Roy. Soc.

t Ibid,

VOL. LXXVI.

A.

find

w
^3/3
1

/-^^[2]^[2][4]^

>

+i''-<-^>^^f^+

Ei(X).

w/'ai3__i\

i\V+

i+ii^+i^|-,+

into p^,

j^

(2^'^+r^0^.(^X

=1

Proc.,' vol. 74, p. 67.

(30)

1).

<

1)

.,

The Basic

Eev. F. H. Jackson.

136

[Nov.

12^

so

n
m=

{(1

+xt (p- 1 )p-"~"') (1 +xt-^ (p-i)p-'-^)} =

^)
m

E,,

E,=

(^^
(31)

and by a change

{1

of the variable x,

- 2^|7"3. COS 26 +

The convergence

^^i^-'^'^^}

by

I[03(

rz + S
)

of the infinite product requires

we

e^'^,

find

+ r)

{P'-

p >

:j-

If,,3

(32)

p by

Eeplace

1,

)
;

q~'^,.

X by

m=

on replacing

{l-2a;?3cos25' + a;224j.

=j

/&]+

2'''i-

/-^p

cos 2w(9 J,
.

(?

In the notation of Tannery and Molk;* this

2^^^ =

3.,

may

<

1).

(33)

be written

[^) + 2 J ^,-.- CO. ^.3^ iJL

(34)

or in terms of Jacobi's functions.

H (2K0/7r)

2fofi sin X

q%

^\q'-'l,

The functions denoted

00

^^'

B^{v)y S-^{v), B^iy)

^^

+ 22^^^*'^" m^2nx.%.W\

(35)

by Tannery and Molk may be

similarly expressed as

^%(^ cos

ITV

h {v)

3\

+ 2tq'"%~''^ cos 2i'7r ^ w\i_^/'

.

~^M-?.

?o

^* ^"^
fo

more general

n
~
%f^Al %q
qi + 222'*-"cos2j.7r.J,
--^''\l-qr

U")

- Smfjir) + 2^2"^^-" <5os 2i'7r

.g'-l-

series

3f3

(36>

/
.

.? 1/

than the foregoing, but of similar type,

maybe

obtained from the expression

+ 00
^^^
r (li)
\[2]/

^ ^^

i^) = J-J"''-''^^-^

(^^^^">

^"'

from which we deduce

+^2m+2.^^.-l)}
(1 +p2ma;;) (1

^ X
=
w

j9 <-'>/[]
(30

Foiictions EUiptiqiies,' vol. 2, p. 18.

f^
1 p j

) it".

(37)

Gamma-Function and

1904.]
Eeplacing
V

by

e'^, 2^

by

d"^,

we

137

the Elliptic Functions.

find that

if

z/

be a positive integer,

00

+jj2'^^6'^'^)

(1

{1

2xp^'''

+y'''}

cos

In case z^=l we find on replacing x by p^x that the theorem

with

(33).

the various

great

number

coefficients

n(l + 2p2^"aJcos^+^^^a^^),

in

the

expansion of

the

is

in agreement

be found among

may

of interesting relations

products of the

form

but the investigation of these would not be in line

with the rest of this paper.

4.
G:p {X,

This function

is

ft)).

the simplest function satisfying a difference equation

.f{x + w)^V,{x,m)f{xl

and

is

which

in

G function

function theory the analogue of the

satisfies

(39)

Alexiewsky,

of

the difference equation

f{x^l)^V{x)f{x).

A history of this function is given by E. W. Barnes in the

of Mathematics,' vol. 31, p.* 264,

defining G^

In case

et seq.

|^"

'

Quarterly Journal

>1, the expression

{x, &>) is

r?? (ft)) Tj? (^ft))

'^p (^ft>)
f
T.
p (icai-^m^\^l'^
^^
^^^^^'^''^^"i^.r^(^+ft,)r^(^+2ft,)...r^(a.+/.ft))^^^
'

G- (x-A-(,i m'i

'

'

in

which Tp

is

the function defined in (l,a).

In case

^'^
|

<

1,

expression for the function satisfying the difference equation (39)

^^

^
K

= OOT^(. + ft))r^(^+2ft))

... r^(r

+ ^ft))

[:&)

in which Tp

is

in

'

Proc. E.

S.,'

vol. 74, p. 72, it

G^ (x +

we proceed
and thence

^^

+ ft)]^(^'-->/2-^

the function defined by the expressions (1) and (B),

expressions for the simplest function satisfying

As

^^

the proper
is

ft), ft))

may

= Tp (x,

viz.,

the

[^]/(^) in case

be shown that
ft))

G^

(x,

to investigate a quasi-multiplication
to deduce a transformation

/(^ + ft))

(41)

(42)

ft)),

theorem

for this function,

theorem for a function which

satisfies

a difference equation

f{x)=:(T(x)f(X-^(0),
L 2

The Basic

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

138

[Nov.

12^

Mtdtiplicatiooi Theorem,

The theorem
E.

theorem given by

to be discussed is a generalisation of a

W.

Barnes,*

We

have shown that

viz.

=A 1

r^L(W,G))

71
.

.h

pn

ih "7"

ft)

T
n

which

in

n'lr,(^J
= L

^>^xfiw

n
Consider

'p

f(x)
G^l (nx,

ft))

Now
Gpym)-hncOyCo)

n
r

An

Tm
X -f~
n

I'
i.

T^i 0^^

r^i;(%;3?)

m\
p

n n

+ ^)
,

M.

/i^

{nx-^7i'-l(o)Gp}^(nx^ co\

'^ji:

\X "J"

Vplx-j-'^m

r + nl

n
.

M.

0)) >

X Gpl{nx,

ft)),

G-^;H^^^),

therefore

/ {X 4-

ft))

The function /(a?) has no

is also

By

theorem f{x)

).

we may

1.

plane, it
values.

its

value as

G-,,(.+^'w,),

(43)

write

Finally

GplinsG.G))

in

1)/2

by |?^ we always denote absolute

constant, and

is

(?i

singularities in the positive part of the

a single- valued function, since

Lionville's

ft)

/( -

(wa;+ n w) {nx+n(x^ ~ ft))/2a)2+ :<: {nx~(a)l2<a^ + n^x/(a + -Ji

__ Aw(a;+w)/w-M^/w-

a;

1
XC^*

{nx--<jo)/2(jo^

Lnj

n n
r

^l

which
nl

n
x=

f^rft)

i^
^\

n~l %~1
II TL < Gr

ll-l

and

A''/'^

w
ftp

i^

/T-\

r>

/J

^J
^ *Q.

J. M.,' 1899, p. 291.

/,-
^
72/

n/ibi

Gamma- Function and

1904,]

This theorem

is

'

139

the Elliptic Functions,

consistent in form with the multiplication theorem of the

function and reduces to Barnes' expression

*-/?

of the function

G-^, (a?,

\"^^

we make ^

if

By means

1, o)

= 1.

w/

m) we can form a function satisfying a

difference equation

Take

T^

{x)

= |4^^.

(44)

T^ {w--m)

^ ^^^^^

Combining these with Gp(a?+e)

Tp{x,m)0-p{x),

then

J-|j

which

is

Now

Kp
S^,

\X

\x)
{x)

may

W)

{x)

1^ \X)

1 p

(ce)

X"iS^ {x)

we

find that

Xj Lp \X)^

% ).

"* <r {x)

expresseu as iir"*
be
oe expressed
Ae^+*^*^V
\x)
'

X*

(a?

= S,/

j^^^s (
|

T^J -^,

-^, 1

&>

(45)

(Eesult (16))

in which
2(|

ct

4irw
tai y

SO that on writing

f{x)

we can determine

^''+^^+T^^T

the constants a,

/3,

7,

t4/

/-^

(46)

that

fix) =cr(x)f{x-2m^l

f{x2m^
Choosing
^

+ =

a
o^ftjg _,!
o

a
U,

A
we 4^nnd

Vi
-------0=

.,

1Jg)j:G)3

4;8,2- 127<

+a

0,

^ = - -i^:

^
y

+ 10>A=0,

^""i

^'"i

^^"2

l0g(<?2-l)---l0g
2 (Oct

^'"s

(47)

The Basic

Rev. F. H. Jackson.

140

=
=

f{x)

f{x2a)^

=
=

f{X'^2n2(o<^
f(x)

[Nov. 12,

(r{x)f{x-2a)^\
or

{x'2m^)f {x4:()d<^,

a{x 2n 2(o^f{X'-2na)^,

{x)

cr

{x

2w^

a {x 2n 2w^f{x 2n(t)^)y
(48)

and since

we

obtain

/(^)

{a{x)Y{--'l)-2-

In connection with
F(^),

this function,

we

''^xf{x-2nay;). (49)

notice that Picard has given a function,

such that

F {z + 2ft)i)
in

/%-2-^^-%

which S

(^) is

= F (4

F {z + 2ft)3)

G^^-^'l^^

a given doubly periodic function of the

Transformation Theorem for the Function

By means

of the quasi-multiplication

G/(^ia?,

we

ft))

S (^) F {z),
first

kind.*

T^;(^', c).

theorem of the

G^^

function,

n\ n~\

1-

n n a

XO*'

x+Lo,

'i^

s --

7^

derive

T^-X'^ix)

Qp-i^ + nx,

Q))/Gjjl(Q)nQ3, co)

n n

a f^+!:i

co)/GJx~}-^^^^m]

.n

Cf.

Forsyth,

'

Theory

of Functions, p. 296, Ex. 3.

(50)

Gamma- Function and

1904.]

Writing the donble product of the quotient of the

Q-

n
ft)

^-f-

Gr

...

iXJ-f-

%
o

Oft)\
xG(^+ )Gr(^+

X G(a? + -

G(^'

G-

functions as

n1
ft)

G[a?+

j..

ft)

(^ +

(jr

141

the Elliptic Ftmctions.

2^-2
%

0)

2^-1
ft)

^1/

o> ^-

eo

ti

xG(ft)
ft) 5C'

ft)

ft)

ft) ^

G(ft)-jt)

...

ft)

ft) 0+>
n.

G(q)'x +

take the last term of the

first

%'
ft)

row in the numerator with the

the last row in the denominator, the last but one of the

In the same way we

second of the last row.

row
on,

of the

and

(51)

xG(ft)-~^)G(ft) a?4-

we

-a:?

^2^

Gift)

>

^^

numerator and the

last

collect the

row but one

first

term of

row with the

first

terms of the second

of the denominatorj

and so

finally obtain the expression

*^
ft)

T{m)T{m
X X

til'

"T~

'

n
X \w

r(^

ft)

'?Z'/

K'^ix+''!^(o\

(52)

Tl{x)

y
SO that

'-^

T^A(?ia?,ft))=: C^*'
\jfh.

This theorem

is

S^/ i^,-

v^^

TJa3+!'
%

=0

ft),

the extension of the theorems

)

sin(%i:c)

CS^,

(a;, ft)) Sj,;/i?J4-

-,ft)]

= csina?sinf^+~|

^Ax-\-'^~

sin

fi:c

ft),

+ ~-H~.?rj.

ft)],

(53)

142

The Basic

Bev. F. H. Jackson.

[Nov. 12,

6.
Gr^,

(Xj

m^

eOg).

Consider the doubly infinite product

G^

(^,

i )
<*

simultaneous zero values of

This product

By means

we

is

<

Mn

n-^i^^^5^l

i*

(54

m and n being excluded from the product.

absolutely convergent

j?^

if
j

< 1.

of the expression

are enabled to write the double product as

[wiwi]

[mi + w3]/[w3]

= (1 -fr^i'^^ Tf^ {X, i) n /

i)(^.+^2''"2)

(1

_^)-.v.

xfmn

so that finally

G,

(a.,

we have
,)r,

(*,,)

j/ r fa+'2?i

(i-i^)-^^- j>

(55)

and a similar equation obtained by transposing m^, mo. The transformation

work is on the same lines as a transformation given
by E. W. Barnes for a function G (x r),^' but is simpler owing to the fact that

carried out in the above

the products are convergent in the above case without necessity arising for
the introduction of exponential factors to secure convergence.
^

'

Loud. Math. Socy. Proc./

vol. 31, p. 360.

Gamma-Function and

1904,]

143

the Elliptic Functions,

There are two difference equations for the function

CDg, tOitOo)

G^ {X,

tOitOg)

T^

00

in which

X^

('^> ft>i)

(56)

>

{X -f

Gr^,

-^

^^

00

\ = 11 (1 p"^^^).

11 (1 --f"^^\

Since
M

:/<

CO

[^4-

= ~F'' (
If

we

now we form

1)''''''

[x-h/cft)]

=
= G(x +

^.'^62;r^a./<u

r^ (X,

ft))

a function r {x\,

co^, ft)o)

p^^ (^^^

^^

(57^

(x,

(o^(02)G

(Oi,

co^,

coo)r

see that

T {x

ft)x ft)2)

and by means

G (^
__
~ Gip (x + 2cDi,

-f- ft>i? ft)ift)2)

j)

T (^ 4- ft>i

ft>ift>2)

0)^, CO^)

Grp (

Gp

coo)

g;, ft)|,

^^'

ft)p

ft)|,

(58)

'

ft)3)

of the difference equation

Gp

we

ft)]

p1

(X

+ ft)p (OiCO^) =

G^

{X,

ft)ift>3)

r^; (X, CO^)

:^

(69)

are able to reduce the right side of Equation (58) to

r^(^^

'

(l^p)(^+o^lV^2

ft>j, ft>2)

now

Consider

T (^1

Q)^, ft)^)

T (^ + ft)2

We know that
G( ^

__

COi, CO 2)

ft)2, ft)^,

Gp {X + 0)^,
Gp {X + ft>i + 6)35

0)3)

ft)ift)o)

Tp(x,

ft)^)

ft>lft)2)

G^)

(X.COi,' (O^)

ft>ift>3) Gp {X (Oo,

G( ^,

ft)]^,

ft)3)

ft>i,

x^^

ft>3)

(o?

ft)i

+ 0)3,

r^(a;-f

ft)i, ft>i)

G(^ + ft)p

ft)ift)o)

x^-

^^
,

therefore

T {x,
T

(,1?

6)^6)3)

ft)2

0)16)3)

X^{l-p)~'^-^^^l^^

X^ (1 ~^)^/^

rp( a',ft)i)

rp(+ft)pft)i)

(1 ~j^) ~'

S/;

(^ H-

ft) |,

ft)iX

fvl^irS
(61)

It is

can,

now

quite clear from the difference equations (59)

by the introduction

denoted

F {x) by

of

an exponential

Picard*
*

Cf.

Forsyth,

'

Theory

and (60) that we

factor, construct

of Functions,' p. 296.

the function

144

Basic

Gamma

Function and the Elliptic Functions.

F {x + 20)3)

where

is

a constant and

tt (^)

the summation extending over

==

6*^^^'^/^^

{x)

F {x\

denotes

all points by

subject to the relation

^7^

and the constants B^

being