15.

3 - Entropy
15.3.1 - State and explain the factors that increase the entropy in a system
Entropy (symbol is S) is a measure of the randomness or disorder in a system. This tends to
increase over time in a closed system. Gases mixing together increase the entropy.
The disorder of a system is highest when the particles are in the gaseous state and lowest
when they are in the solid state. If the entropy increases, it produces a positive S value.
Dissolution
Entropy increases when a solid is dissolved in a liquid. The
ions in a lattice break apart and spread throughout the
solution in a random arrangement. In addition, there is often
an increase in the number of particles on the right hand side
of the equation, such as:

Change of State
The entropy of a substance changes according to:

Hence, the entropy will increase when a solid goes into the liquid state, or when a liquid
goes into the gaseous state. Sublimation also increases the entropy. Examples include:

Decomposition
This leads to an increase in the number of particles in the system, which causes an increase
in entropy. For example:

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Increase in Temperature
At higher temperatures, the kinetic energy of the particles increases, even if there is no
change in state.

15.3.2 - Predict whether the entropy change for a given reaction or process is positive or
negative
There are some key indicators you can look for to tell whether the entropy is increasing or
decreasing:

State of the particles - are they going from solid to liquid/liquid to gas?

The number of moles of particles on either side of the equation - if there is a greater
number of moles on the right hand side, then the entropy increases.

15.3.3 - Calculate the standard entropy change for a reaction using the standard entropy
values
The standard entropy change of reaction has the symbol S and units J K-1 or J K-1 mol-1. It
is always measured at 1.01 x 102 kPa and 298 K. The standard entropy value for an element
is always positive.
The change in entropy is calculated according to the equation:

Remember to multiply the S values by the number of moles of each substance in the
reaction.
For example:

Values for S
N2 = 193
H2 = 131
NH3 = 192

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