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X + y +Z 0 X y Z 0 X 0 y Z
X + y +Z 0 X y Z 0 X 0 y Z
X + y +Z 0 X y Z 0 X 0 y Z
3.1.
§Æt u = (x1, y1, z1); v = (x2, y2, z2) th× u + v = (x1 + x2; y1 + y2; z1 +z2)
f(u+v) = (x1 + x2 + y1 + y2 + z1 +z2; x1 + x2 – y1 – y2 – z1 – z2 + 2m)
f(u) + f(v) = (x1 + y1 + z1 + x2 + y2 + z2; x1 –y1 – z1 + 2m + x2 – y2 – z2 + 2m)
A= 2 0 2
( )
0 2 0
3.2.
f(ku) = f(kx1, ky1, kz1) = (kx1 + 2ky1 + 2kz1; 2kx1 + ky1 + 2kz1; 2kx1 + 2ky1 + kz1) = kf(u) (1)
f( u + v) = (x1 + x1 + 2y1 + 2y2 + 2z1 + 2z2; 2x1 + 2x2 + y1 + y2 + 2z1 + 2z2; 2x1 + 2x2 + 2y1 + z1 + z2) = f(u) + f(v)
(2)
2
1 2 2
Víi
λ1=−1 ta cã
2 2 2 ξ1
[ ][ ]
2 2 2 ξ 2 =0 ⇔ξ 1 +ξ 2 +ξ3 =0 ⇒u 1=(1,1 ,−2);u2 =(1 ,−1,0 )
2 2 2 ξ
3
λ2 =5
Víi
−4 2 2 ξ1
( 2 −4 2 ξ 2 =0 ⇔ξ 1 =ξ 2=ξ3
2 2 −4 ξ
3
)( ) Chän u3(1, 1, 1)
1 1 −2 1 −1 1 1 1
e 1= ( ; ;
√6 √6 √6
; e2 = ) (
;
√2 √ 2
;0 ; e3 = ; ;
√3 √3 √ 3) ( ) vµ ma trËn cña f theo c¬
së {e 1 , e 2 , e3 } lµ:
3
−1 0 0
3.3.
(
B= 0 −1 0
0 0 5 )
1 a 2 x
§Æt
( ) ()
A= 2 1 a , X= y
a 2 1 z
Khi ®ã f(x, y, z) = (AX)t
(( ) (( )
= A y1
z1
+ A y2
z2
VËy f lµ mét phÐp biÕn ®æi tuyÕn tÝnh
=f ( u )+ f ( v )
x −3 y+2 z=0
{ 2 x + y−3 z=0 ⇔
−3 x +2 y +z=0
x −3 y+2 z=0
2 x+ y−3 z=0 {
⇒ x= y =z
3.4.
f(1, 0, 0) = (3, -2, 0); f(0, 1, 0) = (-2, 0, 0); f(0, 0, 1) = (0, 3 ,5),
suy ra ma trËn chÝnh t¾c
3 −2 0
(
A= −2 0 3
0 0 5 )
3− λ −2 0
|A−λE|=| −2 −λ 3 |=(5−λ)( λ2 −3 λ−4)=0
0 0 5−λ
λ1 =−1 ; λ2 =4 ; λ3 =5
4 −2 0 ξ 1 ξ1 =α
λ1 =1
→ ( −2 1 3 ξ 2 =0 ⇔
0 0 6 ξ
3
)( ) {ξ2 =2 α
ξ 3=0
→
u1 = (1, 2, 0)
ξ 1=−2 β
λ2 =4
−1 −2 0 ξ1
0 (
→ −2 −4 3 ξ 2 =0
0 9 ξ
3
)( ) {
⇔ ξ3 =β
ξ 3 =0
→
u2 = (-2, 1, 0)
−2 −2 0 ξ1
λ3 =5
→ (−2 −5
0 0 )( )
3 ξ2 =0 ⇔
0 ξ
3 −ξ 1=ξ2 =ξ 3
→
u3 = (-1, 1, 1)
Theo c¬ së u1 = (1, 2, 0); u2 = (-2, 1, 0); u3 = (-1, 1, 1) th× ma trËn cña f cã d¹ng ®êng chÐo
−1 0 0
3.5.
( )
B= 0 4 0
0 0 5
5
2 1 0.25
§Æt
A=
3 5( ) . Ta cã f(X) = AX
f ( λX )= A ( λX )= λ AX
0.25
f ( X +Y )=A ( X +Y )= AX+ AY
VËy f lµ mét phÐp biÕn ®æi tuyÕn tÝnh 0.50
0.25
2 1 1 0 2 0
f (e1 )= ( )( ) ( )
=
3 5 0 0 3 0
=2 e1 +3 e3
0.25
f (e2 )= 2 1 0 1 = 0 2 =2 e 2 +3 e 4
( )( ) ( )
3 5 0 0 0 3
f (e3 )= 2 1 0 0 = 1 0 =e 1+5 e 3
( )( ) ( )
3 5 1 0 5 0
f (e 4 )= 2 1 0 0 = 0 1 =e 2 +5 e 4
( )( ) ( )
3 5 0 1 0 5
2 0 1 0
3.6.
A=
0
3
0
( ) 2
0
3
0
5
0
1
0
5
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
⇒ f ( ku )= ( 6 kx−2 ky−2 kz ,−2kx +3 ky , 2 kx +3 kz )=kf (u)
⇒ f (u+ v )=( 6 k (x + x ' )−2k ( y + y ' )−2 k (z+ z ' ),−2 k (x+ x' )+ 3 k ( y + y ' ) , 2 k ( x + x ' )+3 k (z + z ' ) ) =f ( u ) + f (v )
6 −2 −2
3 −2 −2 x 1
λ1 =3 ⇒
(
−2 0
2 0
0 x 2 =0
0 x
3
)( )
⇒u1 =α (0 ,−1,1 ),α≠0
0 −2 −2 x 1
λ2 =6 ⇒
( −2 −3 0 x 2 =0
2 0 −3 x
3
)( )
⇒u 2=β (−3,2 ,−2), β≠0
3.7.
f(1) = 3
3 −1 0 0
(
A= 0 5 −2 0
0 0 7 −3
0 0 0 9
)
Kerf = { p (x )=ax 2 +bx +c :f ( p )=0 }
= { p (x ): x (2 ax+b)−ax 2 −bx−c=0 }
⇒ Kerf ={ bx }
3.8.
3 1
[ ]
L1 1 2 0 0
2 4 31 0 0 → L1 2 2
[ 1 1 10 1 0 2
]
3 5 2 0 0 1 L3−3 L1 → L
→
0 1
0 −1
1 0
−5 −3
3
2 2
1 0
0 1
−1 1
[ ]
1 0
−2 0
L1−L2 → L1 2 2
L3 + L1→ L 0 1 1 0
3
1 0
→ −3 −3
0 0 1 1
2 2
8
1 −7 −1
L1 − L 3 → L1
[ ]
3 1
3 3
2 1 0 0
L2 + L3 → L2 0 1 0 −1 5 2
3 3 3
−2 0 0 1
L → L3 1
−2 −2
3 3 3 3
→
−7 −1
[ ]
1
3 3
3 −7 −1
⇒ A−1 = −1
1
5
3
−2
2
3
−2
=
1
3
−3 5
[
2
3 −2 −2 ]
3 3
1 −6 11 5
⇒ F = B A−1 =
3.9.
3
6[
−12 13 10
−5 −5 ]
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
⇒ f ( ku )= ( kx+ ky +kz , kx−ky −kz , 2 kx+ ky−kz ) =kf (u) (1)
∀ v =( x' , y ' , z ' ) ∈ R 3 ⇒ f ( u+v )= ( k ( x + x ' ) + k ( y + y ' ) + k ( z+ z' ) , k ( x+ x' ) −k ( y + y ' )−k ( z + z ' ) ,2 k ( x + x ' ) + k ( y+ y ' ) −k ( z + z
(2)
1 0 0
( ) T= 1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0 0
−1
⇒T = −1 1
1 −1 ( ) 0
1
Ma trËn cña f theo c¬ së {b 1 , b2 , b3 } lµ:
1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0
−1
( )(
B=T AT= −1 1 0 1 −1 −1 1 1 0 = 0 −2 −2 1 1 0
1 −1 1 2 1 −1 0 0 1 2 3 1 0 1 1 )( ) ( )( )
2 1 1
⇒ B= −2 −4 −2
3.10.
5 4 1( )
2 3 4
§Æt
A= 3 5 4
4 7 6 ( ) . Ta cã det A = 14 ¿ 0.
§Æt
λ 1=6
y=λ 1 v 1+ λ2 v 2 +λ3 v 3 {
⇒ 3 λ1 +5 λ 2 +4 λ3 =−3
4 λ1 +7 λ2 +6 λ3 =−4
{
⇔ λ2 =−4
λ 3=2
hay y = 6v1 – 4v2 + 2v3
f(v1) = f(2, 3, 4) = (11, 16, 13) = 39v1 – 17v2 – 4v3,
39 60 68
(
B= −17 −26 −30
−4 −6 −7
3.11.
)
D( λp )=( λp )' =λp ' =λ Dp (1)
⇒ KerD={ p : p' =0 }
3.12.
f ( λX )= A ( λX )= λ AX=λf (x ),
(1)
f ( X +Y )=A ( X +Y )= AX+ AY =f ( X )+f (Y ) (2)
Tõ (1),(2), suy ra f lµ ¸nh x¹ tuyÕn tÝnh
11
4 3
det( A )=| |=1≠0⇒
1 1 f lµ song ¸nh
Suy ra Imf = M2.
VËy h¹ng cña F b»ng 4.
Ma trËn chuyÓn
( )
T= 0 1 1
0 0 1
12
1 −1 0
−1
⇒T = 0 1 −1
0 0 1 ( )
1 −1 0 15 −11 5 1 1 1 −5 −1 −4
(
B= 0 1 −1 20 −15 8 0 1 1
0 0 1 8 −7 6 0 0 1
3.14.
)( )( ) ( = 12 4 6
8 1 7 )
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y ) ∈ R 2
⇒ f ( ku )= (2 kx −ky , 4 kx −2 ky , 6 kx −3 ky )=kf (u) (1)
∀ v =( x' , y ' ) ∈ R 2 ⇒ f ( u+v ) =( 2 k ( x+ x ' )−k ( y + y ' ) , 4 k ( x + x ' ) −2 k ( y+ y ' ) , 6 k ( x + x ' ) −3 k ( y + y ' ) ) =f ( u ) + f (v )
(2)
Tõ (1) vµ (2) suy ra f lµ mét phÐp biÕn ®æi tuyÕn tÝnh
f(1, 0) = (2, 4, 6)
f(0, 1) = (-1, -2, -3)
2 −1
A= 4 −2
6 −3 ( )
Kerf = {( x, y ):2 x− y=0,4 x−2 y=0 ;6 x−3 y=0 }
= {( x, y): y=2 x }= {( x,2x ), x∈ R }
VËy c¬ së cña Kerf lµ e = (1, 2).
3.15.
Ta cã : b1 = - a1 + 3a2 + 2a3
b3 = a 1 – a 3
13
−1 2 1
(
T= 3 −2 0
2 −3 −1 )
−1 2 1 −1 2 1
det(T )=| 3 −2 0 |=| 0 4 3|=−1
2 −3 −1 0 1 1
2 −1 2 −2 1 −2
−1
(
T =− 3 −1 3 = −3 1 −3
−5 1 −4 5 −1 4 )[ ]
VËy ma trËn cña f theo c¬ së { b 1 , b2 , b3 } lµ
VËy ma trËn cña f theo c¸c c¬ së chÝnh t¾c cña R2, R3 lµ:
A= 1 1 1
[
1 −1 −2 ]
f(u1) = f(1, 1, 0) = (2, 0) = v1 – v2
1 3 1 3
f (u 2 )=f (1,0,1 )=(2 ,−1)= (1,1 )− (−1,1 )= v 1 − v 2
2 2 2 2
1 5 1 5
f (u 3 )=f (1,1,1 )=(3 ,−2)= (1,1)− (−1,1)= v1 − v 2
2 2 2 2
1 1
1
B=
(
−1 −
3.17.
2
3
2
−
2
5
2
)
x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ); y=( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 )
§Æt
®Ó f lµ phÐp biÕn ®æi tuyÕn tÝnh, th× f ph¶i tháa m·n ®iÒu kiÖn cÇn
f (x + y )=f (x )+f ( y )
⇔2 α =α ⇔ α=0
Khi ®ã f(kx)=kf(x), suy ra f lµ phÐp biÕn ®æi tuyÕn tÝnh
f(1, 1, 0) = (2, 1, 1) = u1 + u2
f(0,1, 1) = (0, 2, 0) = u1 – u2 + u3
1 −3 1
f(1, 0, 0, 0) = (1, 0, 1)
f(0, 1, 0, 0) = (2, 1, 0)
f(0, 0, 1, 0) = (0, 1, 0)
1 2 0 0
(
⇒ A= 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 −1 )
15
Suy ra r(A) = 3
3
⇒dim (Im f )=3 ⇒ Im f =R
x 1 +2 x 2 =0 x1 =−2 x 2
{
Kerf = { x : f ( x )=0 } ⇒ x 2 + x3 =0 ⇔
x 1−x 4 =0
x 3 =−x 2
{
x 1 =x 4 =−2 x 2
−2 −1 0 1
(
B= −1 −1 −2 −1
0 3 3 1
3.19.
)
f(1, 0, 0) = (2, -2, 2); f(0, 1, 0) = (-2, 5, 1), f(0, 0, 1) = (2, 1, 5)
Ma trËn cña f theo c¬ së chÝnh t¾c lµ:
2 −2 2
(
⇒ A= −2 5 1
2 1 5 )
2−λ −2 2
|A−λE|=| −2 5−λ 1 |
2 1 5− λ
2
=− λ( λ−6) ⇒ λ1 =0 , λ2 =6
16
2 −2 2 x1 2 x 1 −2 x 2 +2 x 3 =0
(−2 5
2 1
1
5 )( ) {
x 2 =0 ⇔ −2 x 1 +5 x 2 + x 3 =0
x3 2 x 2 + x 2 +5 x 3 =0
x1 =−2 x 3
⇔
{ x 2 =−x 3 ⇒u1 =α (−2 ,−1,1)
−4 −2 2 x 1
λ=6 ta cã
(
−2 −1 1 x 2 =0
2 1 −1 x
3
)( ) ⇔2 x1 +x 2−x 3 =0 , chän u2 = (0, 1, 1); u3 = (1, -1, 1)
u1 2 1 1
ta cã
f 1=
‖u1‖
= − ,− ,
(
√6 √ 6 √ 6 )
u2 1 1
f 2=
‖u 2‖
= 0, , (
√2 √ 2 )
u3 1 1 1
f 3= = ,− , (
‖u 3‖ √ 3 √ 3 √ 3 )
khi ®ã ma trËn cña f trong c¬ së { f 1 , f 2 , f 3} lµ:
0 0 0
B= 0 6 0
0 0 6 ( ) ⇒
ta thÊy r(A) = 2 f kh«ng ph¶i lµ song ¸nh
f ( X )=O ⇔ BX =O ⇔ X =( x 1 , 0,0)
hay
Kerf = {x =( x 1 , 0,0) }
3.20.
2 −1 3 0 −2 1 3 0 −2 −1 3 0
[] [] [ ]
1 2 −2 0 ¿⃗
81 5 0
2L2−L1→L2 ¿L3−4L1→L3 → 0 5 −7 0 ¿
0 5 −7 0
2 x 1− x2 + 3 x 3 =0
L3−L2→L2 0 5 −7 0 ¿¿
⃗
0000
®a vÒ gi¶i ph¬ng tr×nh
{ 5 x 2 −7 x 3 =0
. Do ma trËn cña hÖ cã h¹ng = 2 nªn cã thÓ chän ra x 1 = 5a, a
tïy ý
2 −1 3 y1 2 −1 3 y1
[ 1 2 −2
8 1 5 y3 ][
y 2 → 0 5 −7
0 5 −7
2 y 2− y 1
y 3 −4 y 1 ]
tõ ®ã lÊy L3 – L2 ta cã y3 – 2y2 – 3y1 = 0. §©y lµ ph¬ng tr×nh mÆt ph¼ng.
§Ó t×m ®iÒu kiÖn cho hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh cã nghiÖm ta còng dïng c¸c phÐp biÕn ®æi gièng ë c©u (a) nh sau:
2 −1 3 1 2 −1 3 1
[ ][
1 2 −2 −1 → 0 5 −7 −3
8 1 5 λ 0 5 −7 λ−4 ]
2 −1 3 1
[
→ 0 5 −7 −3
0 0 0 λ−1 ] λ=1
§Ó hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh cã nghiÖm, do r(A) = 2 nªn h¹ng cña ma trËn më réng còng ph¶i b»ng 2. Tõ ®ã
3.21.
18
x1
{ t
1
Kerf = x=( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) ∈ R : 3
7
3
(
−2
0
4
−1
2
8 )( ) ( )}
0
x2 = 0
x3 0
1 −2 −1 1 −2 1
[ ]
A= 3 0 2 ¿⃗
7 4 8
L2 −3L1 →L2 ¿ L3−7 L1 →L3 ¿→ 0 6 5 ¿
0 18 15 [ ]
1 −2 −1
⃗
[
L3 −3 L2→ L3 0 6
0 0
5
0 ]
Do detA = 0 hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh thuÇn nhÊt Ax = O cã nghiÖm kh«ng tÇm thêng phô thuéc vµo mét h»ng sè tïy ý.
Chän x3 = 6a (a tïy ý) th× x2 = - 5a; x1 = -10a + 6a; tõ ®ã
1 −2 −1 y1
Dßng cuèi cña ma trËn cuèi cïng sÏ cho ta y3 -3y2 + 2y1 =0 lµ ph¬ng tr×nh biÓu diÔn Imf, ®ã lµ mét mÆt ph¼ng
®i qua gèc täa ®é
§Ó x¸c ®Þnh λ cho hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh cã nghiÖm, ta lµm l¹i c¸c biÕn ®æi nh c©u (a)
1 −2 −1 1 1 −2 1 1
~
[ ⃗
]
A= 3 0 2 −1 ¿ L2−3 L1→L2 ¿L3 −7 L1 →L3 ¿→ 0 6 5 −4 ¿
7 4 8 λ 0 18 15λ −7 [ ]
19
1 −2 −1 1
⃗
[
L3 −3 L2→ L3 0 6
0 0
5 −4
0 λ+5 ] ~
Do r(A) =2, nªn hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh cã nghiÖm th× r( A) còng ph¶i b»ng 2, suy ra λ=−5
3.22.
1 −1
x x 0
ViÖc t×m Kerf ®a vÒ tËp nghiÖm y cña hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh
A =
y 0 ()()
0
Do
~
r( A )=r( A )=2 , hÖ trªn chØ cã nghiÖm x =0, y = 0 vµ
Kerf =
{( )}
0
ViÖc t×m Imf dùa trªn c¸c biÕn ®æi sau
1 −1 x 1 1 −1 x1
(−2 1 x 3
⃗
) (
1 2 x 2 ¿ L2−L1 → L2 ¿ L3 +2 L1 →L3 ¿→ 0 3 x2 −x 1 ¿
0 −1 x 3 +2 x 1 )
1 −1 x1
⃗
(
3 L3 +L2 → L3 0
0 0
3 x2 −x 1
3 x3 + x2 + 5 x1 )
( x1 , x 2 , x 3 )∈ R 3 ⇒Im f = {( x 1 , x2 , x 3 )∈ R3 : 5 x 1 + x 2 +3 x 3= 0 }
3.23.
20
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
∀ v =( x' , y ' , z ' ) ∈ R 3 ⇒ f ( u+v )= ( 2 k ( x+ x ' )−6 k ( y + y ' )+ 2 k ( z + z ' ) , k ( x+ x ' )−3 k ( y + y' ) + k ( z + z ' ) ,3 k ( x + x ' )−9 k ( y + y ' ) +
(2)
2 −6 2
Tõ x1 – 3x2 + x3 = 0, chän x2 = a, x3 = b tïy ý ta cã nghiÖm (3a, -b, a, b) = a(3, 1, 0) + b(-1, 0, 1) vµ cÆp vect¬ sÏ
lµ mét c¬ së cña Kerf
0 0 0
Tõ
1 1 0
() () () ()
0
A 1 =1 1 +2 1 +0 0
1 1 1 1 ta cã:
{
a21+ a22 +a23=3
a31 + a32+ a33=3
() () () () {
A 1 =−1 1 +1 1 + 1 0 ⇒ a22 +a23 =0
1 1 1 1 a32 +a33=1
0 1 0 0 a13=3
() () () ()
A 0 =3 1 +3 1 +1 0 ⇒ a23=6
1 1 1 1 a33=7 {
2 −4 3
3.25.
1 −2 0
(
A= −1 1 1
1 1 −3 )
1 −2 0
Aalignl⃗
( )
L2 +L1 →L2 ¿L3−L1 →L3 → 0 −1 1 ¿
0 3 −3
22
1 −2 0
L3 −3 L1→ L3 0 −1 1
⃗
0 0 0 ( )
x 2y 0
Gi¶i hÖ y z 0 chän z = a suy ra x = 2a, y = a
Suy ra
Kerf = { a(2,1,1)∀ a }
§Ó t×m Imf ta thªm vµo A cét cuèi gåm c¸c phÇn tö (y1, y2, y3) ∈ R3 vµ biÕn ®æi s¬ cÊp nh trªn, ta cã
1 −2 0 y 1 1 −2 0
1 (
Ā= −1 1 1 y2
1 −3 y
3
) ( ⃗ 0 −1
0 0
1
0 y 3 +3 y 2 +2 y 1 )
⇒Im f = {( y 1 , y 2 , y 3 )∈ R3 : y 3 + 3 y 2 +2 y 1=0 }
.§ã lµ mÆt ph¼ng 2x + 3y + z = 0 ®i qua gèc täa ®é
3.26
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
∀ v =( x' , y ' , z ' ) ∈ R 3 ⇒ f ( u+v )= ( 2 k ( x+ x ' )−2k ( y + y' ) +6 k ( z + z ' ) , k ( x+ x ' )−k ( y+ y ' ) +3 k ( z + z ' ) ,3 k ( x + x ' )−3 k ( y + y ' ) +
(2)
2 −2 6
NÕu x = (x1, x2, x3)t th× Ax = 0 ⇔ x1 – x2 + 3x3 = 0. §Æt x2 = a; x3 = b th× x1 = a – 3b (a, b tïy ý) vµ (a – 3b, a, b)
= a(1, 1, 0) + b(-3, 0, 1)
1 0 0 4 0 6
0 0 ()()
f (1,1,0 )= A 1 = 0
;
f (0,1,1)= A 1 = 2
1 6 ()() ;
f (0,0,1)= A 0 = 3
1 9 ()()
0 4 6
() () ()
0 =0u1 +0u 2 +0 u3 ; 2 =4 u 1−2 u2 +8u 3 ; 3 =6u 1−3u 2 +12u 3
0 6 9
0 4 6
3
()
Từ đã f( f 1 )=3 ⟹ 0 ,
0
−2
()
f( f 1 )=−2+3 x ⟹ 3 ,
0
24
2
2
f( f 3 )=2−4 x +3 x ⟹ −4
( )3
3 −2 2
VËy ma trËn cÇn t×m lµ 0 3 −4
0 0 3 [ ]
Do detA = 3 = dimP2 nªn f là song ¸nh.
3.28.
Cho u,v ∈ R3 và a,b ∈ R. Muốn f là ¸nh xạ tuyến tÝnh ta phải cã f( au+ bv )= af( u ) +¿ bf( v )
⟹ a( uu3 +mm ) +¿ b( v v 3+ mm ) =auu3 +¿b v v 3
2 −1 1
Ma trận trong cơ sở chÝnh tắc −1 2 −1
3.29.
0 0 1 [ ]
Từ α + β ( x−1 ) + γ ( x−1 )2=0 ⟹ α =β=γ =0
Mọi đa thức cấp 2 a x 2+ bx+ c ∈ P 2 ( x ) đều cã thể ph©n tÝch theo hệ ®éc lập tuyến tÝnh trªn:
a x 2+ bx+ c=a ( x−1 )2 + ( 2 a+b )( x−1 ) +a+ b+c .
Từ đã e1,e2,e3 lập nªn 1 cơ sở của P2 ( x )
∀ p 1 , p2 ∈ P2 ( x ) ⇒f ( p1 + p2 ) =x( p1 + p2 ), +( p 1+ p 2)=f ( p1 ) +f ( p 2)
1 1 0
⟹ ma trận của f theo cơ sở trên sẽ là 0 2 2
0 0 3 ( )
3.30.
−x 11 +2 x31 =0
{
−x 12+2 x 32=0
−x 13+2 x 33=0
5 x 11 +2 x 21=0
⇒ 5 x12 +2 x22=0
5 x13 +2 x23=0
3 x 11 + x 21−x31=0
3 x12 + x 22−x 32=0
3 x13 + x 23−x 33=0.
ViÖc gi¶i hÖ gåm 9 ph¬ng tr×nh trªn cã nhiÒu phøc t¹p.B©y giê ta biÓu diÔn c¸c cét thø i cña ma trËn X b»ng
´ ) suy ra ta cã 3 hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh gièng nhau
x i ( i=1,3
0
A x i= 0
0 ()
BiÕn ®æi
−1 0 2 L + 3 L ⟶ L −1 0 2
[ 3 1 −1 2
5 2 0 L 3 + 5 ]
L
→
1
1 ⟶ L
2
3
0 1 5
0 2 10 [ ]
26
−1 0 2
x 11
[
L3−2 L2 ⟶ L3= 0 1 5 .
0 0 0 ]
()
Víi x 1= x21 , chän x 31 =a,ta sÏ cã x 11=2 a , x 21=−5 a . Hoàn toàn t¬ng tù víi c¸c vect¬ x 1 và x 3
x31
~ ´ ¿
B»ng c¸ch biÕn ®æi t¬ng tù cho ma trËn A më réng b»ng c¸ch thªm cét t¬ng øng cña ma trËn Y¿ ( y ij ) ,i , j=1,3
,ta cã :
y 13−2 y 12− y 11 =0
{{
Imf = Y : y 23−2 y 22− y 21=0 .
y 33−2 y 32− y 31=0
Suy ra dim( Imf )=6 và dim( Kerf )=3.
}
3.31.
1 1 1
∀ p 1 ( x ) , p2 ( x ) ∈ P 2 ⇒ f ( p 1+ p2 ) =∫ ( p1 + p2 ) dx=∫ p1 dx +∫ p2 dx=f ( p 1) + f ( p2 ) (1)
−1 −1 −1
1 1
∀ k ∈ R , p∈ P2 ⇒ f ( kp )=∫ kpdx =k ∫ pdx (2)
−1 −1
Tõ (1) vµ (2) suy ra f lµ mét ¸nh x¹ tuyÕn tÝnh
1
2 a x3 b x2 1
∀ p ( x )=a x +bx +c ∈ P2 ⟹ ∫ p ( x ) dx= + + cx ¿−1.
−1 3 2
a
( )
¿ 2 +c =0 ⟹ a=−3 c
3
Từ đã Kerf¿ { p ( x )=3 c x 2 +bx−c ; b , c ∈ R }
3.32.
27
−1 ( ) ( ( ))
⇔ f ( λx )=λf ( x ) ⟹ λAx+m 0 = λ Ax+ m 0 =0 ∀ λ
−1
1
()
⟹ m 0 ( 1+ λ )=0 ∀ λ ⟹ m=0
−1
Khi m = 0 ta thÊy f( x + y )=f ( x ) + f ( y ) , ∀ x , y ∈ R4
[ 4 −1 3 2 2
2 −4 4 −3 L3−L→
1
]
1 ⟶ L3
2
0 −7 5 8
0 −7 5 8 [ ]
2 3 −1 5
→ [
L3−L2 ⟶ L3 0 −7 5 8
0 0 0 0 ]
⇒ r ( A ) =2 (sè hµng kh¸c kh«ng cña ma trËn bËc thang)
3.33.
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
⇒ f ( ku )= (−8 kx−2 ky−9 kz ,6 kx+ 4 ky + 8 kz , 4 kx +4 ky )=kf (u) (1)
∀ v =( x' , y ' , z ' ) ∈ R 3 ⇒ f ( u+v )= (−8 k ( x + x ' ) −2 k ( y + y ' )−9 k ( z + z ' ) ,6 k ( x + x ' ) +4 k ( y + y ' )+ 8 k ( z+ z' ) , 4 k ( x + x ' )−4 k ( y
(2)
−8 −2 −9
Ma trËn cña T theo c¬ së chÝnh t¾c A = 6
4
4
4
8
0 [ ]
detA = 4
4 | 8 | |
−2 −9 −4 −8 −9
6 8
= 120 ≠ 0 |
⇒ r ( A ) =3⇒ dimf =3
⇒ dim(KerrT) = 0
28
3.34.
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y ) ∈ R 2 0.25
⇒ f ( ku )= (2 kx −6 ky ,−kx+3 ky ,−4 kx+ 12ky , 3 kx−9 ky )=kf (u) (1)
∀ v =( x' , y ' ) ∈ R 2 ⇒ f ( u+v ) =( 2 k ( x+ x ' )−6 k ( y + y ' ) ,−k ( x + x ' ) +3 k ( y+ y ' ) ,−4 k ( x+ x ' ) +12 k ( y + y ' ) ,0.25
3 k ( x + x ' ) −9 k ( y +
(2)
Tõ (1) vµ (2) suy ra f lµ mét ¸nh x¹ tuyÕn tÝnh 0.50
2 −6 0.50
VËy dim(Imf)=1
3.35.
∀ k ∈ R , ∀ u=( x , y , z ) ∈ R 3
⇒ f ( ku )= ( bkz−cky , kcx−akz , aky −kbx )=kf (u) (1)
∀ v =( x' , y ' , z ' ) ∈ R 3 ⇒ f ( u+v )= ( bk ( z + z' ) −ck ( y + y ' ) , ck ( x+ x ' )−ak ( z+ z ' ) , ak ( y+ y ' ) −bk ( x+ x' ) ) =f ( u )+ f ( v)
(2)
Tõ (1) vµ (2) suy ra f lµ mét ¸nh x¹ tuyÕn tÝnh
ta cã:
f(1, 0, 0) = (0, c,-b); f(0, 1, 0) = (-c, 0, a); f(0,1, 1) = (b, -a, 0)
0 −c b
⇒ ma trËn cÇn t×m A = c
t
−b a
0 −a
[ 0 ]
NgiÖm cña hÖ ph¬ng tr×nh Ax = (0 , 0 , 0) , x = ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3) , cã d¹ng ( x 1, x 2, x 3 ¿ = x 3(a, b, c), (abc≠ 0)
t
3.36.
[ ] [
A= 3 1 0 vµ B= 1 1 1 ;
5 2 0 1 −1 2 ]
F ph¶i tho¶ m·n ph¬ng tr×nh ma trËn FA = B vµ nÕu A-1 tån t¹i th× F = BA-1.
29
11
[ ]
3 10 00
2 01 1 0 0 L2− L1 → L2 22
Ta tÝnh A-1:
[ 31 0 0 1 0
]2
5
52 0 0 0 1 L3− L1 → L3
2
→
3 3
01− − 10
2 2
0 4−5−5 0 2
11
[ ]
00 10
22
L3−4 L2 → L3 3 3
→ 01− − 10
2 2
0 4−5−5 0 2
1
L1− L3 → L1 1 0 0 02−1
2
2 [
0 10 0−5 3
L2 + L3 → L2 0 01 1−4 2
3
→
]
0 2−1
⇒ A−1= 0 5 3
1−4 2 [ ]
2−116
3.37.
[ ]
⇒ F=B A−1= 1−7 4
2−10
3 1
[ ]
L1 1 2 0 0
2 4 31 0 0 → L1 2 2
[ 1 1 10 1 0
L
3 5 20 0 1 3
2
−3
→
L 1→L]0 1
0 −1
1 0
−5 −3
2 2
3
1 0
0 1
−1 1
[ ]
1 0
−2 0
L1−L2 → L1 2 2
L3 + L1→ L 0 1 1 0
3
1 0
→ −3 −3
0 0 1 1
2 2
30
1 −7 −1
L1 − L 3 → L1
[ ]
3 1
3 3
2 1 0 0
L2 + L3 → L2 0 1 0 −1 5 2
3 3 3
−2 0 0 1
L → L3 1
−2 −2
3 3 3 3
→
−7 −1
[ ]
1
3 3
3 −7 −1
⇒ A−1 = −1
1
5
3
−2
2
3
−2
=
1
3
−3 5
[2
3 −2 −2 ]
3 3
1 −6 11 5
⇒ F = B A−1 =
3.38
3
6 [
−12 13 10
−5 −5 ]
∀ p ( x ) , q(x )∈ P n ( x)
⇒ f [ p ( x ) +q( x) ]= p' ( x ) +q ' ( x )=f [ p( x) ] +f [ q ( x)]
∀ k ∈ R ⇒ f [ kp( x ) ] =k . p ' ( x )=kf [ p(x ) ]
[
⇒ A= 0 0 … 0
3.39.
⋯ ⋯ ⋯ ⋯
0 0 ⋯ n
]
∀ p 1 , p2 ∈ P 4 ( x )
31
'
⇒ f [ p 1+ p2 ] = ( 2 x +1 ) [ p1 + p2 ] −( x 2−1) [ p1 + p2 ]
¿ ( 2 x+1 ) p1−( x 2−1 ) p'1 + ( 2 x +1 ) p 2−( x 2−1 ) p '2
¿ f ( p1 ) + f ( p2 )
'
∀ k ∈ R ⇒ f [ kp ] =( 2 x+1 ) [ kp ] −(x 2−1) [ kp ]
¿ kf [ p ]
VËy f lµ mét ¸nh x¹ tuyÕn tÝnh
f ( 1 ) =1+ 2 x=(1,2,0,0,0)
f ( x )=x 2 + x +1=(1,1,1,0,0)
f ( x 2 ) =x2 +2 x=(0,2,1,0,0)
1 1 0 0
2
⇒ A= 0
0
0
[ ]
3.40.
1 2
1 1
0 0
0 0
0
3
1
−1
2 3 1
1 1 2 | |
det T= 3 4 2 =−5 ≠ 0
[ ]
T= 3 4 2
1 1 2
−6 5 −2
[ ]
⇒ T −1= 4 −3 1
1 −1 1
VËy ma trËn cña f trong c¬ së { f 1 , f 2 , f 3 } lµ
−6 5 −2 15 −11 5 2 3 1
[
B=T −1 AT = 4 −3 1 20 −15 8 3 4 2
1 −1 1 8 −7 6 1 1 2 ][ ][ ]
32
−8 5 −2 2 3 1
[ ][ ]
¿ 8 −6 2 3 4 2
3 −3 3 1 1 2
−3 −6 −2
[
¿ 0
0
2
0 ]
0
3