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103

105

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1859

.
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- 10 -

-:

:
. 1 :

" Gravimeter ".


.
.

. 2 :

" "" "Seismograph .

). 4
(.
.

.
.

- 11 -

- 12 -

.

.

.

.
.
. 3

Magnetometer .

.

.

- 13 -

:
:
.1 THE CABLE TOOL

.2 " " THE ROTARY DRILL


.3 TURBO DRILLING


"" . .

" "
" )". .( 5

- 14 -

- 15 -

"" ""
""

.
"" .

""

" "

...

.
... .

. " "

.
.

- 16 -



.
. .

.
Christmas Tree
.
-:

. .


:
.1 .
.2 .

- 17 -

: -:

%90 - 80
.

. ""
.
. 1 -:
:
. " "

1 4 ) (C1 - C4

" associated gases

" . 5 15 ) (C5 - C15

C16H34 " ".



.

. :

C13H28 802
C14H30 1858 .

- 18 -

.
. ) (n-C7H16 = )(iso-C8H18

= .100
.
.
. " :

CnH2n .

.
" "


400 . - 400

550 %80 - 70 .
.
. :


. .

.
.

- 19 -

.
. 2 :

. :
% 0,5 %3
%7 %0,5

H2S

RSH R-S-R R-S-S-R .

- 20 -

. :
" 0.03 "%0.3

.
. :

%1

.
.
. :
N S
V P K Ni I .
. :

" "

-:

.

- 21 -

.
"" .

:
. 1 :


.
. 2 :

"" .

.
. 3 :


.
:

.
. 1 API:
.

- 22 -


G V: G/V
m V

" "
"4+ 20 + "

d420 .
4 .
American Petroleum Institute API
:

.
. .
API 10 API50 20
API. 45


.

- 23 -

. 2 " :
"

)(n )(Pa.s
) (v d

200

20 .
. 3 :

. 250 .300
.


Simple Viscometer
1 2 C

.
.
(Viscosity

Index (VI 10050

- 24 -

= VI

VI = 100. .

- 25 -


. 1
.

" " .
.


... .

.
.

gas separator

.
.
) ( 6 .

- 26 -

- 27 -

%2

.
90 1,5
reboiler 110 .

.
.

.
.

. 2 :
" " .

.

) (
.

.
.

NaCl,MgCl2,CaCl 2
.

- 28 -

.
. 3 :

" : " hydorphobic

" " hydrophilic.

.
.


.
. .

.
.
.


. Ca, A1, Fe. Mg .

interface

.
.

" "

. "
".

- 29 -

. 4 :
" " " "

.
. :

. .
. .

.

"" .

.
:
. :

.
. :

. .

.
. :

- 30 -

. :
.

.
:

.
.

75-70 .

. ) ( 7
.
:
. .
. .
.
. ....

- 31 -

- 32 -

.
.

) (.

155-150

8
.

.
90-80
.
.
.

.
.

) ( 8 .

1 2 3 "
" 4 .

.
.

5 .6 ) ( 9 .

.
. .

- 33 -

- 34 -

- 35 -

.
.

.
. 5 2 80-68 .
%.20
:
.1 .
.2 .

600 3

. .
6000 -
6500 .
)

( 10 .

. 5 :

.
.

50
/ )

( . .

.
%15-10 .

- 36 -

) ( 11 .
2500 - 3000 / %5

80 - 70
.
.

. -
- .

150 - 135 24 - 20 / .2


.

- 37 -

- 38 -

- 39 -


.
.

. .
:
.1 " " Separation
.2 " " Conversion
.3 Treatment

- 40 -

: " " Separation


:
.1
.

.2
.

.3 .
.
:
* ) . .( 12
* " )". .( 13

. :

.

.

. 1 :
" "

.
.

- 41 -

- 42 -

- 43 -

""

.
.

.
.

" "
. :

. .

"" "" .

.

""

- 44 -

. :

""

.
. 2 :

. )Liquefied Petroleum gases : (L.P.G.


.


. " "

. .

.
." : " Gasoline
150

C4 C12

" " .

.
.

.
. Kerosine:

.
250 - 150 C12 C16

- 45 -

. " " (Gas Oil (solar:


250 350

17 .(C17-C20 )20
.

.
.

180 360

. 3 " " VACUUM DISTILLATION


""
"" " "

""
""

""

. .
Vacuum Pumps
.

.
""
.

- 46 -

.

STABILIZER .

"" .

.
. 4 :
. : Lubricating Oils

350 500

400 - 350 400 450


450 500 .

42 .

. .
.

. " "
.

- 47 -

Solvent Extraction:


.
-
- :

""
.

BRIGHT

STOCKS
.


. :

.1 .

.2 .

.3
.

.4 ...

.

.5
.

.6
.

.7 .

- 48 -

:
.1" " - :
-

- ""

.
.


Carbon Black .
.

. :

.
. :

.
.
1930 "" :

.

- 49 -

. 2 :

"" .

" "


.
:

.1 ""
" "
" " .

.2 " " .
.
.

. 3
50 70.

Pb (C2H5)4

- 50 -

2 4 /

.
70 .85

) (
98 :

-:
.1

180 360
" "
:

: n-C16H34

100. " -1 " .

.2 "" -1
. .


.

- 51 -

-1
.

"" -:
.1
.


.
.

30 - 25/ .

2000 - 2500/

.
.2

.

Antinock Resistance
.

:
) 4-2-2 )

- 52 -

.3 100
.


100

.
- :
" " inflammability .
flash point

. "

" Ignition point .


. .
50 - 30 30 90

130 320 .

- 53 -



.

" " Self Ignition

"" .

" " .
.

300 350 - 400 500 .

18 -
.

30 60

.
-:

" " . " " .


.
.

" " (refractometer).

- 54 -

: " " Conversion





:
.
. 1 :
. THERMAL CRACKING:

1913


. .

""
.

- 55 -

:
.1 .
.2 .

.3 " ".
.4 .

.5 .

. COKING
.
%38-15 %77-49

% 17-7 %12-5 .4

.
. PYROLYSIS


" ". 850


.
. 2 Catalytic cracking
1936 .

" "
.

30

Hydrocracking.

"" %12 %88 .

- 56 -

" "

.


-

.3 Reforming
" "
.

"

" .
.

- 57 -

" "

. " "
. Platforming

98 .
%80

:
. " ":

. :

.
. :

. :

- 58 -

.
:

" "

" " .
" "


.
. 4
" - "" -"
:
.

- 59 -

" "

. Polymerization

. .
.

""

Polymers

" "

- 60 -

" "

8-4 .

- 61 -

:
.
%4-1
.


.

.
. 1 :
" "

.
. H2S .
. .

.
.

- 62 -

.1 " "

.2

. 2 :

.
100
.

100
.
" : Sweetening "Doctor treatment

- 63 -

.
.
.

. 3


%80 .

.
1-

2-

3-

- 64 -

.
1-

2-

.
1-

2-

- 65 -

. :
. 1
.


.

.

. .

" ".

%70-60

.


.

- 66 -

.
.

.
:

9 .
9 .
9 .

9 .
9 .

9
.

9 " ".
.

" " .
.


" "

.
. :

.
.

.
.

- 67 -

.
.

. :

.

.
. :

. .
.

.
. :

-
" - ---- "

. .
.

- 68 -

. :

120 .
. :

.
. :

. "
"

.
. :

1-3% .
. 2 :

- -

- 69 -

. -- Pb
(C2H5)4

. - -
- - - - - .
-

- - - - -

. II-2, P-9, 1-
TC.

- )(%


TC-1

P-9

II-2

58

54

55

) %(

- -
- -
- -
) (

33,0

36,0

0,5+ 6,8

6-5
34,4

- 70 -

P-9 II-2 .

- -
- .
.

" "

: -

- - .

- -

.

1 14-10

7-5 2-3 .
.
3-4 3 1 .

. - -

. - - - - C6 H5 - NH- C6 H5 OH
004005 - 0 % 0 .

- - - -
1.5 1 .
50-45
. .

- 71 -

- .

1%
13-10 .

- 72 -

:
. 1 :

.
.

.
. .
.


" " .

.
.

.
. .

- 73 -

. 2 :

.
. "
" " ".

.

.

... .

.

.

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.

- 74 -

" " :
. " 3 25 ".
. " 25 60 ".
. " 60 350 ".
. " 350 ".
: .

.
.
:
. ""
:

. .
: .
. 3 :
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.

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.

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.

- 75 -

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.

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. 4 :

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: .


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.

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. " " .

- 76 -


.
.
.
.

:
. .

. ""
. .
.
.
. 5 :

. 100 10 3

. 5 70. 3
. 100 200 3

300 1000 3 2000


5000 3 .

. ) 14 ( 15 5 3

- 77 -

.
sampler .

. 200 300 500 700 1000 15002000

.3 "" " " ""


.
)

16

.
5000 3 "" 6000 3
.

) ( 17
.

- 78 -

- 79 -

- 80 -

- 81 -

- 82 -

.
"" .

) ( 18
1 3 .
.
50 3 18

100 3 7 . .

) ( 19

" " 400 600


800. 3

.
.
: 100 10003
2000 3000 3 5000 3 . )

20

( .

.
.
. 20-10

- 83 -

0,5 .

.
:

- 84 -

- 85 -

.
.

"" .
.

. 6

2 36
.

. .

. .


.
.
%80 .

- 86 -

100 250 .

.
10 50 .

.

.

.
.
. 7 -:

- 87 -

.

19921993
.
1550

"

" %. 98

" "

" "
300 500


5 6 1
.

% 50
)%) 50 40

1977 80 1978 .
120 .


" "

.
" ".

" "
.

- 88 -

500-

-
120 .

. 8 :
"50
" " " .

" ".

" "

.
.

) ( 21 :
.
...

.
.
.
.
.

.. .

- 89 -

"

.." . .

" .. ".

... .

- 90 -

.
"
".

.%0,03
%2

.
. "
" .

.
.

.
. 9 :
"

" .

""

.
. :

" "

" "

... .

- 91 -

" 90-60 " " 35-25 "


" 12-10 " " 3-1.6 ".
. :

.

.
" "

. .

.
.
. :
" " .

.. .

. .

.. . -

- .
Al2(SO4)3 FeSO4
%. 80-50

- 92 -

.
" ... ".
. -:
.

.
.

1 2

. .

.

"
.." .
.

50 - 45 - 2520 .
.
. :

- 93 -

. .

.
.

"" .
" "
.

- 94 -

:
. 1 -:
:

"" .

.. .

:
.
. .

.
.
"" "

" .

.
" " .


. -

- 95 -

.

. " " 8- 0

1/ . .
" ".

- 0.002. 0.001

.
. 2 :

.
.

:
. .

.
" "

"
.
"

- 96 -

"

" .

.

.


. .


" "

- 97 -


.
. 3 :


.

) ( 22 .

.
.


.

. ) .( 23
.

- 98 -

- 99 -

- 100 -


.
" "
.

.
. ""

.
.
. 4 :
""
.

. " " 80-65


.

- 101 -


Gravimeter

Seismograph

Magnetometer

The cable tool

The rotary drill


Turbo drilling
Christmas tree
Associated gases
American petroleum institute
API
Simple viscometer

Viscosity index

Inflammability

Flash point

Ignition point

Self ignition point

Refractometer

Gas separator

Reboiler
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Interface

Separation

Conversion

Treatment

Liquefied petroleum gases


.L.P.G
Gasoline
Kerosene

- 102 -

)Gas oil (solar


Vacuum distillation
Vacuum pumps
Stabilizer
Lubricating oil
Solvent extraction

Bright stocks

Carbon black

Antiknock resistance

Thermal cracking
Coking
Pyrolysis
Catalytic cracking
Hydrocracking
Reforming
Platforming
Polymerization
Polymers
Sweetening
Doctor treatment
Sampler

- 103 -

.
.
160800

" 50 200 "
.

.

.
.

- 104 -

.
.

- 105 -


.1 ) ) . 1999

.2 :
1998 13-10
1998 .

.3 . 1996
.4
. 1990

.5 /
. 1998

.6 . . 1971
Shell Group ,The Petroleum Hand Book, Fourth Edition -(1990).
V.N. Frikh, The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum and Gas. Mir.
Publisher Moscow (1985).
3.
U. Sokolv ,Petroleum, Mir. Publisher (1972).
4.
V.P. Sukhanov ,Petroleum Processing (1982).

1.
2.

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