Photo
I
(PMA
101)


Edward
Stapel



A
stop
is
a
stop
is
a
stop.
.
.




Film
Speeds
(ISO)
:





25

 50
 100
 200
 400
 800
 1600
 3200



Smaller
number
=
less
light‐sensitive
=
slower
film
(also
finer
grain)

Bigger
number
=
more
light‐sensitive
=
faster
film
(also
grainier)



Going
from
one
speed
to
the
next
highest
speed
gives
you
a
film
that
is
twice
as

fast
and
twice
as
light‐sensitive
(ie:
50
to
100).


Going
from
one
speed
to
the
next
lowest
speed
gives
you
a
film
that
is
half
as

fast
and
half
as
light‐sensitive
(ie:
50
to
25).





Shutter
Speeds:

2







4
 8
 15
 30
 60
 125
 250
 500




 Going
from
one
speed
to
the
next
lowest
lets
in
twice
as
much
light
(ie:
60
to
30).


 Going
from
one
speed
to
the
next
highest
lets
in
half
as
much
light
(ie:
60
to

125).





F/stops:
 22
 16
 11
 8
 5.6
 4
 2.8
 2
 1.4




 Going
from
one
aperture
to
the
next
biggest
(smaller
number)
lets
in
twice
as

much
light
(ie:
5.6
to
4).


 Going
from
one
aperture
to
the
next
smallest
(bigger
number)
lets
in
half
as

much
light.



These
are
the
initial
settings
that
you
will
use
to
control
the
light
entering
your
camera.


The
terminology
is
equivalent
for
each
setting.

Changing
film
speed
from
200
to
400
is

equivalent
to
changing
the
shutter
speed
to
one
stop
faster
or
closing
the
aperture
one

stop.



For
Example:

ISO
200
film
shot
at
1/60
@
f/4

is
equal
to


ISO
400
film
shot
at
1/125
@f/4

is
equal
to




ISO
400
film
shot
at
1/60
@
f/5.6







Photo
I
(PMA
101)

Edward
Stapel



Basic
guidelines
for
basic
settings.
.
.




Landscapes:

Usually
a
large
depth
of
field
is
desired
for
landscape
photographs

requiring
the
need
for
small
apertures
‐‐‐
f/11,
f/16,
f/22

Portraits:

Usually
a
smaller
depth
of
field
is
desired
in
order
to
isolate
the
subject
from

the
background
‐‐‐
f/2,
f/2.8,
f.4

Freezing
motion:

Requires
the
use
of
fast
shutter
speeds
‐‐‐
1/250,
1/500,
1/1000,
or

higher

Blurring
motion:

Requires
the
use
of
slower
shutter
speeds
‐‐‐
1/15,
1/8,
1/4,
or
slower,

including
the
Bulb
(B)
setting

Bright
sunny
scenes:

Requires
both
fast
shutter
speeds
and
small
apertures
(big
f/

numbers

Low
light
or
indoor
scenes:

Requires
both
slow
shutter
speeds
and
big
apertures
(little
f/

numbers)






Basic
compositional
elements.
.
.




Rule
of
thirds:

Place
subject
off‐center
in
frame,
either
left
or
right
or
top
or
bottom

Horizon
line:

Avoid
putting
horizon
line
in
the
center
of
the
frame,
try
above
center
to

bring
more
emphasis
to
foreground
or
below
center
to
bring
emphasis
to
sky

Perspective
or
Point
of
View:

Try
shooting
your
subject
from
above
or
below
as
opposed

to
eye
level

Background:

Be
aware
of
elements
in
the
background
of
your
images
that
may
distract

the
viewer
from
your
subject

Framing:

Bring
attention
to
your
subject
by
framing
it
with
other
elements

Line:

The
eye
will
follow
the
lines
of
elements
within
your
image,
use
this
to
bring

attention
to
your
subject

Shape
and
Pattern:

Repeated
shapes
and
patterns
can
create
interesting
graphic

elements
in
your
images

Light
and
Dark:

Use
contrasting
areas
of
light
and
dark
and/or
“raking”
light
to

emphasize
specific
subjects