(Screening of Disease)

(screening)

(mass
screening)

(selective screening)

(multiple

screening)

(diagnosis)

(diagnosis test)

(Reference test or gold standard)

1.

(Selective
screening)
(High risk population)

- (single screening)

- (multiple screening)

2.

(mass

screening)

- (single screening)
(mammography)

- (multiple screening)
(biochemical profile)

(screening tests)

Screening tests

(validity)

(Reliability)

(yield)

screening test

1. (validity)
screening test

(validity)
- (Sensitivity)

screening test

- (specificity)

screening test

2.

(reliability and repeatability)

screening test

(reliability)

(validity)

(reliability)

1 2 x 100

x 100%

a+b+c
3.

(Yield)

screening test

(yield)

3.1

(sensitivity)

(Yield)

3.2 (Prevalence)
(Yield)

3.3 (Extent of
previous screening)

(Yield)

(screening)

(Yield)
3.4 (Community concern)

3.5 (predictive value)

3.

(Predictive value)

Screening diagnostic test

(predictive value positive)

(predictive value negative)

95

1.

2.

1. (True negative)

2. (False negative)

3. (True positive)

4. (False positive)

 1.
(Screening test)

(Screening test)

Reference test (Gold standard)

Disease +

Disease -

(True positive)

(False

(positive)

positive)
b

(False

(True

(negative)

negative)

negative)

(total)

All disease
persons
a+c

All nondisease
persons
a+d

(total)
All positive
tests
a+b
All negative
tests
a+b
All tested
persons
a+b+c+d

1.

Sensitivity is the percentage of people with the

disease who are detected by the test.
Sensitivity =

True positive

x 100 =

x 100%
All disease persons

a+c

2.

Specificity is the percentage of people without the
disease who were correctly labeled by the test as not
diseased.
Specificity
=

True negative

x 100

x 100%
All non-disease persons

b+d
3.

Predictive value positive is the probability that an

individual has the disease given the test result is
positive
PV + ve =
100 =

True positive

x 100%
All w/ positive tests

a+b
4.

Predictive value positive is the probability that an
individual does not has the disease given the test
result is negative
PV - ve =
100 =

True negative
x 100%
All w/ negative tests

c+d