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JONATHAN BATE
theWeather
Living with
Rayless,
Morn
came,
and went?and
and
came,
air;
brought
no
day,
And
the thrones,
they did live by watchfires?and
The palaces of crowned kings?the huts,
The habitations of aU thingswhich dweU,
Were
burnt
cities were
for beacons;
consumed,
once
look
Happy were
Of
more
into
those who
the volcanos,
and
were
set on
each
other's
face;
dwelt within
the eye
their mountain-torch:
aU theworld
fire?but
hour
contain'd;
by
hour
encountered
byron's
poem
"darkness,"
of which
these
are
the
opening Unes, in the early 1980s, when I heard it quoted by the then
leader of the Labour Party,Michael Foot. The partywas
avowedly in favor
of un?ateral nuclear disarmament; membership of the Campaign forNu
An
abbreviated
third annual
conference
at the University
McKusick
and the organizing committee for their invitation. Research
for the paper was
undertaken during the tenure of a British Academy Research
I am
for which
Readership,
deeply grateful.
1. Lord
vol. 4 (Oxford:
Byron, The Complete Poetical Works, ed. Jerome J. McGann,
Clarendon
P, 1986) 40-41.
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432
BATE
JONATHAN
clear
was
Disarmament
at
its
highest
the women's
ever;
peace
at
camp
Greenham Common,
Fortress UK's principal base for American Cruise
missUes, was yoking gender politics and defense poUcy as never before;
E. P. Thompson had just written Protest and Survive; and scientistswere
dust blasted into
teUing us about something caUed "nuclear winter"?the
the stratosphere by the explosion of the ICBMs would blot out the sun
for three years, destroying aU but the most resiUent forms of organic Ufe
upon the planet. Michael Foot quoted from the close of the poem, hai?ng
Byron as a prophet who foreknew thatwar would ultimately lead to global
winter:
herbless,
treeless,
manless,
a lump,
Ufeless?
catalogue
of
possible
literary
sources:
The
Last
Man,
which
was
an
not evade
has
an
answer
to
the obvious
questions:
what
led Byron
to write
a poem
about the extinction of sunUght in the summer of 1816 and what would
have come to theminds of his readers when the poem was pubUshed with
The Prisoner ofChill?n later that year?
2. Poetical Works 4.459-60. The main substance of the note is taken from R. J. Dingjey's
. . .':
'Darkness,'" The Byron Journal 9 (1981): 20-33, an article that
Byron's
is strong on literary sources but silent on meteorology.
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LIVING WITH
THE WEATHER
433
The Oxford edition pins the poem's date of composition down to the
five weeks between 21 July and 25 August 1816. I propose that the key
which unlocks it is an apparendy flippant remark in a letter of Byron to
Might the origin of the poem not be the absence of sunshine in June, July
and August 1816?
It rained in Switzerland on 130 out of the 183 days from April to
September 1816. The average temperature that Julywas an astonishing 4.9
degrees Fahrenheit below themean for thatmonth in the years 1807?24.4
As Byron shivered in Geneva, so did his readers back home. In London it
rained on
eighteen days in July 1816 and on only one day did the
temperature reach 70 degrees; during the same month the previous year,
the temperature was over 70 degrees on nineteen days and it only rained
three times. 70 degrees was recorded on only two days inAugust, whereas
the figure for the previous year was thirteen. At noon on 1 September
1816,
the
in London
temperature
was
47
the
degrees;
average
noon
tem
perature in the first half of the previous September had been 63 degrees.5
The
pattern
was
the
same
across
Europe
and
the United
States.
Consult
the meteorological
reports and you will find that 1816 was the worst
summer ever recorded; indeed, it became popularly known as "the year
without a summer." The bad weather led to failed harvests. To continue
with the example of Switzerland: annual harvests for that country have
been graded by economic historians on a scale of one to six, according to
yield. 1816 achieved a minimal one. As a result of the poor harvests, there
12 vols (London:
3- Byron's Letters and Journals, ed. Leslie A. Marchand,
John Murray,
1973-82) 5.86.
4. John D. Post, The Last Great Subsistence Crisis in theWestern World (Baltimore and
London: Johns Hopkins UP,
1977) 21, 9. Post is also my source for more general remarks
at this time.
about the weather
5. Figures from W.
Tables
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434
JONATHAN
BATE
was
world,
and consequently lowered surface temperatures. The effect lasted for three
years, straining the growth-capacity of organic life across the planet. Be
ginning in 1816, crop fa?ure led to food riots in nearly every country in
Europe. Only in 1819 were there good harvests again. The index for the
Swiss
harvest
Editors
have
to a maximal
six.
that year
shot up
a
to
works
explain
literary
tendency
headnote
treats
composition
in the culture.
the
is a
poem
cultural
It is not
as
purely
with
reference
to "Darkness," with
textual
weave.
it is related
phenomenon,
in terms
explained
to other
its network of
a
Because
to other
poetic
phenomena
of nature.
But Byron does not set culture apart from nature.What is striking about
both the remark in the letter toRogers and the poem itself isByron's easy
yoking of pohtics and nature. The letter jokingly blames the ministry of
Castlereagh for the bad weather; "perpetual density" is taken to be simul
and a socio-political condition. The poem
taneously a meteorological
war temporarily ceases as humankind
a
narrates
in
which
darkly
history
in
of
inclement
weather but is then renewed on a
the
face
puUs together
a
as
of
the
famine
scale
result
consequent upon the absence of
global
for
leads ultimately to the extinc
The
subsistence
sunUght.
global struggle
tion ofmankind. In 1815, Byron and his public witnessed the cessation of
a European war which had lasted for more than twenty years; in 1816,
6. "Atmospheric Constitution of New
3 (1817): 301-7 (301).
Repository, NS,
7. Franklin, Works, ed. Jared Sparks,
York,
10 vols
from March
(Boston,
YorkMedical
6.456-57.
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THE WEATHER
LIVING WITH
435
of a world
the vision
seasonless,
herbless,
the rivers,
treeless,
lakes
and
silent.When
Michael
as
read
the
of
quintessence
"To
romanticism,
Autumn."
By
means
of a reading of the poem's publication history, and its relations to the fine
arts and
the
our
before
social
contemporary
eyes
into
romantic
romantic
scene,
ideology.
Keats's
was
idealism
poem,
itwas
transformed
argued,
served
to foster the illusion that all autumns are the same; it did so in order to
draw the reader away from the hard economic fact of bad autumns, poor
harvests and the resulting food riots. "This is the reflexive world of
art
Romantic
. . .wherein
did:
was
itwas
explicit
all
events
are
far
removed
from
the Terror,
his
reason
for
reading
"To
Autumn"
as he
. . .wherein
all poems
from Vietnam,
to the bench
Watergate,
of the Supreme
Reaganomics,
right-wing appointments
Court, and the recurrent financial crises of successive administrations which
have led to the degradation of welfare, education and health-care."
Any
8. Though
he does
not mention
sees "Darkness"
the weather, Timothy Morton
as
of famine as the death of nature and of cultural,
in Taste: The Body and theNatural World (Cam
an ecological consciousness
and theRevolution
order"?Shelley
"demonstrating
political
1994) 220-21.
bridge: Cambridge UP,
The Beauty of Inflections (Oxford: Clarendon,
9. McGann,
1985) 61.
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436
BATE
JONATHAN
aU
autumns
asks us to believe?to
are
the
same. We
imagine
them
to be,
univer
saUy, the "season of mists and meUow fruitfulness." But Keats asks us
to be?eve this because he knows, as we know, that it is not true. Such
an autumn of perfect harvests and luxurious agricultural abundance is
an autumn in the mind. City people, industrialized communities, do
not know of these autumns except in thememories of art; and in the
country
such
abundance
is rare
indeed,
particularly
in the
early
nine
(57?58)
The question we then have to ask is why does Keats imagine autumn thus
forced him
in the autumn of 1819? The paradigm inhabited by McGann
a
to find an answer in terms of
series of oppositions: the country versus
the city, personal tranquihty versus poUtical unrest, old world charm versus
summed this up in terms of the
the tide of historical change. McGann
associations ofWinchester
(where the poem was written) versus the asso
ciations of Peterloo (where them?itia had recently ridden into a peacefuUy
was such that the
protesting crowd). The paradigm of Cold War Criticism
thought-cluster
"weather,
harvests,
abundance
or
scarcity
of
grain"
was
McGann
the effect of
considered in relation to its effect.
the series of disastrous harvests in the years immediately preceding 1819,
io. On
Romantic
Cold War
criticism, see chap. 3 of Karl Kroeber, Ecological Literary Critidsm:
UP,
1994).
(New York: Columbia
Imagining and theBiology ofMind
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THE WEATHER
LIVING WITH
437
and came up with the answer, food riots and social unrest. Because he was
locked within the Cold War paradigm it did not occur to him to consider
the thought-cluster in relation to its cause. To ask what was the cause of the
bad harvests in theyears 1816 to 1818?was not a meaningful question within
this paradigm.
Why was it not a meaningful question? Because Cold War criticism, for
all itsAlthusserian flourishes, was interested in human agency. McGann
was excited by such agencies as the radical press (Leigh Hunt's Examiner,
say) because they offered an appetizing model ofwriting as social interven
the question in the
tion, harbinger of change. Ifwe had asked McGann
early 1980s, he would probably have said something like: "The cause of
the bad harvests in the years 1816 to 1818 was the bad weather and I'm
not interested in bad weather because we can't do anything about it?what
interestsme is the price of grain, the Corn Law, the stuffof real politics."
The Cold War paradigm had no answer to the question, what is the cause
of bad weather? In the face of this question, itwas as baffled as King Lear
when he cries "is there any cause in nature which makes these hard hearts?"
Why did it not have an answer? Because the Cold War paradigm was a
product of themodern critical stancewhich sought to "establish a partition
a natural
between
world
that
has
always
been
there,
with
society
pre
dictable and stable interests and stakes, and a discourse that is independent
of both reference and society"; it participated in what Bruno Latour calls
"
"the work of purification" which
create[d] two entirely distinct ontologi
cal zones: that of human beings on the one hand; that of nonhumans on
the
other."11
For
Latour
and
his master
Michel
Descartes,
effects
these
separations.
Serres
eco-crisis
Serres,
sounds
inaugurated by Bacon
writes
in Le
and
contrat naturel:
us? where
does
this waste
come
from
that
suffocates
our
children
and spots our skin?Who, beyond the individual or the public? Who,
beyond the huge cities: a simple number, or a simplex, of causes?
[Answer]:
Our
of which we
tools,
prove
our
armaments,
to be
our
efficacy,
finally,
our
reason,
and our
possessions.
Mastery
and
possession:
the master
concepts
announced
by Des
UP
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438
BATE
JONATHAN
the
two
are
undifferentiable.
Cartesian
redresses
mastery
the
strategy.Our funda
objective violence of science in a well-ordered
mental relationship with objects is summed up by war and property.12
Mastery and possession are the driving forces not only of science but also
of capitalism. Karl Marx added his signature to the modern Constitution
when he claimed thatman was superior to the animals by virtue of his
"working-over of inorganic nature."13 So too did Cold War literary criti
cism, locked as itwas into a model of inter-cultural conflict.
The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 gave the direst affront to post-Cartesian
aspiration
precisely
nature.
Bad weather
it was
because
was
a reminder
scandal
to
that man
the modern
was
not master
As
Constitution.
of
Serres
has remarked, the Enlightenment was one long attempt to repress the
weather, to dispel the clouds of unknowing: "the eighteenth century can
be defined quite simply, in both its epistemology and its history, as the
erasure
of'meteors.'"14
But,
as
the Lisbon
earthquake
shows,
we
cannot
master nature, erase the meteors. The earth has itsway of striking back,
most drastically with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but more often
with plain old bad weather. This iswhat the Global Warming paradigm
knows. It is a paradigm that is no less political than the Cold War one,
but its politics are global in the proper sense. The Global Warming
paradigm does not confine itself to local politics, to Corn Laws and the
moral economy of the rioting crowd. It asks for the cause of flooding in
Bangladesh and finds the answer in the deforestation of the Himalayan
foothills; it looks at starvation in Africa and discovers that imperialism has
always been accompanied by ecological exploitation.15
The modern Constitution presupposed a Newtonian
concept of order
It is not
in nature.
Newton
a coincidence
that James
Thomson's
poem
in praise
of
celebrated the
12. Michel
57-58,
14. Arden Reed, Romantic Weather: The Climates ofColeridge and Baudelaire (Hanover and
London: UP of New England,
1983) 38, citing Serres, Herm?s IV: la distribution (Paris: Minuit,
book
1977) 86. Reed's
1977) 229. See also Serres, La naissance de la physique (Paris: Minuit,
into the discourse of romanticism, but for a
is an attempt to reintroduce unstable weather
serve as metaphors of
ismist and cloud, which
deconstructive purpose. His favorite weather
in contrast, begins from
reading of romantic weather,
aporia and hermeneutic
abyme. My
actual meteorological
conditions at a particular historical moment.
15. See Alfred W.
Crosby, Ecological Imperialism: The Biological Expansion
of Europe,
900-1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge UP,
1986).
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LIVING WITH
THE WEATHER
439
variety of the seasons, but the thrust of his argument was that theweather
itselfhad a fundamental order, a concord in its discord; disorder resided in
the morality of the observer and was accordingly a matter of human
The
agency.16
constancy
of nature
preoccupation
nature
was
something
against
interpretationswhich
as a symptom
of
reaction
to measure
which
against
revolutionary
insistence
Cartesian Constitution for granted and ignored Montesquieu's
that ideology may be determined by the weather. Because
they work
indoors in their air-conditioned libraries, themodern analysts of ideology?
Uke Enlightenment scientists enclosed in their laboratories?have
forgotten
about
the weather.
fa?ure
McGann's
as
to read
Byron's
not
personal
"Darkness"
was
weather-poems
but
and Keats's
symptomatic.
The
"To
Autumn"
was
blindness
not his, but the Constitution's; the blindness is that of aUwho have signed
the social contract but refused to draw up a natural contract. Post-1989 we
have to come out of the hermeticaUy-sealed laboratory: the experiment of
sociaUsm has fa?ed, the confidence of science has been
planned
We
are
learning
to attend
once
more
to
the weather:
to read
the
shaken.
signs
of
the times in the signs of the skies, as our ancestors did. The Global
Warming paradigm has the answer to the question which the Cold War
paradigm could not ask, the question of why there were bad harvests in
the
years
1816
to
1818.
The
answer
is a
simple
one:
the
eruption
of
Tambora.
It challenges themoderns'
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all
of
440
JONATHAN
BATE
Romanticism
themeteorological
reports for July 1816 are the key context
should
for Byron's "Darkness," so our understanding of "To Autumn"
on
was
with
the
that
the
weather
clear
and
38 out
sunny
begin
knowledge
of the 47 days from 7 August to 22 September 1819, and that in theweek
of 15-22 September temperatures were in the mid-sixties, whereas in the
weather. As
corresponding week in each of the three previous years they had been in
themeteorological
and consequent agricultural
themid-fifties. Remember
summer
the
terrible
and
failed
harvest
of 1816, bad weather and
pattern:
in
and
1818, then at last in 1819 a good
1817
poor harvests continuing
summer,
a full harvest,
a beautiful
autumn.
there is a direct correlation between the self's bond with its environment
and the bonds between people which make up society. The link is clear
in the letters he wrote around the time of the composition of "Autumn."
At the end of August 1819, he writes to Fanny Keats:
is the highest
delightfulWeather we have had for two Months
noses?no
I
chill'd
red
could
receive?no
shivering?but
gratification
fairAtmosphere to think in?a clean towel mark'd with themangle
and a basin of clearWater to drench one's face with ten times a day:
no need of much exercise?a Mile a day being quite sufficient?My
greatest regret is that I have not been well enough to bathe though I
have been twoMonths by the sea side and live now close to delicious
I adore fineWeather as the greatest
I enjoy theWeather
bathing?Still
The
The measure
are more
basic
in, unpolluted
the
emergent
necessities:
air in which
discourses
of
good
clean
weather,
to exercise. Keats's
sea-bathing
ed. Hyder
and
E. Rollins,
ozone
2 vols
water
to wash
and
bathe
residence inMargate
are
crucial
(Cambridge, MA:
and
here.18
Harvard
1958) 2.148.
18. It was
UP,
on
atMargate
that Dr. A. P. Buchan
practiced and wrote his seminal book
the healthy atmosphere of the Thanet peninsula, Practical Observations concerning Sea-Bathing
(1804). See further,Alain Corbin, The Lure of the Sea: The Discovery of the Seaside 1750-1840,
trans. Jocelyn Phelps (London: Penguin,
1995) 62, 71-72.
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LIVING WITH
441
THE WEATHER
to nature,
culture
from
cathedral
and
to meadow
college
and
river.
Be
How
about
sharpness
it. Really,
without
joking,
chaste
temperate
weather?Dian
skies?I
in
the
same
way
that
some
pictures
look
warm?this
struck
me
so
much
Sunday's walk that I composed upon it. I hope you are
better employed than in gaping afterweather. I have been at different
times so happy as not to know what weather itwas. (Letters2.167)
inmy
in his
"perpetual
late letters,
the
density,"
is the greatest
effect
of
of blessings,
Tambora.
the
Health,
cornerstone
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442
BATE
JONATHAN
sun, load and bless, are not "naturaUy" linked pairs in themanner of bread
and butter. One would expect the yoking of them to have the element of
surprise, even violence, associated with metaphor. But Keats makes the
Unks seem natural: the progression of one thing to another through the
poem is anything but violent or surprising.The effect of this naturaUzation
the poem is to create contiguity between aU its elements.
The world of the poem thus comes to resemble a weU-regulated eco
system. Keats has an intuitive understanding of the underlying law of
community ecology, namely that biodiversity is the key to the survival and
adaptation of ecosystems.19 Biodiversity depends on a principle which we
within
changed
environmental
circumstances.
Their
superfluousness
is an
iUu
sion; they are in fact necessary. The wild flowers in the second stanza of
are an exceUent example: in terms of the agricultural
"To Autumn"
economy, the flowers which seed themselves in the cornfield are a waste,
an unnecessary excess, but under different environmental conditions
they
could be more valuable than the corn. The w?d-fiower which Keats names
is the poppy. I beUeve that this is chosen not only for aesthetic effect?the
red dots contrasting with the golden corn, as inMonet's Wild Poppies?but
also as a reminder of medicinal value. "The fume of poppies" makes us
think of opiates against pain and care. Spare the next swath with your
says Keats,
reaping-hook,
and
you
might
just
gain
medical
benefit;
spare
the remaining rainforests, say ecologists, and you might just find a vaccine
against AIDS among the biUions of stiUunstudied plant species you would
otherwise
annihUate.
wasteful;
"To
Autumn,"
in contrast,
Ustens
to
hedge-crickets.
The
poem
is concerned with a larger economy than the human one: itsbees are there
to poUinate flowers, not to produce honey for humans to consume ("later
flowers for the bees," not bees for human bee-keepers).
But the imaginary ecosystem of the text is also something larger than a
piece of descriptive biology. There are not only Unks within the biota?
flower and bee, the food-chain that associates gnat and swaUow?but
also
Unks between the discourses which the modern Constitution sought to
separate out. The poem not only yokes external and internal marks of
The Diversity
19. See Edward O. Wilson,
London:
1994), especially chap. 9.
Penguin,
of Life
(Cambridge,
MA:
Harvard
UP;
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rpt.
443
THE WEATHER
LIVING WITH
invisible
biological process (the visible bending of the apple tree, the
swelling of the gourd), it also yokes community and chemistry (bosom
friend and sun), physics and theology (load and bless), biology and aesthet
ics (a link which we may express through the two halves of the word
which describes the closing images of the poem: bird-song). And crucially,
it refuses to sign theCartesian constitution which splits apart thinkingmind
embodied
and
substance.
In contrast
to Keats's
earlier
odes,
there
is no
"I"
reaper,
they
and cider-presser?embody
gleaner
over
are not
in process
of "working
traditional
inorganic
woman's
nature"
work.
Yet
in the manner
to nature
are
prototypically
Ifwe
it offers more
than
a weather
report.
ecofeminist.
between
meteorology
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444
BATE
JONATHAN
she was
wholeness:
to promote
supposed
the union
of
she
communities;
fertile Cleopatra: "he ploughed her and she cropped," says Enobarbus of
Caesar and Cleopatra. The male farmer ploughs, the female land is cropped.
In both letter and poem, Keats celebrates the stubble, thatwhich remains
after the cropping and the gathering. This land isworked-over, not virgin.
The aestheticized stiU-point of the poem occurs at the moment when
humankind has possessed and emptied the land. But where in the "Ode
on a Grecian Urn" the objective correlative is a human artwork which is
celebrated precisely because it transcends time, "To Autumn" offers only
a momentary suspension upon the completion of harvest. At the close of
the poem, the gathering swaUows and the fuU-grown lamb are already
on the earlier
reminding us of the next spring. Famously, Keats gives up
odes' quest for aesthetic transcendence, embracing instead the immanence
of nature's
the
time,
of
cycle
seasons.
the
one
word,
temps,
of the weather
meteors"
(Le
to
of
the
time
ticks by or flows,
that
and
produced
contrat
both
speak
naturel
i;
trans. McCarren).
"To
is a poem
Autumn"
of
temps. Our
are
moods
affected
by
the weather.
Our
are
identities
constituted in both time and place, are always shaped by both memory and
environment. Romantic
poetry is especiaUy concerned with these two
is a prime
constitutions. It is both a mnemonic and an ?cologie. Weather
means of linking spatiaUty and temporaUty?this, I suggest, iswhy somany
major
romantic
poems
are weather
poems.
romantic
is a model
poem
which
may
grant
to the
attentive
and
receptive
reader
a sense
of being-at
home-in-the-world.
Let
us
read
"To
Autumn"
ness-with-aU-Uving-things
backwards.
(swaUow,
The
robin,
poem
cricket,
ends with
sheep,
an
at-home
wiUow,
gnat).
The final stanza's river and distant hill are not virgin ecosystems, but they
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LIVING WITH
THE WEATHER
445
saying
is that
to achieve
With
its thatch-eves,
mossed
you
being-at-homeness-in-the-world
cottage-trees
have
mistiness,
Keats's
At themicro-political
level of ideology, "Frost atMidnight "'s celebration
of snug (though surely not smug) domestic virtue may be related to a
Burkean
defense
of
"home"
against
French
revolutionary
innovation
dur
level of ecosophy it is
ing the invasion-fear of 1798; at themacro-political
a meditation on the relationship between being and
dwelling, achieved
through a subtle interplay of what Serres calls les deux temps.
The secret ministry of the frost (weather) is the exterior analogue for
the equally secret interiorministry of thememory (time). As thefrostwrites
upon
the window-pane,
so memory
writes
the poet's
identity.
By
the end
of the night both the environment of the cottage and the ecology of the
poet's mind will have subtly evolved. The poet has learnt to dwell more
securely with himself, his home and his environment. But the structure of
the evolution is that of a topological network, not a Newtonian
sequence
of action and reaction. The distinction I have inmind here is one made
by Serres in his ?claircissements. Ifyou take a handkerchief and lay it flat to
21. Coleridge,
influence on
Poems, ed. John Beer (London: Everyman,
1993) 190. The
"Autumn" has often been noted; see, for example, Miriam Allott's notes to her edition of
Keats's Complete Poems (London: Longman,
1970) 651-54.
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446
BATE
JONATHAN
iron it, you can define fixed distances between points on it: this is the
geometry of the classical age. But ifyou crumple up the same handkerchief
to put it in your pocket, two points thatwere far apart can be near together
or even superimposed on one another: this is the topology of networks.
For Serres, both time and theweather are structured according to this kind
of topology.22
Chaos theory has a name for these relationships: they are fractal. I believe
that as Keats had an intuitive knowledge of the importance of iUusory
excess as a principle of community ecology, so Coleridge had an intuitive
Sowings
motions
wave,
because
cloud,
thaw-steam,
abstruser musings
poet's
they have
a sirrnlar
and
eve-drop
icicle?
structure,
the poem's
They
these
temporal
structure
temporal
may
be
simpUfied
as
present-past-future-present.
In its imagining of the baby Hartley's future, the poem proposes an ideal
mode of dweUing inwhich the human subject is set into a new relationship
with the objects of nature:
thou,my babe! shaltwander Uke a breeze
and sandy shores, beneath the crags
lakes
By
But
Of
ancient
Which
And
mountain,
and
beneath
the
clouds,
mountain
crags.
The child is imagined as becoming like theweather, the breeze which plays
across both land and water. But, more than this, the Enlightenment form
of spatial perception is shattered: the paraUeUsm of "beneath the crags" and
"beneath the clouds" breaks down the rigid distinction between solid and
vaporous matter, wh?e the image of themountains and clouds imaging the
lakes reverses the classical structure of substance and shadow (realmountain
above, iUusory image reflected in water below). The dislocation?the
such that it no longer seems appropriate to talk about human
pliage?is
subject and natural object. The Cartesian subject/object distinction ismade
to vanish.
The imagined relationship between Hartley and nature is like the articu
lated relationship between Samuel and Hartley. The itaUcized thou strives
22.
marion,
Serres, ?clairdssements:
(Paris: Bourin,
1994) 92-93.
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THE WEATHER
LIVING WITH
447
of nurture
and
care,
as
male
against
technological
is
exploitation,
Michel
Serres
asks:
"In
or
politics
economics,
by
means
of
the
sciences,
question
is the
answer
to mine:
romantic
poetry
can
enable
us
to
Serres pre
the disquieting
lull before
the
second
deluge,
can we
practice
or
an
all-being,
God.
Having
taken
pleasure
at
the
death of these fragile giants for so long, philosophy today takes refuge
in the little details that give it security.
Whose
diligent shoulders can support, from now on, this huge,
fissured skywhich we fearwill, for a second time in a long history,
fall on our heads?
(Le contratnaturel 19; trans.McCarren)
University of Liverpool, England
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