Basics On SDH From STM 1 Up To2

Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16
Current transmission technologies (PDH)

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchie (SDH)
Bit rates, frame structures and interfaces in SDH
Basic elements of STM-1
SDH network elements
Synchronization architecture in SDH
Monitoring, maintenance and measurements in SDH
International SDH Network standards
Future Trends
Current Transmission Technologies
The Telephone System
LE
LE
Sampling
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
Audio Signal
time
Sampler Output
Pulse Amplitude
Modulated (PAM)
signal
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
time
Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding

Quantization
Level
112
96
80
64
48
32
digital codes
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
-V
In accordance with
CCITTs A-law
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1/2V
1/4V
1/8V
1/16V
1/32V
1/64V
0 0 0 0 X X X X
0 0 0 1 X X X X
0 0 1 0 X X X X
+V
PCM Signal Data Rate
8000
samples
per sec
8
bits per
sample
64kbit/s
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
PDH Systems Worldwide

USA
Japan
5.
Europe
397200 kbit/s
564992 kbit/s
x4
4.
x4
97728 kbit/s
274176 kbit/s
139264 kbit/s
x3
x3
3.
x4
x6
32064 kbit/s
44736 kbit/s
x5
34368 kbit/s
x4
x7
8448 kbit/s
6312 kbit/s
2. order
x3
x4
x4
2048 kbit/s
1544 kbit/s
primary rate
x 24
x 30/31
64 kbit/s
PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

2048 kbit/s (+/-50ppm)
1
64 kbit/s
Data Signals
30
8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

1
DSMX
64k/2
34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

1
0.3 to 3.1 kHz

AF signals
139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)
30
PCMX 30
15 kHz
Sound Program
Signals
1
5
PCMX 30
64
30
DSMX
2/8
DSMX
34/140
DSMX
8/34
Channel Capacity:
64 x 30 = 1920
2 Mbit/s Frame Structures
2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

encoded voice / data signals
0
1 2
3 4
signalling
information
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
time
slots
10

0
1 2
3 4
Si
Si
(M)
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
signalling
information
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
time
slots
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
Si: Reserved for international use

Sa4: Non urgent Alarm (0=Alarm)
A: Remote alarm (1=urgent Alarm)
Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

data links (point-to-point applications)
FAS: Frame alignment signal (0011011)
NFAS: Non frame alignment signal
11
signalling
information

0
Si
Si
(M)
1 2
3 4
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
MFAS
b
time
slots
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
signalling
subscr. n+15
Y: Remote MF alarm (1=Alarm)
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
NFAS: Not frame alignment signal
12

2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15
fr 0
fr 1
fr 2
fr 3
fr 4
fr 5
multiframe
fr 6
fr 7
fr 8
fr 9
fr 10
sub multiframe 1
Si
Si
(M)
1 2
3 4
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
fr 12
fr 13
fr 14
fr 15
sub multiframe 2
signalling
information

0
fr 11
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
MFAS
b
time
slots
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
signalling
subscr. n+15

13

2.448 kbit/s Multiframe, ITU-T G.704
fr 15
fr 0
fr 1
fr 2
fr 3
fr 4
fr 5
multiframe
fr 6
fr 7
fr 8
fr 9
fr 10
sub multiframe 1
Si
sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1
Si
(M)
3 4
Sa Sa Sa
4
5
6
Sa Sa
7 8
fr 13
fr 14
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
FAS
(frames 0,2,4...)
NFAS
(frames 1,3,5...)
Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:

0
1
FAS
NFAS
C1
0
0
1
0
A
1
1 0
Sa Sa Sa
1 1
Sa Sa
6
7
8
9
FAS
NFAS
FAS
NFAS
C4
1
C1
1
0
1
0
1
0
A
0
A
1
1 0
Sa Sa Sa
1
1 0
Sa Sa Sa
1
Sa
1
Sa
14
15
FAS
NFAS
C4
E2
0
1
0
A
1
1 0
Sa Sa Sa
1 1
Sa Sa
MFAS
b
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit
time
slots
frame 0
NMFAS
c
signalling
subscr. n
256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit

1
Sa
1
Sa
fr 15
signalling
information

1 2
fr 12
sub multiframe 2
fr 11
frames 1... 15 & 17...31
signalling
subscr. n+15
E: CRC error indication (0=Error)
M: Transmitting CRC multiframe alignment signal
( CRC MFAS: 001011 )
14
Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame

Structures
8.448 kbit/s; frame length 848 bit; 100.4 us; ITU-T G.742
10 2
200
208
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
1 0
A N
208
1b 2b 3b 4b
4 4
1c
204
2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
A: Alarm Bit
N: National Spare Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
15

Structures
10 2
200
208
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
1 0
208
4 4
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c
204
A: Alarm Bit
1a: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
2c 3c 4c s1 s2 s3 s4
A N
10 2
372
380
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1
1 0
380
1b 2b 3b 4b
1c
2c 3c 4c
376
s1 s2 s3 s4
A N
16

Structures
139.264 kbit/s; frame length 2928 bit; 21 us; ITU-T G.751
12 4
472
484
1a 2a 3a 4a
1 1 1
1 0 1 0 0 0 0
484
1b 2b 3b 4b
0 A N N N
484
1c 2c 3c 4c
484
1d 2d 3d 4d
4 4
480
1e 2e 3e 4e s1 s2 s3 s4
A: Alarm Bit
1a,b,c,d: Stuffing Control Bit
S: Stuffing Bit
17
PDH Maintenance Signals
LOS
LOF
AIS
PDH
Equipment
AIS
D-Bit
BER 10-3
BER 10-6
PDH
Equipment
AIS
D-Bit
N-Bit
18
Plesiochronous Drop & Insert
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
main
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
OLTU
34 - 140
34 - 140
34 - 140
34 - 140
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
8 - 34
2-8
2-8
2-8
2-8
stand-by
1,2 ................. 64
Line Terminating
Unit
1,2 ................. 64
Drop & Insert Station
Line Terminating
Unit
19
The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

(SDH)
08.12.2013 06:17
The World of Synchronous Networks
20
Why SDH
Simpler multiplexing
(low SDH level can be directly identified from higher SDH level)
Simple D&I of traffic channels

(direct access to lower level systems without synchronization)
Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems
SDH is open for new applications

(It can carry PDH, ATM, HDTV, MAN,...)
SDH provides TMN (ECCs)

(for centralized network control)
21
Synchronous Network Structure

140Mbit/s
STM-1
TM
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
ATM
Switch
ADM
STM-4/-16 ADM
140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
STM-1
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer

DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
DSC: Digital Switching Center
LAN: Local Area Network
DSC
2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
22
Cicuit Layer
Layered Model of the SDH Network

......
VC-12
VC-2
VC-3
VC-3
VC-4
Multiplex section layer

Regenerator section layer
Physical media layer
Lower
Order
Path
Layer
Higher
Order
Path
Layer
Section
Layer
SDH Transport Layer
VC-11
Telephone Network
Transmission Media
Layer
Packet Network
23
Path Denominations
Lower Order Path
Higher Order Path
Multiplex
Section
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
Reg
STM-n
RSOH
SMX
VC-2
VC-1
VC-3
SMX
VC-12
Regenerator
Sections
VC-4
VC-4
VC-3
VC-3
VC-2
VC-12
VC-1
VC-2
VC-1
STM-n
RSOH
STM-n MSOH
VC-4/3 POH
VC-1/2/3 POH
24
Network Node Interface

SDH
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
PDH
CC
MUX /
DEMUX
SDH
(NNI)
Reg.
NNI
The Network Node Interface (NNI)

specifications are necessary to
enable interconnection of
synchronous digital network elements
for transport of payloads
NNI
PDH
NNI
ITU-T Rec.:
G.707
G.708
G.709
G.703
G.957
Bitrates
Signal Structure (NNI)
Synchronous Multiplex Structure
Electrical characteristic
Optical interface characteristic
25
Bit Rates, Frame Structure and

Interfaces in SDH
26
SDH and SONET are International Standards

xN
STM-N
STS-3N
ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
STS-3C
STS-3C
SPE
C-4
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
x3
x3
x1
STM-0
STS-1
x1
TUG-3
AU-3
VC-3
STS-1
STS-1
SPE
TU-3
x7
x7
Pointer processing
x1
TUG-2
VT
group
Multiplexing
x3
x4
Aligning
Mapping
SONET
BELLCORE GR.253
ANSI T1.105
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
VC-3
SDH
ITU-T G.707
TU-2
VC-2
VT-6
VT-SPE
TU-12
VC-12
VT-2
VT-SPE
TU-11
VC-11
VT-1.5
VT-SPE
SDH
C-3
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s

E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
C-2
DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
C-12
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
C-11
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
ETSI
27
STM-1 Frame Structure

270 Columns (Bytes)
270
transmit
row by row
RSOH
3
4
Payload
AU Pointer
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
RSOH: Regenerator section overhead

MSOH: Multiplex section overhead
Payload: Area for information transport
Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 kbit/s
Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000 = 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
28
C-4
29
VC--4 POH
VC
VC--4
VC
C-4
30
AU--4
AU
AU Pointer
VC--4 POH
VC
VC--4
VC
C-4
31

270 Columns (Bytes)
3
4
RSOH
AU Pointer
VC--4
VC
MSOH
9
AU--4
AU
VC--4 POH
VC
270
C-4
32
Higher SDH Bitrates

STM-1 #1
11111
STM-1 #2
22222
STM-1 #3
33333
STM-1 #4
STM-4
12341234123412 . . . .
44444
B1
B2
termination
B1
B2
new
The STM-4/16 bit rate is obtained by byte-interleaved multiplexing of the STM-1

tributary signals.
Clock offset at the tributary side is taken into consideration by pointer adaptation on
the STM-n output signal.
33

STM-4 SOH
36 bytes
Payload
A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 A2 J0 Z0 Z0 Z0 X X X X X X X X
B1
E1
F1 X X X X X X X X X X X X
D1
D2
D3 X
A U Pointers
B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 B2 K1
K2
D4
D5
D5
D7
D8
D9
D
10
D
11
D
12
S1Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z1 Z2 Z2 M1 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 Z2 E2 E2 X X X X X X X X X X X
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
#1 #2 #3 #4
B1 and B2 bytes are being recalculated

Bytes E1, F1, K1, K2, D1 to D3 and D4 to D12 are taken from tributary #1
34
Basic Elements of STM-1
35
Synchronous Network
Path
Multiplex Section
Regenerator Section
PDH
CC
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
SDH
Regenerator Section
SDH
MUX /
DEMUX
Multiplex Section
Reg.
PDH
back-up line
clock
clock
clock
B2
Parity Bytes
B2
B1
B3
Comm.
Channels
F2
E2, D4 ... D12
B1
E1, F1, D1 ... D3
36
Embedded Overhead Bytes

STM-1 SOH
A1
Y
B2
Z1
A1
A2
E1
D2
Y
H2
B2 K1
D5
D8
D11
Z1
Z2
A2
Z2
Media dependent bytes

X Reserved for national use
A2
J0
F1
D3
1
H3
K2
D6
D9
D12
M 1 E2
X
X
X
X
H3
H3
VC-3/4 POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
SOH: Section overhead

POH: Path overhead
The overheads (SOH, POH) are used for maintenance and
supervision of the SDH transmission network.
VC-11/12/ 2 POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
RSOH
Pointer
MSOH
P O H
AU - PTR
A1
B1
D1
H1
B2
D4
D7
D10
S1
Payload
37
Functions of Regenerator Section Overhead

A1
B1
D1
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
Frame Alignment
(A1, A2)
Section Trace
(J0 Identfication
of regenerator source)
Parity check
(B1 calculated by regenerator and multiplexers)
Data communication channels

(D1...D3, F1 between regenerators)
Voice communication channels

(E1 between regenerators)
38
Functions of Multiplexer Section Overhead

A1
B1
D1
A1 A1 A2 A2 A2
E1
D2
AU - Pointer
B2 B2 B2 K1
D4
D5
D7
D8
D10
D11
S1
M1
J0
F1
D3
K2
D6
D9
D12
E2
Parity check (B2)

Alarm information (K2)
Remote error indication (M1,K2)
Automatic protection switching

(K1, K2 Bytes)
Data communication channels

(D4 to D12 between multiplexers)
Clock source information (S1)
Voice communications channels

(E2 between multiplexers)
39
Functions of Path Overhead

Parity check
VC-3/4 POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K4
N1
B3, V5/ BIP-2 calculated by path terminating point

VC-11/12/2
POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
Alarm and performance information

(V5, G1)
Structure of the VC
Signal label C2
Multiframe indication for TUs (H4)
User communications channel

between path elements (F2, F3)
Identification of the Path Source

(Path Trace J1, J2)
40
Functions and Characteristics of the

Individual Elements of the NNI
The Container (C)
Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing
The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area
41
Functions and Characteristics of the

Individual Elements of the NNI
The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC
The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC
The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last
The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-1)

Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs
Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in the AU
pointer area
byte by byte stuffing
42
Overhead Byte Functionality

SOH
A1, A2
B1, B2
J0
D1... D3
D4.. D12
E1, E2
F1
K1, K2
S1
M1
Frame synchronisation
Parity bytes for transmission error monitoring
Regenerator section trace
Regenerator section DCC
Multiplex section DCC
Orderwire for voice communication
User channel for maintenance purposes (data, voice)
Automatic protection switching (APS)
Synchronisation status message
MS-REI (remote error idication)
VC-3/4
POH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2, F3
H4
K3
N1
Higher order path trace

Path parity byte for error monitoring
Signal Label (composition of payload)
Path status and performance
Path user channels
Payload specific byte
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
VC-1/2
POH
V5
J2
N2
K4
Error check, path status, signal label

Lower order path trace
Network operator byte (Tandem Connection Monit.)
43
The way of integrating PDH signals into

STM-1
Plesiochronous signal
140Mbit/s
Container
C4
Path Overhead
Virtual Container
VC-4
Administrative Unit
AU-4
Pointer
Section Overhead
Synchronous Transport Module
STM-1
44
Pointers
The pointer technology provides a means to accommodate timing differences at SDH
networks.
The pointer indicates the start of the payload within a STM-1frame.
STM-1
AU-Pointer
VC-4
TUPTR
VC-4 POH
VC-12
VC-12
POH
45
Use of the AU-4 Pointer Area, Coding

H1
NDF,
mapping struc,
pointer inc/dec
H2
H3
Pointer
inc/dec
IDIDIDID
H3
H3
Opportunity for
negative stuffing
(more capacity)
Opportunity for
positive stuffing
(less capacity)
J1
C4 payload
Pointer interpretation :
New data flag (NDF) disabled

New data flag
enabled
AU/TU type
AU-4/TU-3
AU/TU type
AU-3/TU-3
AU-4 pointer
0...782
TU-3 pointer
0...764
Null pointer indication (NPI)
H1 byte
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
H2 byte
N N
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
S S
X X
X X
1 1
X X
X X
1 1
X
X
1
X
X
0
X
X
0
X
X
0
X
X
0
X
X
0
46
Not Synchronous SDH Networks

Frequency justification of several STM-1 signals running into a network
node (Pointer Stuffing)
1
270
RSOH
Actual pointer
H1
H2
H3
Start of VC-4
MSOH
125s
Pointer with
inverted D bits
RSOH
H1
H2
H3
MSOH
250s
RSOH
H1
negative justification byte (data)
H2
MSOH
375s
New pointer
RSOH
H1
H2
H3
MSOH
500s
47
Mapping 140 Mbit/s

Container C-4 contains a 140 Mbit/s PDH Tributary
9
261
RSOH
260
AU Pointer
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
20 x 13 bytes per row

C-4
140 Mbit/s
C-4 transport capacity: 260 x 9 x 64 kbit/s = 149.760 kbit/s

48
Mapping of a 140 Mbit/s Tributary into VC-4

The figure shows one row of the VC-4
J1
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
96 I
=IIIIIIII
= RRRRRRRR
I = Information bit
S = Justification opportunity bit
= CRRRROOO
R = Fixed stuffing bit

C = Justification control bit
= I I I I I I SR
O = Overhead bit
49
Mapping 34 Mbit/s
Container C-4 contains 3 times a 34 Mbit/s PDH Tributary (ETSI structure)
9
261
RSOH
260
AU Pointer
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
Z3
K3
Z5
MSOH
VC-4 POH
H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
H3
H3
H3
fixed stuffing
J1
B3 J1
C2 B3 J1
G1 C2 B3
F2 G1 C2
H4 F2 G1
Z3 H4 F2
K3 Z3 H4
Z5 K3 Z3
Z5 K3
Z5
VC-3 #3
VC-3 #2
VC-3 #1
C3
C-3
34 Mbit/s
VC-3 POH
84
C-3 transport capacity: 84 X 9 x 64 kbit/s = 48.384 kBit/s
50
Mapping 2 Mbit/s
RSOH
AU pointer
MSOH
VC-4
TUG-3
Tu pointer
TU-12
TUG-2
VC-12
51
Mapping and Multiplexing (1)

1
RSOH
10...........................................261
J1
C2
AU-4 Pointer
G1
F2
H4
MSOH
Z3
S T U F F I N G
S T U F F I N G
B3
K3
A B C A B C A
Z5
. ......
TUG-3 86
(A)
A B C
. ......
TUG-3 86
(B)
. ......
TUG-3
(C)
86
52
Mapping and Multiplexing (2)

TUG-3
S T U F F I N G
N
P
I
10...........................................86
NPI: Null Pointer Indication

1001 XX11 1110 0000 XXXX XXXX
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 G1 A2
123 1231231 23
TUG-2
(A)
TU-12
#1
S T U F F I N G
123 123123123
TUG-2
(B)
.....
TU-12
#3
E3 F3 G3
TU-12
#1
123 123123123
TUG-2
(G)
.....
TU-12
#3
TU-12
#1
.....
TU-12
#3
TU-12s occupy
36 bytes per
frame
53
Mapping 2 Mbit/s (asynchronous)

VC-4 POH
V4
VC-12 Structure:
XXX XX00
V5
R
32 bytes (32x8I)
35 bytes
in one
VC-4
140 Bytes
R
N2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
R
K4
S2 I I I I I I I
V1
XXX XX01
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V5: VC-12 Path Overhead

R:
fixed stuffing bits
J2: Path Trace
C1/2: Justification control bit
O:
Overhead bit
N2: Network Operator byte
K4: APS
S2: Justification opportunity bit
I:
Info-bit
V2
XXX XX10
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V3
XXX XX11
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
V4
32 bytes (32x8I)
XXX XX00
R
500 s
Payload
VC-4 Payload
R
J2
C1 C2 O O O O R R
32 bytes (32x8I)
H4
H4: Indicates the number of Vx

V1,V2,V3: TU-12 Pointer
H4
Payload
VC-4 Payload
54
VC-4 Contiguous Concatenation

4 x 9 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH
Fixed Stuff
Fixed Stuff
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Fixed Stuff
AU-4 Pointers
C-4-4c
VC-4-4c
4 x 261 bytes
The first Pointer indicates J1

All other Pointers are set to "Concatenation Indication"
ATM Cell
55
How to transport 600 Mbit/s ATM

via 150 Mbit/s SDH?
VC4
4x
VC4
VC4
VC4
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
150 Mbit/s
Different
delays for VC-4's?
150 Mbit/s
600 Mbit/s
VC-4-4c
622 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
Out
In
STM-4c port
In
Out
Out
In
STM-4 port
In
Out
STM-4c port
STM-4 port
ATM switch
ATM switch
SDH cross-connect for VC-4
56
VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Generation)

4 x 9 bytes
4 x 261 bytes
STM-4
RSOH
AU-4 Pointers
MSOH
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Generation:
All Pointers are set to the same value
All VC-4 should be kept in the same STM-4
All VC-4 are transported as individual VC-4's
C-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
57
VC-4 Virtual Concatenation (Termination)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
J1 J1 J1K3
B3 B3 B3N1
C2 C2 C2
G1 G1 G1
F2 F2 F2
H4 H4 H4
F3 F3 F3
K3 K3 K3
N1 N1 N1
Termination:
VC-4-4vc is reconstructed using the
(different) pointer values for alignment
VC-4 #3
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-4 #4
C-4-4vc
VC-4-4vc
4 x 261 bytes
ATM Cell
58
SDH and SONET are International Standards

ATM: 149.760 kbit/s
xN
STM-N
STS-3N
x1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
STS-3C
STS-3C
SPE
C-4
E4: 139.264 kbit/s
x3
x3
x1
STM-0
STS-1
AU-3
VC-3
STS-1
STS-1
SPE
TU-3
x1
TUG-2
VT
group
ITU-T G.707
x3
x4
SONET
BELLCORE GR.253
ANSI T1.105
ATM: 48,384 kbit/s
VC-3
x7
x7
SDH
x1
TUG-3
TU-2
VC-2
VT-6
VT-SPE
TU-12
VC-12
VT-2
VT-SPE
TU-11
VC-11
VT-1.5
VT-SPE
C-3
DS3: 44.736 kbit/s

E3 : 34.368 kbit/s
C-2
DS2: 6.312 kbit/s
C-12
E1: 2.048 kbit/s
C-11
DS1: 1.544 kbit/s
59
STS-1 frame structure for

SONET systems
90 Bytes
3
87
SPE
TOH
9 Rows
125 s
The STS-1 bit rate = 810 bytes/frame x 8 bits/byte x 1 frame/125 s
or STS-1 = 51.840 Mb/s
TOH = Transport Overhead
SPE = Synchronous Payload Envelope
60
Asynchronous DS-3 mapping (SONET)

3 columns
Section OH
87 columns
Framing
A1
Framing
A2
STS-ID
C1
BIP-8
B1
Orderwire
E1
User
F1
Data Com
D1
Data Com
D2
Data Com
D3
Pointer
M2
Pointer Action
H3
Bip-8
B2
APS
K1
APS
K2
Data Com
D4
Data Com
D5
Data Con
D6
Data Com
D7
Data Com
D8
Data Com
D9
Data Com
D10
Data Com
D11
Data Com
D12
Sync Status
Z1
FEBE
Z2
Orderwire
E2
Line OH
Pointer
H1
SPE
Trace
J1
BIP-8
B3
Signal Label
C2
Path Status
G15
User Channel
F2
Indicator
H4
Async DS-3
Growth
Z3
Growth
Z4
Tandem
Z5
The first column of the SPE (9 bytes) is taken up by STS-1 path overhead (POH)
Remaining 86 columns are treated as a single bundle.
The complete STS-1 payload envelope is about 51Mb/s :
DS-3 is 44736 Mb/s - approximately 5 Mb/s of insert stuffing must be added.
61
SDH Network Elements
62
SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer
PDH &
STM-m
Tributaries
m<n
STM-n
Applications:
Point-to-Point
Transmission Systems
(STM-1, STM-4, STM-16)
SDH Repeater
STM-n
STM-n
Applications:
Line Signal Regeneration
in Point-to-Point and Ring
Networks
63
Add Drop Multiplexer
WEST
ADM
EAST
STM-1/4
STM-1/4
......
Tributary Ports : n x 2 Mbit/s ( 34 Mbit/s)
64
Synchronous Cross Connect

2.4 Gbit/s
16x
622 Mbit/s
SDH
Multiplexer
4x
VC12
2
2
VC12
VC4
VC 4
VC 3
VC 12
140
140 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
VC3
34 (45)Mbit/s
VC3
VC12
140
VC4
VC11
VC12
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
34
2
VC12
34
34 (45)Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
VC12
140
140 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
VC4
34 Mbit/s
140 Mbit/s
622 Mbit/s
155 Mbit/s
155
140
16x
4x
155 Mbit/s
34
2.4 Gbit/s
2 (1.5)Mbit/s
65
Synchronous Line Equipment

4
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
4
4
Sync
MUX
PC / TMN (Q)
Management
Communication Unit
Service
Channels
Data
Channels
Service Channel Unit
Optical
Transmit
Unit
STM-16
SLX 1/16
Overhead
Processing Unit
4
16 x 140 Mbit/s
or
16 x STM-1
4
4
4
Sync
DEMUX
Optical
Receive
Unit
STM-16
66
Hybrid Networks Connect Old and New Technologies

140Mbit/s
STM-1
TM
2Mbit/s
ADM
STM-1, STM-4
2Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
ATM
Switch
ADM
STM-4/-16 ADM
140Mbit/s
34Mbit/s
8Mbit/s
STM-1
2Mbit/s
DXC
LAN
ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer

DXC : Digital Cross Connect
TM : Terminal Multiplexer
2Mbit/s
STM-1 / STS-3c Gateway to SONET
34Mbit/s
140Mbit/s
STM-1
STM-4
SDH
67
STM-4
Trunk
Network L 2
Trunk Network
L1
STM-16
SDH
Network Topology
STM-1
Trunk Network
L2
Exchange
Local Network
Local
Exchange
FlexMux
Subscriber
Access
Mux
64/2M
68
Synchronization Architecture in SDH
69
Synchronization Network
Primary Reference Clock
long term:
PRC
requ : 1 x 10-11
typ : 5 x 10-12
Rubidium (Stratum 2) requ : 1.6 x 10-8 , 1 x 10-10
typ : 4 x 10-11 , 2 x 10-11
Caesium (Stratum 1)
SSU
SSU
holdover 24h:
SEC
SEC
SEC
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
SDH
Equip.
Synchronization Supply Unit
SDH Equipment Clock
70
Synchronization reference model
G.811
PRC
G.812
TNC
G.813
SEC
SSU
G.813
SEC
G.812
TNC
SSU
G.813
SEC
Limits:
Max.
Max.
10 x G.812 TNC
60 x G.813 SEC,
though no more than
20 between 2 TNCs
71
Synchronization of SDH Network Elements
SDH Network Element

Internal
Oscillator
4.6 ppm
155 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 Mbit/s
Data Signal
Osc.
Synchronous
SDH Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
72
Hold-over mode
Phase error [ ns]
100000
10000
1000
100
10
0.01
100
10000
Observation interval [s]
73
Hold-over measured values (TIE)
74
Which Recommendations define

Synchronization Networks
Definitions
Network
Primary Reference Clocks
Synchron. Supply Clocks (ST2)
Equipment Clocks (ST3)
ITU-T
ANSI / Bellcore
ETSI
G.810
G.825
G.811
G.812
G.813 (G.81s)
T1.101 / GR-253
T1.105 / GR-253
T1.101
T1.101
GR-253
ETS 300 462-1

ETS 300 462-3
ETS 300 462-6
ETS 300 462-4
ETS 300 462-5
75
Monitoring, Maintenance and Control

Functions in SDH
76
EVENTS SONET
ATM Path
HP-TIM
HP-PLM
TU-LOP
TU-NDF
TU-AIS
TU-LOM
BIP-2/B3
LP-UNEQ
LP-RDI
LP-REI
LP-RFI
HO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch

HO Path Payload Label Mism.
Loss Of TU Pointer
New Data Flag TU Pointer
TU AIS
Loss Of Multiframe
LO Path BIP Errors
LO Path Unequipped
LO Path Remote Defect Ind.
LO Path Remote Error Ind.
LO Path Remote Failure Ind.
LP-TIM
LP-PLM
LO Path Trace Ident. Mismatch

LO Path Payload Label Mism.
LCD
HCOR
HUNC
VP-AIS
VP-RDI
VC-AIS
VC-RDI
Vx-AIS
Vx-RDI
LOC
Loss of Cell Delineation

Correctable Header Errors
Uncorrectable Header Errors
Virtual Path AIS
Virtual Path Remote Defect Indication
Virtual Channel AIS
Virtual Channel Remot Defect Indication
Virtual Channel AIS & Virtual, Path AIS simultan.
Virtual Channel RDI & Virtual, Path RDI simultan.
Loss Of Continuity
Line (L) Phys./Section
Loss Of Signal
Test Sequence Error (Bit Err.)
Loss of Sequence Synchron.
Loss of incoming Timing
Ref.
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Regenerator Section BIP Err.
Multiplex Section BIP Err.
Multiplex Section AIS
Mux Sect. Remote Defect Ind.
Mux Sect. Remote Errro Ind.
Loss Of AU Pointer
New Data Flag AU Pointer
AU Alarm Ind. Signal
AU Pointer Just. Event
HO Path BIP Errors
HO Path Unequipped
HO Path Remote Defect Ind.
HO Path Remote Error Ind.
STS Path (SP)
LOS
TSE
LSS
LTI
OOF
LOF
B1
B2
MS-AIS
MS-RDI
MS-REI
AU-LOP
AU-NDF
AU-AIS
AU-PJE
B3
HP-UNEQ
HP-RDI
HP-REI
VT Path (VP)
Lower Order Path
Higher Order PathMux Sect.Phys./Reg.Sect.
EVENTS SDH
LOS
TSE
LSS
LTI
OOF
LOF
B1
B2
AIS-L
RDI-L
REI-L
LOP-P
NDF-P
AIS-P
Loss Of Signal
Test Sequence Error
Loss of Sequence Synchr.
Loss of inc. TimingRef
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Section BIP Errors
Line BIP Errors
Line AIS
Line remote Defect Ind.
Line Remote Error Ind.
SP Loss Of Pointer
SP New Data Flag
SP AIS
B3
UNEQ-P
RDI-P
REI-P
PDI-P
TIM-P
PLM-P
LOP-V
NDF-V
AIS-V
LOM
BIP-2
UNEQ-V
RDI-V
REI-V
RFI-V
PDI-V
TIM-V
PLM-V
SP BIP Errors
SP Unequipped
SP Remote Deect. Ind.
SP Remote ERrro Ind.
SP Payload Defect Ind.
SP Trace Ident. Mismatch
SP Payload Label Mismatch
VP Loss Of Pointer
VP New Data Flag
VP AIS
Loss Of Multiframe
VP BIP Errors
VP Unequipped
VP Remote Defect Ind.
VP Remote Error Ind.
VP Remote Failure Ind.
VP Payload Defect Ind.
VP Trace Ident. Mismatch
VP Payload Label Mism.
I.610
I.610
I.610
I.610
I.610
(O.191)
(O.191)
I.610
77
Frame Areas Covered by Parity Bytes

Parity bytes providing a means to supervise the transmission
quality of a life STM-N signal !
RSOH
Payload
MSOH
RSOH
AU-PTR
Payload
MSOH
RSOH
Payload
Payload
MSOH
B1:
- Supervision of the
whole STM-1 frame
- Covers the regenerator
sections of a transmission system
B2:
- Covers the multiplex
sections (from network
node to network node)
B3:
- Covers the transmission
paths from beginning to
the end (tributary to
tributary)
78
Transmit Side
Parity Supervison Procedure

frame n+1
frame n
BIP-8
B1
79
Transmit Side
Parity Supervison Procedure

frame n+1
frame n
Receive Side
BIP-8
frame n+1
B1
frame n
recalculation at Rx side
Comparison
with the Tx side value
BIP-8
B1
80
How to Built a Parity Byte ?
Bit interleaved data field structure of the area covered

Field width:
BIP-8:
BIP-2:
BIP-24: 24 bits
(B2)
8 bits
(B1, B3)
2 bits
(V5)
Column by column parity check for even numbers of "1"
Example: 24 bit interleaved parity check (BIP-24)

1
2
3
Byte 1
Byte 2
11 1 1 1 11 1 11 11 1 01 11 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 1 0
Byte 3
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
even numbers of "1"
801
BIP-24
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
81
SDH MAINTENANCE INTERACTIONS

Regenerator
Section
(J0)
(B1)
(K2)
(B2)
(M1)
(K2)
LOS/LOF
RS-TIM
BIP Err.
Multiplex
Section
"1"
Higher Order
Path
AIS
"1"
MS-AIS
MS-BIP Err.
AIS
MS-REI
MS-RDI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
(C2)
(J1)
(B3)
(G1)
(G1)
(H4)
(C2)
(V5)
(J2)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
(V5)
Lower Order
Path
"1"
"1"
HP-UNEQ
AIS
HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REI
HP-RDI
TU-AIS
"1"
TU-LOP
LOM
HP-PLM
LP-UNEQ
"1"
LP-TIM
AIS
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDI
LP-PLM
"1"
AIS
82
Maintenance Signal Defenitions (1)

LOS
OOF
LOF
B1 Error
MS-AIS
B2 Error
MS-RDI
MS-REI
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-SLM
HP-LOM
Drop of incomming optical power level causes BER of 10-3 or worse

A1, A2 incorrect for more than 625 us
If OOF persists of 3ms
Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8
K2 (bits 6,7,8) =111 for 3 or more frames
If MS-AIS or excessive errors are detected, K2(bits 6,7,8)=110
M1: Binary coded count of incorrect interleavedbit blocks
All "1" in the entire AU including AU pointer
8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
C2="0" for 5 or more frames
J1: Trace identifier mismatch
C2: Signal label mismatch
H4 values (2 to 10 times) unequal to multiframesequence
B3 Error
HP-RDI
HP-REI

G1 (bit 5)=1, if an invalid signal is received in VC-4/VC-3
G1 (bits 1,2,3,4) = binary coded B3 errors
83
Maintenance Signal Definitions (2)

TU-AIS
All "1" in the entire TU incl. TU pointer
TU-LOP
8 to 10 NDF enable or 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP-UNEQ VC-3: C2 = all "0" for >=frames;
VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) = 000 for >=5 frames
LP-TIM
VC-3: J1 mismatch; VC-12: J2 mismatch
LP-SLM
VC-3: C2 mismatch; VC-12: V5 (bits 5,6,7) mismatch
BIP-2 Err
Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-2 (V5)
LP-RDI
V5 (bit 8) = 1, if TU-2 path AIS or signal failure received
LP-REI
V5 (bit 3) = 1, if >=1 errors were detected by BIP-2
LP-RFI
V5 (bit 4) = 1, if a failure is declared
Abbreviations:
AU
HP
LOF
LOM
LOP
LOS
Administration unit
High path
Loss of frame
Loss of miltiframe
Loss of pointer
Loss of signal
LP
OOF
REI
RDI
RFI
SLM
Low path
Out of frame
Remote error indication (FEBE)
Remote defect indication (FERF)
Remote failure indication
Signal label mismatch
TIM
TU
UNEQ
VC
C
Trace identifier
Tributary unit
Unequipped
Virtual
container
84
Performance Parameter
ITU--T G.821
ITU
ES
Errored Second
Second with > 1 bit error
SES
Severely Errored Second
Second with BER > 1 x 10E-3
ITU--T G.826
ITU
ES
Errored Second
Second with> 1errored block
SES
Severely Errored Second
Second with > 30% errored blocks

or > 1 defect
BBE Background Block Error

UAS
Errored block, not occuring as

part of SES
Unavailable Seconds:
10 sec
Unavailability
detected
Unavailable Seconds
Time
10 sec
< 10
sec
Availability
detected
85
Jitter and Wander
86
Jitter and Wander Definitions

0
...
Time Line
1 UI
Bit Sequence
Ideal Signal (NRZ)
Actual Signal
(with Jitter
and Wander)
Phase Variations (Jitter or Wander) in a Digital Transmission System
87
Sources of Jitter and Wander
Interference signals
Pattern dependent jitter
Phase noise
Delay variation
Stuffing and wait time jitter
Mapping jitter
Pointer jitter
88
Jitter and Wander Measurement Method

Clock
Input
Signal
Input
Pattern
Clock
Pattern-Clock
Converter
Ext. Reference Clock Input
(Wander Measurement)
N
1
Frequency
Divider
HP
Jitter
and
Wander
LP
Result
Evaluation
Phase Detector
Filters
Peak-to-Peak
Detector
~ 1 Hz
V
Phase Detector
Low Pass Filter
VCO
Reference Clock Generator (PLL)
89
Jitter Measurement Filters

Amplitude / dB
Values according to ITU-T Rec. G.825 and G.813
STM-1: 500 Hz
STM-4: 1 kHz
STM-16: 5 kHz
Wander
65 kHz
250 kHz
1 MHz
1.3 MHz
5 MHz
20 MHz
10 Hz
Frequency / Hz
Total
Jitter
Jitter
including
lower
Frequency
Components
Max. Jitter Amplitude:
1,5UI
High
Frequency
Jitter
0,15UI
90
Definition of Jitter Peak-to-Peak Amplitude

Jitter / UIpp
Jitter
Amplitude
(PP)
Time
Measurement Period
91
Jitter and Wander Measurements
Network output jitter (G.825)
Network element output jitter (G.783, G.813)
Jitter transfer function (G.958)
Jitter and Wander tolerance (G.825, G.813)
92
WANDER Definitions
Wander
Long-term timing variation (below 10 Hz)
TIE
"Time Interval Error"
MTIE
"Max. Time Interval Error"
TDEV
"Time Deviation", timing variation as a function of

integration time. Provides information about the
spectral content.
TVAR"Time Variation", square of TDEV

ADEV
"Allen Deviation"
MADEV
"Modified Allen Deviation"

Definitions specified in ITU-T Rec. G.810
93
TIE and MTIE Definition
Time variation against reference
Wander / UI
TIE max
MTIE
TIE at t End
TIE min
Time
Observation Period
Start
End
94
Results (MTIE) compared to Standards
95
Network resilience
96
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
W
P
1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W
1 : N Protection scheme
97
Linear Protection (G.783)

W
P
1 + 1 Protection scheme
W
P
1 : 1 Protection scheme
W
W
1 : N Protection scheme
98
Unidirectional and Bidirectional Rings

Traffic A -> B
Traffic A -> B
ADM
A
ADM
Traffic B -> A
B -> A
ADM
ADM
ADM
Unidirectional Ring
traffic between A-B
uses the entire length of ring
ADM
A
ADM
ADM
longer
path
Bidirectional Ring
- use the shorter or longer path
- increase number of paths
- short path : traffic
long path : protection
99
Unidirectional Path-Switched Ring

Fiber 1 : unidirectional
Tributary
Tributary
100

Tributary
Tributary
101

Tributary
Tributary
102
Unidirectional Line-Switched Ring

Working
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
Working
103

Working
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
Working
104

Working
Protection
Tributary
Tributary
Working
105
Two fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring

(BLSR)
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
106

(BLSR)
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
107

(BLSR)
Fiber 1
Fiber 2
Tributary
Tributary
working
protection
108
Four fiber Bidirectional Line-Switched Ring (BLSR)

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
109

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
110

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
111
Four fiber Bidirectional Span-Switched Ring

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
112

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
113

Working Fiber 1 + 2
Prot.Fiber 3 + 4
Tributary
Tributary
114
TMN in SDH networks
115
Network Management
Basic tasks of network management:
Administrative functions:
Operation:
Network supervising
Network linking
(anomalies, defects)
(reserve links, additional links)
Maintenance:
Identifing and elimination of impairments
Planning and commissioning: Network configuration
Operative functions:
Supervision of network functions

Repair
Installation
Self test
116
TMN Overlay
Q
Central
OS
Q
Q
Local
OS
Q
Q
CC
Q
ECC
CC
ECC
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
117
Telecommunication Management
Network (TMN) Overlay
Management of :
Central
OS
Central
OS
Q3
NE
Manager
Q3
STM-N
Q3
Local
NE
Manager OS
Q3
Q ECC
Q ECC
DXC
STM-N
STM-N
DXC
ADM
ADM
ADM
Performance
Faults
Configuration
Accounting
Security
ADM
Data Communication Network : X.25, ISDN, LAN
118
TMN Reference Configuration

Operating
System
OS
Workstation
Q3
Data Communication Network
DCN
Q3
Q3
Mediation
Device
MD
Workstation
Q2 or Q1
Local Communication Network
LCN
F
Qx
Network
Element
NE
Network
Element
NE
Workstation
MD: Conversion between different interfaces

(Information Conversion Function ICF:
manufacturer-specific information model ->
operator specific information model)
119
Interoperability in TMN
X
TMN
Operations
System
TMN
Operations
System
Interoperability problems because of

multi vendor networks
heterogenous technology
different standards for protocols and
management information
Q3
Q3
QMonitor provides
easy adaptation to the interface
(autoconfiguration)
QMonitor
based on
DominoWAN
DominoLAN
DA-30
decoding of protocols and management

information
Qecc
Qecc
Qecc
automatic detection of errors in

management information
SDH/SONET Qecc access with
transmission analyzers (e.g. ANT-20)
120
SDH Benefits
Reduced equipment costs
multi vendor compatibility
Lower maintenance costs

built-in defect and anomaly monitoring
Future proof equipment

SDH is the physical layer for BISDN
Efficient drop / insert facilities

ADM (add&drop multiplexers), DXC (digital cross connectors)
TMN capabilities
Built-in DCN (data comm. network), DCC/ECC
More flexibility in provision of services

adding transmission capacity by routing on demand
121
Future Trends - WDM Systems

Current Systems :
4, 8, 16 x OC-48 (MCI, Sprint)
Pirelli :
WaveMux 3200
32 x OC-48 channels
80Gbit/s over 1200km
Ciena :
40 x OC-48 channels
100Gbit/s over 600km
There may not be a near term need, but this is the direction
that networking will take next for 3 or 4 years.
Ryan, Hunkin, Kent Consulting '96
122
Future Trends - Optical Components
WDM
1, ,2 ,3 4
WDM
1, ,2 ,3 4
Optical D&I
STM-N,
OC-N
ADM
STM-N,
OC-N
Local Traffic
2Mbit/s, DS-3, STM-1
Extract selectively
Minimize need for demultiplexing
entire bandwidth
123
STM-64
Future
Trends
in
Synchronous
Technology
DWDM
TMN
STM-16c
VC2-5c
PoS
124
Lets summarize !
Please name the PDH bitrates !
Please explain stuffing !
When will stuffing be applied ?
What is the reaction of a Network element after an LOS alarm ?
What is the meaning of an LOF alarm ?
Is it possible to drop an 2Mbit/s signal out of an 140Mbit/s line ?
Why not ?
Please name the SDH bitrates !
Explain the way an PDH signal is integrated in an STM-1 !
125
Lets summarize !
Please name the different sections of an SDH connection !
What is a parity byte ?
Please explain the way to build a parity byte !
Which parity bytes do you know ?
Which overhead bytes are used for data communication ?
What is a pointer ?
What is a pointer used for ?
08.12.2013 06:17
The World of Synchronous Networks
126
Lets summarize !
Please name the SDH network elements !
What are they used for ?
Please explain how a synchronization network looks like !
Explain the possibilities to synchronize a NE !
What is a holdover mode ?
Which byte is used to transport an HP-UNEQ ?
Please explain Jitter and Wander !
How can jitter be defined ?
Please explain the terms TIE and MTIE ?
Please explain the term TDEV ?
127
Lets summarize !
Please name the main Jitter and Wander measurements !
Explain these measurements !
Please explain the methods of linear protection !
What kind of ring structures do you know ?
What are the the advantages of a TMN controlled network ?
How is the TMN interface called ?
Please explain DWDM !
128

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Basics on SDH from STM-1 up to STM-16

Current transmission technologies (PDH)

Current Transmission Technologies

The Telephone System

Non-Linear Quantization and Encoding

PCM Signal Data Rate

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

PDH Systems Worldwide

PDH Multiplex / Demultiplex

8448 kbit/s (+/-30ppm)

34 368 kbit/s (+/-20ppm)

0.3 to 3.1 kHz

139264 kbit/s (+/-15ppm)

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

Si: Reserved for international use

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

encoded voice / data signals

encoded voice / data signals

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

Sa4 to Sa8: Spare bits or used for message based

2 Mbit/s Frame Structures

sub multiframe 2 sub multiframe 1

encoded voice / data signals

Time slot 0 of CRC multiframe:

256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit

256 X 8 bit = 2048 bit

encoded voice / data signals

2.448 kbit/s frame: 32x8 bit=256 bit in 125s

frames 1... 15 & 17...31

Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame

Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame

Plesiochronous Hierarchies - Frame

PDH Maintenance Signals

Plesiochronous Drop & Insert

Drop & Insert Station

The Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

The World of Synchronous Networks

Simple D&I of traffic channels

Allows mixing of ANSI and ETSI PDH systems

SDH is open for new applications

SDH provides TMN (ECCs)

Synchronous Network Structure

ADM : Add Drop Multiplexer

Layered Model of the SDH Network

Multiplex section layer

SDH Transport Layer

Network Node Interface

The Network Node Interface (NNI)