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Apollo: by Ron Leadbetter
Apollo: by Ron Leadbetter
by Ron Leadbetter
The son of Zeus and Leto, and the twin brother of Artemis. Apollo was the god of music (principally the lyre, and he
directed the choir of the Muses) and also of prophecy, colonization, medicine, archery (but not for war or hunting),
poetry, dance, intellectual inquiry and the carer of herds and flocks. He was also a god of light, known as "Phoebus"
(radiant or beaming, and he was sometimes identified with Helios the sun god). He was also the god of plague and
was worshiped as Smintheus (from sminthos, rat) and as Parnopius (from parnops, grasshopper) and was known as
the destroyer of rats and locust, and according to Homer's Iliad, Apollo shot arrows of plague into the Greek camp.
Apollo being the god of religious healing would give those guilty of murder and other immoral deeds a ritual
purification. Sacred to Apollo are the swan (one legend says that Apollo flew on the back of a swan to the land of the
Hyperboreans, he would spend the winter months among them), the wolf and the dolphin. His attributes are the bow
and arrows, on his head a laurel crown, and the cithara (or lyre) and plectrum. But his most famous attribute is the
tripod, the symbol of his prophetic powers.
When the goddesss Hera, the wife of Zeus (it was he who had coupled with Leto) found out about Leto's pregnancy,
she was outraged with jealousy. Seeking revenge Hera forced Leto to roam the earth in search of a place to give birth.
Sicne Hera had forbidden Leto to stay anywhere on earth, either on terra-ferma or an island at sea, the only place to
seek shelter was Delos, being in the center of the Aegean, and also difficult to reach, as there were strong undercurrents, because it was said to be a floating island. Because it was a floating island, it was not considered either of
Hera's prohibitions, and so Leto was able to give birth to the divine twins Apollo and Artemis (before Leto gave birth to
Apollo, the island was encircled by a flock of swans, this is why the swan was sacred to him). As a gesture of thanks
Delos was secured to the sea-bed by four columns to give it stability, and from then on it became one of the most
important sanctuaries to Apollo. (A variation of Apollo's birth was that the jealous Hera had incarcerated Ilithyia, the
goddess of childbirth, but the other gods intervened forcing Hera to release Ilithyia, which allowed Leto to give birth ).
Apollo's first achievement was to rid Pytho (Delphi) of the serpent (or dragon) Python. This monstrous beast protected
the sanctuary of Pytho from its lair beside the Castalian Spring. There it stood guard while the "Sibyl" gave out her
prophecies as she inhaled the trance inducing vapors from an open chasm. Apollo killed Python with his bow and
arrows (Homer wrote "he killed the fearsome dragon Python, piercing it with his darts"). Apollo not only took charge of
the oracle but rid the neighboring countryside of widespread destruction, as Python had destroyed crops, sacked
villages and polluted streams and springs. However, to make amends for killing Python, as the fearsome beast was the
son of Gaia, Apollo had to serve king Admetus for nine years (in some versions eight) as a cowherd. This he did, and
when he returned to Pytho he came in the guise of a dolphin bringing with him priests from Crete (Apollo's cult title
"Delphinios" meaning dolphin or porpoise, is probably how Delphi was so named). After killing Python and taking
possession of the oracle, the god of light (Phobus) became known as "Pythian Apollo". He dedicated a bronze tripod to
the sanctuary and bestowed divine powers on one of the priestesses, and she became known as the "Pythia". It was
she who inhaled the hallucinating vapors from the fissure in the temple floor, while she sat on a tripod chewing laurel
leaves. After she mumbled her answer, a male priest would translate it for the supplicant. Delphi became the most
important oracle center of Apollo, there were several including Clarus and Branchidae.
Apollo, as with Zeus his father, had many love affairs with goddesses and mortals. Apollo's infatuation for the
nymph Daphne, which had been invoked by the young god of love Eros, because Apollo had mocked him, saying his
archery skills were pathetic, and Apollo's singing had also irritated him. Daphne was the beautiful daughter of the river
god Ladon, and she was constantly pursued by Apollo. To escape from Apollo's insistent behavior, she fled to the
mountains, but the persistent Apollo followed her. Annoyed by this, she asked the river god Peneus for help, which he
did. As soon as Apollo approached Daphne, he tried to embrace her, but when he stretched out his arms she
transformed into a laurel tree. Apollo, distraught by what had happened, made the laurel his sacred tree. Apollo also
loved Cyrene, she was another nymph, and she bore Apollo a son: Aristaeus, a demi-god, who became a protector of
cattle and fruit trees, and a deity of hunting, husbandry and bee-keeping. He taught men dairy skills and the use of
nets and traps in hunting.
The most famous mortal loves of Apollo was Hecuba, she was the wife of Priam, the king of Troy. She bore him
Troilius. Foretold by an oracle, as long as Troilius reached the age of twenty, Troy could not be defeated. But the
hero Achilles ambushed and killed him, when the young prince and his sister Polyxena secretly visited a spring. Apollo
also fell in love with Cassandra, the sister of Troilius, and daughter of Hecuba and Priam. He seduced Cassandra on the
promise that he would teach her the art of prophecy, but having learnt the prophetic art she rejected him. Apollo,
being angry of her rejection punished her, by declaring her prophecies never to be accepted or believed.
Asclepius, the god of healing, was also Apollo's offspring, after his union with Coronis, who was daughter of Phlegyas,
king of the Lapiths. While she was pregnant by Apollo, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus, but a crow
informed Apollo of the affair. Apollo sent his twin sister Artemis to kill Coronis, and Artemis carried out he brothers
wishes. While her body was burning on the funeral pyre, Apollo removed the unborn child, and took him to Chiron,
who raised the child Asclepius.
Apollo also, as did his father Zeus, fall in love with one of his own gender, Hyacinthus, a Spartan prince. He was very
handsome and athletic, which inflamed the passions of Apollo. One day while Apollo and Hyacinthus were practicing
throwing the discus, Zephyrus, the god of the west wind, who was also attracted to the young prince, and jealous of
Apollo's amorous affection towards the boy, made the discus veer off course by blowing an ill wind. The discus, which
Apollo had thrown, hit Hyacinthus, smashing his skull. Apollo rushed to him, but he was dead. The god was overcome
with grief, but to immortalize the love he had for the beautiful youth, he had a flower grow were his blood had stained
the earth. Apollo also loved the young boy Cyparissus, a descendant of Heracles. The impassioned Apollo gave
Cyparissus a sacred deer, as a love token. The young deer became tame, and was the constant companion of the boy,
until a tragic accident occurred. As the young deer lay sleeping in the shade of the undergrowth, Cyparissus threw his
javelin, which by chance hit, and killed the deer. Grief-stricken by what had happened, Cyparissus wanted to die. He
asked Apollo to let his tears fall for all eternity. With apprehension Apollo transformed the boy into a tree, the cypress,
which became the symbol of sorrow, as the sap on its trunk forms droplets, like tears.
Apollo could also be ruthless when he was angered. The mortal Niobe, boasted to Apollo's mother Leto, that she had
fourteen children (in some versions six or seven), which must make her more superior than Leto, who had only bore
two. Apollo greatly angered by this slew her sons, and Artemis killed Niobe's daughters. Niobe wept so much that she
turned into a pillar of stone. Apollo was infuriated when the satyr Marsyas challenged Apollo to music contest. After
winning the competition, Apollo had Marsyas flayed alive, for being so presumptuous, as to challenge a god.
Apollo was worshiped throughout the Greek world, at Delphi every four years they held the Pythian Games in his
honor. He had many epithets, including "Pythian Apollo" (his name at Delphi), "Apollo Apotropaeus" (Apollo who averts
evil), and "Apollo Nymphegetes" (Apollo who looks after the Nymphs). As the god of shepherds he also had the cult
titles "Lukeios" (from lykos; wolf), protecting the flocks from wolfs, and "Nomius" (of pastures, belonging to
shepherds). Being the god of colonists, Apollo influenced his priests at Delphi to give divine guidance, as to where the
expedition should proceed. This was during the height of the colonizing era circa 750-550 BCE. Apollo's title was
"Archigetes" (leader of colonists). According to one legend, it was Apollo who helped either Cretan or Arcadian
colonists found the city of Troy.
In art Apollo is at most times depicted as a handsome young man, clean shaven and carrying either a lyre, or his bow
and arrows. There are many sculptures of Apollo and one of the most famous is the central figure from the west
pediment of the Temple of Zeus, at Olympia, showing Apollo declaring victory in favor of the Lapiths in their struggle
against the Centaurs.
A song sung in honor of Apollo is called a paean.
Whitsun (also Whitsunday, Whit Sunday or Whit) is the name used in the UK and Ireland[1] for the
Christian festival of Pentecost, the seventh Sunday after Easter, which commemorates the descent of
the Holy Spirit upon Christ's disciples (Acts of the Apostleschapter 2). In England it took on some
characteristics of Beltane, which originated from the pagan celebration of Summer's Day, the beginning of
the summer half-year, in Europe.[2] Whitsuntide, the week following Whitsunday, was one of three vacation
weeks for the medieval villein;[3] on most manors he was free from service on the lord's demesne this week,
which marked a pause in the agricultural year.[4] Whit Monday, the day after Whitsun, remained a holiday in
the UK until 1971 when the movable holiday was replaced with the fixed Spring Bank Holiday in late May.
Whit was the occasion for varied forms of celebration. In the North West of England, church and chapel
parades called Whit Walks still take place at this time (sometimes on Whit Friday, the Friday after Whitsun).
[5]
Typically, the parades include brass bands and choirs; girls attending are dressed in white. Traditionally,
Whit fairs (sometimes called Whitsun ales[6]) took place. Other customs such as morris dancing[7] are
associated with Whit, although in many cases they have been transferred to the Spring Bank Holiday.
ETYMOLOGY
The name is a contraction of "White Sunday", attested in "The Holy-Ghost, which thou did send on WhitSunday" in the Old English homilies, and parallel to the mention of hwitmonedei in the early 13thcentury Ancrene Riwle.[7] Walter William Skeat noted that the Anglo-Saxon word also appears in
Icelandic hvitasunnu-dagr, but that in English the feast was always called Pentecoste until after the Norman
Conquest, when white(hwitte) began to be confused with wit or understanding.[8] According to one
interpretation, the name derives from the white garments worn bycatechumens, those expecting to
be baptised on that Sunday. Moreover, in England white vestments, rather than the more usual red, were
traditional for the day and its octave. A different tradition is that of the young women of the parish all coming
to church or chapel in new white dresses on that day. However, Augustinian canon John Mirk (c1382 1414), of Lilleshall Abbey, Shropshire, had another interpretation:
Good men and wimmen, this day (Dies Penthecostes) is called Wytsonday by cause the holy
ghost bought wytte and wisdom into Crists dyscyples, and so by prechying after in all
Cristendom and fylled him full of holy Wytte
Thus, he thought the root of the word was "wit" (formerly spelt "wyt" or "wytte") and Pentecost was socalled to signify the outpouring of the wisdom of the Holy Ghost on Christ's disciples. [9]
The following day is Whit Monday, a name coined to supersede the form Monday in Whitsun-week used
by John Wycliffe and others. The week following Whit Sunday is known as "Whitsuntide" or "Whit week".[10]
In the German language, the term "Weier Sonntag" (literally: "White Sunday") does not refer to
Whitsunday but rather to the first Sunday after Easter, known in English as either "Octave Day of Easter" or
"Low Sunday". Whitsunday is known as "Pfingstsonntag" ("Pentecost Sunday").
HISTORY
As the first holiday of the summer Whitsun was one of the favourite times in the traditional calendar and
Whit Sunday or the following week was a time for celebration. This took the form of ftes, fairs, pageants
and parades with Whitsun ales and Morris dancing in the south of England and Whit walks and wakes in
the north.[11] A poster advertising the Whitsun festivities at Sunbury, Middlesex in 1778 listed the following
attractions:
On Whit Monday, in the morning, will be a punting match...The first boat that comes in to
receive a guinea...In the afternoon a gold-laced hat, worth 30s. to be cudgell'd for...On
Whit Tuesday, in the morning, a fine Holland smock and ribbons, to be run for by girls and
young women. And in the afternoon six pairs of buckskin gloves to be wrestled for. [11]
In Manchester during the 17th century the Kersal Moor Whit races were the great event of the year when
large numbers of people turned the area into a giant fairground for several days. [12] With the coming of
industrialisation it became convenient to close down whole towns for a week in order to clean and maintain
the machinery in the mills and factories. The week of closure, or wakes week, was often held at
Whitsuntide. A report in John Harlan and T.T. Wilkinson's Lancashire Folk lore (1882) reads:
It is customary for the cotton mills etc., to close for Whitsuntide week to give the hands a
holiday; the men going to the races etc. and the women visiting Manchester on Whit-
Saturday, thronging the markets, the Royal Exchange and the Infirmary Esplanade, and
other public places: And gazing in at the shop windows, whence this day is usually called
'Gaping Sunday'.[11]
Whit Monday was officially recognised as a bank holiday in the UK in 1871 but lost this status in 1971 when
the Spring Bank Holiday was created.[11]
IN LITERATURE
The Whitsun Weddings is a poem and the title of a collection by Philip Larkin;
"Whitsunday in Kirchstetten" is a poem by W. H. Auden from his collection About the House.
Le Morte D'Arthur by Thomas Malory has the Knights of the Round Table witness a divine vision of the Holy Grail on
a Whitsunday, prompting their quest to find its true location.
In Shakespeare's Winter's Tale, Act 4, Scene 4, Perdita imagines that she plays "as I have seen them do in Whitsun
pastorals".
Several chapters on Jeff Wheeler's Muirwood Trilogy revolve around Whitsunday and its significance and impact on
Muirwood's inhabitants;
page 2
edited and/or translated by
D. L. Ashliman
University of Pittsburgh
1996-2015
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o Emperor Karl at Nrnberg (Germany).
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o King Karl and His Army in Odin's Mountain (Germany).
o Emperor Heinrich [Henry the Fowler] in Sudemer
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Muchie-Lal (India).
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The Snow Maiden. Tales of type 703*, featuring a
mysterious maiden, apparently made of snow.
The Snow Maiden (Russia).
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The Sorcerer's Apprentice. Folktales of type 325* and
migratory legends of type 3020.
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Stages of Life. Tales of type 173 (828), plus a Talmudic
treatise and a Shakespeare monologue.
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The Man, the Horse, the Ox, and the Dog (Aesop).
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o Man and His Years (Romania, M. Gaster).
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The Monkey and Juan Puson Tambi-Tambi
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Tatterhood, a type 711 tale from Norway about twin girls.
The ugly one (our heroine) is spunky and resourceful; the
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Thangbrand the Priest Goes to Iceland. An account of a manslaying Christian missionary's attempts to convert Icelandic
heathens, taken from the Heimskringla of Snorri Sturluson.
Thor.
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from The Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson.
2. Thor's Hammer in the Alps. A superstition recorded in
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Lessing).
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Thrym.
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Folklore, Folktales, and Fairy Tales from Wales, a library of
books digitized by books.google.com and others.
The Wandering Jew. Legends of type 777.
1. The Wandering Jew (from Reliques of Ancient English
Poetry).
2. Shoemakers Are a Poor Slobbering Race (England).
3. The Wandering Jew (retold by Horace E. Scudder).
4. The Jerusalem Showmaker, or Wandering Jew, in Jutland
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The Wandering Jew on the Grimsel Pass
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Weinsberg, Germany.
The Women of Weinsberg and other legends of type 875*.
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4. The Siege of Gelsterburg Castle (Germany).
5. The Siege of Weidelburg Castle (Germany).
Werewolf Legends from Germany.
1. Anonymous.
The Morbach Monster.
2. Asmus, F. and Knoop, O.
The Werewolf.
A Woman Transforms Herself into a Werewolf.
The Werewolf of Alt-Marrin.
3. Bartsch, Karl.
Fox Hill near Dodow.
Werewolves.
The Werewolf of Klein-Krams.
The Werewolf of Vietlbbe.
A Witch as Werewolf.
4. Boren, George (London Chapbook of 1590).
The Damnable Life and Death of Stubbe Peeter.
5. Colshorn, Carl and Theodor
The Werewolf.
6. Grimm, Jacob and Wilhelm.
Werewolves.
Werewolf Rock.
The Werewolves Advance.
7. Haas, A.
The Werewolf of Jarnitz.
8. Kuhn, Adalbert.
Werewolf.
9. Kuhn, A., and Schwartz, W.
The Bxenwolf.
The Werewolf Belt.
The Werewolf Wife.
10.
Lyncker, Karl.
The Werewolf.
The Werewolf: Another Legend.
The Peasant and the Werewolf.
The Bxenwolf.
11.
Mllenhoff, Karl.
The Werewolf of Hsby.
12.
Schppner, Alexander.
The Wolf Stone.
13.
Temme, J. D. H.
15.
Link to a werewolf story from Luxembourg: The
Werewolf of Bettembourg.
16.
Link to a werewolf story from Slovakia: The
Werewolf's Daughter.
What Should I Have Said (or Done)? Folktales of type 1696.
1. Going Traveling (Germany).
2. What You Deserve (Germany).
3. Silly Matt (Norway).
4. Stupid's Mistaken Cries (England).
5. The Forgetful Boy (England/USA).
6. Lazy Jack (England).
7. Jock and His Mother (Scotland).
8. I'll Be Wiser the Next Time (Ireland).
9. The Fool's Good Fortune (Georgia).
10.
4. Kallundborg Church.
Widows in (Short-Lived) Mourning. Folktales of types 65,
1350, 1352*, and 1510.
1. Mrs. Fox's Wedding (Germany, Jacob and Wilhelm
Grimm).
2. Chuang-tzu and His Wife (China).
3. Zadig's Nose (France, Voltaire).
4. The Widow of Ephesus (Rome, Petronius).
5. A Widow Digs Up Her Deceased Husband and Hangs
Him on the Gallows (Germany, Conrat Purselt).
6. Wooden Johannes (Germany, Hans Wilhelm Kirchhof).
7. He That's Dead Can Do No Hurt (Ireland, J. M. Synge).
8. The Devoted Widow (USA, Ambrose Bierce).
Wife.
1. An Adulterous Wife Locks Her Husband Out of Doors,
folktales of type 1377.
Dschoha's Wife Locks Him Out (from the Arabic).
The Unfaithful Wife (India).
The Ancient Knight Who Married a Beautiful Young
Wife (The Seven Wise Masters).
Tofano Shuts His Wife Out of Doors (Giovanni
Boccaccio, The Decameron).
A Tyrannical Husband (England).
The Well (Petrus Alfonsi, The Disciplina Clericalis).
2. The Contrary Wife, tales of type 1365A, 1365B, and
1365C.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
The Wild Hunt near Schwarzkosteletz (Kostelec
nad ernmi lesy) (Bohemia).
17.
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