2008

Cng Thc
Ton Hc
S Cp
Handbook of Primary
Mathematics
Tm tt cc nh l, tnh cht v cng thc ton c
bn nht, d hiu nht.

Deltaduong
TND Corp.
12/10/2008

Mc lc
I. S HC ................................................................................ 8
1. Cc du hiu chia ht ..................................................... 8
2. Cc gi tr trung bnh ..................................................... 8
II. GII TCH KT HP.......................................................... 9
A. CC LOI KT HP...................................................... 9
1. Hon v (khng lp) ....................................................... 9
2. Hon v lp .................................................................... 9
3. Chnh hp (khng lp) ................................................. 10
4. Chnh hp lp .............................................................. 10
5. T hp (khng lp) ...................................................... 11
6. T hp lp ................................................................... 11
B. NH THC NEWTON ................................................... 12
III. I S ............................................................................. 14
1. Cc php ton trn cc biu thc i s ....................... 14
2. T l thc .................................................................... 17
3. S phc ....................................................................... 18
4. Phng trnh ............................................................... 19
5. Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh ............................... 24
6. Cp s; mt s tng hu hn........................................ 29
7. Logarith ...................................................................... 30
IV. HNH HC....................................................................... 31
A. CC HNH PHNG ...................................................... 31
ii

1. Tam gic ..................................................................... 31

2. a gic ........................................................................ 35
3. Hnh trn ..................................................................... 37
4. Phng tch ................................................................. 39
B. TH TCH V DIN TCH XUNG QUANH ................ 41
1. Hnh lng tr ............................................................... 41
2. Hnh chp u ............................................................. 41
3. Hnh chp ct u ....................................................... 41
4. Hnh tr ....................................................................... 42
5. Hnh nn ..................................................................... 42
6. Hnh nn ct ................................................................ 42
7. Hnh cu ...................................................................... 43
V. LNG GIC................................................................... 44
1. Hm s lng gic v du ca n ................................ 44
2. Hm s lng gic ca mt s gc c bit ................. 45
3. Mt s cng thc i gc ............................................ 46
4. Cc cng thc c bn .................................................. 46
5. Hm s lng gic ca gc bi .................................... 47
6. Cng thc h bc ......................................................... 48
7. Hm s lng gic ca tng v hiu cc gc................ 48
8. Bin i tng v hiu ca hai hm s lng gic ......... 49
9. Bin i tch ca hai hm s lng gic....................... 50
10. Cng thc gc chia i .............................................. 51
iii

11. Mt s cng thc i vi cc gc trong mt tam gic

( l cc gc trong mt tam gic)............................. 52
12. Mt s cng thc khc ............................................... 52
13. Cng thc lin h gia cc hm s lng gic ........... 55
VI. HNH HC GII TCH TRN MT PHNG ................. 56
1. im ........................................................................... 56
2. Php i trc ta (Hnh 20) ..................................... 56
3. Ta cc (Hnh 21) .................................................. 57
4. Php quay cc trc ta ............................................ 57
5. Phng trnh ng thng ........................................... 58
6. Hai ng thng .......................................................... 58
7. ng thng v im .................................................. 59
8. Din tch tam gic ....................................................... 60
9. Phng trnh ng trn ............................................. 61
10. Ellipse (Hnh 23) ....................................................... 61
11. Hyperbola (Hnh 24).................................................. 63
12. Parabola(Hnh 25) ..................................................... 65
VII. I S VECTOR ........................................................... 67
1. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector ...................... 67
2. Php chiu vector ln trc hoc vector () ..................... 68
3. Cc thnh phn v ta ca vector (Hnh 34) ............ 69
4. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector c cho nh
cc ta ........................................................................ 69
5. Tch v hng ca hai vector ...................................... 69
iv

6. Tch vector ca hai vector............................................ 71

7. Tch hn hp ca ba vector.......................................... 72
VIII. O HM V VI PHN ............................................. 73
1. Gii hn ...................................................................... 73
2. o hm v vi phn ..................................................... 74
3. ng dng hnh hc ca o hm.................................. 77
4. ng dng o hm kho st hm s ........................ 77
IX. PHP TNH TCH PHN ................................................ 84
A. TCH PHN KHNG XC NH ................................ 84
1. nh ngha .................................................................. 84
2. Cc tnh cht n gin nht ......................................... 84
3. Tch phn cc hm hu t............................................ 85
4. Tch phn cc hm v t .............................................. 87
5. Tch phn ca hm lng gic ..................................... 90
B. TCH PHN XC NH ............................................... 92
1. nh ngha .................................................................. 92
2. ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh...................... 92
3. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh ...................... 92

MT S K HIU TON HC
=

<
>

Bng
ng nht bng
Khng bng (khc)
Xp x bng
Nh hn
Ln hn
Nh hn hoc bng
Ln hn hoc bng
Tng ng

||
+
. (hoc )
: (hoc __)

Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s
Cng
Tr
Nhn
Chia

am

a ly tha m
Cn bc hai
Cn bc n
n v o
Logarith c s a ca b
Logarith thp phn ca a
Logarith t nhin (c s e) ca a
n giai tha
Tam gic
Gc phng
Cung
on thng AB

i
log a b
lga
lna
n!

AB, AB

AB

Vector AB
Vung gc
Song song
6

a=b
ab
a b
ab
a<b
a>b
ab
ab
Mnh A
mnh B
|a|
a+b
a-b
a.b hoc a b
a
a:b hoc
b
2
2 4
4 2
3
32 2
2
i 1
log3 9 2
log10=1
4!=1.2.3.4=24
ABC
ABC

AB

Song song v bng

ng dng
Song song v cng chiu

Song song v ngc chiu

phut goc phang hoac cung

giay

'
''

AB DC

AB CD

1310'35''

I. S HC
1. Cc du hiu chia ht
Cho 2: S (v ch s ) c ch s tn cng chn hoc bng
khng.
Cho 4: S (v ch s ) c hai ch s tn cng bng khng hoc
lm thnh mt s chia ht cho 4 (quy c 4=04; 8=08).
Cho 8: S (v ch s ) c ba ch s tn cng bng khng hoc
lm thnh mt s chia ht cho 8 (quy c 8=008; 16=016).
Cho 3: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3.
Cho 9: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 9.
Cho 6: S (v ch s ) ng thi chia ht cho 2 v 3.
Cho 5: S (v ch s ) c ch s tn cng l 0 hoc 5.
Cho 25: S (v ch s ) c hai ch s tn cng l 0 hoc lm
thnh mt s chia ht cho 25.
Cho 11: S (v ch s ) c tng cc ch s v tr chn v
tng cc ch s v tr l bng nhau hoc hiu ca chng l mt
s chia ht cho 11.
2. Cc gi tr trung bnh
a a ... an 1 n
ai
Trung bnh cng: M1 1 2
n
n i 1
Trung bnh nhn: M 0 n a1.a2 ...an

Trung bnh iu ha: M 1

n
1 1
1
...
a1 a2
an
a12 a22 ... an2
n

Trung bnh bnh phng: M 2

II. GII TCH KT HP

A. CC LOI KT HP
1. Hon v (khng lp)
Mt hon v ca n phn t l mt dy c th t ca n phn t ,
mi phn t c mt trong dy ng mt ln.
S hon v khc nhau c to thnh ca n phn t k hiu l
Pn. S ny bng tch tt c cc s nguyn lin tip t 1 cho n
n, ngha l bng n!
Pn=1.2.3n=n! (n giai tha)
Quy c 1!=1 v 0!=1.
2. Hon v lp
Cho n phn t, trong c n1 phn t ging nhau thuc loi 1,
n2 phn t ging nhau thuc loi 2, nk phn t ging nhau
thuc loi k, (n1+n2++nk=n).
Sp xp n phn t cho thnh mi dy (cng di) c th c.
Mi dy thu c nh vy gi l mt hon v lp ca n phn t
cho.

S lng Pn n1 , n2 ,..., nk hon v lp bng:

Pn n1 , n2 ,..., nk

n
n1 !n2 !...nk !

n1 n2 ... nk n, k la so loai
3. Chnh hp (khng lp)
Cho n phn t khc nhau, k n .
Ta gi mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t l mt dy c th t
gm k phn t chn t n phn t cho, mi phn t c mt
trong dy khng qu mt ln.
S chnh hp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t bng:

Ank n n 1 n 2 ... n k 1
n n 1 n 2 ... n k 1
Hay Ank

n!
n k !

c bit khi k=n, ta c Ank n ! Pn

4. Chnh hp lp
Cho n phn t khc nhau, c k l mt s t nhin bt k ( k n ).
Trong nh ngha chnh hp nu mc 3 nu ta cho php mi
phn t c th c mt trn mt ln th ta c nh ngha ca chnh
hp lp chp k.
S lng chnh hp lp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t:
10

Ank nk
5. T hp (khng lp)
T n phn t khc nhau ta to nn nhng nhm gm k phn t
khc nhau khng n th t ca cc phn t trong nhm to
thnh. Mi nhm thu c theo cch gi l mt t hp chp k
ca n phn t cho ( k n ).
S lng t hp chp k c th thnh lp t n phn t bng:

Ank n n 1 ... n k 1
C

k!
k!
k
n

Hay:

Cnk

n!
(quy c Cn0 1 )
k ! n k !

Cc tnh cht ca Cnk :

Cnk Cnnk ;

(0.1)

Cnk1 Cnk 1 Cnk ;

(0.2)

Cnk Pn k ; n k .
6. T hp lp
Nu trong nh ngha ca t hp mc 5 ta cho php mi phn
t c c mt nhiu ln th mi nhm thu c gi l t hp
lp chp k ca n phn t cho.
S cc t hp lp chp k c th to thnh t n phn t bng:
11

Cnk Cnk k 1

n k 1!
k ! n 1!

Hay:
Cnk Pn k 1 k ; n 1

B. NH THC NEWTON
Nh thc Newton1 l cng thc biu din biu thc (a+b)n, vi n
nguyn dng, di dng a thc theo cc n s a v b:

a b

n n 1 n 2 2
a b ...
2!
n n 1 ... n k 1 n k k

a b ... b n
k!

a n na n 1b

Hay l:

a b

a n Cn1a n1b Cn2 a n2b 2 ... Cnk a n k b k ... b n Cnk a n k b k

k 0

Cc h s:

1, n,

n n 1
n n 1 ... n k 1
,...,
,... 0 k n
2!
k!

Gi l cc h s ca nh thc.

Sir Isaac Newton, FRS (4 January 1643 31 March 1727) was an English
physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist,
theologian and one of the most influential men[5] in human history. More
12

Tnh cht ca cc h s:
Cc h s cc s hng cch u hai mt bng nhau;
Bit cc h s Cnk 1 v Cnk ca khai trin a b ta tm c
n

cc h s Cnk1 ca khai trin a b

n 1

theo cng thc (1.2) mc

5.
Da vo cc tnh cht ny,ngi ta lp ra tam gic s cho cc h
s ca khai trin, gi l tam gic Pascal:

1
1
1
1

1
.

4
5

6
.

2
3

1
1

1
3
6

10
15

1
4
10

20
.

1
1
5
15

1
6

1
.

Dng th n(n=0,1,2,) trong bng trn lit k cc h s ca

khai trin (a+b)n.
Cng thc nh thc Newton c th tng qut cho trng hp ly
tha bc n nguyn dng ca tng k s hng:

a1 a2 ... ak

n!
a1n1 a2n2 ...aknk
n1 !n2 !...nk !

Blaise Pascal (June 19, 1623 August 19, 1662) was a French
mathematician, physicist, and religious philosopher. More
13

Trong ly tng ( ) c ly theo mi s hng c th c

dng:
n!
a1n1 a2n2 ...aknk
n1 !n2 !...nk !

Vi 0 ni n v n1 n2 ... nk n.

III. I S
1. Cc php ton trn cc biu thc i s
Gi tr tuyt i ca mt s
|a|=a nu a 0, |a|=-a nu a<0
Quy tc v du khi nhn v chia:




Cc php ton trn cc a thc

a b c x ax bx cx;
a b c m n a m n b m n c m n
am an bm bn cm cn;
abc a b c

x
x x x
Cc php ton trn cc phn thc

14

a c ad cd

;
b d
bd
a c ac
.
;
b d bd
a c ad
:
.
b d bc

Mt s ng nht thc:

a b a 2 2ab b 2 ;
3
a b a 3 3a 2b 3ab 2 b3 ;
a 2 b 2 a b a b ;
a 3 b3 a b a 2 ab b 2 ;
a 3 b3 a b a 2 ab b 2 ;
a m b m a b a m 1 a m 2b ... ab m 2 b m 1 ;
2

a 4 b 4 a 2 b 2 2a 2 b 2
2

a 2 2ab b 2 a 2 2ab b 2 ;

a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2ac 2bc;

2
a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2ac 2bc;
2
a b c a 2 b 2 c 2 2ab 2ac 2bc;
3
a b c a 3 b3 c3 6abc
2

3 a 2b ab 2 b 2 c bc 2 c 2 a ca 2 ;

a1 a2 ... an

a12 a22 ... an2 2 a1a2 a1a3 ... an 1an ;

a m b m a b a m 1 a m 2b a m 3b 2 ... b m 1 .
15

(nu m l s t nhin l)
Cc php ton vi ly tha

a m a
.a...a
m lan

am
a mn ;
n
a
a m .a n a m n ;

a.b

m n

a mb m ;
a m .n ;

am
a

b 0 ;

bm
b
a 0 1, a 0 ;
am

1
, a 0 ;
am

m
n

a n am .

Cc php ton vi cn s (nu cn c ngha)

16

am

a.b n a . n b ;

a na

, b 0 ;
b nb

a a ;
a m.n a ;

a
n

a m. p ;

m
n

m n

n. p

n am ;

x
x n a n 1

, a 0 ;
n
a
a

x a b
x

, a b.
a b
a b

2. T l thc
a c
nh ngha:
b d
Tnh cht c bn: ad=bc
Tm cc s hng ca t l thc: a
Cc dn xut:

17

bc
ad
;b
d
c

a b d c d b a b cd
; ; ;

;
c d b a c a b
d
ab cd ab cd

;
a b c d a
c
a
c
b
d

.
ab cd ab cd

3. S phc
Cc php ton trn s phc

i 1
i 2 1, i 3 i 2 .i i, i 4 i 3 .i i.i 1,..., i 4 n 1,
i 4 n 1 i, i 4 n 2 1, i 4 n 3 i;

a bi a ' b ' i a a ' b b ' i;

a bi a ' b ' i aa ' bb ' ab ' ba ' i;
a bi a bi a 2 b 2 ;
a bi aa ' bb ' ba ' ab '

.
a ' b ' i a '2 b '2 a '2 b '2

Biu din hnh hc s phc

Hnh 1

18

im M(a,b) biu din s phc a+bi (Hnh 1)

r OM a bi a 2 b2 l module ca s phc.
xOM l argument ca s phc,
b
a
b
tan ;cos
;sin
2
2
2
a
a b
a b2

Dng lng gic ca s phc:

a bi r cos i sin
Cng thc Moivre3:
r cos i sin r n cos n i sin n
n

4. Phng trnh
a) Phng trnh tng ng
Nu biu thc C(x) c ngha trong min xc nh ca phng
trnh A(x)=B(x), th:

A x B x A x C x B x C x

Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754) was a French mathematician famous for

de Moivre's formula, which links complex numbers and trigonometry, and for
his work on the normal distribution and probability theory. He was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society in 1697, and was a friend of Isaac Newton,
Edmund Halley, and James Stirling. Among his fellow Huguenot exiles in
England, he was a colleague of the editor and translator Pierre des Maizeaux.
More
19

Nu biu thc C(x) c ngha v khc khng trong min xc nh

ca phng trnh A(x)=B(x), th:

A x B x A x .C x B x .C x
Nu n l s t nhin (n=1,2,3,) th:
A x B x A x

2 n 1

B x

2 n 1

b) Mt s phng trnh i s
Phng trnh bc nht
b
ax+b=0, a 0; nghim x
a
H hai phng trnh bc nht hai n
a1 x b1 y c1

a2 x b2 y c2
Nu

a1 b1
h c nghim duy nht:

a2 b2

c1

b1

c2 b2
cb c b
1 2 2 1
a1 b1 a1b2 a2b1
a2 b2
a1

c1

a2
a1

c2 a1c2 a2 c1

b1 a1b2 a2b1
b2

a2

20

Nu

a1 b1 c1
th h v nh:

a2 b2 c2

x tuy y

y c1 b1 x b1 0

b1

y tuy y

c b y
x 1 1 a1 0
a1

Nu

a1 b1 c1
h v nghim.

a2 b2 c2

Phng trnh bc hai

ax2 bx c 0, a 0
Nghim x

b b 2 4ac
2a

Nu b2-4ac>0: Hai nghim thc v khc nhau;

Nu b2-4ac=0: Hai nghim thc v bng nhau (nghim kp);
Nu b2-4ac<0: Hai nghim l cp s phc lin hp.
Tnh cht ca nghim (cng thc vit)
b
x1 x2 ;
a
c
x1.x2 .
a
21

 Phng trnh bc ba
3
2
Dng tng qut: ax bx cx d 0, a 0

Dng chnh tc vi x y

b
3a

y3 py q 0
Trong p

b2 c
2b3
bc d

;
q

2
3
3a a
27a 3a2 a

Cng thc Cardano4

q
q 2 p3 3 q
q 2 p3
y3

2
4 27
2
4 27
Tnh cht cc nghim
b
x1 x2 x3 ;
a
c
x1 x2 x2 x3 x3 x1 ;
a
d
x1.x2 .x3 .
a

Gerolamo Cardano or Girolamo Cardano (French Jerome Cardan, Latin

Hieronymus Cardanus; September 24, 1501 September 21, 1576) was an
Italian Renaissance mathematician, physician, astrologer and gambler.
More
22

c) Phng trnh m v phng trnh logarith c bn

Phng trnh m

a c, a 0
x

Vi

c>0, a 1 c duy nht nghim x log a c;

c=1, a=1 v s nghim;
c 1, a=1 v nghim;
c 0 v nghim
Phng trnh logarith

log a x c, a 0, a 1
Vi mi c phng trnh c nghim duy nht x=ac.
d) Phng trnh lng gic c bn

cos x m
m 1 c v s nghim x 2k , arccos m,0 ;

|m|>1 v nghim
sin x m

m 1 c v s nghim

23

 x1 2k1

x2 2k2

arcsin m,
2
2

|m|>1 v nghim
tan x m

Vi mi m thc c v s nghim:

x k

arctan m,
2
2

cot tan x m

Vi mi m thc c v s nghim
x k

arc cot tan m, 0

5. Bt ng thc v bt phng trnh
a) Bt ng thc

nh ngha: a b a b a b 0 0
Cc tnh cht c bn:
Nu a>b th b<a; ngc li nu a<b th b>a.
Nu a>b v b>c th a>c. Cng nh vy, nu a<b v b<c th
a<c.
24

Nu a>b th a+c>b+c
Nu a>b b c>d th a+c>b+d
Nu a>b b c<d th a-c>b-d
Nu a>b v m>0 th am bm.

a b

m m

Nu a>b v m<0 th am<bm

Nu a>b>0 v c>d>0 th ac>bd
b) Bt phng trnh
Bt phng trnh tng ng
A B B A
A B C A B C (vi C c ngha trong min xc nh ca
bt phng trnh A B ).

Nu C c ngha v >0 trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh

A>B, th:
A B AC
. B.C

Nu C c ngha v <0 trong min xc nh ca bt phng trnh

A>B, th:
A B AC
. B.C

Nu B 0 trong min xc nh th:

A
0 A.B 0
B
25

 Bt phng trnh c cha gi tr tuyt i

Gi s 0 , khi :
F F ;
F
F
F
B x A x B x
A x B x
B x 0

B x 0

A x B x
A x B x
B x 0
A x B x

B x 0

A x B x A x B x
2

Bt phng trnh bc nht mt n

ax b, a 0

b
b
Nu a>0 th x ; nu a<0 th x
a
a

26

 Bt phng trnh bc hai mt n

ax bx c 0
2

2
b 4ac 0 nghiem ung vi moi x;

b
a 0, b 2 4ac 0 nghiem ung vi moi x
2a

2
x x1
b 4ac 0 nghiem ung vi moi
x x2

b 2 4ac 0 vonghiem
a 0, 2
b 4ac 0 nghiem ung vi x1 x x2 ;
y x1, x2 l hai nghim thc ca tam thc bc hai

ax2 bx c .
Bt phng trnh m v logarith c bn
Bt phng trnh m a a vi a>1 s tng ng vi
bt phng trnh A(x)>B(x); vi 0<a<1 s tng ng vi bt
phng trnh A(x)<B(x).
A x

B x

Bt phng trnh logarith

log a A x log a B x
Vi a>1 s tng ng vi h:

B x 0

A x B x
Vi 0<a<1 s tng ng vi h:
27

 A x 0

A x B x
Bt phng trnh lng gic c bn

cos x m
Vi m 1 nghiem ung vi moi x;
Vi m 1 vonghiem;
Vi m 1 nghiem ung vi 2k x 2k ,
trong o arccos m, 0
sin x m
Vi m 1 nghiem ung vi moi x;
Vi m 1 vonghiem;
Vi m 1 nghiem ung vi 2k x 2k ,
trong o arcsin m,

tan x m
vi moi m nghiem ung vi k x
trong o arctan m,

2k 1 ,

cot tan x m
vi moi m nghiem ung vi k x k ,
trong o arc cottan m, 0 .

28

6. Cp s; mt s tng hu hn
Cp s cng
a1 , a2 ,..., an1 , an ,...

a2 a1 d , a3 a1 2d ,..., an a1 n 1 d
Trong an l s hng th n ca cp s cng, d l cng sai.

Sn

a1 an n 2a1 n 1 d n
2

Trong Sn l tng ca n s hng u tin ca cp s (tng ring

th n).
Cp s nhn

a1 , a2 , a3 ,..., an 1 , an ,...
a2 a1q, a3 a1q 2 ,..., an a1q n1
Trong an l s hng th n ca cp s nhn, q l cng bi.
Tng ring th n:

Sn a1 a2 ... an a1.

qn 1
, q 1
q 1

Sn na1 , q 1
Tng ca cp s nhn li v hn q 1

29

a1
1 q
Mt s tng hu hn

n n 1
2
q p q p 1
p p 1 ... q 1 q
2
2
1 3 5 ... 2n 3 2n 1 n
1 2 3 ... n 1 n

2 4 6 ... 2n 2 2n n n 1
12 22 32 ... n 1 n 2
2

n n 1 2n 1
6

n 2 n 1
1 2 3 ... n 1 n
4

n 2 n 1
1 3 5 ... 2n 3 2n 1
4

13 33 53 ... 2n 3 2n 1 n 2 2n 2 1
3

1 2 3 ... n 1 n
4

7. Logarith
nh ngha: Cho N>0, 0<b, b 1

logb N x b x N
Tnh cht

30

n n 1 2n 1 3n 2 3n 1
30

log b N1 N 2 log b N1 log b N 2 , N1 N 2 0 ;

log b

N1
log b N1 log b N 2 , N1 N 2 0 ;
N2

log b N log b N , N 0 ;
log b N

log b N , N 0 ;

log b N log b a.log a N , a 0, a 1, N 0 ;

log b a

1
, a 0, a 1
log a b

Logarith thp phn:

lg N x 10x N c so b 10
Logarith t nhin
ln N x e x N
n

1
trong o b e lim 1 2, 718281828...
n
n

IV. HNH HC
A. CC HNH PHNG
1. Tam gic
a) Tam gic u
a l cnh, h l ng cao, S l din tch.

31

2
3h 1,566h;
3

3
a 0,866a;
2
a2 3
S
0, 433a 2 ;
4
2
h 3
S
0,578h 2 .
3

b) Tam gic vung

Hnh 2

b v c l cnh gc vung; a l cnh huyn; v l cc gc

nhn; S l din tch; h l ng cao h t nh gc vung xung
cnh huyn; b, c l hnh chiu ca b v c ln cnh huyn.

32

 90 ;
a 2 b2 c2 ;
b a sin a cos c cot tan c tan ;
1
S bc;
2
2
c c ' a ';
b 2 b ' a;
h 2 c ' b ';
1
1 1
2 2.
2
h
b c
c) Tam gic thng
a, b, c l cc cnh; l cc gc i
tng ng vi cc cnh; r, R l bn knh
vng trn ni tip, ngoi tip; p l na
chu vi; S l din tch.
Hnh 3

33

a
b
c

2 R;
sin sin sin
a 2 b 2 c 2 2bc cos ;
b 2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos ;
c 2 a 2 b 2 2ab cos ;

tan
cot tan
ab
2
2 ;

a b tan tan
2
2

cos
ab
2 ;

c
sin
2

sin
a b
2 ;

c
cos
2
S

p p a p b p c pr

1
1
1
ab sin ac sin bc sin ;
2
2
2

r p a tan

p b tan

1
2b2 2c 2 a 2 ;
2

di ng cao h t nh A:

34

p c tan ;
2
2

di ng trung tuyn k t nh A:
ma

abc

4R

2 p p a p b p c

ha

di ng phn gic k t nh A:
ga

2
bcp p a ;
bc

Tnh cht ca ng phn gic (AI l phn gic trong ca gc

A):
BI
IC

;
AB AC

Trong mt tam gic, giao im ba ng phn gic l tm vng

trn ni tip, giao im ba ng trung trc l tm vng trn
ngoi tip.
2. a gic
a) Hnh vung
a l cnh; d l ng cho; S l din tch.

2
d 0, 707 d ;
2
d 2a 1, 414a;
a

1 2
d a2.
a

b) Hnh ch nht v hnh bnh hnh

a l cnh y; h l ng cao; S l din tch
S=ah.
35

c) Hnh thoi
a l cnh y; d l ng cho ln; d l ng cho nh; S l
din tch:
S

1
dd ';
2

Nu gc nhn hnh thoi bng 60 th a=d v:

S

1 2
a 3 0,866a 2 ;
2

d) Hnh thang
a v b l cnh y; b l ng cao; S l din tch
S

1
a b h.
2

e) T gic li bt k
d1, d2 l di hai ng cho; l gc gia chng; S l din
tch.
S

1
d1d 2 sin .
2

f) a gic u n cnh
n l s cnh; a l cnh; l gc trong ca a gic; l gc
tm; r v R l bn knh vng trn ni tip, ngoi tip; S l din
tch.

36

Hnh 4

1 2
180 1
na cot tan
arn;
4
n
2

a
180
r cot tan
;
2
n
a

180
R

cos
sec
;
180 2
n
2sin
n
S

a 2r tan

2 R sin

n2
.180 ;
n
360

.
n

3. Hnh trn
a) Hnh trn
r l bn knh; C l di vng trn; S l din tch

37

C 2 r 6, 283r;
C 2 S 3,545 S ;
S r 2 3,142r 2 ;
Cr
S
.
2
b) Hnh qut trn
r l bn knh vng trn; l l di cung; n l s o gc tm;
S l din tch

Hnh 5

2 rn
l
0,1745rn ;

360
r 2 n
S
0, 00872r 2 n.
360

c) Hnh vin phn

r l bn knh vng trn; l l di cung; a l di dy cung;

n l s o gc tm; h l cao ca vin phn; S l din tch

38

Hnh 6

n
;
2

n a
n
h r 1 cos tan ;
2 2
4

a 2r sin

n
0, 01795rn;
180

r 2 n
S
sin n .

2 180

l r

4. Phng tch
a) Phng tch
Phng tch ca im I i vi vng trn tm O, bn knh r l
i lng d 2 r 2 , trong d l khong cch OI. Nu I nm
ngoi hnh trn th phng tch dng, I nm trong ng trn
th phng tch m, I nm trn ng trn th phng tch bng
0.

39

Hnh 7

K hiu gi tr tuyt i ca phng tch l p2, th

p2 d 2 r 2 ;
p 2 IA.IB IT 2 .
b) Trc ng phng Tm ng phng
Trc ng phng ca hai vng trn O1 v O2 ( O1 O2 ) l qu
tch cc im M c phng tch bng nhau i vi hai vng trn
cho.
Trc ng phng vung gc vi ng ni hai tm ti im N,
m:

O1 N

d r12 r22

2
2d

Hoc

NO2

d r22 r12

2
2d

Trong d l di ng ni tm; r1 v r2 l cc bn knh ca

hai vng trn.

40

c bit nu hai vng trn ct nhau ti hai im th trc ng

phng i qua hai im y; nu hai vng trn tip xc nhau th
trc ng phng l tip tuyn chung ti tip im.
Tm ng phng ca ba vng trn l giao im ca ba trc
ng phng ca tng cp cc vng trn .

B. TH TCH V DIN TCH XUNG QUANH

K hiu chung: h l ng cao; p l chu vi y; S l din tch
y; Sxq l din tch xung quanh; V l th tch.
1. Hnh lng tr
V Sh;

S xq ph.
2. Hnh chp u
(Nh rng chn ng cao trng vi tm a
gic y, y l a gic u).

Hnh 8: Hnh lng tr

a l trung on ca hnh chp u:

1
V Sh;
3
1
S xq pa.
2

3. Hnh chp ct u
Hnh 9: Hnh chp u
a l trung on ca hnh chp ct u; S1 v
S2 l cc din tch y; p1 v p2 l cc chu vi y.

41

1
V h S1 S2 S1S 2 ;
3
1
S xq p1 p2 a.
2

4. Hnh tr
r l bn knh vng trn y.

Hnh 10: Hnh chp ct u

V Sh r 2 h;
S xq 2 rh.
5. Hnh nn
r l bn knh vng trn y; l l ng
sinh.
Hnh 11: Hnh tr

1
1
V Sh r 2 h;
3
3
S xq rl.
6. Hnh nn ct
R v r l cc bn knh vng trn y di
v y trn; h l ng cao nn ct; H l
ng cao hnh nn; l l ng sinh nn
ct.

Hnh 12: Hnh nn

1
V h R 2 r 2 Rr ;
3
S xp R r l ;
H h

hr
.
Rr
Hnh 13: Hnh nn ct

42

7. Hnh cu

a) Hnh cu
R l bn knh; V l th tch; S l din tch
mt cu.

4
V R3 ;
3
S 4 R 2 .

Hnh 14: Hnh cu

b) Hnh chm cu
R l bn knh cu; r l bn knh vng trn
y chm cu; h l ng cao chm cu; V
l th tch; S l din tch mt chm cu.

1 1

V h 2 R h h h 2 3r 2 ;
3 6

S 2 Rh r 2 h 2 .

Hnh 15: Chm cu

c) Hnh i cu
R l bn knh hnh cu; r1 v r2 l cc bn
knh vng trn y i cu; h l ng cao
i cu; V l th tch; S l din tch xung
quanh i cu.
1
1
V h3 r12 r22 h;
6
2
S 2 Rh.

Hnh 16: Hnh i cu

d) Hnh qut cu

43

R l bn knh cu; r l bn knh vng trn

y chm cu; h l ng cao chm cu; V
l th tch; S l din tch mt qut cu.

2
V R 2 h;
3
S R r 2h .

Hnh 17: Hnh qut cu

V. LNG GIC
1. Hm s lng gic v du ca n
a) Hm s lng gic ca cc gc nhn
c
b
sin ;
cos ;
a
a
c
b
tan ;
cot tan ;
b
c
a
a
cos sec .
sec ;
c
b

Hnh 19
Hnh 18

b) Du ca hm s lng gic ca mt gc bt k
Gc phn
t
I

sin

cos

tan

cottan

sec

cossec

44

II
III
IV

2. Hm s lng gic ca mt s gc c bit

30

45

60

90

1
2

2
2

3
2

cos

3
2

2
2

1
2

tan

1
3

cottan

2
3

sin

sec

cossec

120 180

270 360

3
2

-1

1
2

-1

1
3

1
3

-2

-1

2
3

2
3

-1

45

3. Mt s cng thc i gc
sin sin
cos cos

tan 360 tan

cot tan 360 cot tan

tan tan

sin 90 cos

cot tan cot tan

cos 90 sin

sin 180 sin

tan 90 cot tan

cos 180 cos

cot tan 90 tan

tan 180 tan

sin 270 cos

cot tan 180 cot tan

cos 270 sin

sin 360 sin

tan 270 cot tan

cos 360 cos

cot tan 270 tan

4. Cc cng thc c bn
sin cos 2 1;
tan .cot tan 1;
sin
1
tan

;
cos cot tan
cos
1
cot tan

;
sin tan
1
1 tan 2
sec 2 ;
2
cos
1
1 cot tan 2
cos sec 2 .
2
sin
2

46

5. Hm s lng gic ca gc bi
sin 2 2sin cos ;
cos 2 2 cos 2 1 1 2sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 ;
2 tan
;
1 tan 2
cot tan 2 1 cot tan tan
cot tan 2

;
2 cot tan
2
sin 3 3sin 4sin 3 ;
tan 2

cos 3 4 cos3 3cos ;

3 tan tan 3
;
1 3 tan 2
cot tan 3 3cot tan
cot tan 3
;
3cot tan 2 1
sin n 2sin n 1 cos sin n 2 ;
tan 3

cos na 2 cos n 1 cos cos n 2 .

47

6. Cng thc h bc
1
sin 2 1 cos 2 ;
2
1
cos 2 1 cos 2 ;
2
1
sin 3 3sin sin 3 ;
4
1
cos3 3cos cos 3 ;
4
1
6
sin 4 cos 4 4 cos 2 ;
8
2
1
6
cos 4 cos 4 4 cos 2 ;
8
2
1
sin 5 sin 5 5sin 3 10sin ;
16
1
cos5 cos 5 5cos 3 10 cos .
16
7. Hm s lng gic ca tng v hiu cc gc
sin sin cos cos sin ;

cos cos cos sin sin ;

tan tan
;
1 tan tan
cot tan cot tan 1
cot tan
.
cot tan cot tan
tan

48

8. Bin i tng v hiu ca hai hm s lng gic

sin sin 2sin
cos
;
2
2


sin sin 2 cos
sin
;
2
2


cos cos 2 cos
cos
;
2
2


cos cos 2sin
sin
;
2
2

sin cos 2 sin 2 cos ;

4

sin cos 2 sin 2 cos ;

4

sin
tan tan
;
cos cos
tan tan

sin
cos cos

cot tan cot tan

cot tan cot tan

sin
sin sin
sin

sin sin
tan cot tan 2 cos sec 2 ;
tan cot tan 2 cot tan 2 .

49

;
;

9. Bin i tch ca hai hm s lng gic

1
sin sin cos cos ;
2
1
cos cos cos cos ;
2
1
sin cos sin sin ;
2
tan tan
tan tan
tan tan

;
cot tan cot tan
cot tan cot tan
cot tan cot tan
cot tan cot tan
cot tan cot tan

;
tan tan
tan tan
cot tan tan
cot tan tan
cot tan tan

.
tan cot tan
tan cot tan

50

10. Cng thc gc chia i

sin
cos
tan

1 cos
;
2

1 cos
;
2

cot tan

sin
1 cos
1 cos

;
1 cos
sin
1 cos

sin

sin
1 cos
1 cos

;
1 cos
sin
1 cos

2 tan

2 ;

1 tan 2

cos

1 tan 2
1 tan

tan

2 tan
1 tan

cos

2;

2 ;
2

cot tan 2

2 cot tan

2
cos sin 1 sin 2 .

51

11. Mt s cng thc i vi cc gc trong mt tam

gic ( l cc gc trong mt tam gic)

sin sin sin 4 cos

cos cos cos 4sin

sin sin sin 4sin

cos cos cos 4 cos

cos
sin

sin

cos ;
2
2

sin

1;

cos ;
2
2

1;
2
2
2
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 2 cos cos cos 2;
cos

sin

sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 2sin sin cos ;

sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 4sin sin sin ;
sin 2 sin 2 sin 2 4 cos cos sin ;
tan tan tan tan tan tan ;
cot tan

cot tan

cot tan

cot tan

cot tan ;
2
2
2
2
2
2
cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan cot tan 1.
12. Mt s cng thc khc

52

cot tan

1 cos 2 cos 2
1 cos 2sin 2

;
;

1 sin sin cos 2 cos 2 ;
2
2

4 2
2

1 sin sin cos 2sin 2 ;
2
2

4 2
2

sin
2 sin
4

4
;
1 tan

cos
cos cos
4

2 sin
4

1 cot tan
;
sin
sin sin 2 sin 3 ... sin n

cos

cos

2n 1

2sin

cos cos 2 cos 3 ... cos n

sin

2n 1 sin
2

2sin

2;

a sin x b cos x a b sin x a b cos x

2

53

trong o
a
a b2
b
2

a 2 b2
a
a 2 b2
b
a 2 b2

cos ,
sin ;
sin ,
cos .

54

13. Cng thc lin h gia cc hm s lng gic

Hm

sin

cos

1 cos2

sin

cos

tan

cottan=

sec

cossec

tan

1 sin
2

sin
1 sin
2

1 sin 2
sin

tan

1 tan
2

1
1 tan 2

1 cos 2

cos

1 sin 2
1
sin

cottan

cos
1 cos
2

sec

1
1 cot tan
2

cot tan

1
cot tan

1 tan

1 tan 2

tan

1 cot tan 2

55

1
sec 1
2

1 cot tan 2
cot tan

1 cos

sec2 1

1
tan

sec 1
sec
1
sec

1 cot tan 2

1
cos
2

cossec

1
cos sec

cos sec2 1

cos sec

sec
sec2 1

cos sec2 1

cossec2 1

cos sec
cos sec2 1

VI. HNH HC GII TCH TRN MT PHNG

1. im
Khong cch gia hai im (x1, y1) v (x2, y2):

x2 x1 y2 y1
2

Khong cch t mt im (x, y) n gc ta :

d x2 y 2

Dng tng qut ca khong cch gia hai im (x1, y1) v (x2,
y2) trong h ta xin gc

x2 x1 y2 y1
2

2 x2 x1 y2 y1 cos

Ta ca im chia on thng theo t l m/n

nx1 mx2
;
mn
ny my2
y 1
.
mn

2. Php i trc ta (Hnh 20)

x a x1
x1 x a
hoac

y b y1
y1 y b

56

Hnh 20

3. Ta cc (Hnh 21)
Ox: Trc cc;
O: Cc;
r: Bn knh vector;

: Gc cc.
x r cos ;
y r sin ;
Hnh 21

r x2 y 2 .

4. Php quay cc trc ta

x,y: Ta c ca im M;

x1, y1: Ta mi ca im M.

: Gc quay.
x x1 cos y1 sin ;

y x1 sin y1 cos .

Hnh 22

57

5. Phng trnh ng thng

Phng trnh tng qut Ax+By+C=0.
Phng trnh chnh tc y=kx+b
Phng trnh theo cc on chn trn cc trc ta

x y
1
a b
Phng trnh php dng x cos y sin p 0
H s php dng M

1
A B2
2

(du c chn sao cho

ngc du vi du ca C).
6. Hai ng thng
Cc phng trnh dng tng qut
A1 x B1 y C1 C
A2 x B2 y C2 0

Gc gia hai ng thng cho (vi h s gc k1, k2)

tan

k2 k1 A1 B2 A2 B1

1 k1k2 A1 A2 B1B2

iu kin hai ng thng song song

k1 k2 hoc

A1 B1

A2 B2

iu kin hai ng thng vung gc

58

k1k2 1 hoc A1 A2 B1B2 0

Ta giao im ca hai ng thng
C1 B2 C2 B1

x B A B A

1 2
2 1

C
B

C
1 A2
y 2 1

B1 A2 B2 A1

ng thng th ba A3 x B3 y C3 0 i qua giao im ca hai

ng thng trn nu:

A1

B1

C1

A2

B2

C2 0

A3

B3

C3

7. ng thng v im
Phng trnh ng thng i qua mt im cho trc M x0 , y0
theo mt hng cho:

y y0 k x x0

k tan ( l gc lp bi ng thng vi chiu dng trc

honh)
Khong cch t im x1 , y1 ti mt ng thng
d x1 cos y1 sin p (a l gc lp bi ng thng vi

chiu dng trc honh) hoc d

chn ngc du vi C).
59

Ax1 By1 C
A2 B 2

(du c

Phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im cho

A x0 , y0 , B x2 , y2 :
y y1
x x1

y2 y1 x2 x1

Phng trnh ng thng i qua im M 0 x0 , y0 v song song

vi ng thng y=ax+b

y y0 a x x0
Phng trnh ng thng i qua im M x1 , y1 v vung gc
vi ng thng y=ax+b

y y1

1
x x1
a

8. Din tch tam gic

Tam gic c mt nh gc ta

1 x1
2 x2

y1
y2

1
x1 y2 y1 x2
2

Tam gic c v tr bt k A x1 , y1 , B x2 , y2 , C x3 , y3

60

1 x2 x1
2 x3 x1

y2 y1
y3 y1

1
x2 x1 y3 y1 x3 x1 y2 y1
2
1
x1 y2 y3 x2 y3 y1 x3 y1 y2
2

9. Phng trnh ng trn

ng trn c tm trng vi gc ta , bn knh r
x2 y 2 r 2

ng trn vi tm c ta (a,b) bn knh r

x a y b
2

r2

Phng trnh tham s ca ng trn

x r cos t
0 t 2

y r sin t

10. Ellipse (Hnh 23)

O: Tm;
AA1=2a: Trc ln;
BB1=2b: Trc nh;
F, F1: Cc tiu im;
FM, F1M: Cc bn knh vector;
FF1=2c: Tiu c;
61

BF=BF1=AO=a;
y

FM+F1M=AA1=2a;
2

r1

r
A

F1

a -c =b .
c

Phng trnh chnh tc ca

Ellipse:

B1 c
2a

Hnh 23: Hnh Ellipse

x2 y 2

1
a 2 b2
Tm sai ca Ellipse:

c
a 2 b2

1
a
a
Bn knh vector ca im M(x, y) ca Ellipse
r a x

Din tch ca Ellipse

S=ab
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi Ellipse ti im M1 x1 , y1

x1 x y1 y

1
a 2 b2
Phng trnh php tuyn vi Ellipse ti im M 0 x0 , y0
y y0

a 2 y0
x x0
b2 x0
62

A1 x

Tham s tiu ca Ellipse

b2
a

Phng trnh cc ng chun ca Ellipse

a
a2
hoc x

Phng trnh ng knh ca Ellipse

b2
y 2 x
ak
Trong k l h s gc ca ng knh lin hp.
Phng trnh tham s ca Ellipse:

x a cos t

y b sin t
11. Hyperbola (Hnh 24)
O: Tm;

F, F1: Cc tiu im;

M
r1
r

FM, F1M: Cc bn knh vector;

A1

A
F

FM-F1M=AA1-2a;

F1

2a

2c

Hnh 24: Hyperbola

63

FF1=2c;
c2-a2=b2.
Phng trnh chnh tc ca Hyperbola

x2 y 2

1
a 2 b2
Tm sai ca Hyperbola

c
a 2 b2

1
a
a

Bn knh vector ca im thuc Hyperbola

c
xa xa
a
c
r1 x a x a
a
r

Phng trnh cc ng tim cn ca Hyperbola

b
y x
a
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti im M1 x1 , y1

x1 x y1 y

1
a 2 b2
Phng trnh php tuyn ti im M 0 x0 , y0

64

a 2 y0
y y0 2 x x0
b x0

Hoc
a 2 x b2 y

c2
x0
y0

Tham s tiu ca Hyperbola p

b2
a

Phng trnh ng knh ca Hyperbola

b2
x
a2k

Trong k l h s gc ca ng knh lin hp.

Phng trnh ca Hyperbola cn

xy

k
a2
hoc y
2
x
12. Parabola(Hnh 25)
y
K

AN: ng chun

O: nh

F1

F: Tiu im
p

AF=p: Tham s ca Parabola

Hnh 25: Parabola

65

S: Din tch
Phng trnh chnh tc ca parabola
y2=2px
Din tch ca parabola

2
S lc
3
Tm sai ca parabola

FM
1
MK

Bn knh vector ca parabola

r x

p
2

Phng trnh ng chun ca parabola

p
2

Phng trnh tip tuyn ca parabola

yy1 p x x1
Hoc
y y1

y1
x x1
y0

Phng trnh php tuyn ca parabola

66

y y1

y1
x x1
p

Hoc

y1 x x1 p y y1 0

VII. I S VECTOR
1. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector

Vector A l mt on thng c di xc nh v hng xc

nh.

A A l di hoc module ca vector A .

Cc vector bng nhau (Hnh 26)

A B

A B
A

B
Hnh 26

Cng cc vector (cc hnh 27, 28, 29)

A B C;

A B C D E
B

A
C

Hnh 27

Vector i (Hnh 30)

B
Hnh 28

67

Hnh 29

A A1
A1 A

A A1

Tr cc vector (Hnh 32, 31)

A B A B1 C
C

A1 A

Hnh 30

B1

Hnh 31

Trong B1 B

Hnh 32

Nhn vector vi mt s

kA B

Vector B lun tha mn cc iu kin:

B k A

B A, neu k > 0

B A, neu k < 0

Nu k=0 hoc A 0 , th B 0

2. Php chiu vector ln trc hoc vector (Hnh 33)

hcx A hcB A MN A cos A cos A, B

68

M1
O

N1
N

Hnh 33

3. Cc thnh phn v ta ca vector (Hnh 34)

A OM1 OM 2 OM 3

Hoc A X i Y j Z k

OM 1 X i

Trong OM 2 Y j l cc thnh

OM 3 Z k

phn ca vector;
X A cos , Y A cos , Z A cos
l cc ta ca vector (chiu
x
vector ny ln cc trc ta ).

M3

y
M2

i
M1
Hnh 34

4. Cc php ton tuyn tnh trn cc vector c cho

nh cc ta

Nu A A1 A2 th X X1 X 2 , Y Y1 Y2 , Z Z1 Z2 .

Nu A2 A1 th X 2 X1 , Y2 Y1 , Z2 Z1.
5. Tch v hng ca hai vector
nh ngha
69

A, B AB AB cos A, B AchA B BhcB A

Cc tnh cht ca tch v hng

AB B A (tnh giao hoan)

mA B m AB

A B C AC BC (tnh phan phoi)

Tch v hng ca cc vector di dng ta

AB X1 X 2 YY
1 2 Z1Z 2 .
Bnh phng v hng ca vector

2
A AA AA cos 0 A2
Bnh phng module ca vector
2
A2 A X 2 Y 2 Z 2

Module ( di) ca vector

A2 A X 2 Y 2 Z 2

iu kin hai vector trc giao A B

AB X1 X 2 YY
1 2 Z1Z 2 0

Gc gia hai vector A X1 , Y1 , Z1 v B X 2 , Y2 , Z 2

70


AB
cos
A B

X 1 X 2 YY
1 2 Z1Z 2
X Y12 Z12 X 22 Y22 Z 22
2
1

Cc cosin ch phng ca vector A X , Y , Z

cos
cos
cos

X
X 2 Y2 Z2
Y
X 2 Y2 Z2
Z
X 2 Y2 Z2

6. Tch vector ca hai vector

nh ngha

Tch vector ca hai vector A, B (k hiu A B hoc A, B ) l

vector C tha mn cc iu kin sau:

C AB sin A, B , C A, C B

V cc vector A, B, C lp thnh b ba vector thun (nghch) nu
h ta l thun (nghch).
Cc tnh cht ca tch vector

71



A B B A


m A B m A B

A nB n A B

A B C A C B C

C A B C ACB

Tch vector di dng ta

A B X1

Y1

Z1

X 2 Y2

Z2

Y1Z 2 Y2 Z1 i Z1 X 2 Z 2 X 1 j X 1Y2 X 2Y1 k .

Gc gia vector

A B

sin A, B
A B

Y1Z 2 Y2 Z1 Z1 X 2 Z 2 X 1 X 1Y2 X 2Y1

2

X 12 Y12 Z12 X 22 Y22 Z 22

7. Tch hn hp ca ba vector
nh ngha

ABC A B C

Cc tnh cht ca tch hn hp

72

ABC BC A C AB B AC AC B C B A

A B C D AC D BC D

mA BC m ABC

ngha hnh hc ca tch hn hp

ABC bng th tch ca hnh hp c ba cnh l ba vector y.

iu kin ng phng ca ba vector ABC 0

Tch hn hp di dng ta
X 1 Y1

ABC X 2 Y2
X3

Y3

Z1
Z2
Z3

X 1 Y2 Z 3 Z 2Y3 Y1 Z 2 X 3 Z 3 X 2 Z1 X 2Y3 X 3Y2 .

VIII. O HM V VI PHN
1. Gii hn
lim(x+y-z)=limx+limy-limz (nu cc gii hn v phi tn ti)
lim(xyz)=limx limy limz (nu gii hn v phi tn ti)
x lim x
lim
neu ton tai lim x va lim y 0
y lim y

73

sin x
1;
x 0
x

lim

1
a

lim 1 a e, e 2.718281828... ;
a

an
0;
a n !
tan x
lim
1;
x 0
x
x
lim 1 n e x ;
n
n
lim a x 1;
lim

x 0

lim

n!
n n

ne

2 .

2. o hm v vi phn
Cc o hm n gin

74

 Cu ' Cu ';
u v w ' u ' v ' w ';
uvw ' u ' vw v ' uw w ' uv;
u u 'v v 'u
;

v2
v
'

f u x f ' u u ' x ;
C ' 0;
'

x ' 1;

x ' nx
n

n 1

1
1
2;
x
x
1
x '
;
2 x

75

1
;
x
1
lg x ' lg e;
x
x
x
e ' e ;

ln x '

a ' a
x

ln a;

sin x ' cos x;

cos x ' sin x;
tan x '

1
;
cos 2 x

1
;
sin 2 x
1
;
arcsin x '
1 x2
1
;
arccos x '
1 x2
1
;
arctan x '
1 x2
1
;
arc cottan x '
1 x2
u v ' vu v1 u ' u v ln u v '.

cot tan x '

Vi phn ca hm v cc tnh cht n gin;

dy=ydx

76

d Cu Cdu;
d u v w du dv dw;
d uvw vw du uw dv uv dw;
u vdu udv
d
.
v2
v

3. ng dng hnh hc ca o hm
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong y=y(x) ti im (x0, y0)

y y0 y ' x0 x x0
Phng trnh tip tuyn vi ng cong v i qua mt im cho
trc bt k M1 x1 , y1

y y1 y ' x0 x x1
Trong x0 l nghim kp ca phng trnh

y y0

1
x x0
y ' x0

4. ng dng o hm kho st hm s
Hm s chn, hm s l
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l chn nu
f(x)=f(-x)
c gi l l nu
f(x)=-f(x)

77

Hm s tun hon
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l tun hon nu c s dng l sao cho

f x f x l f x 2l ... f x kl
S dng p nh nht c tnh cht trn c gi l chu k ca
hm s.
Hm s n iu
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l n iu tng tht s (ng bin) nu
t x1<x2 suy ra f(x1)<f(x2);
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l n iu gim tht s (nghch bin)
nu t x<x2 suy ra f(x1)>f(x2);
Nu trn tt c cc du < (>) c thay bi du th hm
c gi l n iu tng (gim) theo ngha rng;
iu kin hm s y=f(x) n iu tng (gim) trong khong
xc nh l f ' x 0 f ' x 0 trong khong xc nh.
Hm lin tc
Hm s y=f(x) c gi l lin tc ti x=a nu lim f x f a
x a

Cc i, cc tiu ca mt hm s
Hm s y=f(x) c cc i (cc tiu) ti im x0 nu c mt s a
dng sao cho f x f x0 f x f x0 vi
x0 a x x0 a
78

Nu x0 tha mn h phng trnh:

f ' x0 0

f '' x0 0
Th x0 l honh im cc i;
Nu x0 tha mn h phng trnh:

f ' x0 0

f '' x0 0
Th x0 l honh im cc tiu;
Hm li
Hm s y=f(x) gi l li nu vi ,0 1 th

f ax1 1 x2 af x1 1 f x2 ;
Hm s y=f(x) li khi v ch khi o hm f(x) tng theo ngha
rng (hoc tng ng o hm bc hai
f(x) 0)
im un
im x0 l im un ca th hm s
y=f(x) nu f(x0)=0 v f(x) i du khi i
qua x0.
Cc ng tim cn

Hnh 35: Tim cn ngang

79

Tim cn ngang (Hnh 35): ng cong y=f(x) c tim cn

ngang y=b nu lim f x b
x

Tim cn xin (Hnh 36): ng cong

y=f(x) c tim cn xin y=ax+b nu

lim f x ax b 0
x

Cch tm tin cn xin y=ax+b:

f x
;
x
x
b lim f x ax
a lim

Hnh 36: Tim cn xin

Tim cn ng (Hnh 37): ng cong y=f(x) c tim cn ng

x=x0 nu lim f x
x x0

Trc v tm i xng: th hm s
y=f(x) nhn ng thng x= lm trc i
xng khi v ch khi f 2 x f x
th hm s y=f(x) nhn im I ,
lm tm i xng khi v ch khi
f 2 x 2 f x
Hnh 37: Tim cn ng

Kho st hm s y ax bx cx d a 0
3

y ' 3ax 2 2bx c;

y '' 6ax 2b.

80

a 0
Nu 2
th hm s lun ng bin;
b 3ac 0
a 0
Nu 2
th hm s lun nghch bin.
b

3
ac

b2 3ac 0, y ' 0 c hai nghim phn bit x1, x2, hm s c

cc i v cc tiu.

Cc giao im vi trc honh: Phng trnh

y ax3 bx2 cx d lun c nghim thc.

b 2 3ac 0
Nu b2 3ac 0 hoc
th phng trnh c v ch
ycd yct 0
c mt nghim v th ch ct trc honh ti mt im.

b 2 3ac 0
Nu
th phng trnh c mt nghim n v mt
ycd yct 0
nghim kp; th ct v tip xc vi trc honh ti hai im.
b 2 3ac 0
Nu
th phng trnh c ba nghim phn bit;
ycd yct 0
th ct trc honh ti ba im khc nhau.
b b
im un , y l tm i xng ca th.
3a 3a

Hm s y ax4 bx 2 c a 0

81

y ' 4ax3 2bx;

y '' 12ax 2 2b.
Trong trng hp ab 0 hm s ch c mt im cc tr l (0,c)
(cc i nu b<0, cc tiu nu b>0).
Trng hp ab<0:
Nu b<0, hm s c cc i ti (0,c) v hai im cc tiu
b b 2

, c ;

2a 4a

Nu b>0 hm s c cc tiu (0,c) v hai im cc i

b b 2

, c .

2a 4a

b
b
Trong trng hp ny cc im , y l cc

6a
6a

im un.
Hm s y

ax b
, a ', b ' 0
a'x b'

Hm s xc nh vi x
y'

ab ' a ' b

a ' x b '

b'
;
a'

82

ab-ab=0, hm s khng i y

a
;
a'

ab-ab>0 hm s ng bin;
ab-ab<0 hm s nghch bin;
Tim cn ngang: y

a
;
a'

Tim cn ng: x

b'
;
a'

b' a
Tm i xng l giao im A , ca hai ng tim
a' a'
cn.

ax 2 bx c
Hm s y
a'x b'
Tim cn xin: y

a
a ' b ab '
x
;
a'
a'

Tim cn ng x

b'
.
a'

Tm i xng ca th l giao im hai ng tim cn.

83

IX. PHP TNH TCH PHN

A. TCH PHN KHNG XC NH
1. nh ngha

f x dx F x C
Trong F(x)=f(x), C l hng s ty .
2. Cc tnh cht n gin nht

dx x C;
kf x dx k f x dx, k la hang so;
u v w ...dx udx vdx wdx ...
uv ' dx uv vu ' dx;
udv uv vdu.

84

3. Tch phn cc hm hu t
x m 1
m
x
dx

C , m 1 ;

m 1
dx
x ln x C;

ax b
ax

b
dx

a n 1

n 1

dx

C , n 1 ;

ax b a ln ax b C;
ax b

bc ad
ln cx d C ;
c2
dx
1
xb
x a x b a b ln x a C , a b
a

cx d dx c x

dx
1
xd

ln
C;
2
a
2a x a
xdx
1
x a x b a b a ln x a b ln x b C , a b ;

xdx
1
ln x 2 a 2 C ;
2
a
2
dx
1
x
x 2 a 2 a arctan a C;
xdx
1
2
2
x 2 a 2 2 ln x a C;

85

dx

a
xdx
a

2 2

2 2

1
x
1
x
3 arctan C ;
2
2
2
2a x a
2a
a

1 1
C;
2 x2 a2

xb
dx
1
b
x

ln

arctan

C;
2
2
x2 a2 x b a b x2 a2 a
a

xb
xdx
1
x
2
arctan b ln
C;
2
2
a
a x b a b
x2 a2

dx
1
2ax b b 2 4ac

ln
ax 2 bx c b2 4ac 2ax b b2 4ac C;
dx
1
2ax b

arctan
C , b 2 4ac 0 ;
2
2
bx c
4ac b
4ac b
xdx
1
b
dx
2
ax 2 bx c 2a ln ax bx c 2a ax 2 bx c .

ax

86

4. Tch phn cc hm v t
dx
2

ax b C ;
ax b a
3

2
2
ax bdx ax b C ;
3a
2 ax 2b
xdx

ax b C ;
3a 2
ax b

ax bdx

2 3ax 2b
15a 2

dx

x c

ax b

dx

x c

ax b

ax b

2
3

C;

ax b b ac
C , b ac 0 ;
ax b b ac

1
ln
b ac

1
ax b
arctan
, b ac 0 ;
ac b
ac b

ax b
1
dx
ax b cx d
cx d
c
ad bc

ln a ax b a ax b C , ac 0 ;

c ac
ax b
1
dx
ax b cx d
cx d
c

a cx d
ad bc
arctan
C , c 0; a 0 ;
c ax b
c ac

87

x
x

a bxdx
2

a bxdx

2 2a 3bx

a bx

15b 2

2 8a 2 12abx 15b 2

C;

a bx

105b3

2 2a bx
xdx

a bx C ;
3b 2
a bx

2 8a 2 4abx 3b 2 x 2
x 2 dx

a bx C ;
15b3
a bx
a bx a
C, a 0 ;
a bx a

dx
1

ln
a bx
a

dx
2
a bx

arctan
C, a 0 ;
a
a bx
a

dx
a bx b
dx

ax
2a x a bx
a bx

a bxdx
dx
2 a bx a
;
x
x a bx

88

C;

2ax x 2 dx
x m dx

2ax x 2

m 1

3
2 2

2ax x 2m 1 a
m 1

m 1

2ax x 2 dx;

x m 1 2ax x 2 2m 1 a
x m 1dx

2ax x 2 ;
m
m
3
2 2

2ax x m 3
2ax x
2ax x 2
dx

dx;
xm
2m 3 ax m 2m 3 a x m1
2

dx
2ax x 2

2ax x 2
C.
ax

89

5. Tch phn ca hm lng gic

sin xdx cos x C;

cos xdx sin x C;
x 1
sin 2 x C ;
2 4
x 1
2
cos xdx 2 4 sin 2 x C;
1
3
3
sin xdx 2 cos x cos x C;
1 3
3
cos xdx sin x 3 sin x C;
1 n 1
n 1
n
n2
sin xdx n sin x cos x n sin xdx;
1
n 1
n
n 1
n2
cos xdx n cos x sin x n cos xdx;
dx
x
sin x cos sec xdx ln tan 2 C;

sin

dx

xdx

cos x sec xdx ln tan 2 4 C;

90

dx

sin

dx

cos

cot tan x C ;
tan x C ;
1

sin x cos xdx 4 cos 2 x C;

1
x cos xdx sin 3 x C ;
3
1
2
3
sin x cos xdx 3 cos x C;
1
1
2
2
sin x cos xdx 8 x 32 sin 4 x C;

sin

sin m n x

sin mx sin nxdx 2 m n

sin mx cos nxdx
cos mx cos nxdx
dx

a b sin x

cos m n x
2 m n

sin m n x
2 m n

1
a 2 b2

arcsin

sin m n x

2m n

C , m2 n2 ;

cos m n x
2 m n

sin m n x
2m n

C , m2 n2 ;

C , m2 n2 ;

a sin x b
C, a 2 b2 ;
a b sin x

dx
1
b a sin x b2 a 2 cos x

ln
C, b2 a 2 ;
a b sin x b2 a 2
a b sin x
dx
1
a cos x b
a b cos b2 a 2 arcsin a b cos x C , a 0, b 0 ;
dx
1
b a cos x b 2 a 2 sin x

ln
C, a b ;
a b cos b2 a 2
a b cos x
91

dx
1
b sin x a cos x a 2 b2

ln
C.
a sin x b cos x a2 b2
a sin x b cos x

B. TCH PHN XC NH

1. nh ngha
b
f x dx F x F b F a
a

y
B

y=f(x)

Trong F(x)=f(x)
O

Hnh 38

2. ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh (Hnh 38)

b

g x dx S

aABb

3. Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh

a) Tnh din tch hnh phng
Din tch ca hnh gii hn bi ng cong y=f(x) v cc ng
y=0, x=a, x=b, trong y c cng mt du vi mi gi tr ca x
trong khong (a, b) l:
b

S f x dx (xem Hnh 38)

a

b) Tnh di cung
di (s) ca mt cung ca ng cong phng f(x,y)=0 t im
(a,c) n im (b,d) l:
92

s
a

d
dx
dy
1 dx 1 dy
dx
dy
c
2

Nu phng trnh ca ng cong x=f(t), y=g(t) th di ca

cung t t=a n t=b l:
b

s
a

dx dy
dt
dt dt

c) Tnh th tch khi trn xoay

Th tch ca khi trn xoay c sinh ra do phn ng cong
y=f(x) trong khong x=a v x=b chuyn ng quay xung quanh
b

o Trc x l V y 2 dx
a
d

o Trc y l V x 2 dy
c

Trong c v d l cc gi tr ca y tng ng vi cc gi tr ca
a v b ca x.
d) Th tch to bi tit
din song song
Nu mt phng vung gc vi
trc x ti im (x,0,0) ct vt th
theo mt tit din c din tch l
S(x) th th tch ca phn vt th
trong khong x=a v x=b l:

A
x

b
Hnh 39

93

y=f(x)
x

V S x dx
a

e) Din tch mt ca khi trn xoay

Din tch mt ca vt th c sinh ra bi phn ng cong
y=f(x) trong khong x=a v x=b chuyn ng quay
2

dy
o i vi trc x l S 2 y 1 dx;
dx
a
b

dx
o i vi trc y l S 2 x 1 dy.
dy
c
d

Trong c v d l cc gi tr ca y tng ng vi cc gi tr a v
b ca x.

94

CH MC
im un 79
ng bin 78
Hm lin tc 78
Hm li 79
Hm s chn 77
Hm s l 77
Hm tun hon 78
Nghch bin 78
Tm i xng 80
Tim cn ng 80
Tim cn ngang 79
Tim cn xin 80
Trc i xng 80
Hnh hc phng
Phng tch 39
Qut trn 38
Tm ng phng 40
Trc ng phng 40
Vin phn 38

C
Cp s
Cp s cng 29
Cp s nhn 29
Cp s nhn li v hn 30
Cng bi 29
Cng sai 29
Tng hu hn 30

D
i s
Cn s 16
a thc 13
ng thc (ng nht thc) 14
Ly tha 15
Phn thc 13
S e 74

Lng gic
Gc bi 47
Gc trong tam gic 52

Gii tch kt hp
Giai tha 8
Nh thc Newton 11
Tam gic Pascal 12

S
S phc
Argument 19
Biu din hnh hc 18
Module 19

H
Hm s
Cc i 79
Cc tiu 79

95

Tch hn hp 72
Tch v hng 70
Ta 69
Vector i 67

V
Vector
Chiu vector 68
Gc gia hai vector 71

96