Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism
The Encyclopedia of Herbs and Herbalism
Encyclopedia of
II
Edited by
Malcolm Stuart
\v
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Malcolm
team
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experts headed by
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of
The Encyclopedia of
The
Encyclopedia of
Herbs
Herbalism
Edited by
/
Malcolm Stuart
Publishers
New
York
A FILMWAYS COMPANY
7
'
B^VIf
rr
YC
Copyright
Printed in Italy by
Grafiche,
IGDA,
Officine
Novara
SBN: 0-448-15472-2
Library of Congress catalog card
number: 78-58101
First Grosset & Dunlap Edition 1979
Endpapers
from
(
Spices
haded by
Mansell Collection)
HalJ-litle page
the Chinese,
a seventeenth-century illustration
nineteenth-
Michael Holjord)
Title page
spica
English Lavender
'Lavandula
Right: Some of
making
s<
Contents
Introduction
Malcolm Stuart
of plants
47
Herbs
/.
29
in the kitchen
Audrey Ellison and Christopher Pick
71
93
Kay Sanecki
Cultivation, collection
Kay Sanecki
Reference section
141
Malcolm Stuart
v>
Glossary
284
Conversion tables
291
Organizations
291
Bibliography
292
General index
294
Index of plants
296
Acknowledgments
304
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&&
Introduction
Herbalism
has
long
been
thought
to
consist
The
only recently
with quack
medicine and become part of the return
to a more natural way of life with the
study
begun
of herbs
has
end of
tin
the plant
is
their
growing season, or
an annual. Yet
life if
this definition
the
first
as Sage.
the-
use of
steins
fruit, roots,
us.
bark and
we must simply
gums
are of value to
man. The
definition of a herb
complicated
Left
.'
by
the
inclusion
is
further
of
such
of a focal point
and plants with foliage of various colours
(Gatdden Manor, near Taunton, England).
olives
three
types:
different
pot
herbs,
which
The
used at table.
were
also
horticultural breeding
and
modern
Until
their
away
and less
flavour
to the larger
equivalents.
comparatively
recently
herbs
integral
for
instance,
their
cultivation,
Soapwort
or
in exclusive chandlers.
Bouncing
Bet
(Saponana
INTRODUCTION
and colourings in the conand in the manufacture of
dyes. With their lovely natural scents and
oils, herbs are once again becoming as
essential to the modern cosmetic business
as they have always been to perfume
flavourings
fectionery trade
manufacturers.
In order to understand the present
revival of herbalism, the development of
man's relationship with plants through
the centuries should be examined. Historv
from the emergence of Homo sapiens to
the present day can be divided into three
broad epochs the hunter-gatherer period,
the agricultural period and the present
agricultural-industrial period with its
beginnings some four hundred years ago.
:
Our knowledge
of man
We
and
his
know
can
evolution
very
is still
little for
very vague.
certain about
and way of
and our
life,
Below
was used
herb's
and
written at
to illustrate
a book by
artifacts
plants
^T.
C/'flbnTndlu.
ftulluTfarrom
aVU-
JLrpprui
l^rfriu cdcti,
M .u]iui
Qbtai
\rj u
JtSau
'fun>
<
jM
a* myczu
tnirr far
fruit stalks
and
leaves.
skilled botanist
hunter-gatherer,
man hunted
wild plants.
He may
or
may
roots of
not have
rsfcC-Mtm*
jttiiii).;^'
nomadic
fumr
aqua
adite,-
aiyauom
7mrr Umax
in
Cdrra niqia
ftbrr
As a
aiirf fbrtr
ltmino
nna
bucaf A,
luptu ponti-
survive to give an
commonly
(rbvrc fuf^
5*
>
boo
Tiiairolr*^^
(rdrrr for
vV^
its
medicinal qualities,
particularly as an antiseptic.
HUNTER-GATHERERS
INTRODUCTION
The hunter-gatherer period was
est clinical trial in
ally
history
the long-
which eventu-
the
finest
drinks,
fuels
and weapons,
soporific
herbs
tactile, taste or
causing
visual,
auditory,
other hallucinations.
They
and
To
led to the
early
man
When
The
power-
and
early doctors
herbalists
were
their
social
secrets'
position
of their
by
herbal
guarding the
remedies and
ills,
effects.
we
This
is
when
modern
especially significant
man
the
their effect
is
to the
entering; the
times, therefore,
the supernatural.
i>
at
Jarmo
in
The
discovery
Neolithic
of
agriculture
revolution,
as
or
the
archaeologists
it.
existence.
agriculture
meant
of land
for
the
herbaceous sun-
By 3500
make
cosmetics and
plants, which
to
10
REVIVAL OF INTEREST
Right
Many
still
5000 years
perfumes and
treatment of disease
reliant on magic. By
in their
became
they
2700
the
B.C.
ago.
less
to
approach healing
with the use of herbs on a more scientific
basis. Everywhere those species most usecultivate
and
to
ful
al
tea
or religious
man
The
human
Persians gave
the
and most of
vegetable
us
diet
meant
ation has
the loss of
much
of the
valuable herbal knowledge of our ancestors and the misconception that we can
manage without
This
way
in exactly
same
the
more
leu
well-known
plants.
our
Rein o\ eel from the basic proe esses o| prod lie tion, we now know little or nothing about
real
e>l
blindfolding us
for
tei
herbs,
thai
e>|
the-
200,000
spec ies of
herbs.
is
massive quantities
crude herbs used today <\ en in the- most
ol
sophisticated of societies.
revival
hundred
interest.
The
culed medic
al
professions
which
herbalism
ineffective
wi\es"
'old
Superstitious
nature
.is
tales'
so ridi-
are-
and
once
an attempt to
methods
and
materials
free horn
discover
tinundesirable side-effects frequently
experienced with the modern 'chemically
again turning
to
in
New methods
of
the
revival
of interest
tremely profitable
practices ol our
i
ic
it
ol
in
to
man and
ancestors
the-
herbal
are
being
flowering
ultivated.
harvested
at
of popular
Enthusiasm has been
aroused for the charm and serenity of the
old fashioned herb garden with its associated culinary and aromatic herbs which
interest
in
herbs.
ials
plants are
minimum
yet
require
not
horticultural
special
skills.
soils
or complex
Herbs provide the
made products
wines,
dyes.
use.
scented sachets,
those in general
advantage of being
to
free
to
man-made
today
as
it
'all
flesh
is
grass'
is
Sfet
Skri
The history
#
of herbalism
&&
^*fcm.
sa.
mn.
"-
religious belief in a
good
to eat
and
properties. This
was the
first
step in a
plants.
begun
who
to
qualities of plants
gradually
gained an honoured place in society. Their
skills and knowledge singled them out
from the mass as medicine men. Because
there were no readily comprehensible
explanations of how plants healed, primitive communities tended to attribute the
process to a god or gods, as indeed they did
any phenomenon that puzzled them.
Thus the earliest medicine men became
associated with the whole structure of
skilled
in
their
application
were
priests
who
community.
Many
acted as instruments of
and Assyria.
This very vagueness about the first
herbalists points to an important dichotomy in our knowledge of herbs and those
who used them. The story that follows
inevitably recounts what might be termed
the 'official' aspect of herbalism - the only
one for which records remain. We can
only suppose - but none the less with every
confidence - the existence of an 'unofficial' side to herbalism, a succession of
ordinary country men and women skilled
and knowledgeable about the herbs of
their area and their uses - medicinal,
culinary and in the preparation of dyes,
perfumes and cosmetics. Only rarely do
these people emerge in the 'official' story.
Finally, in the nineteenth-century industrial revolution in the western world,
urbanization and the increasing division
of labour gradually caused such rural
death.
ti,
Left:
wrote a
treatise
on medicine. In India.
'3
HISTORY
the Rig Yeda. one of the sacred books of
ledge
spread
cinal plants.
The
scarcity of
knowledge
that of
Europe does
exist
there, perhaps
in
first
its
if
were
addition,
many
many medical
around
them. In
ordinary people will have
put their faith in the long line of herbalistwho sold their patent remedies made up
from different herbs in towns and villages,
successful because they were cheaper than
doctors and physicians and perhaps also
because they appealed to the always very
built
Only
have
and medical scienthe same time medical
tists divided: at
treatment has become available for everyone, and the old herbal remedies have
died out.
EGYPT
The Egyptian civilization is the first of
which we have any extensive medical
knowledge. Much of that is somewhat
imprecise, as
is
Imhotep.
skills.
legends handed
list
cribes the
gives instructions
One
is
to
be
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
We
me and magic
How much
,i
resull ol a
uot
now
Greece
objectiveat
turn to
<>l
we must look
Mesopotamia and
medical science
the civilizations of
their
we
which
approach
to
medic
inc.
or vice versa
ly,
is
Asian source
common
in a process of cultural
con-
much more
were
laid out
that in
one
at least
Language is
and spread of ideas, and it is
significant that a number of the names \>\
which plants are known today are derived
an obvious indicator of the
use.
Aesculapius
Like the Sumerians and Egyptians, the
Greeks believed that the gods were the
first herbalists and physicians and that
they had taught the art of healing to man.
the
whether
whom
after his
death
and
daughter was
Another
closer link with
provides
origin
tradition
MESOPOTAMIA
ledge.
The root-gatherers
The
link
ANCIENT GREECE
that
physicians.
he
Sumerians believed
that sickness
and
was
evil spirits
The
similarity of these
beliefs
io
diose
ol
establish a scientific
all.
inc.
to
is
clear.
It
also
'"
HISTORY
He earns
known
this
The
to
siders.
rhizotomists
sold
their
plants
ferring to
their products.
seen in
Hippocrates
Despite
the
traditional
framework of
ancient Greece
was in
that scientific medicine fas we now understand the term) was first developed.
Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.), who was
born and practised on the island of Cos, is
religious belief,
it
tific
system of medicine.
down
Much
first
a scien-
of his
BED(pPAI"F5
MEAANTA
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.
EPE2I DS
scientists.
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medicine.
Left
He
wrote a
memorial
16
to his ethical
philosophy.
is
Aristotle
and
plants.
He
is
of
of
227 works.
Right: Hygieia, the Greek goddess of health
and daughter of Aesculapius. She is usually
depicted with
him and
others
of the family
Greek herbals
The
first
The
earliest
thing
first
is
He
listed
ties.
Nothing
is
now
left
of Diocles'
writings.
was Theophrastus of Eresus c.372286 B.C. on the island of Lesbos, who was
the first person to try to establish any
scientific system of plants. Theophrastus
was Aristotle's friend and pupil and was
bequeathed Aristotle's garden on the
latter's death. His two treatises. Historia
Plantarum and De Causis Plantarum Inquiry
which
into Plants and Growth oj Plants
between them listed some 500 plants, were
based on Aristotle's botanical writings.
These he supplemented with his own
observations made during his travels and
with the reports of foreign travellers and
It
merchants.
was
named
after the
works of physicians.
first
half of the
Of these. Herophilus
century B.C.
Andreas of Karystos
third
Mithridates
Experimental work was also carried out
under the aegis of the Alexandrian School
and was encouraged by Mithridates,
who was Eupator king of Pontus
between 120 and 63 B.C. Mithridates
as
nificant of all
including
its
most
sig-
name of
accompanied by
the
by a description
ol its
medicinal
uses.
HISTORY
'Jt
vluitov
.jpyiJm
vul*t\
liarvoi-j
utYi\iw
Mi t'ucw
ctS-wr.rwiimmrr.
tMniH xVyvio^uiVixfiucjauoi
tyn** ***
T.-iM
Aoii jitictnuvLxoz"
'-+.
.<fm>n,w t4*
>y J
Wtlwan5o#n-tiiniWrA!Lli-tn.u>r.!r,ji*i^
^Bri
IMmUb(
^Vc^i^-JPaiiytAliiv
t-
.uvoAaI
tff u-'.L
Jt
MTMntfraM'
cwr.tr-
caw tva v av
""viH
MM
umVui; mtrut*o
.<r
.Wt^
;''.
v'U'll.L
U.. mir'. Atfrtwiwy^^wl,: flew. Ju*l,
^i>aa.
coryurwjrr.t^rt-tVt^ui* rq.Hlurrf
\-ml"ai iA^ix^n^yaULfUf^uxet CtLtr
tl
'
tunilu alt
v.
wt>:
.V.11 nutiifflf
4ur
fliMiuacBw ^*tulu KU
"Namfrlu tcimtWdtn&u.
W~
itimtcanarr
nwx
H?UA^rWTr1nmo*nvvliarBajatf'oT\luwlUj l-ut' o1
wis 6?LmriuBeiEa L
:im \i
lrt<i<tai<<Tu'vtttriBinl,,u<*
pw h-vo>
li<<* rmjigr
lhitV{uyciafU>nvjcr iy .""m
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^%,
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I'M
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tLrriuBiiMnU<wia
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lnmafUr*ivJtr.lir-r.r^V
acri
Below
physician.
proposed
The
theories
and diagnoses he
in his extensive
medical works
illustrated Latin
of Dioscorides' writings
made
in the
may
illustrations
Renaissance.
scientific value.
be, they
have
little
or no
Dioscorides
Thus the picture
drew
18
this
first
Other Greek
Christian
era
herbalists
were
in
the early
Pamphilos,
who
a.d.
14-
ANCIENT ROME
Pliny was the most important writer on
He devoted
in ancient Rome.
seven of the 37 volumes of his Historia
plants
77,
to
their
medical
uses.
in
Pliny's
information
unverified,
little
his
composed
Galen
Much more
Galen
est
the Near East and had an enormous output of books, which earned him a great
reputation as a philosopher, teacher and
physician. His herbal, which forms part of
De Simplicibus, contains information on
each plant and its habitat, usually to-
gether
with
about
note
its
use
in
medicine.
With Galen,
the
we have
which, as
fall
of the
so
dark
Roman
to the
and writing
stopped. Six centuries or so must pass
before we can point with any confidence
historian, scientific research
herbs
Monks were
tices.
often physicians
and
Above
Avicenna,
ad. g8o-iojy,
and 950 by a
Medicinae was
kept
its
Canon
and
became very
lore
influential;
travelling
bone-setters
sick,
to,
and
ritual
Egypt.
century.
medical
ture of the
added
about
to
the legacy of
known
theories
in
the
Arab
all
eighth century.
this
The
greatesi physicians ol
011
the
works
ol
the
ANGLO-SAXON HERBALS
was the Arab world that prethe main tradition of medical
learning, it should not be supposed that
Although
it
served
all
writing
England,
for instance,
ted in herbs,
and
have- survived.
The
earliest ol these
consists chiefly of a
poem
in praise
of the
Nordic god
Woden. Ritual and magic still played an
enormous role in the herbalist's work, just
as they had in ancient Egypt Waybroad,
for instance, one of the nine sacred herbs,
was believed to cure a headache if it were
gathered, untouched by iron, before sunrise and its roots bound round the sufferer's head with a red ribbon.
nine
herbs
sacred
of the
were
came from
Damascus, Baghdad and Cairo. Knowledge of them spread with the advancing
Arab armies across North Africa and into
Spain, almost all of which had fallen
under Moslem rule- by the end ol the
The
scribe
direction of Bald,
is
the
grew up
in
century.
The
fallen to
twelfth
1085)
work generally went in two
Christian forces in
in
the-
first
|(
>
HISTORY
Fulda - produced numerous influential
medical works. Two emanating from
Salerno were the Liber de simplici medicina.
a herbal compiled by Matthaeus Platearius during the middle of the twelfth
simplici
Toledo had
with
other
monasteries
in
their
order
Two
were
particularly
influential,
and
MontCremona
at
founded by Gerald of
14- 1 187
who had translated Avicenna's Canon Medicinae. The Canon be-
pellier.
1
came
a standard
work
at the
University
and was
still
as 1650.
and
Trattato de
Pestilentia, a fourteenth-century work on
the human body and the diseases to which it
is subject. Almost all medical writing at this
time
was
derivative
the
and
theoretical
consequence
was
centuries later.
20
medicina
Above: Constantine
scientific
marked
works
the
into Latin.
usually
Circa instans
was concerned with the medicinal use of plants
and was compiled from both Latin and
Arabic sources. It had considerable influence throughout the Middle Ages.
Despite increasing medical studies from
the twelfth century onwards, the framework within which writers and physicians
worked and thought had remained unaltered since Galen's day. There was
opening words.
The Liber de
known by its
new observation
or research.
What
plants
and were
useless
errors of transcriptions
The development
made by
scribes.
of medicine had stultiwas to take a complete revolution in methods and outlook before any
genuine progress was made. Even the
fied,
and
it
200on plants on
nus
(c.
280),
who based
Mag-
his writings
first-hand observations
and
the
to
process.
So,
did the
too,
increasing
statements
of earlier writers,
failed
to
known
as the
Rosa Anglica
ft
monk
work
combined Greek, Arabic, Jewish and
Saxon medical writings and herbal lore
*>*
number
Dissemination of knowledge
The whole intellectual revolution of
the
and
in detail
previously
Tragus'
Germany
tions
been
the
Kreuterbuch,
of
in
all
case.
first
Hieronymus
published
in
De Materia Medica.
through a reed
to
In his
the
clear
HISTORY
Below : Title page of the first edition of
John Gerard's Herball. Gerard was the
Elizabethan
best-known herbalist
in
England; he had
own garden
his
in
from
gardener
to
He was
also
over
herbals had
written in
become
in
1633,
this
time
authoritative
and
not
many
of the
Europe. According
of
medical
its
cities
its
of central
dogma, every
to this
own
application,
definition
resembling
by
under the domination of the sun, the moon or one of the five
planets then known. His herbal, published
in 1652, was immediately successful and
was reprinted many times. He was per-
set
THE APOTHECARIES
The
increasing
number
of herbals being
APOTHECARIES
knowledge and had come
compound
to
prepare and
drugs, as well as
sell
them.
establish
fessionally
were
this
since 1378, a
early City of
London
Guild of
guilds, the
of the spice
Greece,
spices
their
own
their
demanded
own
Their work
guild.
and
there
garden.
was
The
their prerogative
for
by that
origins
communities,
as
we have
and
their healing
and the
Middle Ages, and it
for a
Tnr
.-7-
i-t
'/
tti.it
i< i
Above
Bo/y krtr
aiAiC U
trves rut a
Jff" Jnhil'tjuj* fjrr
St j-iras'u
a'rl'crie'ttl
r/iV
vou
t '
rind
Mu
h-'lu
mind.
CofKt
Bookt
right, illustrations
from
his herbal.
in
moon
five
planet \.
Hi
Herbal! and
to lira/. I lis
enjoyed an enormous
sale.
23
HISTORY
Right
at the
Founded in
16j j and destroyed by fire in 1702, the
garden was revived by Carl Linnaeus who
University of Uppsala, Sweden.
and described
it
in
system,
to his
Hortus Upsaliensis.
made
botanists
way
wrap them
collections
in
many European
botanic
gardens.
iyoy-ijj8) the
founder of modern botany. The system of
Above: Carl Linnaeus
way for
and
ance
of plants
when m a
to
The
be published.
erties of plants
still,
curative prop-
of course, played a
vital role in
Although
it
ojf
owed more
niques that
today'
to the scientific
laboratory than to traditional wisdom.
CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
The system
now
is
it
still
in effect formalized a
new
scientific lan-
name
given
first
identified
from
flourishes
years of the
twentieth century, when New York superseded it. Xor were herbs, spices and plants
of all kinds the only imports from the Xew
World; great
24
Spain
in
1569,
1571 and
1574. were
the class
to
same
class.
constructed organs
and arranged in a similar way later he
published rules for the formulation of a
generic name. Though changes have since
possessing
similarly
been made
in the bases
classifications are
manner.
might have given
the same plant widely differing names.
For instance, the Autumn Crocus, used as
uish specific plants in a scientific
Before, different writers
than
languages.
it
im-
also identified
many
More important.
previous mistakes
and misconceptions, thus enabling herbalists to refine and extend their skills and
knowledge.
tradition
and
to
establish
the
CLASSIFICATION
division
value as herbs.
From
of the best
s<
ientific
unknown,
for
comprevi-
uninvestigated,
usu-
motives, but
accompany-
lew steps
on other occasions onk
many famous explorers. he\
,i
behind,
at
home
than merel)
have medical value.
rathei
ol
those thought
MEDICINE
to
shell-shock.
science-
was
|)ioc|uc
tific
profession
relies
on
substances
It
skilled
a role as the
slowly
came
to
companies,
from the mid-nineteenth century
wards, who manufactured, doctors,
on-
who
25
HISTORY
}
remedies and is
slowly realizing that they have by no
means been entirely superseded by medical science. To begin with, actual plant
material is still used to a far greater extent
than many people are aware - in 1968,
some 3 per cent (over 41 million items) of
interest in the old herbal
is
to
acupuncture
is
is
especi-
practised
dominating
at
store
much, no
of information
is
only
(it
took research-
ers four
Above: Stripping
tree to
the
300 years
is
used
between
to treat
its
and the
World War it was the only effective
remedy. The tree is found principally in
Asia.
who
dispensed.
some countries
'unofficial'
herbalists
tradition
of herbalism),
in
of physiomedicalism
latter part of the
flourished
in
the
nineteenth century).
CENTURY
Today,
century, the
None
26
up a
many
centuries.
Between
in the last
to build
First
and plant
In England,
garden
malaria - in the
the fifteenth
and
seventeenth
would meet
of medical
their patients at
KK
n
I'll
Jul
11
$*
^v^w
*cjS"
:vs^-""-n<c.*c
5s*-
IPS
'
''
"-.
eat,
plaint
its
shall
later,
organism.
The
all
it
is
said to
controls, as
the activities of
DNA
molecules
ol
the
I.rjl
As
this
Bumble Bee
collects nectar
pollinators.
off onto
may be
first
strand of
itself.
way
in
considering
In
herbs,
we
the
basic
biology of
higher plants.
we
the
all
and
minute variations in the composition
of this material determine the type of
organism that results.
Lite, then, is literally dependent on the
presence of this DNA. The original oceans
contained millions of organic and inliving things are essentially similar,
up
their
29
BIOLOGY
The
cell
is
open
largely
The green
is
known as photosynthesis,
ing
up
simplified process,
nutrition
literally 'build-
presence of
the
in
The
light'.
upon which
all
plant
foods as well)
light
6C0 +6H
2
^ C 6 H 12
water
carbon
glucose
+6
oxygen
(a sugar)
dioxide
to
made
The enormous
and what
it
climate (that
shows
mauve)
as
1
30
The
the inner
layers in the
the
xylem
wood -
lements of the
magnified
times.
375
is,
existence.
green
fall
into
ex-
temperature, availability
Plants
as facultative parasites,
Some of these,
the
and
their
as a response to habitat
30
times,
form
Above
section
life
compounded upon
a part of
earliest times,
others to harm.
different
and
species
of flowering
6000-odd species of
ferns, or to the almost innumerable algae,
fungi and mosses, no knowledge can be
plants
to
the
successfully disseminated
must be suspect.
and
all
reference
CLASSIFICATION
CLASSIFICATION AND
NOMENCLATURE
The
first
attempt
in the fourth
A very significant
to
noted
classification
that
is
to say
Some
of these
Modern classification
classification
obviously
yield
discovery of a
the
plant
may
lead to
with similar
example,
undesirable
less
side-effects.
way from
undergoing constant
revision as more and more data comes to
come
Classification has
Theophrastus and
a long
is
light.
kingdom has
most primitive, and it proceeds in ascending order (in developmental and hence
to the flowering
group, although the
most obviously visible and valuable to
terms)
evolutionary
The
plants.
latter
all
plant
life.
The
cellular
and
their
relationship
/.///.
.Hiding
is
own
its
0/ the hint
which
fViscum album J
Mistletoe
parasitt
of
its
is
a temi-
nourishment by
eithei
deciduous
in this ins,
01 e;ciieeii.
n Silvei
Maple
Acer saccharinumj.
3'
BIOLOGY
can be noticed immediately these simple
plants are not able to conserve moisture
well and so must live in water or in damp,
shady places.
The Mycophyta - moulds, mildews and
mushrooms - are all fungi. Unlike the
algae they cannot photosynthesize because
they do not contain any chlorophyll,
which accounts for their parasitic or
:
Kingdom
Divisions
Bacteriophyta (9 orders)
Cyanophyta
(4)
Pyrrophyta (4)
Euglenophyta (1
Chrysophyta (6)
Chlorophyta (1 1
Algae-
Chlorochytridiales
We
fungus.
Myxophyta
Acrasiophyta
Lichenes [Cetraria]
Fungi-
Mycophyta
Fomes]
see
them usually
grey.
as
Liverworts
and Mosses
The
Hepaticae (5)
Bryophyta_
Musci
(1
5)
Pteridophyta-
[Dryopteris.
Ophioglossum]
Higher
Cycadales
L Ginkqoale
kgoales
Cycadopsida-f
Coniferophyta
(Gymnospermae)
Coniferales (5 fams)
[Pinus. Juniperus]
Coniferopsida
Taxales (2 fams)
Gnetales (3 fams)
[Ephedra]
community of plants.
in the evolutionary
Seed-bearing
come
(Dicotyledons)
/lagnoliophyta
plants
[over
44 orders-|_3oo Families
(Angiospermae)
Liliopsida
_
Herb examples
in
fover
(Monocotyledons; 10orders -L60 Families
_
order and
the ferns
the Pteridophyta.
and
They can
some trees
Each main
kingdom
is
division
of the plant
tribes, families
Magnoliopsida_
Higher flowering
liver-
Psilotinae
plants
and
types of mosses
Sphenopsida
Equisetinae (Horsetails) [Equisetum]
fern allies
many
the
most
Below from
left to right
Different small
Mucor.
a black
saprophytic mould.
sporangium
spores
developing
sporangium
hyphae
32
of the
mycelium
LICHENS
foliose
general view
frond-bases
and
fruticose
root-like
growths
and
Of
compacted hyphae
vertical section
cross section
as
ferns
molluscs with
utili-
useful fungi
cultivated
tarian
used
way
as
exception)
{Dryopteris flix-mas
treatment
many
are
are
which
is
worms is an
grown as objects oi
for
by fragmentation
by sexual means; this helps in
classification. Ferns, however, have
vegetative process
as well as
their
a special
method of reproduction
involv\
ru
spores
mammals,
economically by
for instance.
Above
most important
to man
though the interdependence of
all plant and animal communities should
never be forgotten, as no one group can be
disregarded just because it seems to have
no immediate economic relevance. These
two groups, the Gymnospcrms and the
Ant^iosperms, are the seed-bearing plants.
Gymnosperms include cycads (a feu
tropical palm-like trees) but mainly confar the
form fat
consists
of the
diversity of this
Each of the
dom
possesses
classes,
tion
species.
The
upper
group
is
and
legion
is
17
groups
related
cells in the
discussed later.
of
type
lichen.
continuation
tionarilv
Each
sist
each plant
is
background
we have
the product of
its
seen,
genetic
lions of years,
by
its
necessity to classify
environment. The
to slot each into
and
smaller and
into
groups
through
sub-classes,
tribes, sub-tribes
and
smaller
subdivisions,
sub-orders,
orders,
families.
Such
hier-
upon
clature
(it
upon nomen-
has to be possible to
relet
to
33
BIOLOGY
something by name
low)
it is
name
(specific epithet).
the plant's
Hellebore
name,
for
Helleborus
is
(genus)
viridis
To
be absolutely correct,
such botanical names are followed by the
names of the botanist who first described
the species. Thus the Green Hellebore
extraordinary diversity of
of species, although
great, cannot compare with that of the
lower plant groups but their dominance
in most habitats is paramount. This will
lies
their
in
form.
The number
among
its
community.
The
destiny of an organism
lies in its
Under
soils in
the half-
berries
germinate
to
end
to
which
all
life-cycles,
plant
Below
modifications
enormously.
toL).
terminal
acris).
bud
flower
peduncle
lamina
shoot
leaf
petiole
stipule
subdivision
Dicotyledones,
in
the
division Angiospermae.
Cultivar
is
soil line
vated
sorts.
They are
lateral root
usually referred to as
Hybrids
in seed catalogues.
between species of the same or even different genera occur and these are indicated by an x sign, for example, Tilia x
europaea, being the hybrid derived from
T. cordata and T. platyphyllos An inter-
varieties
34
beginning of
root hairs
will
lateral root
or
PLANT STRUCTURE
The
Already diversification
may be a huge cocoA
seed
apparent.
is
de-mer of the Seychelles weighing several
kilograms, the mustard-seed used in the
Bible to illustrate a tiny measure, or the
gins with the seed.
seeds of certain
seed, regard-
continue its species for a further generation. It bears the full genetic complement
of
its
parents,
making
it
what
it
will be,
do occur take
Any slight
their
differences
chance
in the race
life.
habitat than
otherwise
chance of
stands
better
fellows
a
identical
generation,
subsequent
continuing into a
better in its
and
in so
its
is
less
to
likely
The
dispersal
growing
new ground.
colonize
to
object
is to
which give
rise
the seed-containing
to
The
root of an angiosperm
is
the
may have
may
album
some
Further,
species
Mistletoe)
such
Viscum
as
plant host.
is
assured.
ever before
now
food to
stems
its
and
required
site;
tissues
site
itself
for
in
the
green
as a potential reproductive
may
and thorns.
dispersal
of a
structure.
drils
water
dispersal
reproduce.
to
is
strawberry
cranesbil
animal
typically
A debilitating variant
survive
this
cotoneaster
fruits.
process of evolution.
Right
coconut
many
for
Sometimes small
BIOLOGY
blade into
leaf.
leaflets
produces a compound
different examples
of both types.
which the
attached.
The
are the stamens (the male parts, collectively called the androecium) each consisting of a
narrow
filament, topped by an
is
known
as dioecious
example, Holly).
the
main
is
generally divided
number
36
into three,
more or
is
useful in identifica-
perfectly
success or
So, too,
vagaries
Because
of climate.
they
are
and
come
man
in a
to
be
num-
however,
human
is
numbers of herb
plants. The Umbelliferae, which includes
Parsley, Dill, Caraway, Coriander and
Angelica, and the Labiatae with Sage,
Thyme, Mint, Savory, Rosemary, for
example, have main culinary herbs. The
tain
relatively
Solanaceae
large
include
disproportionate
Stra.
PLANT GROWTH
The
growth are
water, warmth, air and nutrients.
light,
solved.
and
soil
a semi-permeable
water), separated by
membrane
(here, the
means
that
sap
is
the
water and
into the
and
inwards until
it
NUTRITION
These are groups of specialized
throughout the plant
whose function it is to convey water and
tissues.
extending
cells
yffctrlM
/.:,
^K^^^^*
^^
pimmmmB'
nutrients
up from the
roots)
and phloem
Ij
may
xi
^|
^8^mr7nHvTTf ~^yij
^H
^m
^^H
which
magnesium and
a large
number
molybdenum which
are
Above
is
for
with most crops which deplete soil nitrogen. The nodules are clearly visible on any
carefully lifted legume root. Alders and a
few subtropical trees such as Casuarinas
also display this adaptation.
teria live in
and provide
it
in
left
in the
ground
after
with
ted
reddish
tinge.
Phosphorus
transfers
and
body
to take
fail
the
not necessary to
inorganic
and
list all
nutrients
the roles of
which
plants
also clear.
Water
is
also
biochemical processes
in the plant, including photosynthesis.
Most plants, however, take up more
water than they actually require for these
processes because the essential materials
essential to all the
be-
taken into
the-
the-
lot
soil
in
ofwatei
plant for
it
to
the leaf or
young
and
- a good example of
growth.
stems. Vast
July.
for
plant growth
plants
inherent.
much
greater
Among
primitive
extremes
appear
frost.
availability
in contrast
fix'
becoming available
toxic.
disease.
compounds
nitrogen-containing
useful
releases
amounts
habitats.
The
may
BIOLOGY
Left: Tangles
fLaminaria digitataj,
which
is slit
the oar-weeds.
of
These are brown algae which
now
live in
The
merged water
cells
plants,
hydrophytes, are
warmth of
the early
summer
be-
autumn
man's success
is
an indication of
in providing, particularly
provided or denied,
temperature
is
controlled,
optimal
amounts of water and concentrations of
sis,
extra
light
is
species)
and add
to their
environment
in a
way
development;
is
itself
The
soil
annual
38
leaf-fall
(even
which enables
is enriched by
from evergreen
In
being held
plants.
balance
ecological
is
very
sensitive
to
human
Not
exploitation.
all
may
moved
ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT
terrestrial life
in
known
as
pneumatophores. which
the seedling
falls,
slicing
are
known
grow
best in
as mesophytes.
normal
They
soils
are in-
as convergent evolution.
conditions
habitat
is
prevailing
known
in
particular
ADAPTATION TO ENVIRONMENT
with flowering plants and ferns which
have adapted themselves to enjoy an aerial
life. These so-called epiphytes are especiallv represented in the Orchidacctie for
example, Vanilla) and Bromeliaceae
Pineapple
The
families.
sunken
xerophytic
and
condition,
native
are
It
may
their life-cycle
(that
is
to
sav.
the seed
which flowers and produces a new generation of seeds) in only a few weeks,
require a
full
summer
when
Annuals
season. Biennials.
The
mer
stored food
to
bud
01
some other
inclement seasons
eithei
wood v.
root-stock
in
trees.
m< rease
theii
strengthening tissues to support the enormous weight of the tree trunks. Similarly
in these cases, special water-conducting
to be developed.
water for
Whatever
the'
and
the
,k
air,
and a
special
soil or
method of seed
to develop.
The
alkaloids
The
its
them.
to
varied as those
employed
for pollination.
39
CHEMISTRY
We know
plants
that
useful in
latter take in
and
it is
for their various actions is that they contain certain active chemical substances
and
it
is
these
compounds
that produce
materials are,
to o.ooi
cm
(in
which most
of the
cell).
Most of the
cell
is
starch.
Enzymes
Plants are very efficient at carrying out
this process because unlike in the chemical
when
laboratory
(usually heat
is
enzymes.
called
lysts
These work
by
of reactions
(like the
process of converting
tities
the particular
The absence
or malfunction of
just
of photosynthesis
may
plant
is
choroplast
B
C
endoplasmic reticulum
nucleolus
E
F
chromatin
nucleus
nuclear
membrane
vacuole
mitochondrion
Golgi membrane
40
cytoplasm
cell membrane
plasma membrane
thickened cell-wall
LIFE-GIVING PROCESSES
Right: The enzyme ( i ) combines with
(2) to form an
This breaks down
and
to
regenerates the
high
specificity.
be assimilated
to give, for
example, cellu-
lose (the
cell-
important food
walls)
may be used in
or
they
storage material),
important
biothe synthesis of other
chemicals such as proteins (some of which
may be used to make more enzymes),
nucleic acids (which make up part of the
genetic material of the cells - the chromo(an
starch
or
somes) and
A plant
fats.
increases
substance,
its
or
produce
subsequently
may
which
two further
enlarge and divide themselves. Both
enlargement and division are influenced
by the environment as has been mendivision of certain of these cells to
cells
tioned previously but it is at the biochemical level that control really takes
place.
example, germinate as a
temperature in the
spring because the warmth activates certain enzymes which produce chemical
Seeds,
for
of increased
result
growth by
become important
are to
sion.
An
it
is
on
acting directly
to initiate-
cells
which
centres of divi-
these growths
rise to
arc-
called primary
Outward
nutrients to
all
ol
1
'active
cells,
division
zation
division in the
is
essentially
the-
reverse
breaking
synthesis
tin-
molecules to
much
e>l
photo-
down of
smaller ones
in the-
large
pro-
Above
give
rise to different
may proceed
deficiencies also
may
tually
The
soil
must be well
unable
ess
is
known
as respiration.
fundamental,
processes
inhibited
main growth
flowering
and even-
to
plant.
which
previously
point.
All these(
at other levels
one of the
laterals
appropriate fertilizer-
apex, and hence the hormones, are removed by pruning, for example growth
the
Chrysanthemum,
for
(the
literally life-giving,
assimilation
of food,
its
digestion, respiration
are
common
to
Most
plants, however,
CHEMISTRY
..
V->
&
,'
with low osmotic pressures called flavonoids, which happen to be red. A pink
colour thus develops in the leaves. After
some time when the plant has grown and
so needs and can accommodate more
sugar, the red substances are removed by
reconversion into useful sugars so that the
pink hue gradually disappears.
to
their
be
chemical
structure:
Alkaloids are distinguished chemically
by
the
Some
Solanaceous
of the best
group
shows
of leaves with
good circulation
the
physiological
logical effects
on
man and
or
pharmaco-
are responsible
species
and
it is
Biosynthesis
The secondary
may
be
and the
yellow carotenes of sunflowers are good
examples and hence attract insects which
pollinate and cross-fertilize. Others may
have a role in growth regulation
the
hormones already mentioned while still
flowers (the red flavonoids of roses
42
among other
special
They may be
increased.
Some
evidence that
these secondary
all
by enzymes or by the
split
steroids found,
among
for
(as in the
Nightshade)
metabolites which
are
(atropine and
Above: This
known
for
instance
show marked
Lily-of-
compounds based on
mixtures of
oils are complex
quite small molecules which are volatile
Essential
role in
many
some
cell
down
compounds
They
umbelliferous
fruits
EXTRACTION
being able to form gels with water and
thus exert a soothing effect on inflamed
They may
tissue.
by
gent
compounds
these
properties
also
number of aperitifs.
classes
in detail.
t<>
extract from
it
It is
all
plants contain
throughout
each
organ.
materials in Bcarbcrry.
fol
The
active
example, are
the simplest
layers
flower-heads.
lot
depends on the
hand-
species,
and
and
foi
this
used
in
the
more concentrated
tained
the
il
the plant
is first
added advantage
that drying
is
also
certain
in
01
cases
in thin
hung up
in
Tubers and
ted place.
spread out
is
and
Above
The
volatile oil
being extracted.
droplets)
is
The
of certain plants
arm
and
of
the apparatus.
leaves
up
of the
enzyme
also vital.
Once
into
small
Selection
pieces.
Too high
,i
active ingredients
name
their
as
ple,
is
suggests
loss ol
exam-
vaporize
above about 40 C
or some chemical degradation
10
may oeeur as in Digitalis and most other
readily at temperatures
1
itself.
be stored in a dark, cool place in containers that ate as near airtight as possible.
Some
deterioration
time, however,
grinding
just
before use.
43
CHEMISTRY
Purification of the extract
The
next problem
is
active substances.
difficulties:
which
in a
compound
is
to ensure
pound
to
example,
oils
for
Thus
it
is
It
also be-
haves sufficiently like a non-polar organic solvent such as petrol to cause the
larger organic molecules, such as polypeptides and steroids, to dissolve. This has
the
advantage
in
that
in
most herbal
gism,
is
The
various ways of
is
is
is
called digestion. If
or so the result
is
lor several
may
either
drug.
The
may
be collected and
passed through the column a second time.
Concentration by evaporation results in a
the water which
thick
residue
alcohol
is
known
as
an extract.
is
If
called a
tincture.
Volatile oils
may
be extracted
in
known
as
steam
involved-
This
METHODS OF IDENTIFICATION
quality.
relatively straightforward
when
in the
Microscopical examination
Although most plants contain essentially
the same sorts of cells cork, for example,
or the elements in the xylem, the conducting tissue
form
is
often
highly
Examination of a powder
under the microscope and the observation
of xylem vessels shows that the powder
contains wood, but from the fine structure
individual.
may
it
plant.
is
the plant
Even the
Cinnamomum
cassia).
The
is
not
CHROMATOGRAPHY
Above
Unknown
extracts
produce coloured
specimens.
Left
but
may
jo
micrometres in
30 and 40
micrometres.
Some
spots
is
tic
is
called
ex-
tracts or tinctures
material.
Chromatography
mav
<>l
further
means of control
purify
we
did,
it
should be possible
to
the
chromatography.
into individual
with a suitable
and as it does
components of the mixthe bottom of the plate
is
nol
known
contain
to
chemical
tannins,
simple
the investigator
not. But
the
it
if
extract
were-
truly
of
tell
him
if
Blueberry
from what-
ture applied to
move-
as
well,
depending on
but
at
different
rates
solvent
plate-
removed and
dried. Coloured
is
compounds
is
usually
particular
Although
of operating conditions.
set
the
to the spots
none the
less
characteris-
compared
is
examined
if
components.
Several
produced
and
and separated
is
pharmaco-
rise
are
nation
would
show
differences.
these
account
of a
crucial
herb
must
variables
take
such
as
into
the
45
tsxvl
W^S^
M!?ti!SS
i*?fc<05
partem
^-Si^r
r**
It.
The medicinal
uses of plants
i
^--J!
Until the
therapeutic
aids.
We
are
still
heavily
western world
for semistarting
materials
sources
of
as
synthetic drugs or as the drugs themselves.
Because there are still many conditions we
dependent on plants
in the
are
plants; others
combine
different forms of
therapy and flower remedies. Their common denominator, however, is their derivation from the beliefs of folklore and
origin in the observations of ordinary
people.
Left: Lonitzer's Kreuterbuch' a German
herbal published in I In sixteenth century,
'
appeared
783.
used as a purgative.
cine
many
of the
beliefs
of folklore, which
and
to
do with the
on
and disease
of supernatural spirits, and
common
the
priest
also
became
the magician
the
47
MEDICINAL USES
Left: Alchemilla mollis readily seeds
itself
Mantle
was once used
treat painful menstruation, and in
a greater reputation than Lady's
( Alchemilla
vulgaris,). It
to
veterinary medicine.
in
which
the use
Opium Poppy
of
is
to
early surgeons,
and of these
second
century
B.C.
formulated
of succeeding centuries.
of Mithridates and
beneficial.
orthodox, which
initially
represented
know
that
much
of the knowledge of
both
poisons
The works
important.
lvUxipApaucrcuoieocvttSi^montt mouctaf
all
before
MEDICAL HISTORY
him were
known
books dealing
-i^ ^s.'
plants by the
t;
v>,
^O
^A
physicians
there as
(54-68 a.d.
Galen
a.d.
- whose name
meaning
had enormous in-
131-201
his
major
contribution
plant
to
years.
To a
family
visited
recipes,
travelling
bone-
from that
ol
Clermont council
130 to the council ol
Le Mans 1247 In early Germany medicine fell largely into the hands ol 'wise
women' or 'wild women who employed
herbal remedies, magic and amulets, and
to the lekeis who were the equivalent ol
the Anglo-Saxon leech-men.
In Russia the position was similar with
the 'wolf-men' or volkhava employing
herbs and spells, while the Celtic order ol
Druids and Druidesses did likewise. The
1
Druids
favoured
seven
magic
herbs
of
ine rose
on the tide of
Mohammedanism,
the-
flavouring ability
ol
rose-water,
id
mask
unpleasant
medication.
Before the advent of printing
tastes
in
the mid-
century.
Initially
in full judicial
excellent
Of all plants,
the
being increasingly
persecuted by the surgeons who tried to
pi event them from treating wounds. In
latter
in
late
ol
this
surgeons
ians,
although
even
these
two
bodies
move
forced
the
barbers
to
obtain" a
common
place-
in
MEDICINAL USES
Henry YIU's act of
and surgeons
151
ians
licensed practitioners,
English physic-
mark
folk-
was
scientific
method
The
the poor.
its
started by Dioscorides.
marked by
six-
the emerg-
peak
in
England
until
1633 when
enlarged
The sumptuous
interior
sixteenth-century apothecary.
of a
As some
the herbal of
John Gerard,
itself
mostly
Pharmacopoeia,
for
London
example, appeared
1 6 1 8
Apothecaries were originally drug and
herb traders, who managed to develop a
special relationship with the medical
fraternity. In England they had been
associated from 1378 with the Grocers'
Company who also sold herbs and drugs,
in
Both the grocers and apothecaries purchased herbs and roots collected from the
original
drug vendors.
HOMEOPATHY
countryside, and they also imported
drugs and spices from abroad. The apothecaries frequently established their own
physic gardens and thus served as a link
The
botanic writers
who amassed
information
when
or
isolated
particular,
purified
known
as pharmacology, owes
work and inspiration of
803-1 873 ), the father
Justus von Liebig
This study,
much
to
the
of physiological
chemistry,
who
to
medical
therapeutics:
on
the
effect
specific cells,
medicalism,
Homeopathy
is
and
known as physio-
branch
herbalism.
of
Many American
intro-
them
when
traditional remedies
they
their
Eur-
left
of
in
which
of their
upon
depended
written
(and,
and
be reliable. This
led to many reliable drugs being incorporated into the first American materia
medicas and dispensatories.
One group
to
of physicians, led by
Thompson, decided
Samuel
America
mainly
in
declined and
retained in
this
concept
now
is
only
herbalism.
ft
rural
eighteenth-century apothecary.
examining
the urine
sitting in front
He
is
is
of him.
")'
MEDICINAL USES
Right: The Opium Poppy (Papaver
somniferum). The latex, which is obtained
by excision of the immature capsules,
25
contains
is
of which
modern medicine
different alkaloids
morphine - indispensable
the strongest
pain
to
reliever (analgesic)
and
herbs,
scientific
possible
that
future
reassessment will
lead
to
it
is
the
wider
ones.
ated with plants have survived almost unaltered to the present day. In Crete the fat
i'rginea
hung up by farmers
at tin-
Iovis
it
caulis
or Jupiter's
plant
in shingles,
In
some
health, so
ill
properties
wielded.
protect
plants were carried on the person
leaf of
Betony
Mugwort
[Artemisia vulgaris)
worn
inside
was considered
it
Some
many
infusion of
or
better
with
still
of these
The
protective
balism
is
this
drink
to
an
believed to
houses from
and
cold,
and abates
Balsam
it
is
Outwardly
in a
inflammations.'
examples
these
concerned with
other,
and
vividly
how
the
plant
the
in some form or
example demonstrates
'heat'
dictated
its
'secondary'
or
who governed
One of the best
common Myrtle Myrtus
full
writers
it.
still
logical to
particular
communis
is
disease.
the
to
the Greeks as
METABOLISM
As a result of this
was chiefly employed in Greek medicine as a herb for
treating female complaints - a practice
the female genitalia.
teenth century.
iHelleborus niger |,
deified
These
and darker
than the
cult
celestial
Olym-
deities.
It
treating epilepsy,
and
melancholia, hysteria
disorders. In
neurological
other
Shakespeare's time and beyond it continued to be used for 'the falling sicknesses'
fepilepsyi,
melancholicke
'all
diseases'
Animals,
including
man,
are
very
neurological
does
the general
in
assist
homeopathic tincture is
prepared from the rhizome and used to
treat epilepsy, certain psychoses, eclamp-
and today
it,
sia
(convulsion
with
associated
preg-
now being
by
stantiated
scientific
sub-
observation and
reinstated.
communis )
it
was
is
now of little
importance, but
was
like pepper.
of
female complaints.
so
much
make
modern herbal
the plant
use.
MEDICINAL PLANTS
Plants
are
very complicated
composed of millions of
cells
structures
many
per-
known
which are
essential
process to occur.
our diet
in
for
some enzymic
deficiency of these in
likely to lead to
some of our
just as
to
is
an impairment
mineral deficiencies
visible
in plants lead
as
and yellowing.
digestive and transportation proesses described above are not capable of
discriminating between materials which
spots
The
way
Thus
find their
metabolism these
changes are initiated by chemical catalysts. All these reactions are under the
sources.
direct
(collectively
found
as
cell.
'good'
or
protein and
'toxic'
53
MEDICINAL USES
Right
the food or
plants
may
which
cesses
abnormal.
be
The
no fundamental
chemical way different from treatment
with synthetic drugs. Both act by the
introduction of a foreign molecule into
the body (sometimes at a more or less
in
this
respect
The concept
in
is
it
may
exert
its effect.
differ theoretically
in
patient
as
whole,
rather
than
the
condition in isolation.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the study of the manner
in which the functions of living organisms
can be modified by chemical substances.
Since living cells are very complex, many
of the factors which control their activities
are completely unknown. For this reason
a
new
been
science,
pharmacokinetics,
developed
to
study
the
has
factors
a long
wa\
type
body and
nasal
cation
it
models.
A theory which has been advanced
from simple experimental evidence and
has found considerable success in explain-
why
receptor theory.
which contained receptors (reactive chemical groupings) which combine with another active group on the drug molecule
(in a more or less reversible way) to cause
the drug effect. This proposal was a great
advance and much modern research is
based on a modified form of the theory.
Simply,
drugs
can
be
considered
as
of
receptor.
used because
it
is
if
the medicine
liquid or powder,
is
in the
How-
form of a
The drug
is
likely to
be
When
the
drug
54
to exert
its
effect
on the
cell,
and
Some
if
given
mucosa
When
is
i.
a local effect
made
is
required appli-
to the surface
of the skin in
or liniment.
absorption
may
ent on
its
Secondly,
the
is
barriers
to
the
DRUG ADMINISTRATION
exceptions to this and these depend on the
existence of a specific transport mechan-
which
may
be
trically neutral
absorption
by
also
is
this factor.
whole plants other than the active ingredients may considerably modify not
only the physiological effect of the active
substances themselves but also their solu-
bility
The
It will
now be apparent
the blood
meate
and
drug exerts
its
effect.
but
ingredients
the
also
sub-
'ballast'
body via
compounds that perthrough cell membranes
freely
evenly distributed in
all parts of the body. Some, however, tend
to concentrate at particular sites. Compounds are often bound to carrier molecules - for example, proteins in the blood
plasma - or become strongly attached to
specific
binding
less
sites
in
tissues.
Where
exist, the
mechanism is known as
barriei which prevents
the blood-brain
passage of
most molecules from the bloodstream into
the central
nervous system and the
the
cerebro-spinal fluid.
Metabolism
a drug enters the body,
it
is
acted
are
known
as
detoxification
Biological variation
measurements
Repeated
of
same
the
more
likely to
variation - by
material is
lems in the quantitative biological evaluation of all medicines, and these difficulties are particularly severe in the case
of medicinal plants and their extracts.
Medicinal plants are usually administered
as tinctures of the
way
or
former
is
oppositely
known
as
The
retardants.
generally produce
than
compounds which
are
Alternatively, drugs
may
be
One
tices as unscientific
and inexact.
the-
presence
of one
effect
considerably
of greater or
is
is
the rule
the
exception.
This
is
the
isolated
effect.
bined
not
much
helps digestion.
It is
smaller
rather than
necessarily
by
*r.flL
synergism.
altered
J*
will
processes,
more
**
r/m&L
stances
the
become more or
in as
4.
When
conditions.
as a collection of
Hence- preparations
that
some of
the
it
compounds preset
minute concentration
in plants
in
often so
phenomenon
is
ingested by the
55
MEDICINAL USES
Plants
system.
belong
the
to
currently
know
traditionally they
DISEASES OF THE
HEART AND
blood vessels
is
concerned
difficulties
ticism will
they are
known
All these
difficulty
in
as
adaptogens.
how
to great
herbal pre-
mentioned
orthodox and
plants
The commonest
vessels.
CIRCULATION
and
the kidneys.
is
disorder of the
arteriosclerosis 'resulting in
damage
to the kidneys.
may
pumping
is
when
is
unable
the
to
this results in
of
tion
heart
salt
rheumatic
include
failure
fever,
i.
are
still
(or
its
of the
derivatives
The
|.
active principles
substances
known
as cardiotonic glycos-
Many
ides or cardenolides.
very closely
Aorta
Right
Blood exchange
Right atrium
ventricle
in the liver
of
Pulmonary
vein
Pulmonary
arteries
Left atrium
M
A"
Left ventricle
Blood exchange
Portal vein
in the intestine
v>
DIGITALIS THERAPY
compounds of this type are present
plant and some of these have a pro-
related
in the
nounced strengthening
ing heart.
They bind
effect
to heart
on the
fail-
muscle and
its
for
efficiently.
The need
is
is
for cardiotonic
of Digitalis purpurea
|
combined
effect
of
the
highly
active
use
minute
of isolated
active
compounds
63 different
The most important of
modern medicine
to treat
heart failure.
volatile oil
which
Dandelion
which belongs
to the
Scrop-
(Gratiola officinalis)
same family
shown
it is
to possess
considered too
Almost identical
compounds are present in certain Apocytoxic to use medically.
naceae
which
possesses
cardiac
than
glycosides
other
so
compounds have
been identified in members of the Ranunculaceae, the Nymphaeaceae, the Celastraceae and the Bignoniaceae.
Similar
studied.
far
substances
D. lanata
compounds
need
more
alone.
possesses
make
Taraxacum
several
officinale)
substances that
active
it
in the
reserpine,
ble,
pound
acts
removed monocotyledonous
Liliaceae
and Cactaceae.
with
Rauvolfia
families, the
Convallaria
all
alkaloids
synergistically
act
such
hypotensives
other
as
the
and
this
alkaloids from
Family, is in fact
the cardiac glycoside-containing plants growing in temperate zones, and has an important place
in both the folk and orthodox medical
treatment of arrhythmia flack ofa regular
heart brat
especially in eastern Europe.
all
the
exactly
In
same way
that
gism)
Veratrum species,
is
it
enables rela-
tively
stances
may
cause side-effects
when used
on their own.
the
New Treatments
Cinchona
tree.
This
dis-
essential
failure
and
in
Although
there
arc-
certain
effective
treatment of heart
number of medi-
the
a very large
this
is
some
diuretic action.
Many other
Hawthorn
widely used
{Crataegus monogyna),
in the
which
treatment of angina
pectoris,
Its
also
contents,
which are
The
fruit
volatile
in
oil
diuresis.
ripe
of
the
with
Yiscum
I ilia
album
europaea
(Lime
(Mistletoe-
1.
combined
tree
Main
and
herbs
57
MEDICINAL USES
with cardio-active properties contain
kaloids.
The hypotensive
are protoveratrin
and
is
blood pressure
Motherwort
most important
B.
Broom
(Saro-
possesses
the alkaloid
employed
to raise the
thamnus scoparius)
sparteine
and
al-
Veratrum con-
in
cardiac insufficiency.
metres
more
digestive juice
roles in the
which
is
lowering
the blood pressure, and help in angina
stream a hormone, insulin, which regulates the blood-sugar level. The condition
where
insufficient insulin
pectoris.
known
as diabetes.
assist in
it
is
digestion
is
produced
trad-
mouth
vestibule
tongue
pharynx
trachea
absorbed.
Some
dietary
constituents,
however,
unchanged
in the diet
none the
less
important be-
and improve peristalsis - the rhythmic contractions which propel the contents
from one end of the gastro-intestinal tract
liver
spleen
tents
all
bladder
pancreas
to the other.
pyloric orifice
duodenum
The
digestive system
alimentary canal comprises the
mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach,
small intestine, large intestine, rectum
and anus. Although digestion begins in
the mouth while the food is being chewed,
The
enzyme
ascending
colon
descending
"colon
ptyalin
enzyme
The
sigmoid colon
appendix
rectum
intestine
tion
small intestine
is
DIGESTION
is thus completed in the small
and most of the small molecules
so produced - amino-acids, sugars, fatty
acids, and glycerol - are absorbed by the
time the mass of food (bolus) has reached
the far end of the small intestine.
Digestion
(Iceland Moss)
duodenum may
Here a small
mucosal lining is
result.
which are
irritated
by the acidic
produce pain.
Ulcers have long been treated with
Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and a semisynthetic derivative of its major constituent, glycyrrhizin, has been introducgastric contents to
Hops
which was the traditional remedy of North American Indians, and Carlina acaulis (Stemless Thistle). In Europe a favourite is Meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) which is often
combined with Althaea officinalis (Marshmallowj. The latter contains up to 20
per cent mucilage, which protects the
stomach lining, acting in a similar way
to the natural mucus. For the same reason
(Humulus
the
lupulus)
mucilage-rich
it
Cetraria
islandica
similarly employed.
may
be
desirable
in the elderly
stimulate
to
the
ipecacuanha).
Ipecacuanha
(Cephaelis
Other plants have been used in this respect
but their effect was due mostly to their
toxicity - the body simply reacts to the
tically
known and
G. macro-
Menyanthes
trifoliata
gastro-intestinal
tract
as
well
as
is
the
con-
ity
may
acidity
is
During convalescence or
intestine
lead
or
intestine,
either
spasm
known
in
to
all
as colic.
may
in
of
and
is
vomit-
often
com-
and Wild
Yam
constipation.
cerns
divided
into
Below
Purgatives
main
may
classes
be
bulk
The
performs several
liver
for use
the removal
of
substances.
tincture
three
Emesis (vomiting)
cases of poisoning by
the
effective, especially in
villosa).
be induced
and
safer
parts
Many members
administration
More
root (Dioscorea
act
hyper-
which are powerful antispasmodics. Good examples are Atropa belladonna, Hyoscyamus niger and Datura stramon-
of the
hyos.cine,
certain
by the most
it
gastric
ium.
of worn-out blood
vital detoxification
cells,
and
the
vena cava
hepatic veins
liver
spleen
ortal vein
hepatic artery
common
bile
duct
intestine
59
MEDICINAL USES
promote a
'natural' peristalsis
defaecation
act
and hence
and irritants,
which exercise a localized irritant action
on the wall of the large bowel, inducing
the impacted faecal mass;
reflex evacuation.
right
bronchus
purgatives.
As the name
tives
oils
which are
heart
officinalis.
Ricinus communis
oil)
aorta
gerous.
Of those which
species
certain
members
of the
Rhamnaceae such
as
Injection
of extracts of these
plants
may
lead to the
as Anise.
Fennel and
Mint and
Umbelliferae such
Dill,
DISORDERS OF THE
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
When we
breathe, air
is
taken
first
into the
Hence
tion of bile,
The
results in
purgation
in
about 30 minutes
glycosides.
The
action
of these
compounds
is
to
Common
Potentilla
species,
Quercus species,
bistorta
60
Berberis vulgaris
Balmonv
and
Dandelion).
The Dandelion
action
and
is
is
employed
gall-bladder
inflammation of
and cholelithiasis
first
as alveolar ducts,
each
it
stage of cirrhosis.
may
known
in
jaundice, cholecystitis
the
fine tubules
is
partially
exchanged
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
to
bronchiole
lung
air
pulmonary vein
passage
alveolus
:fY
bronchus
^bJ^m ess, **
capillary
alveolus
Left
Diagrammatic
representation
show
to
its
internal structure,
and
which allows
alveoli,
the air
the
an increased
activity of these glands. There may, in
addition, be spasm of the muscle in the
walls of the bronchi adding to the
Arabs.
obstruction.
tussive agents
rest
tion
exchange of oxygen
The
blood
is
in
high
therefore vital.
contribute
also
to
equally
origin,
may
chlorophyll
but
instead
magnesium
of containing
an atom of
as in chlorophyll
it
is
bound
its
to
body leads
anaemia.
As blood passes around the organs ol
oxygen from the oxygenated
the body,
The commonest
chronic disordei
ol
the
chronic bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi), which may
tract
be associated with
ment
of
that
is
sufferers) are
specific
particular
to say
foreign
type
of
substance,
pollen.
often
Treatment
bronchi
using bronchodilators, and some of the
best known of these are Ephedra species.
is
emphysema
enlarge-
may
be caused
as
Cough
is
foreign
materials.
is
effective
in
chronic
asthma for
which purpose the North American Indians smoked the leaves. In India the
and
related
nicotianaefolia
L.
bronchial
is
used in
the
Euphorbia hirta,
Polygala
senega,
Urginea maritima.
suppressing
this
reflex.
They
are
thus
Prickly or
the
phlegm
infiata
may
Lobelia
and
trolled
anti-tussive.
bronchitis
dioxide-.
respiratory
viscous secretions.
air pollu-
the
in the blood.
body,
Smoking and
of khellin, a
and
oxygen
For difficulty
a
class
known
of agents
of
as
may
expectorants
either by inducing
employed
as
Viola odorata
an expectorant;
it
is
also
contains a
()t
MEDICINAL USES
glycoside, violarutin, as well as saponins.
number
of plants are
is
acts
on the muscles
from min-
(Allium
bladder.
Cone flower
Elecampane
autonomic system
power of
and
{Echinacea angustifoliai,
{Inula helenium).
in
two
in
all
controls
and
inte-
There
hand, temperature-detecting
Below
showing
The autonomic
nervous system,
of the
Most organs
of both systems
and
are
cells in the
message
fibres
to
changes.
spinal
the
When
cord
by
electrical
the junction
between
activates another
cord.
The
'perceived'
and
down
as
a result an impulse
down
the efferent or
ies
spinal cord
cells
is known as acetylcholine.
The sympathetic nervous system, which
nerves
uses
line as
acts antagonistically
of the parasympathetic
sympathetic stimulation
causes increase both in pupil size and
to
stimulation
system.
Thus
same
time, constric-
and
abdominal viscera. All these actions prepare the body for intense activity.
tion of the blood-vessels in the skin
saliva
saliva
glands
glands
heart
heart
lungs
lungs
stomach
stomach
intestine
intestine
bladder
bladder
spinal
cord
sympathetic
trunk
is
and then
motor nerve to the
muscles of the arm and hand - which is
withdrawn involuntarily from the heat.
Function of organs autonomic activit-
passes
pupil
pupil
neurone
"message"
sympathetic
parasympathetic
62
and
spinal
is
cells)
the
in
the skin
system
*
^
'6^
K.
and reasoning
reside
in
the superficial
man, with
his
dominate
all
the
Passion-flower
[Passiflora
incarnata)
others.
in
respiratory regulation
and maintenance
of blood pressure.
this
(Cypripedium
the
first
pubescens\
class
fall
also
nervous
central
the
which
relieve
pain,
system
are
those
the analgesics,
known
and
in the plant
Opium
the
Mandrake
which,
like
root
Mandragora
Henbane
officinarum
Hyoscyamus
nigei
surgery.
wellia
serrata,
Chrysanthemum anemijolium.
ontain
certain
many
essential
herbs which
oils,
such
as
Erythroxylum
irritants
coca
American
the
physiological
of Physostigma venenosum
its
pounds
is
:
com-
The
reflex
it
contains
niger,)
is
many
it
has
officinalis
pain of a cigarette
pathway (red)
effector pathway (green)
the receptor
hallu-
depressant
and
tabacum.i, pilocarpine
and
A well-known
burn,
simu-
show
of tin
transmitter
cinogens.
reflex consists
and counter-
Wintergreen whose
oil comprises mainly methyl salicylate.
Other central nervous system drugs
include the depressant group comprising
the anaesthetics, hypnotics, sedatives and
Caultheria procumbens
of the
and an
involuntary muscle movement. The diagrams
left
is
shrub,
as
known
Above and
niger.
the sympathetic
opposite
(Jlaviceps purpurea).
63
SELF-HELP
mainstream
medical profession and unorthodox practitioners have tended to dissuade ordinary
people from treating themselves or obtaining the means or information for doing so.
This opposition was often concerned
with the profit motive and, equally, no
doubt because of the need for secrecy to
Throughout
conceal
ache,
fever
themselves
or
earache,
may seem
in
trivial
symptoms and
dispositions and case
the
ated
patient's
pre-
symp-
history, such
tially serious
in as
quickly as 24
may
herbs
person
blood pressure in a
suffering from hyper-
raise the
already
more than 12 hours as they may deteriorate. Even under ideal conditions herbs
lose their activity: leaves, flowers and
fruit
seeds,
years.
nant women.
tension,
There
is
Used
Infusion
water-soluble
dense parts of
leaves, stems and
to extract the
adverse
is
also sometimes
employed on thin, small or chopped roots
and fruits.
The method consists of pouring 500 ml
Simply because herbs are natural prodoes not follow that their use in
medicine is any easier than the use of
ducts
it
substances - in
It
method
oz to
of boiling water on to 30 g (or
20 fl ozs) of the finely cut material con-
it is
is
many
the
as
the
ways,
synthetic
indeed,
such
herbs
flowers,
effects.
more complicated.
recommended
many popular modern 'herb-
self-medication cannot be
fitted
and why
volatile substances
als'
less
may
so
be
with a tight
lost
The
lid.
lid
keeps in the
during the
required
normally
10
for
is
or
minutes
15
After
infusion.
allowed
to cool to
just
taken,
demonstrate the
effectiveness of herbal medicine as administered by a properly qualified prac-
systems
digestive
titioner.
Some
to
or
it
completely.
may be allowed
The normal dose
to
is
is
cool
up
to
Hard
hours.
Decoction
are,
PREPARATIONS
Left
different
ways of
extraction
tin
of a herb, such as
Decoction
extraction
its
is
best
means
the use
is
then
it
Other
of
into a
mixed with a
methods
of specific
to
groups of active
may
and
include a
of wooden spoons,
storage jars, and, most importantly, a wide
range of dried and fresh herbs. 1 Other methods
pestle,
<>)
a fine strainer,
lots
greater knowledge of
pharmacy and
entire
process
Still
itself;
pouring
its
may
constituents,
different
the
Poultice
saucepan and
the
vessel
of hot water,
be
in
needed to remove
therapeutic chemicals which would not be
solutions
directly to the
the
release
During
related
are
wood
i(
Herbal
This method
may
three
utilize either
crushed to
small quantity of hot water; or dried herbs
which are softened by mixing with host
pastes, which act as a suspending material, made from flour, bran, corn meal or
other suitable vehicles. If the latter method is employed 60 g of dried herbs are
mixed with 500 ml (or 2 ozs to 20 fl ozs) of
fairly loose paste. Both fresh and dried
plant poultices are best applied indirectly
to the skin by sandwiching the paste
to
65
SELF-HELP TABLE
Left
the one
shown
here,
Below
The dosage
must not be
treated.
No
sometimes better
The figures
; it is
to
by weight.
Key
ACIDITY
see Dyspepsia
ANAEMIA
Golden Seal
Myrrh rs
Dandelion
Spinach
Watercress
As salad herbs,
rs
resin
bd
buds
hb
herb
rt
root
bl
bulb
If
leaf
sd
seed
cl
clove
Witch Hazel,
distilled
Wormwood
Angelica
Nettle
water of
If
If
1
Walnut
Sage If
If
Peppermint
Gentian
hb
If
Marigold fl
Black Bryony hb
cup
hr before
European Centaury hb
1
St Johns Wort hb
Infusion: 2 cups per day
Linseed sd
rt
Sweet Flag
Caraway sd
Cuckoopint If
Lime bk
Herb Robert If
Rue hb
Fenugreek sd
Sanicle hb
rt
Agrimony hb
Gentian
Calumba
European Centaury hb
Hemp Agrimony hb
Apply hot poultices of any of the
rt
rt
Decoction: ^ cup
meals
Bogbean hb
Blessed Thistle hb
Mugwort
Infusion: \
If
cup
hr before meals
Globe Artichoke If
1
Gentian rt
Decoction: \ cup 1 hr before meals
1
Garlic
Rosemary hb
cl
Echinacea rt
Juniper by
Poultice or Decoction
Renew
hr before
(external use)
above, alone or
at least
in
combination.
4 times a day
BURNS
If
Comfrey If
St Johns Wort hb
European Centaury hb
1
Thyme hb
1
White Horehound If
1
Hyssop hb
Infusion: 2 cups per day
If
Oak If
Cabbage
fl
Cowslip
meals
Infusion: 2
ANTISEPTIC
hr before meals
Birch
meals
If
2 Nettle
Hyssop hb
Arnica
rt
Infusion: 5
Infusion: 2
BAD BREATH
see Halitosis
Cucumber
Comfrey
Oak bk
Marigold
ft
If
fl
Johns Wort hb
Poultice: renew frequently
2 St
Marigold
Sanicle hb
Plantain
fl
If
Comfrey If
2 Lady's Mantle hb
2
Onion
Myrrh
Melilot hb
Thyme hb
BILIOUSNESS
bl
see Nausea
rs
Poultice:
Plantain
If
Poultice
1
Golden Rod hb
Wintergreen
If
Rue hb
Southernwood hb
Poultice or Infusion
66
renew
frequently
BLEEDING
Poultice or Decoction
petals
(lack of)
or vegetables:
frequently
Pt
fruit
Agrimony hb
Infusion: 1 cup
Moss
Iceland
flower
ft
BRUISES
APPETITE
Nettle
ft
berry
Comfrey
bark
by
rt
Chives
bk
Cranesbill
rt
Raspberry
If
Bistort
rt
Chickweed hb
Golden Seal rt
Irish Moss hb
Poultice:
Burdock
Marigold
renew
rt
fl
frequently
SELF-HELP TABLE
Coltsfoot
Plantain
If
Flag
If
Eucalyptus
Garlic
If
cup before
retiring
Severe
3
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Eyebright hb
Senna If
Marjoram
If
Chamomile
Sweet Flag
fl
rt
eyewash
Peppermint If
Decoction: 7 cup before
Marigold fl
Fumitory hb
1
Eyebright hb
Infusion: apply as lotion or
4 Senna If
1
Ginger rt
4 Sweet Flag
eyewash
Decoction:
retiring
Blessed Thistle hb
Rue hb
Mugwort hb
2 Horseradish
rt
2 Blessed Thistle
Mallow
Sage If
Coltsfoot
Walnut
hb
1
Golden Seal
Rose pt
Elder
If
If
fl
1
1
Chamomil?
Cornflower
Poultice
Melilotfl
2 Plantain
Golden Rod hb
2 Yarrow hb
1
Hawthorn fl
Infusion: 2 cups a day
Coltsfoot
Fennel sd
If
1
1
and
Sundew hb
Thyme hb
Aniseed sd
3 cups per day
Infusion:
Fennel sd
2 Irish
Rue
If
Moss hb
Thyme
If
4 Elecampane rt
2 Aniseed sd
4 Liquorice rt
4 Lungwort If
1
Fennel sd
Decoction: 3 cups per day
Mild
rt
Elecampane rt
White Horehound. hb
fl
Blood Root
retiring
prune
Cabbage
Poultice
cup before
Suppressant
CONSTIPATION
fl
rt
rt
If
Angelica rt
2 Lady's Mantle hb
Rhubarb
COUGHS
rt
If
Poultice
Angelica rt
Alder Buckthorn bk
Infusion:
cl
the vapour
Poultice
2
If
Couch-grass hb
Borage If
Dandelion If
rt
CHILBLAINS
rt
Sage If
Marjoram
Tormentil
Willow If
Elm bk
Avens rt
Hound's Tongue
Lady's Mantle If
Sweet
Rosemary hb
Peppermint If
If
Figs
COLDS
Expectorant
Dates
Prunes
1
Yarrow
Elder
Peppermint
Raisins
Bran
If
Infusion
2 Coltsfoot
Rhubarb
fl
fl
Hyssop hb
White Horehound. hb
Infusion 3 cups per day
in the diet,
2
1
or their intake
increased
1
1
Elder
fl
Lime
fl
Psyllium sd
Alpine Plantain sd
Decoction: do not strain, drink 3
cups per day
Bayberry bk
1
Ginger rt
Infusion 2 cups per day.
in
doses
small
1
1
Liquorice sd
Fennel sd
Linseed sd
Ginger
rt
Infusion
Liquorice
2 Elder
1
Meadowsweet hb
2 Violet
1
rt
fl
Garlic
fl
cl
fl
Marshmallow rt
Soapwort hb or
rt
Mullein hb
Balm of Gilead bd
Sage If
Marshmallow
Coltsfoot
Comfrey
rt
If
If
rt
Cowslip
Infusion: 2
Liquorice
Spinach
Apples
The above should be incorporated
If
White Horehound. hb
Turnera hb
Yellow Dock rt
1
Dandelion rt
Decoction: 3 cups per day
CUTS
see Bleeding
DIARRHOEA
2 Alder
1
Ash
Alder
Buckthorn bk
Bilberry
If
Bistort
fl
Peppermint
Infusion:
bed
Tormentil
If
cup before
retiring to
rt
Agrimony hb
Ground Ivy hb
Oak bk
ft
rt
Elm bk
Yarrow hb
Lady's Mantle hb
67
MEDICINAL USES
Cranesbill
GARGLE
rt
Red Sage
Valerian
Chamomile
rt
fl
If
Myrrh rs
Marigold fl
Decoction: as required
1
Lavender fl
Infusion: 2 cups per day
1
Jambul
Oak bk
ft
2 Raspberry
Sweet
rt
hb
2 Tormentil
Peppermint
2 Marigold
day
hb
Rosemary hb
Infusion: 3 cups per day
2 Blessed Thistle
fl
Marshmallow
Sage hb
rt
INDIGESTION
Infusion:
1
If
Marshmallow If
cups per day
Infusion: 3
Sanicle hb
Lavender
Thyme hb
Tormentil
1
1
1
If
to
fl
Dandelion
Meadowsweet hb
Limefl
Marshmallow
rt
Infusion: as required
1
Meadowsweet hb
Lemon Balm
Peppermint
in
Meadowsweet hb
rt
If
Herb Robert hb
Decoction: as required
DYSPEPSIA
Hops hb
Valerian
1
Ginger rt
Decoction: 3 cups per day,
small doses
If
Infusion: as required
1
rt
Thyme hb
Infusion:
2 Blackberry
Cleavers hb
If
Flag
2 Plantain
Golden Seal rt
Herb Robert hb
Sage If
Sea salt
If
rt
Decoction: as required
Parsley hb
Sage
day
If
Fennel sd
Decoction: 2 cups per day
1
Sweet Flag
Meadowsweet hb
HALITOSIS
rt
Anise sd
Cardamom
sd
Sweet Flag
rt
Ginger rt
Decoction: \ cup as required, not
to exceed 2 cups per day
1
Gentian
Chamomile
Angelica
Lemon Balm
Clove
Angelica rt
Fennel sd
Peppermint
rt
fl
rt
If
If
Parsley
If
1
Sweet
Flag
rt
1
Wormwood
Coriander sd
Sage
hb
Dill
If
Liquorice rt
Infusion: 7 cup per day
see Coughs
sd
alone or
in
Wormwood
Chicory
Anise sd
Fennel sd
Orris
rt
Meadowsweet hb
Caraway sd
in
Sweet Flag
Peppermint
Caraway sd
Garlic
Yarrow
If
cl
Sage
fl
If
to
exceed
Lemon Balm hb
Chamomile fl
Peppermint If
Infusion: 2 cups per day
HEADACHE
Irish Moss
Chickweed
Carrot
Lime
Lemon Balm hb
Coltsfoot
Borage
Rosemary hb
Linseed
Cucumber
Houseleek
Slippery Elm
fl
Infusion: as required.
1-4 cups
per day
1
Caraway sd
Fennel sd
Mugwort hb
Anise sd
Decoction: 3 cups per day
1
1
1
1
1
Lovage
Vervain hb
Scullcap hb
Infusion:
rt
Cumin sd
Thyme hb
68
Catmint hb
Rosemary hb
Infusion:
Winter Savory hb
Angelica rt
INFLAMMATIONS
cups per day
Myrrh rs
Decoction: gargle 3 times per day
Apple
rt
Turnera hb
1
Cola ft
1
Ginger rt
Decoction: \ cup as required, not
fl
Infusion: 2
taken
small doses
rt
2 Sarsaparilla
rt
hb
rt
hb
2 Basil
acidity.
4 Sweet Flag
Ginger rt
If
Woodruff hb
Decoction: 2 cups per day
Infusion:
FLATULENCE
If
Chew a
EXPECTORANTS
Tarragon
Fennel sd
Gentian rt
Peppermint
Yarrow
Scullcap hb
Infusion:
fl
Oats
Purple Loosestrife
Onion
White Pond
Okra
Lungwort
Parsley
Comfrey
Pumpkin
Lily
Marshmallow
swellings
INFLUENZA
see Colds
SELF-HELP TABLE
Black Horehound hb
1
Decoction: 3 cups per day
INSECT BITES
Houseleek
Parsley
Leek
Olive
Golden Rod hb
Meadowsweet hb
Sage hb
Black Horehound hb
1
Vervain hb
1
Pennyroyal hb
Infusion: 3 cups per day (not
during pregnancy)
If
fl
If
bl
oil
Plantain
cl
If
Rue If
St Johns Wort
Marigold
Garlic
Infusion: gargle
Summer Savory
Infusion: gargle
If
Pennyroyal
If
Comfrey If
Crush the fresh plant of any of the
above and rub on the sting
Red Sage
Raspberry If
Ginger rt
Peppermint hb
Lemon Balm hb
1
1
Bayberry bk
Infusion: 2
If
Infusion: gargle
Decoction: gargle
Repellent
Clove
Lavender
of Pennyroyal
Oil of
Oil
Elder
TONICS
Chew one
slowly
(crushed)
If
see Burns
INSOMNIA
SEDATIVES
Valerian
Lime
Betony hb
Scullcap hb
fl
Fennel sd
Aniseed sd
Passion flower hb (i cup only)
Infusion:
1
1
1
1
1
sd
Fennel sd
Dill
1
1
1
1
Lime
fl
Hops hb
Lemon Balm hb
Valerian
Infusion
cup
Poke Root
Lady's Slipper hb
TOOTHACHE
Hyssop hb
Lemon Balm hb
Mallow
Clove
oil
to tooth cavity,
rt
Mistletoe hb
Scullcap hb
but avoid
gums
in
small
Chamomile
fl
doses
2 Mistletoe hb
4 Lime fl
Hawthorn
ft
VOMITING
or
fl
in
Lavender
Orange
Lemon Balm hb
Basil
fl
Valerian
Peppermint hb
Spearmint hb
European Centaury hb
Chamomile
Wormwood
fl
hb
fl
hb
Hops hb
mouth
per day
Chamomile
Lemon Balm hb
Peppermint hb
Fennel sd
European Centaury hb
rt
fl
fl
Mullein hb
Coltsfoot If
Marshmallow
If
Apply
cl
Mallow
2 Valerian
ft
If
Turnera hb
Saw Palmetto by
1
Cola ft
1
Oats sd
Decoction: 2 cups per day. in
small doses
Hedge Mustard hb
Sace
rt
Decoction: gargle
Garlic
fl
Soften,
at night
8 Coltsfoot If
4 Blood Root rt
4 Balm of Gilead bd
1
Dog Rose
Oats sd
Hops hb
Infusion: 2
LARYNGITIS
Hibiscus
Lavender fl
Infusion: 4 cups per day
rt
ft
1
Peppermint hb
Decoction I cup at night
Dog Rose
Infusn
Lady's Slipper hb
Oats sd
Scullcap hb
Infusion:
If
Peppermint If
Infusion: 3 cups per day
1
fl
Lavender fl
Woodruff hb
Thyme hb
Infusions of any of the above.
cup at night
Dandelion
Chicory rt
rt
Hops hb
Chamomile
SCALDS
Liquorice
any one
rt
Infusion: as required
SORE THROAT
rt
LAXATIVES
see Constipation
NAUSEA
Golden Seal
Thyme hb
Sage
During Pregnancy
rt
If
Iceland
Moss hb
Black Horehound hb
Decoction: 2 cups per day
Myrrh rs
Decoction: gargle
Black Horehound hb
Infusion: 2
Galangal
Marshmallow
rt
rt
Bistort
Balm
rt
of Gilead
1
Sanicle hb
Decoction, gargle
bd
Chamomile
Meadowsweet hb
fl
Black Horehound. hb
cups per day
Infusion: 2
69
'--
*Jk-<'~
-/
\ag
UP
Herbs
in the kitchen
possessed
they
properties.
An
organized
international
literature
is
many
and
known
in
Greece.
It
in
popularity
cuisine
of first-century
used
many
in
in
the
stuffings as a digestive
and
laxative.
and
spices,
and
oils
Aristotle, includes
HerbSy bread
and eggs
simple
Emperor Charlemagne
in their
with
adulterated
spent
material. Adding
means of defrauding
the buyer.
Only
in
of Food
rendered
guild
Left:
descriptions
the
less vital.
The
fifteenth-century
from
term
'pepperoccasional
torn
rent'
arose
the
7'
ICE
PLANTS
I'
late
ma
it is
of his dishes -
book published
in
1507. For
the
GINGER
medieval
BLACK PEPPER
piper nigrum,.
:in</iicr officinale
many
in
centuries.
his first
meant
The
that
period between
North
Italian spice
7^
CAYENNE PEPPER
C AJ' F. R
capsicum
capari.i apinosa
voyage
to the
six
As trade
annuum
in spices slowly
developed,
ref-
in
lished a base in
in cookery.
Calicut.
In
ally
liberally
herbs.
The
sprinkled
with
references
extract,
to
from A
know
violet
lush
and with
eglantine."
sixteenth
and seventeenth-century
to
mask
the taints of
variety
the
to
of basic
flavour
foods.
much
be desired in terms of
fruit and vegetable
crops (notably apples and potatoes have
come under fire, and the plant breeder is
often reproached for breeding uniform,
unblemished items, designed to suit the
packer's boxes rather than to delight the
leave
flavour.
in
The
transient in dishes
may
be
necessary.
if,
for
coming
specific
The
earliest
Shrove Tuesday pancakes were tansyflavoured; bitter herbs still symbolize the
Jewish Passover; on Good Friday (tradfree of devilish
itionally
tings of Bay,
Thyme
influence)
cut-
healthy growth; on
May
German
the
all
important
The
dish
moment may be
may be needed for
immediate consumption, or
eys
and
oils.
for
freezer
mature.
AVAILABILITY OF HERBS
Most herbs are grown and harvested
aluminium
when
the
in
spices are
itself,
or dried state,
factors.
of the herb
to
Once
perience,
diets.
Even certain
consumer's palate.
and
the
much more
effectivelv.
leaves or whole
from the ends of stems if the plant is
large enough. Avoid over-picking too
many leaves from one stem or from very
sprigs
many
(The
table on
page 123
lists
mounds of succulent
red
pre-
shellfish
enter
to
the
calculations
concerned
dietician
mended
intakes.
with
The
plant
only significant
is
the
of
recom-
contribution
vitamin
to the diet
daily
of
from a particular
if
a bowlful
is
Sweet
Peppers.
Nettles
and
and
Alfalfa
source- of
Deficiency
shoots provide an
vitamin B12
oi
tins
in
made
Com In
essential
vegan
diet.
component of the
vita-
in
the
73
Garlic, onions
of the
and
chillies
best
on sale
and
same family and both
to the
to
Freezing herbs
Perhaps the most satisfactory domestic
method of
storing herbs
in the freezer
is
all
'Allium schoenoprasum)
and leathery
Dill
chilled
freezer
The recommended
time.
blanched
Whole
young
Use at once or wrap in foil
and keep in the refrigerator. Sprigs of
Mint (Mentha spp) and Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) may be kept in a jar of water
plants.
warm
frozen
sprigs
may
freezer
life
for
months.
be crumbled while
herbs
is
six
frozen.
(95F).
Lay
the
plastic
signs of condensation
for a
few days.
nylon
ably a certain
amount
of
loss
oils.
Inevit-
of these
when
oils
Some
bloom,
namely Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis), Lavender {Lavandula spp), Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris). Sage (Salvia officinalis) is harvested when the earliest buds are seen.
Pick just after the dew has gone and
discard any yellow or damaged herbs.
herbs are harvested
in full
move obvious
rinse to re-
74
dust or
soil.
When
jar, the
loose
in small bunches in a
Cover the bunches with
avoid
herbs as
shelf-life
paper-packaged
is
and
Choose
limited
brands.
ing.
boxes or screw-top
jars.
soft
breadcrumbs and frozen for use as toppings or in stuffings and dumplings. Place
the chopped herbs in ice-cube containers
and top up with stock. Transfer the frozen
bags for storage. Likesprigs of tiny Mint
leaves in ice-cube trays, top with water
and freeze for use in wine cups and some
aperitifs. Chopped herbs can be mixed
cubes
wise,
to freezer
{Ocimum
Basil
basilicum).
officinale),
folium),
Garlic
Chervil
Mustard
Anthriscus cere-
Capers
(Allium sativum),
Horseradish
Anethum
and
armoracia
Cochlearia
[Brassica nigra.
graveolens
er storage.
to flavour particular
mixture consisting of
Parsley
Petroselinum
(Anthriscus cerefolium
dracunculus
crispum
Chervil
Tarragon
Artemisia
schoeno-
a few Chives
Allium schoenoprasum
(hop-
cheese.
sprigs of
Thyme
Thymus
vulgaris
one
Marjoram
of
sprig
(Origanum
onites),
Ready-made
ing birds.
to
make
or
teas
tisanes,
come
flavour.
The range
Hibiscus,
Fennel, Peppermint,
and
sealed containers.
to
will
ensure
Individual
sachets
storage period.
storage,
dishes
si.
should
Do
last for
about a year.
10
making
inevitably
listed
in
table
the
on pages
HERB TEAS
and
tea
is
of
made
normally
plant material
green leaves
Left
Making
The
i/b
and
casseroles.
bubs
Ibi
i\
,.
00k id.
the form of
an
to
add a
Among
suitable
little
juice,
and
those
for
lemon
as well.
use
as
tisanes
are
Lime,
In
ni\ily
to
If tied together
f example,
removed whin the /nod
<
string,
seeds to every
serve hot.
Teas
The characteristic
leaf.
toups, slews
,,
in
includes Parsley,
Bay
and
90 91.
The terms
it
will
are
these
when
use
Chamo-
to
tend
s|)k es
and
to use.
like
recommended
are
teas
Tisanes
sometimes spices
within the
of herb
mile,
used
aroma and
and convenient
readily available
very best
the
but
is
formed
during
the
process
of
fermentation.
Due
best
75
HERBS
THE KITCHEN
IN
Angelica leaves
Aniseed
Anise leaves
Bergamot
Borage
Burdock
Caraway
Agrimony
(red)
Celery seed
Chamomile
Clove pinks
G
( flo
rs )
Coltsfoot
Comfrey
Cowslip
Cumin
Dandelion
Dill
Elder flowers
Fennel
Hibiscus
Hops
Hyssop
Jasmine
Lemon Balm
Lime
Lovage
Mate
Marjoram
Mints
Mugwort
Nasturtium
Nettle
Orange-flower
Parsley
Pennyroyal
Peppermint
Primrose
Raspberry leaf
Saffron
1
Salad Burnet
Savory
Sage
Sorrel
Sweet Cicely
Tansy
Thyme
Vervain
Violet
76
Watercress
Wild Strawberry
Woodruff
Yarrow
'
SOUPS
Left :
Most people
tea.
however
that can
Many
make a
wooden frame
caffeine
stimulant.
Leave the
shade
for
during
this
generate
own
their
Finish
heat.
the
SOUP DISHES
Gazpacho
added.
Some
blends are as
established
Serves 4
half a
Soak the dried peas in cold water overnight. Rinse and drain. Brown the pork or
ham in a heavy saucepan adding a little
oil if the meat is lean. Add the celery and
onion and cook for a few minutes. Add
the cold water, drained peas, ham bone
and the herbs and spices tied in muslin.
Simmer for about 2 hours. Remove the
ham bone and the muslin bag. Taste and
to taste)
280ml
25g
salt
10
fl
oz
oz)
tomato
juice
fresh Parsley
mix
sin^
.1
with
vegetables
the
the
sugar,
tomato
juice.
Add
the
making sure
sparingly,
the
the
oil
olive
little
oil,
of the
and vinegar
Blackberry 8 parts
Strawberry 4 parts
Raspberry 2 parts
Peppermint 2 parts
Blackberry 8 parts
Raspberry 4 parts
Thyme
Pea Soup
Serves 4-8
2 parts
25g
i5g
Lime
(flowers
pans
Peppermint 2 parts
All parts by weight
450^
\
parts
y>f
1
dried
diced
7og ib oz)
jog (6 oz)
2l
70
II
(\ oz)
salt
eggs,
sliced
lb
OZ
( 1
enriched
3 Blackberry 8 parts
Mace
and pepper
tablespoons chopped Parsley
cucumber
medium-sized onion
green pepper
2-3 large ripe tomatoes
1-2 cloves Garlic (according
1
follows:
whole Allspice
piece blade
salt
at a
( 1
10
1
peas
pork or
salt
(hopped celery
chopped onion
oz) cold
Caraway
split
water
ham
leaves
Melt the butter or margarine in a saucepan. Stir in the flour. Gradually add the
Stock, stirring constantly, and bring to the
ham bone
boil.
Bay
leaf
6 Parsley stalks
Add
the
Caraway
leaves
and simmer
77
Caraway
Garlic Soup
Serves 6
6 tablespoons whole Garlic cloves
(i oz) butter
tablespoons
olive oil
4
i litre (35 fl oz) chicken stock
25g
3 e gg y lks
salt
Mace
Heat
and a
tablespoon of the olive oil over a low heat
for about 15 minutes. Avoid browning the
cloves. Pour on the stock. Bring to the boil
and simmer for 20 minutes.
Peel
the
Garlic
them
in a
heavy pan
cloves
carefully.
in the butter
they thicken.
the saucepan
Heat but do not boil.
Rub through a sieve into a warmed pan or
tureen. Season to taste and add the spices.
Place a slice of French bread in each
warmed soup bowl and pour the soup
over. Sprinkle with Parsley and serve.
Sorrel Soup
mixture
very
slowly
to
stirring constantly.
Serves 4
enriched)
(35 fl oz) chicken stock
black peppercorns and salt
litre
enriched)
lemon juice
oz) sour cream
2 tablespoons
140 ml (5
finely
fl
snipped Chives
the Sorrel
and spinach
through a
onion and
the
fine sieve.
boil
gently,
^
1
Peel
stirring
dishes.
add
Serves 4-6
salt.
constantly.
Simmer
for
^
1
teaspoon salt
teaspoon ground black pepper
teaspoon chopped fresh Chervil or
teaspoon dried Chervil
teaspoon chopped fresh Thyme or
teaspoon dried Thyme and 1 Bay leaf
tablespoon finely chopped Parsley
them
is
the
Add
for
the
further
25g
1
(1
oz)
margarine
cream
2 tablespoons tomato puree
pickled cucumber, finely chopped
salt and pepper
200ml
(7
fl
oz) sour
Mark
7.
FISH
Turkish
Lamb
Serves 4
goog
(2 lbs) best
3 large
onions
teaspoon Sage
Bay leaves
2 chopped cloves Garlic
700ml (25 fl oz) stock
2
(2 oz)
50g
lard
flour
and pepper
salt
Add
1 hours.
and
45 minutes.
FISH DISHES
salt,
Above
chicken
Goose baked
in a
nay of serving
unusual
an
which tends
to
be a characteristic of goose.
salad.
in this
and will
be just as delicious.
Chicken Paprika
Serves
Goulash
Serves
1
25g
25g
()75g
margarine or butter
ozj
(l
oz) lard
chopped or sliced
4 teaspoons Hungarian Paprika
560ml 20 OZ) stock
280ml
10
(1
oz
<
ream
salt.
Melt the
covered
frying pan. Add onions and cook gentk
until they Stan to brown. Add Paprika
and stock, bring to the boil and add the
in a skillet 01
Cook gently
cream and
for
few
made
fillets
stir
into
tin
pan.
minutes, but do
lb
shallow pan.
dripping
heaped tablespoon Hungarian Paprika
Whip
salt
salt
cornstarch)
carton sour
")Og (2 oz)
11
teaspoons cornflour
cubes
3 onions,
frozen
salt
(]
Thaw
or 5 chicken pieces
\ teaspoons
recipe
stock
55og
Potted Shrimps
Serves 4
225g
(
i^ lb
(8 oz) freshly
(or frozen)
potatoes (optional)
1
of
it
to boiling
When
water
in a small
all
saucepan.
dissolved,
remove
79
EGG DISHES
Parsley and Garlic Eggs
Serves 2
2
eggs
salt
and pepper
in a
heavy-bottomed
meal.
Herb Omelette
Serves 2
the
let
it
cool. Lift
Above
pungent flavouring.
boiled or left-over
[l
slices
lb
Bay
fl
oz
fish
fl
oz
vinegar
oil
place
or
Gas Mark 4
fish
for
30 minutes,
first
15
minutes.
and a green
sea-bream
haddock.
If
80
is
:s
salt
lemon
fish
lemon and
and the
and
180
herbs,
black pepper
'
<
salad.
leave
teaspoon Thyme
teaspoon Marjoram
1^ tablespoons olive oil
stock
leaves
3 slices of
up the
salt
turning the
approx 45og
of Fennel root
fish
lbj
280ml 10
280ml (10
12
i
Serves 4
2 Clo\ es
medium-sized onion
Serves 6
Soused Fish
4 Fennel lea\
4 large eggs
so
salt.
that
the
and pepper
cook
for a
a mixing bowl
Pickled Mackerel
Oregano Flan
Serves 4
Serves 4
4 mackerel
Bay
teaspoon Allspice
salt
distilled
vinegar
leaves
and pepper
12 peppercorns
Pastry
i40g (5 oz) whole wheat flour
fats
(butter or
Filling
Mix
the
together in a
case.
Scatter
the
cheese,
Olives
and
utes,
Mark
the
for
first
15
Rosmarino
lb
spaghetti
the
pan of
water. Meanwhile, melt
spaghetti
salted
in
large
mary
is
leaves
25mm
(i
in)
Cinnamon
stick
4 peppercorns
4 crushed Cardamom seeds
20-30 blanched almonds
tablespoons cooking
teaspoons
salt
(less
4 aubergines (eggplants)
3 slices of streaky bacon
oil
if
salted butter
is
used, fry
it
and
\\
560ml (20
fl
monds and
Add
4 tablespoons olive
salt and pepper
When
and
stirring to prevent
it
Then add
it
fry for
a few minutes,
Wash
two
Basil
oil
slits
and
and reduce the
heat to just above the minimum. Cover
the pan and let it simmer for 5 to 10
minutes. The water will evaporate and
Below: Spring
the pan.
fresh
or
mixed
the butter.
chopped
teaspoons
Marjoram mixed
oz) water
.V>*
'
used
2 teaspoons sugar
boiling,
Bay
4 Cloves
Cook
rice
Wash
Serves 4
('
rice
onions
hard-boiled eggs
tomatoes
PASTA DISHES
45g
(1 lb)
450g
flan.
4.
Spaghetti
Herb Rice
Serves 4
herbs
to taste
Summer
and
Savory.
Alcoholic beverages
Apples
o o
Apricots
Artichokes, globe
Artichokes. Jerusalem
Asparagus
Baked goods
Beans. Broad
Beef
Beetroots
Brussels sprouts
Carrots
Citrus fruits
Cocoa
Coffee
Dairy foods
Eggs
Fish
Game
Lamb
Marinades
Mayonnaise
Onions
Pasta sauces
Peaches
Pears
o
o
Gooseberries
Peas
Pickles
Pork
o
o
Potatoes
Poultry
Salads
Spinach
Stews
Swedes (Rutabagas)
Sweet sauces
Tomatoes
rice
Tea
Salad dressing
Soups
Pumpkins
Rhubarb
o o
Turnips
Currants
Veal
Vinegars
Chocolate
Condiments
Cream
Cucumbers
Cherries
Cabbages
Beans, French
Savoury
indicates herb
may be used
fresh or dried
Artichokes. Globe
Artichokes. Jerusalem
Asparagus
Baked goods
Apples
Beans. Broad
Beans, French
Beef
Beetroots
Brussels sprouts
Alcoholic beverages
Apricots
Cabbages
Carrots
Cherries
Chocolate
Citrus fruits
Cocoa
Coffee
Condiments
Cream
Cucumbers
Dairy foods
Currants
o
[ o o
i
Eggs
Fish
Game
Gooseberries
Lamb
Marinades
Mayonnaise
Onions
Pasta sauces
Peaches
Pears
Peas
Pickles
Pork
Potatoes
Poultry
Pumpkins
Rhubarb
oo
o
o o
Stews
Swedes (Rutabagas)
Sweet sauces
rice
Soups
Spinach
Salads
Savoury
Salad dressing
Tea
Tomatoes
Turnips
Veal
Vinegars
83
Serves 4
Cinnamon
salt
whole).
Chop
mushrooms,
Parsley stalks and a
the
sugar
lemon rind
the spinach
and wash
in a
left
Add
water and
minutes until
little
still
and serve
Put in the
crisp.
slightly
chilled,
Horseradish Sauce
25g (1 oz) Horseradish
140ml (5 fl oz) double or whipping cream
pepper and salt
prepared English Mustard
vinegar
superfine or castor sugar
Wash,
Whisk
peel
the
radish
boiled
fish, beef,
tongue or
cheeses such as
Poppyseed Sauce
as a garnish to
Edam.
tender.
Strain
of water.
Add
the cream, a
rind.
Serves 4
3 fresh grapefruits
chopped
medium-sized onion
Herb Dredge
Franco's Dip
Wash and
and place in a
chopped onion. Add
of freshly chopped Chives and
finely
sing by
freshly
in
breadcrumbs
vinegar or lemon juice
fresh
Chop
olive
Mushrooms
lb)
(1
a la Grecque
fairly
large onion
large carrot
and an-
Add enough
oil and breadcrumbs to make a
stiff 'dip'. Then add a very small
together thoroughly.
mushrooms
enough
leaves
black pepper
280ml
140ml
Chop
\o
(5
fl
fl
oz) white
wine
it
is
lightly fry in
beginning to turn
it
to the
5 teaspoon salt
and
j teaspoon Basil
Mix
before roasting.
A'ioli
salt
French Mustard
y lks
Pound
little flour.
of pork or
olive oil
salt
flour
3 e gg
Herb Butter
Thyme
breadcrumbs
2 teaspoons
sprigs Parsley
3 large tomatoes
Cinnamon
sugar
taste)
Bay
Fennel seeds
Coriander seeds
(quantities to taste)
olive oil
them
3-4
Basil
or 3
pinch Paprika
\ teaspoon salt
cauliflower or peas.
Chives
chopped Marjoram or
Thyme
Mint
6 tomatoes
450g
and place
Serves 4
fresh
5 teaspoon freshly
gin to taste
Chop
50g
grilled fish
Herb Sauce
i
2 finely
chopped
shallots
Winter Savory,
Tarragon.
Basil,
teaspoon of dried)
Marjoram, Thyme,
6 Cloves
thinly peeled rind
280ml (10
560ml (20
Wash
and juice of
fl
fl
oz)
lemon
and remove
stalks
Make
The
Garlic, black
of
artichokes, tomatoes,
and green
all
Add
Mustard Dressing
traditional ingredients
Provencal cooking
Mix
and pepper
sure they
e gg
salt
Below
milk
water
the Horseradish
Add
lemon
Above: Basil
distinctive flavours.
according
to taste. It
is
especially tasty on
medium-sized onions
10 Sage leaves
1
and egg
yolk.
Mix
margarine
together.
Pesto
Basil,
washed and
Cheddar
cheese, finely
25g
oz) strong
fi
grated
25g
25g
(1
oz)
50ml
Parmesan cheese,
finely grated
1
I
(2
fl
2 (loves
Chop
(lie
(
lombine
oil.
Let
PestO
Crush
and mortar.
Pine
is
nuts in a
pestle
it
85
Gathered from
-from
the plant
the
hedgerows, rosehips
Dog
to
Gooseberry Fool
Serves 4
as well as rosehip
gooseberries
(1 lb)
450g
6 tablespoons water
2
25g
2
280ml (10
tablespoons vegetable
140ml
oil
to
140ml
(5
oil for
frying
oz)
fl
lukewarm water
of the
and
Rosehip Soup
Cap
Serves 6 -8
in
cool
place.
fused.
Use
14-Og
Garlic cloves to
(5
il
oz)
(35
peeled,
fl
ozi
bruised
hot white
Caraway
after
seeds
may
also be
added. Strain
one week.
50g
chopped walnuts
Cinnamon and Nutmeg
whipped cream
(2 oz)
little
of hot water.
Chop
kg (25
3 litres
Rosehips
(105 fl ozi water
lb)
cornstarch
50g (2 02 cornflour
25g (1 oz) almonds
sugar
2 teaspoons
salt
and sugar
Cream
each
cream
Add
sugar to
it
Cook
constantly.
little
taste.
cold
to
minutes.
To make
the
the
dough with
mix
and sugar
fresh yeast,
herbs,
lard,
flours,
salt
if
necessary so that
it
leaves the
bowl
clean.
To make
the
Ginger Jelly
yeast
on
Serves 4
until
frothy.
water
to the flours,
top.
and
and sprinkle with Cinnamon
and Nutmeg. Wet a mould and turn the
jelly into it. Chill and serve with cream.
Leave
Add
When
cool.
sherry into
and leave
86
(1^ lb)
225g
1
Ginger. Pour
and decorate each with
amount
crystallized
yeast,
cup of
When
and chopped
50g
an
in
the custard.
sweet rusks
DESSERTS
and puree
the
oil.
castor sugar.
store
melted
beaten white of
in
and
parb
Mix
water.
boil
tightly
(flat
egg.
whipping cream,
oz) double or
fl
Elder flower-heads
Herb Vinegars
(5
whipped
salt
egg, separated
fl
made with
(1
pinch
almost
set, stir in
the
Ginger
ly
rest
of the sugar.
light-
loaf
tins.
cream and
dough
crystallized Violets.
and the
Place the
polythene bag,
ing.)
to rise until
loosely
it
doubles
in
volume.
Remove
Mark
or salad
and cheese.
Above
Sesame
seeds.
in
to
flavour bread.
Many
dough. Spread the mixture out in the prepared tin and level the top. Sprinkle evenly with topping. Bake at 400F (200C) or
Gas Mark 6 for approximately hour.
1
Gingerbread
1
Cardamom Cake
140ml
fresh
breadcrumbs
340g
(5
fl
oz) milk
eggs
225g
(unbleached,
enriched)
(2 oz) sugar
teaspoon mixed spice
tablespoon ground Ginger
teaspoon bicarbonate of soda
This quantity
is
(7 oz)
3 teaspoons
granulated sugar
mon
1
joml
90ml
(5
(3
fl
fl
oz
cream
tins;
oz) milk
i5g
almonds
(1
oz) flaked
(1
teaspoons
(unbleached,
enriched)
140ml
(5
fl
oz) milk
optional
teaspoon Poppyseeds
salt
and pepper
out
the
floured board to
(8 in)
sandwich
dough on a
fit
the
tin.
lightly
Place in the
Topping
25g
25g
tin.
18cm
tins:
level
200g
50g
1
Onion Kiichen
Cinnamon
Cook
the
margarine
in
onions
Add
the
in
the
butter
or
milk
minute. Stir
in the salt,
Gas Mark
5 for 30 minutes.
87
French
85g
stick or
Vienna loaf
creamed with
Soaking
Beaume
Balling
Time
Reading
Reading
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
25
27
28
46
50
30
32
da Y s
35
65
for use in
24
24
24
24
24
1-2
butter
ozj
^3
Day
cloves Garlic
3
and chunkily,
leaving the base layer intact. Spread both
sides of each slice with the creamed garlic
butter. Spread garlic butter over the
Slice
Wrap
minium
55
cakes and
60
and
Remove and
beverages
5.
added
their original
syrup
is
sugar
280ml (10
to
Use 450g
fl
oz)
lb)
of
Add
water.
atmosphere such
more than
Markf).
(not
as a barely
iooF
1.
col-
warm oven
(38 C)
or
Gas
warm
following
brief
list
This method requires the use of a hydrometer. Use green tender young stems
picked in April or May. Trim the stems
and cut them intofemr (3 in) lengths.
Soak for
and boil
when
in
tender.
is
Cyril
used.)
Complete
Cassell)
day sugar-boiling programme for Angelica. Each day more sugar is added and the
syrup
is
strength,
prescribed time.
88
lor the
gives
in
The
few of the
Lemon Balm
Monarda
Bergamot
officinalis,
Borage Borago officinalis CardaCinnamon
Elettaria cardamomum,
mom
(irmamomum zeylanicumu
gium aromaticum
sat/nun
Fennel
.
Cloves
Coriander
Syzy-
[Coriandrum
Foeniculum vulgare
Gin-
Poppyseeds
>,
(left)
and Cinnamon
of their
It is
specific
surprising to
for
that
special
we
oc-
although they may not always be immediately identifiable. Some of the most
popular alcoholic drinks, ranging from
sweet mead to mulled wines and exotic
liqueurs,
derive
their
special
qualities
Pimms No.
is
decorated with
Borage
officinalis and Mint
Mentha spp
Spices such as Cinnamon
sticks (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Cloves [Sysprigs (Borago
.
zygium aromaticum
tana cardamomum
1,
Cardamom
seeds (Ele-
and
sometimes root
Ginger (Zingiber officinale are added to
mulled red wines and Swedish gldgg.
Many
Below: Coriander
much
with
Melissa
didyma
istic
aperitif
flavours to herbs.
misia absinthium
anisum
Candied Angelica
sugar
and
may be
warmed honey clover or orange
blossom
Pour the warmed honey conBruised fresh herbs and spices
delicious
leaves, stems
prize
to
in
Additional
can be infused
Mark
The
realize just
HERBS IN ALCOHOL
Herb honeys
Ground Cinnamon
biscuits.
Cardamom may
confections.
is
(Melissa
dark cupboard.
decorative
51
is
Wormwood
(Arte-
Anise (Pimpinella
Pernod, bitter herbs in Campari, and globe artichokes (Cynara scolyabsinthe
in
production,
HERB WINES
Mead
is
zeylanicum),
(Cinnamomum
Cinnamon
Nutmeg (Myristica jragrans
Mace,
.
It is
long storage.
with herbs. Creme de Menthe, for example, is flavoured with Mint oils (Men-
Aquavit
[Cuminum
Cumin-flavoured
is
is
Juniperus communis).
water
to 4.5I
berry leaves
Rubus
idaeus
Chamomile
nobile
Burdock Arctium
and leaves, Betony \Stachys
Agrimony Agnmoma eupatona
(Chamaemelum
root
lappa)
officinalis.,
Dandelion
Nettles
(Taraxacum
(Urtica
officinale)
Hops
dioica\,
leaves,
[Humulus
lupulus, Dock Rumex crispus< and Horehound Marrubium vulgare) leaves. Ground
(
Ginger Zingiber
<
Botanic Beer
50g
50g
50g
50g
25g
typical
sugar.
then bottle.
Allow
Meadowsweet
(2 ozj
Agrimony
(2 ozj
Raspberry leaves
Hyssop
oz)
2!
SUgai
11)
litres (2 galls
water
ale yeast
Boil the leaves in the
utes. Strain.
add a
Add
water
the sugar.
ale yeast
little
and
15
min-
When
tepid
for
and bring
Simmer
nale
offici-
for
about
10
minutes.
Decant into a
Add the lemon juice
Marigold Wine
2.3I (4 pts)
flowers
Marigold flowers
2 oranges
lemon
root
frey
to
veris),
4.5I
(i
gall)
water
Tussilago farfara
Lemon Balm
Rosemary
Dandelion Wine
Melissa
officinalis
(Rosmarinus
|,
Dandelion (lowers
4.3I
gall water
2 large oranges
pts
2.3I
bottle.
large
lemon
Stir
Nettle Beer
facili-
stir.
the
tates
home wine-making
and
and
in
barb
Betony
(1
The upsurge
Pour on
Cover and
fermentation
Herb wines
officinalis).
(2 oz)
recipe for
is:
(2 oz)
.2kg
often used to
officinale) is
Boil the
lemon rinds
gall)
cool
Alcoholic beverages
Herb beers and ales can provide the
amateur beer-maker with new experimental lines based on herbs such as
Meadowsweet [Filipendula ulmana Rasp-
water
yeast
lb)
( 1
(tightly
'4 k g (3 Ib ) su g ar
(8 oz)
225g
450g
tha
tops onl\
1.
6kg
(3^ lb
sugar
lemons
Put the flowers into the water in a large
4.5I
water
demerara or light brown sugar
cream of tartar
gall)
fi
45<>g
lb
in
large
pan.
ol
the
*'
Simmer
lor
20
variety
garnishing.
ol tartar in
in the wild.
'
89
Agrimony
Alecost (Costmary)
Allspice (Pimento. Jamaica Pepper)
Angelica leaves
Angelica root
Angelica seeds
Angelica stems
Anise
Lemon
Balm.
Aniseed
Basil
Bay
Bergamot
Borage
Caraway
Caraway seeds
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
Celery
powder
Chives
Chive salt
Cicely seeds
Sweet
Cinnamon, ground
Cinnamon stick
Cicely.
Dandelion
Dill
seed, ground
Dill
seed,
whole
Elderberry
Garlic
Garlic
Elderflower
Fennel
Fennel seed
Dill
powder
Garlic salt
Geranium
Ginger, ground
Ginger, root
Hops
Horseradish
Hyssop
90
Chamomile
Chervil
o
o
salt
Celery seed
Chili
o
o
Cardamom
O indicates herb must be used fresh #
indicates herb
may be used
fresh or dried
9'
gflfc
Wma.
U*
*?.
5PH/
,v,v
vV
-^Cv-JS
i^
rat-
:i3S
-*----"
fc
The domestic
a**
$**
^^M
The multitude
of uses
man
including medicinal,
demonstrates his
domestic and culinary
close association with nature.
plant
material
'//>
beauty.
And
it
IN
THE HOME
be useful
and Ling
long-lasting
Sarothamnus
Calluna
and
vulgaris
effective.
Koparius
Broom
received
its
employed
variety
economy and
from
of ways,
and decoration.
huh imparts
its
different plants,
ou n individual
known
Pewterwort.
It
will
Scouring Rush or
clean pewter and form
as
It will
wooden kitchen
its
itself
fragrance.
in
com-
each of u
to oriental
are equally
mon name
variety
Bamboo
ing
in the
:-<
pouring.
silica,
zFqrZ'O,
edges
earliest times.
HERBS
i.
so
Rhubarb
officinalis
is
almost
also
self-
<;
Above: Soapwort, as
its
name
W,"'
implies, has
agent ; however,
it
lather.
explanatory.
It
useful
is
as
a cleaning
The
leaves,
of valuable
and
tapestries
brocades.
Above
many
(above)
is
rushlight
(below
is
left)
it is
CANDLES
craft, the
They provide a
the particular
any wax.
fat
or
marrow bone grease (obtained after boiling). The low melting-point of tallow
demands a rather larger wick and this is
best obtained from rushes.
little
[Juncus
Both
effusus
grow
pasture, bogs
pecially
or
Juncus conglomerate).
fairly
and
on acid
abundantly
in
damp woodland,
soils.
wet
es-
After gathering,
to dry before
dipping in hot tallow or wax. Dip repeatedly, drying the tallow or wax before
each operation.
When
them
94
and have
POT-POURRI
less stable than household candles,
but they have the advantage of not dripping wax. They are best contained in
special holders which take several at one
time and can be adjusted as they burn
down. They can be burned indoors or out-
and
One
spica)
as well
Tansy Tanacetum
(
as
(Santolina chamaecy-
vulgare),
were tradition-
lar
because
of the
alleged
fully
(Lonicera periclymenum)
common
(Iris
salt
or bay salt
ing
up the
common
fixative,
salt
When mak-
use twice as
much
blown and
Honeysuckle
like
if,
,
there
at their
is
a time of
most fragrant,
is
make
Dry pot-pourri
The
moisture content of
individual petals. Carnations (Dianthus
caryophyllus) and Roses (especially Rosa
according
rugosa,
to
the
example,
take
(Lavandula spica) or
gallica), for
Lavender
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
longer
than
officinalis)
POT-POURRI
This is essentially a homogeneous mixture
of dried sweet-scented flowers and leaves
with aromatic spices and stabilizing agents
or fixatives - the most usual of which are
antiseptic
and
their use
Flowers
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus)
Elder flowers
(Sambucus
nigra)
Rosemary (Rosmarinus
Rose (scented) spp
officinalis)
Nutmeg
Stocks (Matthiolas)
Sweet Peas (Lathyrus odoratus)
Thyme (Thymus
(Myristica fragrans)
vulgaris)
The
talum
Sandalwood
Cedarwood (Cedrus
subtle scents of
album),
Lavender
flowers
(Lavandula
spica)
Tilia x vulgaris)
and
scattered
Lime
in
sieve or grind
wood
crispurn
(Artemisia
drawers
fresh
abrotanum)
insects.
favourite.
keep closed
is
at the
Of all
of
the tradition-
retain the
while
sachets, pomanders, lavender bags and
nosegays of dried herbs such as Pennyroyal {Mentha pulegium) and Southern-
hind books
(San-
spp),
closed
Woodruff
Wallflowers (Cheiranthus)
(Thick-petalled flowers such as Lily
(Li/ium spp,) and Hyacinth (Hyacinthus
spp,) are not really suitable.)
Thyme (Thymus
vulgaris)
Verbena (Verbena
officinalis)
95
mixed
recipes can be
as the
left
their
uncovered
fragrance
Though some
for
up
to
two years.
some of
containing
strength,
others
new-mown
a scent like
hay.
Dry
usually superior
are
ground
Iris germanka
Pack a layer of petals
Orris root
jar.
mm
5 in
is full.
in
in the
base of the
fixative, to
jar
sea salt or
Repeat
mix
pot-pourri
will
last
for
drops of essential
such
oils,
Cananga
or
odorata
as
oil
of
Ylang-Ylang
Spike Lavender
pot-
Moist pot-pourri
The moist recipes
Keeping pot-pourri
The dry recipes for
\.
fades,
holes or
the scent,
release
to
slits
and
Connoisseur's pot-pourri
Mix a jug full of dried Rose
one handful of
thus
in
officinalis
Pinks
and Wallflowers
or bay
Cheiran-
salt
leaves.
When
all
Add
Below:
Orris.
The
is
Allspice
Pimenta dioica
Mix
Then add
well
and
50g
brown sugar
oz
Gum
4 oz
spica
iog
Verbena
4 oz
leaves
Verbena
officinalis
50g
Rose-Geranium
oz
leaves
Pelargonium graveolens
days
for
brandy
if
lacking in scent.
this will
A quick
Throw
petals
spica
moist pot-pourri
like
pot-pourri
Lavandula
periclymen-
Carnations
Dianthus caryophyllus
um
Rosmarinus officinalis
and
Rosemary
.
cum. Nutmeg
leave overnight.
a few drops of
essential oils:
(Syzygium
Lemon
Traditional pot-pourri
9
litre
3_L0g
2 gall
12 ozi
bucket of Roses
common
salt
for a
oz
Orris root
Iris
peel
Cloves
Citrus limon
at the ratio of
month
or so before using.
Using pot-pourri
An
50g
Myristica fragrans
aromaticum:
j cupful of brandy
Several handfuls of dried fragrant flowers
and leaves such as Carnations Dianthus
caryophyllus),
Pinks
Dianthus plumarius
Wallflowers [Cheiranthus
and Jasmine
.
Jasminum).
Place the Rose petals and salt in a jar in
layers, then add the other ingredients and
96
coarsely ground
salt.
RoseDian-
the
petals with
or bay
little salt
Elizabethan recipe
Lavandula spica
mary Rosmarinus
An
Open and
room
is to be
perfumed. If the pot-pourri appears to
dry out too much, moisten with a few
drops of brandy.
weeks. Store
for several
dried Lavender
thus plumarius
salt
when
occasionally
common
stir
into a porcelain
cupboard or
sachets
using
of the
scraps
cutting
required,
is
to tuck
it
of
sweet-smelling
mixture
pretty
fabrics,
light,
SCENTED ARTICLES
or two of an aromatic
(Citrus
aurantium),
spied),
Patchouli
such as Neroli
oil
Lavender (Lavandula
(Pogostemon
patchouli).
pillow to
promote
sleep
Hops (Humulus
is
and it is certainly
Hops are replaced
months after which they
lupulus)
Rosemary herb
Mix
pillow
following proportions
4 cups dried Rosemary leaves [Rosmarinus
officinalis)
cup
Lemon Verbena
dried
leaves
(Aloysia triphylla)
i
tablespoon
(Pinus)
Orris
root
(Iris
germanica)
2
When
Note:
Above
dried
may
Sweet-smelling Lavender
its
plaiting
be
aroma will
corn dollies.
Incorporate a narrow ribbon in a pretty
colour as you work, not only to add decorative interest but to help hold the dolly
as scented
size,
them
place
together,
then stitch
facing,
all
right
sides
round leaving a
Turn
to the
seam allowances
around any curves and cutting across
corners to achieve an even shape. Tack
any trimming into the seam before
right side, clipping the
stitching.
Turn
with pot-
Trim
Place
among
linen
if
preferred.
among
or
clothes
effective for
up
to
LAVENDER BAGS
You
can
make
sachets
similar
Lavender [Lavandula
spica).
It
is
with
best to
to
exactly the
handle when
aroma.
by
Mix
(Aloysia triphylla)
HERB PILLOWS
an extension
of the idea of stuffing mattresses with
sweet-smellinggrassesand aromatic herbs.
They are usually small and cushion-like
in appearance and are mainly used today
to add fragrance to bedclothes. Many
people believe that if a herb pillow is
tucked under a pillow proper or used as a
neck rest, the fragrance of the herbs will
encourage a deep and restful sleep; if
trimmed with lace and made up in pretty
prints, herb pillows make delightful bed-
(Rosmarinus
room
accessories
You can
Jasmine (Jasminum)
Ground
Note:
aromatic leaves
them in any combination that
from
Oranges
The Lemon
powdered Orris
Lemons
Make
is
person-
is
added as a
add two teaspoons
germanica), or Sweet
peel
(Iris
gifts
and then
just
and
or leaves of
Clove oranges
sneezing agent.
is),
and smell
so
{Thymus
out so well
vulgaris),
and
Marjoram {Origanum
Rose-Geranium
[Pelargonium graveolens), enhancing their stent
with spices, ground citrus peel and a drop
vulgare)
home-made
accessories.
Lavender dollies
The stalks of Lavender dry
(Citrus
(Citrus sinensis)
make
and
fixative. Alternatively,
advisable to
citrus peel
limon)
use almost
ally pleasing.
is
officinalis)
together:
when hung
prepare and
wardrobes or
to
in
and make
around the
in
fruit
working
slits
both direc97
tions
(Syzygium
aromaticum)
into
the
entire
room
its
spicy scent
fills
Tussie-mussies
The name 'tussie-mussie'
ha been
known
ally,
first
bodkin.
Roll the Orange in a powder
of equal parts of Cinnamon
powder
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and Orris powder (Iris germanica), then leave wrapped in
the powder for two weeks. Remove the
wrapping after this time, shake off the
surplus powder,
Below
tie
A pomander
is
makes a delightful
gift.
a ribbon or cord in
The
orange (below)
It is
then rolled in
warm
in
the
is
is
tied on
tablespoon
(Acorus calamus
to carry
travellers in
around,
its
carried
infection.
and
tablespoon ground
Gum Benzoin
(Styrax
benzoin
origins being
by judges and
the Middle Ages to ward off
posies
it
Lavender flowers
(Lavandula spica)
fifteenth
enough
made up
in a
make
holes
or wrist right
through wintertime.
gether,
or cupboard.
Lavender
oil
powder and
flower water.
immediately and place in a dark cupboard or drawer for about a week, or dry
the beads first and string later.
Aromatic beads
i
level
Benzoin
i
level
Gum
(Styrax benzoin)
(Iris
germanica)
i
Myristica fragrans)
maticum)
2
drops
drop
oil
oil
of
Cedarwood
Cedrus spp
spica)
Gum
Tragacanth
Rose-water
98
(Astragalus gummifer)
NATURAL DYEING
Tin (Stannous chloride)
all
the
through a
Make
a brightening
fine sieve
and darkening
a thick
mixture of Gum Tragacanth and the Rosewater, add to the other ingredients and
stir thoroughly to form a paste.
Lubricate your hands with a fragrant
oil, pull off a small piece of the paste about
the size of a cherry pip and roll into a ball.
Before it becomes too hard, pierce with a
bodkin or large needle, then thread on a
effect
on colours.
string.
have strung
warming.
by
it
Moth bags
You can protect your
washed
clothing and linen
to a
was
The
use of
Tansy as an
insecticide
running of a home.
It
can be hung up in
general guideline of
textile or yarn.
to
cram
bath,
Spread
wool -
other insects.
too
shown
to
home.)
to
much
the
(35 fi oz)
oz) of woven
litre
(1
A common
resulting
failing
is
patchy
in
material
out
in the liquid
and
to try
dye-
colouring.
especially
immersed
in
is
Above
TEXTILE DYES
the fabric
rariifolium).
An
later.
when
stir
completely
constantly
Natural dyeing
is
The range
use-
mordants is as follows:
Alum (Aluminium potassium sulphate) this is usually combined with cream of
tartar in the ratio of three parts alum to
one part of tartar.
as
'.<>
Plant
Mordant
Colour
Plant
Grey
Horsetail {Equisetum
alum
Acid yellow
Pseudocyphellaria
sylvaticum)
Black
thouarsii
st
sk
wool)
wp
chrome and
alum or
fl
rt
chrome
sk
Pale lemon
Rhododendron spp
Greenish yellow
Dyer's
tin
iron
Iv
chrome
fl
{Daucus carota)
Carrot
Madder {Rubia
tinctorum)
iron
alum and
Iv
Greenweed
{Genista tinctoria)
Coreopsis
tin
iron
[Fili-
pendula ulmaria)
ammonia
wp
Evernia spp
Bright
Meadowsweet
Dark brown
Mordant
rt
Iv
chrome
chrome
Murky yellow
If
Evernia spp
wp
ammonia
Chocolate brown
New
Zealand Flax
{Phormium tanax)
rt
Mid brown
Rhododendron spp
Warm brown
Madder {Rubia
chrome and
Iv
Rhododendron spp
Dark green
Iv
iron
Pseudocyphellaria
tinctorum)
rt
If.
alum
rt/lf
Light golden
New
{Phormium tanax)
brown
New
Zealand Flax
Carrot
Pale green
Rhododendron spp
Blue-green
Evernia spp
tin
and cream of
iron
Apricot shades
fl
bd
Pseudocyphellaria
thouarsii
New
tartar
murky blue
and copper
Elder
{Sambucus
tin
fl
and vinegar
and cream of
{Sambucus
Lavenders and
Elder
purple
nigra)
Umbilicana spp
vulgare)
tartar
Golden yellow
and
fl
tin
Chestnut red
alum
alum and
Tansy {Tanacetum
alum
H. perforatum)
ft
Dyer's Greenweed
{Genista tinctoria)
alum and
If
tin
rt/lf
Wort
{Hypericum maculatum
H. perforatum)
(dried)
Magenta
Dandelion {Taraxacum
soda
alum and
tin
Rose
Umbilicaria spp
Pink
New
wp
tin
Zealand Flax
{Phormium tanax)
alum
Marshmarigold
alum
rt
wp
salt
Iv
Dandelion {Taraxacum
none
fl
officinale)
Greenwood
{Genista tinctoria)
Umbilicaria spp
wp
ammonia
alum
Pink-fawn
Iv
Iv
alum
alum
none
Madder {Rubia
tinctorum)
rt
none
fl
Rose pink
IOO
tin
iv
Creamy yellow
rt
St John's
officinale)
Dyer's
-fbd
Madder {Rubia
ft
Coreopsis
fl
tin
none
Bedstraws {Galium
verum and G. mollugo) n
and
(Caltha palustris)
and vinegar
iron
Brownish red
Clear yellow
tin
rt
St John's
tinctorum)
Bright yellow
Wort
{Hypericum maculatum
Red
Rusty red
alum and
Coreopsis
thouarsii
wp
Iv
Gold
vulgare)
salt
of
chrome
Greenweed
alum and
rfr
Dandelion {Taraxacum
Purple
Tansy {Tanacetum
{Genista tinctona)
none
tartar
bd
ft
nigra)
sulphate
tin
Zealand Flax
Dyer's
copper sulphate
rfr
officinale)
Orange yellow
copper sulphate
iron
Iv
wp
wp
{Phormium tanax)
Orange
Iv
rt
Zealand Flax
{Phormium tanax)
Copper
{Daucus carota)
Bright green
Soft
of
and copper
sulphate
chrome
brown
Shades
tin
wp
rt/lf
Madder {Rubia
tinctorum)
thouarsii
New
rt
If
rt/lf
alum
Zealand Flax
{Phormium tanax)
fl
or
aluminium
soda
+ bd and washing
WRITING MATERIALS
PAPER AND INK
New
transformed the
techniques have
cesses
The Chinese
105,
papyrifera)
in
known
as kozo
Japan.
sativus).
Pineapple
used extensively in the production of textiles, but the waste from this
material is excellent for making paper.
Woods such as Magnolia {Magnolia
fibres are
sppj
and
P. italica.
The
cells
from
range
bamboos
tall-growing
cultivated cereals
to
Common Oat
the
Common Wheat
Maize
(Secale cereale),
(or
Indian corn
Danube Weed
can
all
when
selection
it,
and
{Phragmites communis)
Prior to 1800,
results.
chlorine bleaching
fibre
was treated
combine
from a
to
produce the
Rye
(Triticum vulgare),
plant.
Above:
Key
skin
Iv
leaves
ft
flowers
ft
flower tops
but
Oak
the Sessile
St
stalks
Oak
G\
ft (dried)
fl+bd
tannic acid to
ripe fruit
try.
450g
(1 lb)
bruised galls
Macerate the
The
ingredients.
bottling
by steeping for 24
and add to all the other
galls
and
ink
is
use.
sistency.
root or leaf
whole plant
worth
certainly
Black ink
4.5 litres
rtllf
rfr
are
root
wp
they
wrote
rt+lf
and leaf
Egyptian
or
sk
sessiliflora),
make
Lemon Verbena
scented ink
Verbena
Lemon
add
to
bottle
of ink.
it
to cool,
The
then
resultant
aromatic ink
101
ingredients,
The American
Herbs
such as Coltsfoot
Tussilago
farfara) are rendered into a smoking mix(
commer-
guarded
many
secrets.
Whether of
spp),
spp),
odorata), Geranium
Pelargonium
and Carnation (Dianthus caryophylMost powders ground from Tobacco
(Viola
spp)
lus).
is
away.
tobacco.
Above
nicotine
shown
and
now
been
to
As
in (he sun.
gotten that
number of
the herbal
smoking mixtures
latifolia)
mended
Coltsfoot.
since
a reed.
Scented notepaper
is
'British
made by
easily
sheets of paper
in a
storing several
box with
a liberal
(Iris
germanica),
momum
anisum),
zeylanicum),
teryx odorata),
folia) or
Sandalwood (Santalum
album).
achieved by spraying; an
aromatic water (Rose-water or RoseGeranium water, for example) by means
of a fine hand spray, and then hanging
the sheets to dry in the sun before storing.
crinkled effect
is
and
its
of Tobacco
uses
(Nicotiana
foot
is
a principal
cludes Buckbean
Evebright
Thyme
ender (Lavandula
flowers
Menyanthes
[Euphrasia
(Thymus
spica),
(Matricaria
also
in-
trifoliata),
officinalis),
Rosemary
Stachys officinalis'.
officinalis),
ingredient,
Colts-
Betony
Rosmarinus
(Anogeissus
and Chamomile
recutita).
In
France,
is
made up
Gum
and Carob Gum (Ceratonia siliqua). Karaya or Katira Gum (Cochlospermum gossypium) is especially effective and is
still
used in some countries to attach
Lav-
vulgaris).
montana).
made from
quite harmless
This
Both
The
examples.
countries as Portugal
and
Italy.
Today the
Snuff
Parliament acted to
'Prevent the Mischiefs by manufacturing
In
paste.
GARDENING
the
Below:
Quassia
is
is
side-effects
Mole Plant
in particular
- have
of
repels
makes much
insecticides;
It
seem
that
to affect
life
garden.
COMPOST ACCELERATOR
Home-made compost is a valuable asset
Mix equal
officinalis),
Fertilizers
green manure
sativa)
Clover
{Tri folium pra tense)
green manure
Wrack
mulch manure
Pyrethrum
{Chrysanthemum
aphids. leaf-hoppers,
cinerariifolium)
aphids, leaf-eating
caterpillars,
mosquito
larvae
Quassia
{Picraena exelsa)
controls:
mealybugs,
leaf-
plants, leaves or
bark
box or bin
is
ANIMAL CARE
Animals benefit from medicinal herbs in
the same way that humans do, and there
are many substances which are effective
but considered too powerful for human
use. Examples include some of the stronger plant purgatives and vermifuges used to
expel worms.
plants
history
(POISONOUS)
aphids, leaf-hoppers.
{Nicotian a tabacum)
sativus) skins,
floor
3-4
left
on
nights
Angelica {Angelica
archangelica) -
lathyrus)
planted
crops
among
salad
Parsley {Petroselinum
cri spurn)
ex-
for
traditionally
to
fodder to
dried root of the
cattle
The
traps:
earwigs
disperses:
rodents
hides. It
Fleas
elliptica)
and
or
Wormwood
{Artemisia absin-
repels:
moles
dioica),
ample,
and
over the garden
employed
supplements.
scatter
been
food
as
repels:
chop
have
cockroaches, woodlice in
sheds and greenhouses
White Hellebore
{Veratrum album) -
form thin
essential.
Many
Cucumber {Cucumis
to
through
whitefly
Plant associations
whole
controls:
Nicotine
from folklore
officinale),
folium)
post
controls:
Derris
DandeChamomile
(Fucus vesiculosus)
Insecticides
waste.
{Matricaria recutita),
Lucerne
{Medicago
down
{Taraxacum
lion
to
discourages:
rabbits
repels:
Rose beetle
repels:
Chives {Allium
blackspot, mildew,
The
schoenoprasum)
- near Roses
aphids
reflects
repels:
an individual. Healthy
skin and hair cannot be obtained by
or Chives {Allium
aphids
lettuce or peas
Hyssop {Hyssopus
officinalis) - near beans
and psycho-
logical health of
schoenoprasum)
- near
repels:
blackfly
of material
especially
if
benefit
to
the
body
HERBAL BATHS
The
their baths,
name
Lavandula
is
more of
They
several reasons.
stimulate
joints,
water.
Bath bags
The best results
are to be obtained by
square or circle of
should be
or muslin
either cheesecloth
it
to steep in the
bath
water.
stimulating effect,
Some
herbs have a
while various others
personal preference.
Tonic baths
Above
Herbs
when
fragrant
used
sauna:
Elder flowers
flowers
(Matricaria
Sambuciu nigra
recu-
Lime
are relaxing.
Herbs
Stimulating
(Ocimum
basilicum)
Bay (Laurus n obilis)
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
Lavender (Lavandula spica)
Lemon Verbena (Aloysia triphylla)
Basil
Meadowsweet
(Filipendula ulmaria)
Sage (Salvia
officinalis)
Thyme (Thymus
cataria)
(Tilia x
europaea or
x vulgaris)
Healing
104
to look really
Collect
is
required
when
new young
shoots
after
Blackberry
invaluable.
leaves
(Rubus)
and
is
an ingredient
'
cleansers.
Bath oils
Very few oils
water, so
if
Ricinus communis
disperses
and
and
leaves,
Sandalwood (Santalum
bath.
i5F).
warm
bath
make
using
album).
teaspoonful of the
cum
officinale)
every 3-4
(1 lb)
litres
for
It
is,
water Allow
(6-8
pts) of
added
to the
bath.
number
and
the action
Bath salts
You can add
and
of
there-
warm
the
Allow 450g
Pour into
it
Mix
liquid to the
particularly efficient as an
vulgaris)
Relaxing
Catnep (Nepeta
(1
officinalis)
is
is
lyptus globulus).
If it
Yarrow
when
[Ocimum
Basil
try
Chamomile
basilicum).
tita
oils
in
soothe
The soda
base
of the
perience.
perfume.
salts
SOAP
perfume clings to the body
and it softens even the hardest
of waters at the same time.
so that the
afterwards,
Mix
i40g
(5 oz)
&5g
(3
Bicarbonate of Soda
salads, sauces
broad beans,
Applied
to
is
of great practical
its
use in
and as a complement
it
to
germanica)
oz)
[Iris
Xeroli,
Lavender
Once mixed together, pound in a pestle
and mortar, and then store in an airtight
tin. They will keep for about three months
so long as the container
is
firmly sealed.
After-bath cologne
Use this fragrant cologne
rub
as
a friction
after a bath.
\ cup
- Roses (Rosa
Jasmine
(Jasminum
any
or
officinale
la)
1
(crushed)
tablespoon Mint
{Thymus
*Note: In
excise
Mentha spp or
(crushed
vulgaris)
many
Thyme
make
difficult
to
ajar or
resulting liquids in
bottle with a
Use a
little
whenever required.
Soap balls
Perfumed or medicated balls of soap were
popular in the seventeenth
and eighteenth centuries before soapmaking was industrialized. The most
sophisticated kinds were made in Italy
and incorporated exotic perfumes and a
wide range of aromatic powders. Soap
balls were made in most homes, either in
the still-room or pantry, and the traditional recipes can be adapted to modern day
extremely
requirements very
easily.
of perfumed
powdered
roots.
The
it
petals,
and
as
much
leaves
or
following traditional
i5g
r
(-j
5g
(2
420ml (15
(Melilotus
flowers
fl
Make an
ratafia biscuit.)
Melilot
oz )
officinalis)
of Musk.
be replaced by a
and
countries customs
regulations
infusion of the
herbs in the
Modern washballs
1
when
tepid.
few
spica)
Crate the bar of soap into a suitable container, then pour the Rose-water over it.
Allow the soap to stand in the liquid for 15
minutes, and then transfer to an electric
blender or pestle and mortar, adding the
oil of Lavender, one drop at a time.
Once smoothly blended, pour the mix-
(j oz)
5g
420ml
(15
fl
The
will
resulting
vitality
to
Form
day or
so.
BODY POWDERS
The best known of all the body powders
Talcum powder. The word 'talcum'
from the Persian
talk,
and
strictly
is
A quick and
requires
(ea
now
used
mays),
rather
loosely,
precipitated
and often
Corn starch
chalk
(light
in a
substances.
toilet, face,
powdered
best.
this
is
means
This
EYE BATHS
simple remedy for eye strain
placing a slice of Cucumbei
is
It
is
relatively easy to
make
scented, cosmetic
a range of
and talcum
[05
rubra)
Lime
x europaea or T. x
Tilia
Lemon
vulgaris)
Rose-Geranium
(Pelargonium graveolens)
Bay (Laurus
nobilis)
Add
Foot powder
Foot care
both
important,
is
for
their
This powder
and
the toes
j
will
so eases walking.
cup Talc
Traditionally,
known
powder
cosmetic
as poudre de chipre
was made by
Above
The
oil
fragrance or
common
Frangipani
plant
Orris root
(Iris
powder
germanica) or
Corn starch
mays).
(Zjea
Chemical base:
30% French chalk;
40%
Orris root;
30% Corn
Rice flour.
(These percentages refer
All the ingredients
an old mixture ;
starch;
10%
(2
to weight.)
must be reduced
to as
of
powdered Tonka
oz)
(Dipteryx
beans
Poudre a
la
Mousseline
Lavender
450g
described)
i70g
(6
(1
lb)
50g
50g
powdered Mace
oz)
(2
25g
(1
ozj
25g
(1
oz)
talum album)
Mil)
(2
Gum
powdered
oz)
Benzoin
(1
fl
oz)
Lavender
oil
(San-
oven
in the
medium
for
about
temperature.
in the sieve.
This
is
gently abrasive at
first
(until the
essential oils:
the skin.
450g
(1
lb)
described)
cassia)
and
sea salt
phora molmol).
Everyone knows the importance of keeping the pores of the skin unclogged and
clean. This often requires more than a
quick wash with soap and water, and
steaming the face is the quickest and
cheapest way to improve the cleanliness of
aromaticum)
25g
lb)
oz)
(1
(1
{Myristica
fragrans)
made by mixing
(Salvia officinalis), 3
(Styrax benzoin)
25ml
(Coriandrum sativum)
is
left
(Lavandula spica)
oz)
Tooth powder
resulting
lb)
(1
graveolens)
described)
450g
Mix
30 minutes
450g
food-
aroma
odorata)
(or
ly,
50g
it is
precipitated chalk.
enhance the
sun-tan lotions.
starch;
Herbal base
60%
to revive
to
30% Corn
drops
of any
is
fairly
normal
CLEANSERS
litres
The
to rise to
meet your
vapour, and you should allow the treatment to continue as long as you can bear
the heat; ten minutes is about the right
length of time.
After steaming, the skin will be pink
560ml
(20 fl oz) cold water. Bring to the boil and
simmer for 15 minutes. Allow to cool,
strain and apply to the infected spot.
lappa)
to
some
at least
oily areas
is
one method
masks and packs,
is
designed to clear
for
this
Above:
Lemon
as a cosmetic,
No
treatment
Primus
most
its
action, but
effective.
140ml
(5
Elder
Lime
nigra) or
or T. x vulgaris
Sambucm
flowers
flowers
applied
either
oz) butter-milk
fl
tablespoons
gentle in
is
Tilia
x europaea
directly
to
the
face
the
or
agents
Yarrow
{Achillea millefolium),
Chamo-
flowers
it
{Sambucus
nigra),
Sage
{Salvia
especially
recommended
mile flowers
{Matricaria
recutita),
The
Elder
impurities by drawing
Below
own
to
An
draw
out impurities
is
from
used on
the skin, or
its
It
fl
oz)
warm Rose-water
preferably
Rosa gal I a a
5g
Mix
i/iboz
the
Gum
Benzoin
si run benzoin
warm Rose-water
Rose petals
in the
previous recipe.
Blackheads
Blackheads are a problem even on a
unblemished skin. If rubbing
relatively
Tomato
Marrow iC.ucur-
Ly copersicon
esculenlum) or
in
quite
vesca).
The
usual
method
mask
to fasten
or cotton wool.
107
Right
of all
is the
astringent
favourite
fruit.
also
(Fragaria
vesca),
and soothing
Peach (Prunus
Water Melon
cooling
Incorporate Strawberry
apple
(Citrullus
(Ananas
Pine-
Cucumber
and
sativa)
persica),
lanatus),
ejfect.
Astringent
all to a pulp in a
blender or pestle and mortar. The flesh of
the fruit should be as smooth as possible.
Spread over the face and neck, relax for
a few minutes, then wash off.
mask
sensitive or has a
Mix
2
i
Yeast face
as 'orange-peel' skin.
together:
egg whites
limon)
teaspoon
50%
rubbing alcohol
(or
isopropyl alcohol)
ice
with
all
blender. Anything
left
your refrigerator.
Dab the mixture on to your face and
leave for approximately eight minutes. If
there is an excessive tingling effect before
this time, remove the pack with tepid
water and tissues or cotton wool and
splash the skin once more with tepid water
afterwards, or omit the alcohol.
in
germ
Triticum vulgare)
oil,
Almond
(Pru-
100
more natural
oils.
mask
are well
known
(35
fl
teaspoon sugar
\ teaspoon tincture of Benzoin
1
Mix
this
oil
oil
thus annuus),
Avocado
oil
can be a favourite
or Sunflower
proprietary
Olea
oil
(Helian-
(Persea americana),
europaea)
or
(Styrax
the
water
or rain-
for use.
Peanut
Combine
litre
benzoin)
Olive
ground almonds
ozj Rose-water or rain-water
teaspoon honey
officinalis)
1
cubes
Whip
oil
Almonds
officinale)
(Mentha
Almond
skin.
known
drying effect of
the
If your skin is
tendency to blemishes,
do not use before seeking medical advice.
on
use
allotted time.
pores
normal
nourishing, especially
Cucumber
This
is
oil
and
is
an
You
will
2 ripe
1
need
Cucumbers
litre
(35
fl
(Cucumis sativus)
litre
(Styrax
benzoin)
into
small
pieces,
For dry
ing
Oatmeal
facial
When
a jelly bag.
water,
This
is
summer when
there
is
a glut of your
cold,
glycerine
the
20 minutes.
Cold cream
little
for
70g
25g
(2-j
(1
340ml
and
revitalize
your
oz) spermaceti
oz) fresh
(12
fl
beeswax
oz) sweet
Almond
oil
skin.
HAIR CARE
40ml (i
40ml (ij
40ml 1|
1
fl
oz) glycerine
fl
ozj
Rose-water
fl
oz)
Cucumber juice
Anti-wrinkle lotion
Drop 15 to 20 Poppy (Papaver rhoeas)
petals into 280ml (10 fl oz) boiling water
and allow them to infuse for approximately ten minutes. Filter or strain and then
allow the liquid to cool belbre bottling.
is
it
especially
juice.
the
until
Stir
cream
is
quite
cold.
becomes ready
cream recipe
(Theobroma
cacao)
1
tablespoon lanolin
j cup
W heat germ
oil
Triticum vulgare) or
or
mays)
Peanut
\Arachis
hypogaea) oil
Corn (ea
for use.
Alternative cold
Melt
all
three
oils in
oil
for
any
other
fragrance preferred)
greasy or normal hair. The herbal trichologist, however, claims that all hair is
normal - normal to the individual that is and that dryness and greasiness should
not be treated as an isolated condition,
but as part of a larger problem.
Anyone who feels they have severe
problems with their hair, either with an
excess of oil or hair that
their action.
On
Below
substance, keratin,
Night cream
Use this very rich and nourishing cream
every night
youthful and
to
to
is
lines,
waxy substance
beeswax
2 teaspoons
2 teaspoons lanolin
oi
of Rosemary (Rosmarinus
recutita
preparations.
favour.
Hair
is
regeneration.
It
of a
re-
to
dioica),
Nettle
{Matricaria
each 25g
( 1
Although hair
the condition
cells.
The
(right)
is
composed of a dead
top
and frightened'
The bottom diagram shows how a
normal position
itnc hair
its
is
(left)
follicle.
Shampoos
certain plants which contained soapy sub-
and Almond
oil in a double boiler until they have
melted and combined. Dissolve the borax
the beeswax, lanolin
in the
made up
cannot be
a dead substance
Urtica
officinalis),
Chamomile
Triticum vulgare)
Warm
Throughout the centuries, man has improved the health and beauty of his hair
shampoo
and therefore
HAIR HEALTH
Melt the spermaceti, beeswax and Aloil in a double boiler. Pour into a
basin and mix with a wooden spoon or
spatula. Leave to set in the refrigerator.
Pound for 45 minutes in a mortar, or
blend in an electric mixer until it turns into a thick white cream, add the glycerine
and Rose-water. Blend again for two to
three minutes to emulsify the cream. Add
the Rose essence and mix again for one
minute. Refrigerate until it solidifies, and
mond
is
One
of
the best
an attractive
flowering perennial bush called Soapwort
(Saponaria officinalis). This type of shampoo produces very little foam and gives
dry astringent wash. It was last produced
commercially in 1930. Those with greasy
hair will find a decoction of Soapbark
sources of these substances
is
.1
An
An
dye
to
nails red.
last
Even
better
cider vinegar.
An
Rosemary
Rosmarinus
to hair. It
septic.
water
in boiling
lor
is
ill-advised
Chamo-
of
parts
recutita
Rosemary
officinalis;,
Nettle
millefolium
Place 25g
a container
root
was
also used as a
teenth century.
Wheat
Triticum vulgare)
and
lichens
were used
to
to
Lemon
(Citrus
limon).
Aloysia triphylla).
designed
to
Verbena
rid
officinalis:
the
hair
To
of the
common
Urtica dioica:,
a non-volatile
Below
the hair
called
oil
Herbs were
powders
the
only herb
contains
It
apigemn u Inch
so
much
in
vogue in
powdered Orris
root
and Rosemary
leaf.
and then
and
ssels
lustre.
make an
stinging
strain
in-
Nettle
and
cool.
so
The
^^^ELj< :
'
Chamomile
and Yarrow 'Achillea
Matricaria
dioica.
recutita
millefolium), or
any
560ml 120
of Sunflower
oz
fl
oil.
reference.
They
oils.
Lemon
are
all
of residual
10
is
to
vinegar.
or
and
the herbs'
Add
which
nigra
Chamomile
Elder berries
dry shampoo.
con-
natural lustre.
Sambucus
inermis
recutita.
light if possible to
in reaction,
Verbena
Verbena
Matricaria
in the
(Helianthus annuus)
mile
then strain
them
coastlines.
Apply
Powdered Orris
pean
mary
less
fusion
add
Achillea
light hair
or
Horsetail
and Yarrow
For blonde or
Rosmarinus
Urtica dioica
(Rosmarinus
this recipe to
rinses tor
equal
Equisetum arvense
officinalis
of illness or an unexpected
making sure
Chamomile
Salvia
eases
and
In
oz
fl
losus
Matricaria
10
gathering
to steep for
of
oz)
(2
infusion of
officinalis
based setting
from the Quince
naturally
excellent
a teaspoonful to your
Setting lotions
Vegetable sources can be used to encourage the hair to curl, or at least to hold a
curl in place once it is set. Gum Tragacanth, an exudation from an Asiatic plant.
Astragalus gummifer,
setting
lotions
is
and
Sodium
Alginate,
commercial setting
an
additive
More
derivative
to
of sea-
provide a basis
lotions.
in
recently.
for
4ltm
v
V
m *7i
<M * ^
tI9 ^^
5
fe
4T"
HAIR COLOURS
hair
light
gives
yellow tone.
lighter
Roman women
as
To make
disastrous results.
Chamomile
make an
Steep, strain
and use
made
Romans as
a pack
brightness.
And
and alum
salt
so,
Use
additional
for
Henna
to
Lawsonia
brown
to black hair
condition
to
(1
Henna
oz) of
make an
history, but
is
leaf- any
Excessive
oil
as
health. Dandruff, however, is the flakingoff of the top layer of skin on the scalp. Its
cause can also be linked with diet, climate,
environment and stress: any one of these
factors or several in combination.
Useful remedies include massaging
Olive oil or Sweet Almond oil gently into
could
use
an
alternatively you
it;
infusion
of
Chamomile
Marigold (Calendula
mixed and whipped into a
officinalis)
cream (cold cream) for this. This is then
(Matricaria recutita) or
common complaint.
This is usually associated with stress rather
than with any physical cause. An infusion of
Chamomile
smells delightful
and
is
(Matricaria recutita
weak
sedative, as
itself.
lice.
Itching
Vinegar
rinses are often effective in the removal of
nits (the eggs of the louse
that cement
to
comb
rinses
are
first
coal-tar
by-
on
based
now
available,
dead
in
Henna,
water. It is
applied for two to three hours and has to
be maintained at a regular temperature;
to
quality of the
Henna and
The
the colour
its
it
source
Henna
is
and body.
fl
oz)
for
and the
several
Quercus
robur)
for
reddish
Oak
bark
tone and
tincloriaj,
There
baldness have been sought
their
Berber
Certain
patterns.
embalm
needs to be strong
iog or 4 oz to 560ml or 20
process
repeated weekly
1
Turmeric
lor
intricate
families
Cures
in
mended
to
the finest,
tinctoria)
was used
false
available. Before
became commercially
reng,
Henna
r.
shoots, called
alis)
years.
Henna
sativus)
garded
Indigo (Indigo/era
Problem hair
privet
protect
infusion ior a
final rinse.
Henna
infusion from
Henna
as a final rinse.
briefly,
a rinse
to
as a final rinse.
we have
no magic cure for
hair loss which can be for any number of
reasons. For those who require a potion to
and pursued through
favourite
Logwood (Haematoxylum
sativus)
and
Curcuma
no doubt, however, that the
colouring agent is Henna.
longa).
is
Herbal
oils
modern perfumery
France.
in
employed by
Ranged
Lavender, Oak-
plants
and
enfleurage.
sults;
inferior quality.
Another major virtue of Henna, makit even more versatile, is that it can be
mixed with other organic substances to
coffee, wine. eggs,
modify the colour
lemon juice and onion skins are modern
ing
may
variations. Traditionalists
preler to
(for
reng), Walnut husks (darkening), Lucerne (Medicago sativa) (darkening), Catechu (darkening), the extract that is so
rich in tannin
nut (Piper
from Acacia
betle)
catechu, or Betel
PERFUMERY
(reddening!.
the Latin
meaning 'through smoke". This is probably derived from the custom of making
burnt
gods
<>!
Romans
ground
plants in
or
benefits
to
colouring,
the
affect
cum)
will
result
colour; while
variations of
slight
in
Lemon
increasing
the
colouring
Have
effect.
creamy
then
set
paste.
Heat
to boiling point,
To
protect
oil
to the other or
Wrap
the hair
Henna and
The
Wrap
warm
it,
it
for, say,
one and a
water runs
shampoo.
Your hair
then
quite clear and
will glow with colour, and it will shine as
never before.
I
12
until the
Europe.
The numerous
delights of perfumery
from Europe during the
Middle Ages, though Charlemagne tried
hard to recreate the luxury enjoyed by the
Romans by using sweet-smelling plants
disappeared
and
scenting
public
fountains
in
the
peoples pleasure.
centuries,
half hours.
Wash thoroughly
own
their
teenth
century,
senteur pour
publiques
festivals.
successful.
les
embaumer
herbes
les
By the
et
plantes
six-
de
were commonplace
in
France
for
or skin
'enfleurage'
and absorption.
Distillation
This is a steam-assisted process, whereby
the plant material is placed in containers
above water vats so that the steam carries
some of the oil away and forms a condensate containing the essential oil.
Because many of the oils in plants are to
a greater or lesser degree water-soluble,
the
distillate
distilled.
is
skimmed
off
and
re-
dissolve fats
and other
cell
components.
Maceration
This is literally the steeping of flowers and
herbs in water to release the essential oils.
Absorption
This method
absorbed by
fat
oil
being
or grease, traditionally
It is
The
usual
on both
method
is
to
spread the
fats
PERFUMERY
and then
to
spread
morn-
frame called a
"chassis',
represented bv Tobacco
number
for
pregnated with their perfume. The resulting scented grease is called a 'pomade'.
The quality of the pomade can be
recognized by the number attached to it.
it
is
than evaporated, an
called 'absolue de
residue
oil
left
is
pomade'.
176F)
45 -80
from
ranging
ature
The
13
resulting
pomade
is
and sometimes
20'
may
'absolue'
plants are
known
an
be produced as already
nique
for
rinds or
is
extracting the
peel of fruit
oils
from the
make
to
Add
at
15 drops
of essential
oil to
560ml (20
bottle.
fl
oz) of
The most
water
all
and
storing.
25ml
fl
Orange-flower essence
oz)
Citrus sinensis)
4.5I
gall) distilled
water
public,
Mix
at least a
week.
and allow
to
age for
same way.
in exactly the
Eau de Portugal
420ml
(15
fl
oz)
proof alcohol
45
(isopropyl alcohol)
oil
Lavender water
Mix
25ml
(i
oz
fl
oil
of Lavender
Lavandula
all
bottle.
the
ingredients
The mixture
together
and
stores well.
spica)
840ml
30
fl
This
is
all,
but
it
as such. It has a
(Syzygium
aromaticum)
Hungary water
1
table-spoon fresh
marinus
10ml
Combine
spp)
and leave
(Monarda didyma)
50ml
oil.
versatile
materials.
the
all
'Pomade
as
sold as such; or
explained.
Expression
This method
then filtered off and the immersion repeated up to 20 times. In this case, the
Mix
to soak.
Orange-flower water
home
general
\icofiana tabac-
category.
fl
Rosemary
leaves
Ros-
officinalis
oz, alcohol
fl
grated peel
oz
of
isopropyl alcohol
Rose-water
nobilis)
more
before using.
into
six categories:
floral scents from
plantssuch as Rose Rosa spp Lily-of-theValley (Convallaria majalis j, Jasmine Jas.
{Myristica fragrans),
mum
zeylanicum
lus);
woody
Cinnamon
jasmin-
Nutmeg
Cinnamo-
from Oakmoss
(now very ran
as those
fmrpuracea)
Women
in
oj rose
perfumes.
13
jut
<***
r>'
4*
"%
,;^
3P"
&fc
-
>
>
mi
6-^ly
:,-;
\Jgr
13/
<:
Cultivation,
collection
and
preservation
of herbs
&C
s2*r
_*
ft
< :-_=,-_-~
warm,
which
garden
settings
have
achieved.
tected
still
pocket.
soil free
the limited
example, ferns,
Pellitory and Centranthus.
modate,
for
accom-
Feverfew,
knot gardens. But the progression of horticultural practice the finer achievements
immense
to be.
the height
borders, such as
useful
Preparation of site
Time is well spent in first
clearing a pro-
too
rich,
"3
CULTIVATION
Left
sixteenth century
of the beds
is
be removed, the
soil
site levelled
then replaced.
Paths
As with all workable gardens, the herb
garden is best served by well-constructed
paths which will give a firm, dry access.
Gravel,
concrete,
paving or bricks
all
dependent upon the cost and availability of material and labour. If beds are
to be marked out in turf, where the turf
is
will finally
well laid
it
should be
cut out.
Levelling
The
starts.
On
a small
site,
if,
first
be drawn
when
there will
tools.
of maintenance. Repetition of
The key
small area.
may
habits of growth
and
colour.
smaller
site,
of a
"7
CULTIVATION
Key to Herb Garden ground plan
Bed
1
Bed
Bergamot
or
Oswego
tea (red)
Lamb's Lettuce or
Salad
Cowslip
Lovage
Salad Burnet
Sorrel
Cotton Lavender
(border)
61
62
Corn
63
64
65
66
67
68
Bed
69
Bed B
Chives (border)
Chamomile
Annual Clary Sage
Lavender
Rose (red. scented)
Violet
8 Purslane
Bergamot or Oswego
Tea (pink)
Fennel
Cowslip
Rue
Lavender
Parsley (border)
Bed C
16 Woodruff
17 Wild Thyme (border)
18 Bird bath or tub of
plants
Bed D
19 Golden Marjoram
70 Vervain
71 Bush Basil
72 Lavender
73 Violet
74 Rose (red. scented)
75 Wormwood
76 Clove Carnation
77 Oregano or Garden
Marjoram
Left-hand border
78 Bay
79 Violet
80 Foxglove
81 Sweet Woodruff
82 Morello Cherry (on
83 Common Mint or
(border)
Common
Sage
Cowslip
Tansy
Lady's Mantle
Sweet Cicely
26 Tarragon
27 Juniper
Bed E
28 Pinks (border)
29 Purple Sage
30 Lavender
31
Lady's Mantle
32 Mallow
33 Hyssop
34 Juniper
35 Bush Basil
36 Clove Carnation
Bed F
37 Pinks (border)
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
Lilv-of-the-Valley
Lemon Balm
Periwinkle
Foxglove
(borders)
94
95
96
97
Scented Pelargonium
Lavender
Myrtle
Lemon-scented Verbena
Right-hand border
98 Hop
(in
angle of
pergola)
99
100
Violet
101
Juniper
Apothecary's Rose
102
103
104
105
(pink)
Spearmint
Ivy (behind fountain)
Apple Mint
Foxglove
92 Rosemary
End beds and terrace
93 French Marigold
Wormwood
Narrow-leaved Sage
wall)
Rue
Elder
Chervil
Winter Savory
Borage
Rose (on wall)
Florentine
Iris
Honeysuckle
(in
arbour)
111
Bush
112 Myrtle
113 Fig (on wall)
114 Rue
1 1 5
Tree Germander
Basil
Clove Carnations
Narrow-leaved Sage
Rose (red or pink.
scented)
Service area
Hyssop
Pot Marigold
Golden Sage
Lavender
Bed H
58 Woodruff
59 Wild Thyme (border)
60 Sundial or tub of
plants
18
Catmint
Juniper
117
1 18
119
120
Rhubarb
Onions
121
Lettuce
Comfrey
French Sorrel
122 Garlic
123 Espaliered
fruit
(on wall)
SELECTION OF PLANTS
Above:
Hardwick
traditional garden at
is
garden
provided by
SELECTION OF PLANTS
grow mm
is
for
herbs to
own
location
and often
soil,
demands of herbs
are lew
<
can
the)
attention,
more rewarding
requirements are
basii
,iiid
much
il
tin
some
out
<
On
essfully, as
(anied
subsequent judicious
thinning is always possible. Small plants.
such as Thyme, Pennyroyal, and Chamomile used perhaps as an edging, need to be
planted more losely.
be
can be grown.
is
decorative
strong or rich
soils
be produced than on
.1
more growth
poorer
can be
expected to establish themselves more
The table overleaf indicates the
easily.
arly, if plants like the soil type the)
b garden.
onsidered befon
starting to plant.
Number
When
of plants
a sp.ne has
long-term
effect
is
required. In
ol all
est in
the
first
yeat
and subsequent
and
effei
years.
will
soil; simil-
in
When-
the
se<
the
ond
herb
to
representative
01
collection
drawn
wav
it
will take
to
foi
added advantage
the garden
it
to
be
medicinal,
Once
these
the plan
It is
plant
Is
an be acquired and
an begin. There is nothing to be
planting
one
to
is
made and
achieved.
is
the sort ol
ol
scented plants.'
expensive,
is
culinary
The
sustained.
appeal
at
where general
need
to
the-
seedlings
is
important they w
ill
cope wnli
19
CULTIVATION
not flower until the second season after
sowing, but once established they provide
generations of seedlings.
Market
stalls
Buy
number
well-grown plant
will
places.
ful
and
gifts
tion of individualitv
and
interest.
Moist situations
Box (clipped)
Acorus
Bergamot
Valerian
Sedum
Bistort
Sempervivum
Comfrey
Hyssop (clipped)
Thrift
Meadowsweet
Lavender (dwarf)
Thymes
Mints
Lungwort
Violet
Wall Germander
Veratrum
Watercress
Yellow Flag
(last
walls an d paving
Blessed Thistle
Pennyroyal
Borage
Pinks
Chervil
Chamomile
Sedums
Feverfew
Sempervivum
Soapwort
Thymes
Wall Germander
Coriander
Corn Salad
Alchemilla spp.
Catmint
Hyssop
Lavender (dwarf)
Pellitory
real
wide range of shapes and sizes are obtainable from garden centres; alternatively,
very attractive herb gardens can be estab-
Larger plants like Lavender. Rosemary, Rue and Sage can easily be included in the scheme for containers, such as
stone jars, any large pot or even an old
bucket, by growing rooted cuttings and
Cumin
Florence Fennel
Marigold
Marjoram, sweet
or knotted
Nasturtium
Purslane
Savory. Summer
to leave the
trick
is
Left
By
Poppy
Sunflower
Dill
year )
Anise
in
adequate light,
Small plants like
either replacing
Annuals
Basil
Planting
sometimes, unlikelv
requirements are
and space for their roots.
The only
and birdbaths.
Sweet Cicely
Catmint
Chives
Feverfew
Parsiey
and,
Marjoram, golden
confined
in
Pinks
Santolina (clipped)
of success can be
Flax
grow on
Hedges
Box
Hyssop
Lavender
Rosa gallica
Alkanet
Angelica
Caraway
Woad
Alexanders
(common)
officina
lis
Rosemary
Rue
Chalky soils
Calamint
Chicory
Chives
Hound's Tongue
Juniper
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Lily-of-the-Valley
Marjoram
Mignonette
Mullein
Periwinkle
Pinks
Rosemary
Sage
Salad Burnet
Alecost
Alkanet
(evergreen)
Arnica
Artemisias
Bay
Bergamot
Bethlehem Sage
Bistort
Chenopodium
Chives
Coltsfoot
Light soils
Melilot
borders
Mullein
Parsley
numbers of plants.
Santolina
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Liquorice
Lovage
Lungwort
Marjoram, pot
Marjoram (wild)
Mignonette
Mints
Pinks
Rhubarb
Rose
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Alkanet
Marjoram
Cowslip
Borage
Marjoram, pot
Broom
Melilot
Daphne
Dyer's Madder
Bugle
Mugwort
Elder
Chervil
Elecampane
Chives
Rosemary
Sage
Garlic
Savorys
Hound's Tongue
Hyssop
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Lemon Verbena
Southernwood
Fennel
Gentian
Tarragon
20
English
Mace
soil.
Foxglove
Santolina
Savory. Winter
Sorrel
Sweet Cicely
Tarragon
Helichrysum
Thymes
Thymes
Jasmine
Wormwood
Wormwood
Juniper
Yarrow
is
in
light
in a
one-sided
pot.
level,
Window-boxes
This method of replenishing pots can also
be
possible
the
when
soil in
plants are
the box.
grown
directly in
10 to 12
about 25 to 30 centimetres
inches deep and be filled with a moisture-
John
Drainage is provided by a
layer of rough material, such as broken
brick rubble, clinker or gravel, being
Innes Xo.
2.
with
the
potting
compost.
This
and drainage.
Dampen and
and
in
plants
in the
previous
growth. Most plants can be connew growth constantly to encourage a bushy growth. The
fresh
or smaller-growing cultivars
varieties
Lavender
mints.
Chives.
cultivated
Parsley.
Selfheal,
Tarragon.
Marjoram.
scented-leaved geran-
all
well
along
base
the
of
in
patio
screens
are
effective
summer
and garden
plastic
prevent
to
leaking,
can
maki
B,i\
is
one
oi
cuttings
attractive container.
is
small
enough
to
garden
to
another.
for patios
it
It
is
usually
is
best to
districts.
CULTIVATION
A
Right :
Herbs
for
Borage
Catmint
Coltsfoot
There
10
Chamomile
to 1
5 feet)
is
nothing
to
site is available.
be gained by
making
to
the
be
Chives
readily accessible.
Clary
Lemon Balm
In the house
Lily-of-the-Valley
Lungwort
Rooted
decorative
vation.
window-boxes
pots
and
Alternatively,
as
for
window-
Fennel
1
2 Rosemary
3 French Tarragon
4 Angelica
5 Sage
6 Golden Marjoram
7 Lemon Balm
8 Sorrel
9 Mint
10 Thyme
Savory
12 Chives
13 Parsley
1
pots.
Basil
Black Horehound
Broom
in
containers
Violet
for
grown
Thymes
Herbs
cuttings
in the
year for
(seedlings)
Chives
Corn Salad
Catmint (small divisions)
Clary
Geranium (scented-leaved)
Hyssop
Lemon Balm
Marjoram
Mignonette
Nasturtium
Parsley
invalid.
When grown
such
are
grown
It is
then
weeds at
and when required.
Savory
Tarragon
Violet
Good
some knowledge of
as
light
is
essential
never be neglected.
Herbs to plant
in a
garden
for the
blind
Bergamot
Chamomile
Feverfew
Lavender
Lemon Balm
Lily-of-the-Valley
Meadowsweet
(for treading)
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Southernwood
Sweet Cicely
Tansy
Thymes
(for treading)
Wormwood
122
it
is
When
plan-
necessary to have
kitchens,
square.
(for treading)
Geraniums (scented-leaved)
Hyssop
Mignonette
Mints
Pennyroyal
difficult to generalize
in
about plants
however, because
atmospheric conditions vary so widely
from one kitchen to the next. As the plants
cannot be expected to thrive simply
because they are indoors, the right conditions have to be provided for them.
It is
grown
feet)
of
is
simple treatment
to
achieve formality.
KNOT GARDENS
for a cook's
Herbs
choose a tree such as Hamamelis, Sambucus or Prunus for the central feature, or
make an arbour which can be covered in
garden
Alecost
Angelica
Garlic
Basil
Lovage
Bay
Marigold
Bistort
Borage
Marjoram
Mint
Caraway
Nettle
Chervil
Oregano
knot garden as
Chicory
Chives
Coriander
Corn Salad
Parsley
Rosemary
Sage
Cumin
Savory
Jasmine, hops, Ivy and "roses. If authenticity is desired, a knot garden should
form the central attraction.
Lemon Balm
defines
intricate design'
Purslane
Dill
Shallot
Fennel
French Sorrel
Tarragon
Thyme
jorams,
grown Rosemary
to
be brought
or
Bay which
will
need
Box
line.
Rue -
by Lavender or Rosemary or
as
all
is
culinary herb
ij.
The
is
shown
Bed D
1
Thymes
Bed
in
variety
Pot Marjoram
3 Sage
4 Eau de
Cologne Mint
5
6
7
8
9
Bed
Angelica
Chives
Sweet Cicely
Tarragon
Parsley
E
10 Thymes
1 1
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
in
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
simpler central
Marjoram
in one,
Mint
in another,
is
and
attractive
in this
made on
where the
Lemon Balm
Lovage
Apple Mint
Poppy
Basil
Bed G
30 Thymes
32
33
34
35
36
Cumin
Parsley
Winter Savory
Apple Mint
much
Chives
Purple Sage
Basil
favourite
variety of very
features can be
Purslane
Parsley
Fennel
are
Central beds
31
Spearmint
Santolina
19 Thymes in variety
20 Golden Marjoram
21 Summer Savory
22 Parsley
variety
Lemon Balm
or
in variety
Corn Salad
Pot Marigold
Rosemary
Narrow-leaved
Sage
37 Sorrel
38 Sweet Cicely
39 Bowles' Mint
Bed H
40 Pennyroyal
41
Thrift
123
CULTIVATION
A
/,<?//:
names such as
delightful
cink-foil, trefoyle,
effect
to
cannot be over-emphasized.
level site
Some
spaces can
Crossbow ; 2
fine knot ; 4
New
New
knot ;
Curious
GXmm
mmw.
of different colours.
It
is
ally
An
existing
corner
filled in
is a winding grass
two borders of mixed
planting. 'See page 126. The only essen-
Most
bed.
path
am'
successful
between
tial
not
overhung bv
trees,
is
that
it is
>\\
h.
starting
commercial
to
gjrow
herbs on any
need
to
and
a suitable
site,
thought must
plants or
whether
embark upon
and. above
all,
to
market
fresh
large-scale drying,
to the relationship
between
Are
fresh
regularly, or
for
long will
124
it
How
COMMERCIAL CULTIVATION
Some experience of
herb growing is necessary because the
bulk of the harvest could easily be lost - a
good case
lbs
and
season
situation.
Prevailing
soil,
local
for
Above:
reconstruction
of a renaissance-
the
shapes and
sorts of plant.
typical
plant.
hectare
should be clean
plants.
all
known
plants.
visor\
used
con-
is
Many
to
as vegetative propagation, or b\
Advice should be sought from appropriate government departments and adprevailing local
a supply
namely from
as
which
pest-free
flower-heads.
services
in
and
is
Some produce
their
125
CULTIVATION
and some
conditions,
with
readily
progeny
their
not
is
will
hybridize so
that
relatives
necessarily
good.
the
The
annuals and biennials, or plants cultivated as such, have to be raised from seed,
and the time of sowing depends upon the
hardiness or frost-sensitivity of each kind
of plant. Once the ground has warmed up
in spring, seed-sowing can generally begin
An
can be made
where greenhouse or frame protection is
available, and seeds can be sown in pots,
boxes or flats, pricked off, hardened off
and later planted out. This earlier sowing
out-of-doors.
earlier start
Cowslip, Chervil,
5m
practice
sown
seeds,
space.
Parsley
seed
is
notoriously
slow
to
sowing seems
to
encourage germination.
Vegetative propagation
Perennial plants with good clump-forming or shrubby habit can be propagated
by cuttings or division or both.
made of hard or soft wood,
according to the type of plant, or can be
stem cuttings, root cuttings or leaf cuttings. In each case an entirely new plant is
formed and each new plant will resemble
the parent plant in every way. Broadly
speaking, cuttings of such evergreens as
Lavender, Rosemary, Santolina and Rue
can be taken in spring and struck in a
frame, or. if made with a heel of old wood,
in open ground in July. (This requires
tearing the cutting away, bringing with it
a small slip of old wood from the base.
Cuttings are always best made from
non-flowering shoots with the base leaves
removed. Trim the stem cleanly below a
node ^the point at which a leaf stalk joins
either
Cuttings can be
126
Number
Key
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Eucalyptus gunnii
Lavender. Mitcham
Foxglove
of Plants
Catmint
Chives
6-1 2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Brooms
12
Rosemary
Alchemilla
Bergamot
Number
Key
of Plants
Golden Marjoram
Costmary
Pinks
Marigold
Papaver somniferum
Foxglove
12
8
6
25
18
8
12
2
15
24
further
PROPAGATION
Left: Plan for an informal decorative herb
garden for early to midsummer. The planting
is
is to
to
increase any
crown
in spring or
from
one plant.
Each piece
form a new
plant.
rooting
in
proprietary
some
is
like
Box, Santolina
in a
The
clippings
themselves usually
make
adequate cuttings.
perfectly
Division
Division of clumps
is
little
more demand-
is
at least as
crown was
planting
is
deep
lifted
for
as
it
vital.
Layers are used as a method of propagation for such plants as Sage in the herb
garden, when an old and bare branch is
parent plant.
Some
runners.)
and
their idio-
example,
Management
The
to
many
herbs are
and remarkably
tolerant. Weeds need to be kept down, of
course, and old flowering shoots and dead
constitution
of strong
The
latter
fillip
Artemisia
Bay
Box
Geranium
'artificials',
The
essential oils of
insufficient
added
to the soil
and forked
into
summer
Cuttings
these give
a spurt of growth.
material,
late-
(scented-leaved)
Rosemary
Rue
Sage
Santolina
Savory, Winter
Hyssop
Thyme
Lavender
Mint
Verbena.
Lemon
Divisions
Alchemilla
Bergamot
Catmint
Chives
Lungwort
Marjoram
Mint
Elecampane
Periwinkle
Sweet Cicely
Iris
Tarragon
Lemon Balm
Thyme
Lovage
Many minor
Seed
Angelica
Lemon Balm
Basil
Borage
Marigold
Marjoram, sweet
Caraway
Parsley
Chervil
Parsley.
Clary
Purslane
Savory, Summer
growing plants compatible with prevailing conditions and noting the plants'
ship
Corn Salad
Hamburg
Dill
Sorrel
Fennel
Verbascum
Foxglove
White Horehound
Woad
[27
CULTIVATION
a polythene cover will protect
any
sus-
and leaf-hopper.
pillars
more
little
Bordeaux mixture.
form
but
to
to
for
many growers
anything that
use them.
effective,
is
Aphids
or greenfly
and
blackfly
and
insects thrive in
warm
how
information on
to
soil,
preferably a
right
There
is
shows
the effect
of rose
euchronatumj
rust
the rust
(Thragmidium
which attacks
Puccinia
violi or
selecting mint
and
land
habitats
flourished.
trouble.
ance
environmental
restricted in
that
of the plant.
tips
of
growth
left
pro-
and
World War
of mechanized
revolution
the
II
in which
useful plants
Hedges have been removed in
England on a vast scale to allow for a
longer, and therefore more economical,
field run, taking with them the shelter,
shade, drainage and microclimates of
field verges and hedge bottoms. Many
be built up into a
Below
Renovation
by moving
plants in
The
gone
parts of
scatter straw or
many
now
from
once was. Perhaps
only 150 years ago the \greenman' roamed
the countryside gathering herbs to sell,
upon which country people depended for
It
is
not
it
early
employed mainly
for
have been
weed control
since
about 1946 when synthetic plant regulator factors such as MCPA and 2.4-D
were introduced. The results appear to
show that whereas monocarpic annual
species of plants which die after flowersuch as annual grasses and sedges,
ing
have been severely reduced in number.
the perennials remain and the dicotyledonous annuals have even increased in
distribution. This is perhaps most notice.
Tat Hen
and
Goosefoot
Stellaria
media
or
Stitch-
reduced
been
immune
species has.
if
anything, notice-
ably increased.
The devastation of any habitat affects
plants directly, but the insect
bird
life it
life
and
the
trast to
more
easily
than plant
effluents, detergents
life
but sewage
life,
fre-
many
exist in
now
far
128
life at
all.
where
of America,
farmland are
POLLUTION
Right: At Cranborne Manor. Dorset, a
small collection of thymes has been made and
on the old fashioned chequerboard
set out
design.
Each space
thyme. This
with a different
is filled
little
simplest form
and
is the
of herb plot.
first
perhaps
built up.
is
present
are
live
quite hap-
of.
say. salt or
the
in
is
Old
soil.
sometimes
destruction
now
far
activities
plants in
life.
Their
photosynthetic powers are life-giving processes and not infrequently when surface
plants have been removed, inland lak<
made
are
It
landscape.
to 'replace' the
excursions
in
his
countryside
the
into
early
which
declining
nineteenth century
particularly in west-
who
ern Europe
ravaging of plant
life.
Collection of prim-
and cowslips
roses, bluebells
initially pro-
Plants
plant
species
importance
subsequently
roads
needed
for
Violet,
Valerian,
grew ever
road verges
themselves, therefore continuing the deas
The
life.
affairs, not
only
in
plant
life
but in
many
but
may
vided relaxation, but this led to the clearing of tracks to make roadways which
led,
Britain,
in
random
no longer can
of any plant
such as Comfrey,
its
roots
made
Bistort.
Rampion
or
makes
several
demands on
the
must
first
when
natural resources.
of trying to harvest
smoke haze
rate of photo-
synthesis in plants.
The Conservation of
riot
only
in
provides
protection
oi
for
tion
from
heat.
artificial
frequently
made
simply by the
humidity.
prevailing
lower
drying
processes
easier
to herbalists, for
collection be
Dandelion.
the wild
potential dangers.
parts of
care
easily
season,
the
mature and
storing as
much
is
food as
when
this
is
the time
when
timing can be
critical
The
[29
CULTIVATION
Left
in loose bundles
Storing
Label each
five days.
Material
when it snaps
thumb and finger.
between the
easily
dry
is
Drying in bulk
The same rules apply where herbs
grown
in
of plant material
amounts
pick
mediately, for
it.
Lastly,
are
left for
an hour or
ant
loss in
value.
Domestic drying
Few households can
and can
easily
be stacked if
battens are
drawn
provided
with
legs
or
if
there are
Rubbing down
Once
down
is to dry
change the condition of
the leaves rather than the chemical content. The temperature in the drying
chamber should be 32 to 34C (90 to
them
briskly to
95F) before the plant material is introduced, and this needs to be maintained for
the first 24 hours of drying. Subsequently
the temperature may be reduced to 25 to
8oF) to complete the
process, which should take from three to
2 7C
130
(75
to
size
trying to do
it
There
is
no point
in
be
lost.
rolling-pin or in a coffee-mill.
should be discarded.
riddle
the
at
London,
is
Sir
colonial flora.
is
fine
Harvard University,
at the New York
at
personal herbarium
hobby, or
an extension
as
to
stalks
sieve or
The
mesh
are
is
tion
collections
the door
is
museums of any
have extensive classified collections.
There is an obvious advantage in being
able to consult a specimen at any time of
the year, and perhaps at the same time to
dens and natural history
frequently.
plants
well-ventilated place.
bags are
Plastic
light.
collections.
in
circulate
the
to
obviously unsuitable.
wooden
be brought
room
if
exposed
to
ideal
provide a special
room suitable for drying herbs, but a spare
is
in
THE HERBARIUM
are
gone.
sort of
an
ately
draught-free place.
plastic
bags
portable
number
with
flower
wire fasteners,
press
to
give
the
a
a
The map
of
of tie-on labels.
or
together with
grid
it is
is
accepted
reference in
DRYING HERBS
Above:
hortus siccus
or collection
of
known
is
trefoils are
comparison (left)
Space
is
included for
after insertion,
re-
modern herbarium
sheet
right)
The
as the petals.
for
the process
features
special
interest, so that
The time
paper
will
need
to
The
be changed especially
be purchased from
equipment
presses in
plant press
Special
firms
presses can
supplying
naturalists'
home-made
stores,
but
wooden boards
clamped together
to
brushed
The
material to be pressed
and
is first
examined,
identified and then arranged on a sheet of
paper in such a way as to display its form
as clearly as possible. Leaves and flowers
need to be carefully flattened - a small
paintbrush is useful for this. Take a second
sheet of paper and hold down one edge
firmly on top of the sheet with the plant.
Slowly roll the top sheet down, taking care
clean
closely
few hours
when
feel
the specimen
cold
when
in large
is
Drying is complete
crisp and does not
It
should
number
large
of classification
authoritative
system
should be followed, such as the Bentham
and Hooker which is still standard in
many herbaria. Scatter moth balls with
the collection to
ward
to select the
ation added.
Abbreviations
this
Sp
spring
ESp
early spring
ES
summer
summer
late summer
mid-late summer
second summer
end of summer
autumn
stalks
in
to the
conditions ofyour
LS
M-LS
ss
EndS
to
grow according
site.
early
winter
LW
late winter
AT
anytime
>:!'
CULTIVATION
SELECTING AND GROWING YOUR
OWN HERBS
HERB
TYPE
SOIL
HEIGHTxSPREAD
POSITION
Achillea millefolium
perennial
30-65x30 cm
tolerant of
most
(12-26x12
50-1 40 x 90
cm
(20-56x36
ins)
soils in full
(Yarrow)
Acorus calamus
(Sweet Flag, Rush.
Calamus)
perennial, aquatic
Ajuga reptans
perennial
damp, loamy
or dry
10-30x30 cm
(4-12x12
(Bugle)
Alchemilla vulgaris
(Lady's Mantle)
perennial
bulbous, perennial
Allium sativum
bulbous, perennial
ordinary, well-drained
30-45 x 15 cm
(12-18x6 ins) (grow
fertile,
well-drained
bulbous, perennial
ground cover
full
sun
full
sun
rows)
rows)
15-30x 15 cm
and loamy
rich
30-60 x10 cm
(1 2-24 x4 ins) (grow
in
Allium schoenoprasum
(Chives)
sun or shade
15-30x15 cm
(6 12x 6 ins)
(Garlic)
sun
ins)
in
most
ins)
(6-1
2x6
ins)
(forms
clumps)
Anethum graveolens
annual
(Dill)
most acidic
soils,
but
20-90x60 cm
(8-36x24
full
sun
ins)
Angelica archangelica
biennial treated as
not too
(Angelica)
acid
150-240x90 cm
(5-8x3 ft)
Anthriscus cerefolium
annual, sometimes
40x30 cm
prefers
(Chervil)
biennial
(16
rich, slightly
x12
it
some shade.
Mid-border plant
ins)
added compost
Artemisia absinthium
perennial
(Wormwood)
Artemisia
perennial
65-110x40 cm
(26-44x16 ins)
most
120x50 cm
most
soils: prefers
soils
(48x20
dracunculoides
(Russian Tarragon)
Artemisia dracunculus
(French Tarragon)
perennial
Artemisia vulgaris
warm,
rich
60-90x40 cm
and
officinalis
sun
full
sun
(24-36x16
perennial
most moist
90-1 80 x 40-50 cm
(3-6 ft x 16-20 ins)
back of border or
mid-border plant
perennial
dry.
90x30 cm
full
soils
sandy
(36x12
(Pleurisy Root.
Borago
full
ins)
well-drained
(Mugwort)
Asclepias tuberosa
annual
(Borage)
ins)
ins)
60 x 40 cm
full
soils
(24x16
effect
ins)
when
planted on
low wall
Calamintha
officinalis
perennial
chalky
soils,
30-35x50 cm
dryish
(12-14x20
(Calamint)
ins)
shaded
(forms
clumps)
Carum
carvi
(Caraway)
132
biennial
most well-drained
soils
65x25-30 cm
(26x10-12
ins)
full-sun.
mid-border
ACH-CAR
PROPAGATION
Sp
division
division of rhizome
Sp.
FLOWER
good
pink or white
light.
Tolerates
drought
Sp
seed
EXTRA DETAILS
only flowers
grown
in
when
greenish-yellow
water
FOLIAGE
HARVEST
grey-green, feathery,
aromatic
leaves before
flowering
S
sword-like, plentiful,
stout, smelling of
rhizome
ESp.
tangerine
whpn
division
Sp.
space 30 cm (1 2 ins)
and allow to run
together for ground
Sp
seed
apart,
rnishprl
deep green
white
reddish-purple
to
whole herb
whole herb
cover
Sp
ES under glass
division
spreads
seed
needs control
bulbils
Sp. S.
not shaded
Sp.
seen
cylindrical,
LS
whitish-pink
Sp-MS
drills
rose purple
do not
yellow
plant close to
blue-green
flattish. spiky,
when
Sp
seed, in
Sp.
bulbs
seed
ES
yellow
rarely
cloves
fairly rapidly,
Sp
leaves
LS
LS
bulbs
bruised
grassy,
MS
odorous
bulbils
in
clumps
AT
leaves
AT
leaves
seed
LS
wind
seed as soon as ripe
grows
Sp
leaves
seed
seed,
sown at
AT
week
intervals
better in light
maintain a succession
of
young
plants
yellowish
M-LS
soft, fern-like,
aromatic
root
white
Do
Sp
stems
Sp. S
LS
aromatic
leaves before
flowering
AT
feathery, silvery-green,
shoots
not transplant
division
Sp.
stem cuttings
seed
A
division
Sp.
LSp-ES
seed
division
support
in
back
in
LS and cut
greenish-yellow
Give mulch
cold sites
cover
in
really
sunny sheltered
Sp. S
aromatic
greenish-white
leaves
AT
greenish-white
leaves
AT
position
Sp
cuttings with
heat
ES
sunny sheltered
up
every 2-3 years Cut
back and mulch in
really
some
position; Divide
Sp
aromatic
division
Sp.
cuttings
seed
Sp.
dry
MS
cuttings
division
Sp
seed
dislikes
shade
brownish-yellow
Sp
division
seed
in drills
soil
bright
orange
whole herb
narrow, alternate on
leaves
short stems
rootstock
AT
AT
AT
MS
blue, fragrant
ES
fragrant
Sp. S.
not transplant
Do
white
SS
seedheads
aromatic
leaves
AT
rootstock of
st
year
'33
CULTIVATION
HERB
TYPE
SOIL
HEIGHTxSPREAD
POSITION
Chamaemelum nobile
(Roman Chamomile)
perennial
well-drained
15-35x10-15 cm
(6-14x4-6 ins)
full
Chenopodium album
annual
50x300 cm
most positions
(Fat
(20 ins x 10
Hen)
Cichonum intybus
perennial
most
(3-6
Cimicifuga racemosa
(Black Cohosh)
perennial
Convallaria majalis
(Lily-of-the-Valley)
perennial
most
fertile,
ft
sunny position
x 22 ins)
90-270x90 cm
(3-9x3 ft)
loamy
rich,
ft)
90-180x55 cm
soils
(Chicory)
well-
drained soils
some shade
sun. or
Useful as lawn
woodland
rich
25 x 10
cm
front of border or
(10x4
ins) (spreads
among bushes
slowly)
Conandrum sativum
annual
fertile, light to
average
Crocus sativus
(Saffron Crocus)
bulbous, perennial
Cuminum cyminum
annual
and well-
light, rich
cm
30
well-drained
light,
30 x
purpurea
perennial, evergreen
biennial
well-drained,
calcareous
fertile,
well-drained
(Foxglove)
Foeniculum vulgare
perennial
perennial
well-drained
light,
(Alehoof)
Helianthus annuus
(Sunflower)
Hyssopus
officinalis
annual
perennial, semi-
(Hyssop)
evergreen
Inula helenium
perennial
(Elecampane)
Juniperus communis
perennial, coniferous
most
cm
light
full
sun
likes
120x40-50 cm
(48x16-20 ms)
full
plant,
sun
shade
sun. sheltered from
c~
full
ins)
wind
10x30 cm
will tolerate
(4x12
hedge
ins) (spreads)
shade of
(3-10x3ft)
60x20 cm
sunny
(24x8 ms)
results
90-1 80 x 90 cm
soil,
and moist
(3-6x3
dry.
calcareous
up
up
well-drained
sheltered,
good edging
ins)
to
to
ft)
780x780 cm
(26x26
perennial, evergreen
sun
(8x8
rich
ft)
often less
1200x1200 cm
(40 x 40
(Bay)
full
20x20 cm
any
preferably
sheltered,
ms)
90-300x90 cm
soils
(Juniper)
Laurus nobilis
height
40-120x60-90
(16-48x24-36
fairly rich
(Fennel)
Glechoma hederacea
in
ins)
(12x6
Dianthus caryophyllus
(Clove Pink)
protected situation,
sunshine needed,
mid-border plant
ins)
30-45 cm
(12-18
drained
(Cumin)
Digitalis
60
(24x12
(Coriander)
ft)
often less
banks in sunny
good drainage
good container
Lavandula angustifolia
perennial, evergreen
(Lavender)
Ledum groenlandicum
perennial, evergreen
(Lovage)
'34
90x60 cm
poor
soils
(36x24
wet.
rich,
sandy or
perennial
fertile, acidic,
prepared
well-
ins)
ins)
frost,
plant
(bushy)
up to 90 x 90 cm
(36x36
peaty
(Labrador Tea)
chalky, well-drained,
spot,
(forms
prefers
full
sun
some sun
or shade on
bogs or swampland,
mat)
90-210x90 cm
(3-7x3 ft)
Some shade
or full
sun
CHA-LEV
PROPAGATION
division
Sp.
cuttings
FLOWER
white daisy
together.
Sp
seed
EXTRA DETAILS
Keep
FOLIAGE
HARVEST
whole herb
shoots
jagged, green
root
leaves
S-LS
soil
mealy-white
Sp
seed
Sp.
division
seed
Sp
seed
Sp
SS
clear blue
yellowish-white
division
Sp.
division
25 wide
leaflets
Sp
A
S
rootstock
A
takes time to establish
can be grown
itself,
in
white, sweetly-scented
mid-green, upright
whole flowers,
ES
seeds
leaves
grass-like
stigmas
thread-like, slightly
seeds
ES
plant
pots
seed (slow to
germinate, but
usually high
germination)
corm
seed
Sp
pinkish-mauve,
sometimes white
M-LS
End S
AT
Sp
divide every 3 years
water well
in
drought
mauve
pinkish-white
End S
fragrant
pipings or layering
flowers
leaves
ES
shape
M-LS
fragrant
protect 1 st year
seedlings from frost
Sp. S
seed
division
seed
Sp
give
sow
in
Sp.
division
Sp.
SS
magenta
mid-green, wrinkled,
soft
yellow
succession
bluish
thread-like, strongly
leaves
aromatic
seed
ES
silver, slightly
S
S
S
leaves
aromatic
control
Sp
seed
Sp
ES
division
cuttings
seed
or
Sp
Sp
division
seed
cut back
bright yellow
MS
bluish-mauve, pink or
white
ES-LS
End S
green, roughish
seed
when
years
Sp.
bright yellow
MS
large,
mid-green
Sp.
leaves before
flowering
Sp
roots
cuttings
tips,
available
greenish-yellow
useful as container
very difficult
LS
cuttings
creamy-yellow
ES
dark green
berries
when
leaves
AT
grey, aromatic
leaves
flowers
short oblong
leaves
AT
leaves
prickly,
ripe
plant out-of-doors,
withstands clipping
AT
stem cuttings
seed
Sp
Sp
seeds
layering
division
Sp.
.ion
Sp.
seed
Sp. S
regular pruning
mauve, fragrant
cream
disappears below
yellowish
ground
spot to
W. mark the
ensure no other
in
Sp
MS
MS
MS
roots
seed
LS
35
CULTIVATION
HERB
TYPE
SOIL
Melissa officinalis
perennial
dry,
poor
perennial
(Water Mint)
Mentha
citrata
POSITION
60-90x40-60 cm
full
(24-36x16-24
(Lemon Balm)
Mentha aquatica
HEIGHTxSPREAD
biennial
15-90x1 5-20 cm
will tolerate
(636 x 68
suitable as a
ins) (spreads)
35-45x15-20 cm
(14-18x6-8 ins)
ins)
shade,
bog plant
full
full
(spreads)
Mentha
x piperita
perennial
(Peppermint)
Mentha pulegium
perennial
moist, for
good
results
50-60x20 cm
add moisture-retaining
(20-24x8
material to
(spreads)
all
soils
ins)
0-30 x 20 cm
(4-12x8 ins)
fertile
(Pennyroyal)
(spreads)
Monarda didyma
perennial
moist,
and very
fertile
Add manure
(Bergamot)
70x30 cm
good
(28 x
some shade
2 ins) (forms
light,
but tolerates
clumps)
Myrrhis odorata
perennial
(Sweet Cicely)
Myrtus communis
perennial, evergreen
90 x 15
cm
moist
(36 x 6
ins)
well-drained
300
well-drained,
fertile
and
150 cm
(10x5
(Myrtle)
Nasturtium officinale
perennial, aquatic
(Watercress)
Nepeta catana
perennial
soil,
or
shallow water
fertile,
well-drained
(Catmint. Catnep)
(bushy)
ft)
060 cm
(4-24
in
length
slight
shade
needs
shelter, dislikes
wet
full
soil
ins)
50 x 40 cm
(20x 16 ins)
mid-border plant
tolerant of
most
situations
Ocimum
basilicum
annual
light,
well-drained
45x15 cm
(18x6
(Basil)
Origanum majorana
(Sweet Marjoram)
perennial, usually
medium
grown
alkaline
(10x4-6
Origanum onites
perennial
dry. light
50x20 cm
as annual
rich,
dryish and
25 x 10-15
cm
with good
rich, fertile
grown
tilth
(12-20x8
Portu/aca oleracea
(Purslane)
annual
light
25 x 20 cm
as annual
(10x8
ins)
ins)
perennial
light,
calcareous
(Salad Burnet)
perennial
Reseda lutea
perennial treated as
(Mignonette)
annual, evergreen
Rosmarinus
(Rosemary)
perennial, evergreen
136
sunny position
most
soils
moderately
calcareous
rich,
light, well-drained
calcareous
sunny spot
(forms
mat)
officinalis
sun
requires
30-50x20 cm
biennial, usually
(Parsley)
officinalis
full
ins)
Petrose/inum crispum
Pulmonaria
(Lungwort)
sun
(20x8 ms)
(Pot Marjoram)
Potenum sanguisorba
full
ins)
in herb
border or kitchen
garden
30 x 25 cm
(12x10
surroundings
ins)
20x20 cm
(8x8
of
ins)
90x20 cm
mid-border
(3x8
prefers
ins)
60-120x180 cm
(2-4x6 ft)
full
plant,
some shade
sun.
good
for
MEL-ROS
PROPAGATION
stem cuttings
Sp.
division
seed
Sp. S
EXTRA DETAILS
FLOWER
creamy-white
needs confining,
otherwise spreads and
mauve
MS
FOLIAGE
HARVEST
leaves
ES.
division of runners
is
division of runners
during growing season
MS
invasive
MS
lilac-mauve
needs confining,
otherwise spreads
roundish, green to
S.
in
dry situations,
aromatic
division of runners
needs confining.
division of runners
MS
lilac
dark bronze-purple
ranging to black in dry
situations, aromatic
invasive
may need
may need
MS
mauve
confining
protection
in
Sp.
divide regularly as
centre tends to
bare.
seed
LS.
Cut back
requires acidic
Sp
root cuttings
red
grow
in
ES
creamy-white
soil,
white
MS-End
layering
MS
from winds
division
clean water to
variegated, creeping,
S.
fragrant
required
grow
in
root
leaves
Sp. S
leaves
berries
cuttings of
plentiful,
non-flowering shoots
flavour
Sp. S.
aromatic
severe winters
division
AT
whole shoot
pungent
division
Sp.
blue spires
Sp.
seed
outside
Sp.
seed
Sp
seed
Sp.
warmest spot
available
green, triangular,
pink
soft,
mid-green,
fragrant
cultivated
cream
soft,
shoots before
flowering
Sp
leaves
AT
pungent
tender and not widely
ES
seed
stem cuttings
division
green-grey.
aromatic
seed
purplish or whitish
creamy-white
SS
leaves before
flowering
S
leaves before
flowering
S
leaves
leaves
leaves
AT
green, fragrant
pre-soakmg seed
seed
Sp
ought
to
be thinned
yellow
light green,
with
seed
Sp
division
after
seed
immediately
Sp.
smooth
sheen
green
reddish-green
pretty, dark
Sp. ES
leaves
spires of reddish-yellow
mid-green
whole
successfully
rosette
best
flowering
sown
in drills
in
basal
Sp. S
plant
which
cuttings
layering
S
S
withstands clipping
pale mauve-blue
may
ES. often
suffer in cold,
exposed, windy
Sp.
highly aromatic,
grey-green, narrow
leaves as required
sites
'37
CULTIVATION
HERB
TYPE
SOIL
Ruta graveolens
(Rue)
perennial, semi-
most
evergreen
soils not
damp
HEIGHTxSPREAD
POSITION
50-70
full
x 60 cm
(20-28x24 ins)
some shade
(bushy)
Salvia officinalis
perennial, evergreen
90x90 cm
dryish
rich,
(Purple Sage)
Salvia sclarea
(36 x 36
biennial or perennial
and well-drained
light
(Clary)
Sanguinaria canadensis
(Blood Root)
perennial
Santolina
perennial, evergreen
loamy
rich,
light,
well-drained
chamaec yparissus
(bushy)
ins)
full
sun
90x30 cm
(36 x
shade
2 ins)
20x30 cm
cool, moist
(8x12
woodland,
under shrubs
ins)
40-60 x 40-60 cm
(16-24x16-24 ins)
good edging
30-90x30 cm
mid-border or grassy
bank, spreading
likes
plant,
sunshine
(Cotton Lavender)
Saponaria officinalis
(Soapwort.
perennial
dampish
fertile,
(12-36x12
ins)
Bouncing Bet)
Satureia
montana
perennial
light,
perennial
ordinary
15-40x15-40 cm
(6-16x6-16 ins)
well-drained
(Winter Savory)
Stachys
officinalis
(Wood Betony)
Symphytum
officinale
perennial
perennial
full
(6-36 x 10
shade
moist, fertile
50-90x30 cm
(20-36x12
dampish situations
some
loam
or sand, moist
light,
well-drained
Thymus citriodorus
(Lemon Thyme)
perennial
light,
well-drained,
slightly acid
ins)
full
some
sun or semi-shade
ins)
25x20 cm
(10x8
(Wall Germander)
ins)
120x90 cm
(48x36
perennial
sun. tolerates
15-90x25 cm
soil, likes
(Tansy)
Teucnum chamaedrys
humus
(Common Comfrey)
Tanacetum vulgare
full
ins)
at
10-20x25-30 cm
(4_8x10-12 ins)
full
sun; carpet-forming,
Thymus serpyllum
(Wild Thyme)
Tussilago farfara
perennial
perennial
light,
most
well-drained
soils
(Coltsfoot)
5-10x20-40 cm
(2-4x8-16 ins)
full
(creeps)
of border position
20x10 cm
(8x4 ins)
sun; carpet-forming,
where
it
can become
naturalized
Valeriana officinalis
(Valerian)
perennial
Valerianella locusta
annual
rich
and moist
(54x12-16
rich
(Corn Salad)
Verbascum thapsus
biennial
perennial, evergreen
well-drained
(Periwinkle)
shaded borders
ins)
10-20x15-25 cm
(4_8x6-10 ins)
90-180x25 cm
(3-6 ftx10
(Mullein)
Vmca major
135x30-40 cm
edge
of herb
bed or
kitchen garden
full
ins)
5-40 x 90 cm
(616 x 36 ins)
1
good
for planting
on
banks
(spreads)
Viola odorata
(Sweet
138
Violet)
perennial
well-drained, previously
enriched, moist soil
10-20x5 cm
(4-8x2 ins)
RUT-VIO
PROPAGATION
LS
cuttings
seed
Sp
layering
FLOWER
yellow
does not
S
S
cuttings
EXTRA DETAILS
like
windy
mauve-purple
sites
FOLIAGE
HARVEST
grey-green, small,
aromatic
leaves
pungent
Sp,
division
seed
mauve-blue, rather
S
division
keep moist
after
when young
white or pinkish
Sp
stem cuttings
layering
division
yellow
S
seed (slow)
lift
division
Sp
division
Sp.
Sp
each
bushy
AT
leaves
roots
M LS
white or pink
leaves
Sp. S.
leaves
leaves
LS-S
leaves
Sp. S
enduring subshrub
layering
rose-pink
Sp
division
root cuttings
division
Sp.
Sp.
Sp.
trim in
stem cuttings
cuttings
division
Sp.
remove flowers
promote leaves
to
rampant spreader,
needs chopping back,
confining and
sometimes supporting
division
large,
rough and
stiff.
pale green
yellow buttons
pungent
blue-mauve
Sp
LS-S
(decorative plant)
bushy growth
trim
pinkish-mauve
grey-green, minute,
aromatic
flowers
leaves
green, shiny
rootstock
leaves as required
S.
layers
cuttings
division
Sp.
trim
pink
layers
division
invasive,
root cuttings
seed
rhizome
lobed
coral-like, grey
pink or white,
sometimes with red
Sp
stem cuttings
seed
growth
marks
seed
leaves
leaf
flowering
seed
variable
Sp
Sp.
Sp.
division of rootstock
needs to be
yellow - appearing
confined
before leaves
pinkish-white
LW. ESp
LS
ESp
Sp
every 4 years
A
seed
Sp.
sow
in drills,
make
successive sowings
mauve
used
seed
Sp.
lighten
heavy
soils
Do
allow to flower
not
if
for salads
strong yellow
roughly spoon-shaped,
rosette
SS
growth
felt-like,
silver-white
before sowing
cuttings
division
Sp.
runners
ESp
seed (slow)
Sp
division
it
leaves
stem
mauve-blue
ES
within bounds
violet
Sp
dark to mid-green
S,
(decorative plant)
leaves
Sp-S
flower
Sp
after
flowering
139
'
*****A\'
'/-
*r-
*>
ff-
*'
'
>-"'*
..
jf'jjf
Reference section
I
yV
te-*4
'.V
The
-1
The
the species
'*
J=
lists
commonly
employed.
In
necessary to
list
some
cases,
it
has been
to the
We
know how
they are
made
up.
The
follow-
Mentha x
LABIATAE
all
other species:
de Cologne Mint/
Orange Mint
In this example, Mentha indicates the
genus and piperita the species; (Ehr.)
stands for Ehrhart which is the name of
the botanist
who
first classified
the species
and
varieties
economic plants
for the
same purpose
as
Left:
A mass
the wild.
the
of different herbs
growing
in
Many
V7
-J
Each entry
list
oj different uses,
to
a variety
the
name
is
spicata
and Mentha
means
that this
is
is
is
aquatica,
and the
'var.'
'
1'
ABI-ADI
Abies alba Mill,
pinaceae
Silver Fir
This conifer was once the source of 'Strassburg
Turpentine', first described in detail by Belon
in
De
in the
now
London Pharmacopoeia
and the
rarely collected,
It
was retained
until
leaves,
788. It
is
buds and
leaves simple,
needle-like,
glossy
and
Distribution
Cultivation
especially
and
Employed
Wild.
horticulturally,
Compacta
Constituents Oleo-resin
comprising turpentine;
provitamin A.
Uses
(leaves,
occasionally)
fresh
ant; carminative.
of bronchitis,
flatulent colic.
resin,
oil
of turpentine
Employed
cystitis,
The
in the
treatment
oil is
an
irritant
and can be
Contra-indications
The
and may
in girth;
straggling
feathery
foliage;
yellow flowers.
Distribution
Indigenous
ma; common
plains of
to eastern India,
Cultivation
Bur-
of Ceylon,
east Africa.
felled
and
processed.
Constituents Astringent action
due
Not cultivated;
trees incised
and
L acanthaceae
Acanthus mollis
red, catechol.
Used
gargle.
Acacia Senegal
L) Willd. leguminosae
Gulf of Aden
acaciae
gum from
in the seventeenth
century
the
B.C.,
142
Cultivation
gum
in
catechu-
to
leguminosae
Catechu Black Cutch/Kutch
This herb was known as Cacho or Kat and was
an important export from India to China,
Arabia and Persia in the sixteenth century. It
was introduced to Europe in the seventeenth
century from Japan. The dark brown extract
was not recognized as a vegetable substance
Common
Gummi
century
B.C.,
and Celsus
called
it
century B.C.
Arabian physicians at the medieval school of
Salerno used it and it was liable for customs
duty at Pisa and Paris. It reached London by
via Venice. Gum Arabic is still used
1 52
pharmaceutically.
acanthinum
in
the
first
Description
Low
tree,
3-6
high,
bending grey
ABI-ADI
writings referring to different prickly plants.
The
of columns
decoration
classical
in
Greek
oblong
dark green and
leaves
undulating margins,
30-60 cm long; stems straight to 150 cm
high; white or lilac pink flowers on spikes,
with
glossy,
summer.
Distribution
Now
widely distributed.
ordinary soil prefers deep
sun or partial shade. Propa-
Cultivation Tolerates
loam, either
full
house plant
Uses
autumn;
May
root
be cultivated
for
burns and
scalds.
Hops
in
Ching' sticks.
Contra-indications Large doses produce headaches and vertigo.
Snuff; tobacco substitute.
'I
and
L compositae
Yarrow
Weed
From
ancient times
this
with
have cured
A.
healing of
the
his
millefolium
warriors with
its
traditionally
has
Description
leaves.
had a wide
medical use.
also
AW<
'''/
essen-
tially
cm
violet
blue,
Distribution
Root division
daughter roots are stored
then planted mid-winter
Cultivation
Description
is
Sedge/Myrtle
Flag
Cosmetic cleanser
Hardy perennial;
L araceae
Calamus Sweet Flag/Sweet
Acorus calamus
substitute
brewing.
architecture.
Description
Can
sown
leaflets.
Constituents
in
garden
in
autumn;
in a
warm
in moist
selected
place and
loam. Seeds
Constituents
and
Uses
Volatile
oil
Distribution
parts,
and urinary
including flowers)
antiseptic.
Combines with
Only
Of use
flowers in water.
Constituents Bitter,
long.
zones, in
Indigenous
containing azulene;
a glycoalkaloid, achilleine.
(dried aerial
(early
in
aromatic, volatile
oil; bitter
principle, acorin.
and
on
dyspepsia.
Beer flavouring and liqueur. Candied rhizomes
used as sweetmeats. Young leaf buds in salads.
colic,
Snuff.
Contra-indications
Oil
of acorus
has reputed
carcinogenic properties.
alkaloid, aconitine.
word
repels water
dried
Sedative; pain
killer; antipyretic.
and
now
only extern-
"
S.
To
names
POISON-
and the
fine, shiny,
sciatica.
Once
adiantos or
pudenda
is
common
after the
'43
ADO-AGA
divided into 3 leaflets.
Distribution Native to Europe, naturalized in
eastern North America: often near habitation.
hedgerows.
Wild;
Cultivation
vigorous
too
for
garden
Uses
Young
leaves
fresh
cooked
spring
in
as
L hippocastanaceae
Aesculus hippocastanum
Horse Chestnut
was the
Aesculus
but
the
classical
of the
origins
uncertain:
name
of an oak tree
common name
it
are
in the East
as cattle
prefix
from
'horse'
sativa.
Deciduous
Description
tree
up
to
Some
nineteenth century.
10-40 cm tall;
petioles thin, delicate, black and shiny. Leaves
ovate to narrowly triangular, finely pinnate,
pinnules fan-shaped and toothed: sori reddishbrown on the underside of leaf tips.
Distribution Native to Great Britain, central
and south Europe. Now world-wide in temperate and tropical regions. Especially near
the sea, in caves, wells, on damp walls; cliffs,
on chalky soils; but also to 1300 m altitude.
Description
Cultivation
loam and
Perennial
fern
cultivated.
cymarin.
Valuable heart tonic, not
cumulative and less toxic than Digitali-.
Dilates coronary arteries. Not widely used due
to irregular absorption. Vermifuge.
Constituents Glycosides, including
Uses
dried herb
Contra-indications
POISONOUS
Aegopodium podagraria
The name
herb
Description Perennial
in
suits rockeries.
144
in
and the
Distribution
Native
Cultivation
Grows
Constituents
in
many soils:
often self-sown.
arin: tannins.
i'ses
fresh seed without seed-coat, branch
bark Tonic; narcotic: antipyretic. Bark employed traditionally in intermittent fevers.
Combined
of constituents
action
strengthens
and
arteries
thrombosis.
Seed
extract
rhoids. Fruit
mash
for cattle
Contra-indications
wide.
soils in full
Seed
veins,
of seeds
preventing
POISONOLS. To
be
moist
to
widely cultivated.
solitary,
L umbelliferae
sun or
very
garden.
Grows
seed.
green, containing
Distribution
Cultivation
on erect conical
spiny,
vegetable.
grown
brown
yellowish,
fruit
L ranunculaceae
cm
or
foot
pink
inflorescence:
L umbelliferae
the
essential oil.
early spring
white,
Herb Gerard
acid:
divided: flowers
minute quantities of an
much
high:
sonnel only.
Adonis vernalis
in
i'ses
even
35
when young
Known
in
to
Dog
Poison
sixteenth-century apothecaries as
apium rusticum.
this
is
ADO-AGA
as
indeed the
common names
when
required
suggest.
Care
is
Description
than 30
cm
was used
States.
is
still
African tribesmen.
Barosma betulina Bergius Bartl. & H.L. Wendl.
Description A small shrub 1 1.5 m high bearing
smooth rod-shaped branches with leathery,
|
glossy,
long, 5
pale yellowish-green
mm
cm
wide.
leaves
Young
cm
1-2
twigs and
pine.
Uses
United
Buchu
dried herb
used for
dren, convulsions,
summer
Contra-indications
Very
amounts
pain,
cause
glands.
confusion
oil
flowers.
Distribution
diarrhoea.
POISONOUS.
White
Small
Cultivation
of vision,
vomiting.
L agavaceae
Century Plant Agave/American Aloe
Agave americana
rtfV
mm
in
Ghana.
pungent resin.
Hot and pepper)
pepper substitute.
ft!
seeds
Stimulant.
condiment: used
as
able.
Agathosma
betulina fBerg.
Pillans.
rutaceae
Aframomum
melegueta Rose,
Description Succulent
al lv
Buchu
One ol
is
plant's
which
dies,
12m
zingiberaceae
The name
the deseit
to
porta on
the
Tripoli
coast.
It
served as a spice
in
hippocras.
because
it
Paris'.
rn
shaped
scatlet fruit, 6
tO
cm
long, enclosing
AGR-ALL
m
resin.
The
antibiotic,
Distribution
astringent.
common names
ally
misnomers,
and elsewhere.
Cultivation
On
arid
soils.
agave
gum
emmenagogue;
Purgative;
diuretic;
gum)
insecti-
cide; counter-irritant.
Wide
wounds. The
vomiting.
Description
is
fermented
to yield the
Mexican
Agrimonia eupatoria
specific
name
Distribution
Fixed
oil
volatile oil
gum
oleo-
mm
mm
autumn.
Widely distributed
Europe; naturalized in United
early
Distribution
native
States
of
and
Steeples/Sticklewort
who
was renowned
and
Description
L rosaceae
Agrimony Church
The
gramineae
Grass
troublesome weed to
gardeners, Couch Grass has played a long and
important role as a medicinal herb, and was
promoted by Dioscorides and Pliny. European
country people still drink it as a tisane and it is
one of the plants eaten by sick dogs to induce
well-known
juice
and contusions.
The
and
whole plant
as a lotion for
and oxalates;
'copal'
and externally
as
as a herbalist.
'Agrimony'
is
medicine.
downy, red30-60 cm high; compound pinnate leaves, up to 20 cm long. Flowers (summerautumn) yellow, 5-8 mm wide and numerous.
Distribution Throughout Asia, Europe, North
America; common on roadsides, waste-ground,
Description Perennial herb; erect
dish stems,
hedgebanks.
Cultivation Wild, but easily propagated by root
division in autumn. Tolerates varying conditions.
troublesome
in eastern states.
Northern Asia,
Weed
of arable and
^jfr^yj;
Wild
plant.
'.
Constituents
resembles
Triticin
inulin)
(a
carbohydrate which
sugar;
inositol;
salts
of
once used
'..V
146
and
glycosides.
Uses
wasteland.
Cultivation
as cattle food.
(fresh
root
hoea.
Ajuga reptans
Bugle
dried
The remedy
simaroubaceae
Tree-of-Heaven Copal Tree/Varnish Tree
Introduced to England in 1751 from Nanking
in China, and then in 1800 to the United
States where it rapidly became a popular
was discovered
or
L labiatae
Common
Weed
One of
the
or Creeping Bugle/Bugle
common names
of Bugle
is
the
AGR-ALL
properties which as yet have not been fully
researched.
been proven.
with
Perennial
Description
leafy
or
stolons
in early to late
summer.
elsewhere.
rich
soil,
in
nutrients.
Mixed
woodland,
meadows.
Wild plant; horticultural
and variegata.
Cultivation
purpurea
Constituents
Tannins;
unknown
varieties
digitalis-like
cm
high;
leaflets
Prolonged use
in
and excessive
menstruation.
Used
in veterinary
medicine
for
diarrhoea.
and
Distribution
styptic.
(Lady's
Alkanna
Mantle but
Astringent; bitter;
10-12
Mantle).
substances.
Uses
cm
leaves 3-7
and
plant) Astringent
Perennial herb
Description
has not
this
rosaceae
Lady's Mantle Lion's Foot
This is an example of a herb which acquired
Alchemilla vulgaris agg.
r\
\M.
#-*sT#
1
4i
The
historical
associations of Alpine
reputation
to
those
far
greater
than
therapeutic
its
Lady's
of Alchemilla
known by
it
became
ascribing the
name
Alchemilla or
the
'little
mm
spring
early
closely
the
name
Tannins.
Unknown
anti-inflam-
(dried
leaves,
rarely
Pentaglottis
Description
dried
flowering
and
sempervirens,
Alkanet, Anchusa
Thick root up
reaching 30
narrow
the
Common
cm
long with
officinalis.
to 10
cm
high;
numerous
stalks
somewhat
alternate,
hairy,
and
many
clustering
summer
to
autumn.
Distribution Central
soil.
Calcifugous.
Wild plant.
Constituents
mammals.
Uses (root, root bark) Not used medicinally.
Used variously
Alchemilla vulgaris).
Constituents
from Spain, Germany and France for centuries as a dye for pharmaceutical and cosmetic
use. It was also used by victuallers. It is now
often replaced by the Evergreen Alkanet,
colour
is
as a colouring agent.
red
water.
Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.)
(,ki<
11
ERAS
'47
ALL-ALO
Shallot, formerly A. ascalonicum L, with this
Allium sativum
Garlic
species
When
late
present
they
are
greenish-
summer.
Distribution
Numerous
cultivars exist
divided according to
3 groups: the Cepa group, the Proliferum
group, the Aggregatum group. The first group
crenate,
mm
Distribution
European
native. In
open waste-
ent-rich
soil.
Cultivation
Wild
Constituents
grine,
in
oil;
heteroside,
and
cuts or
condiment.
L liliaceae
Onion
The Onion
its
its
cultivation
148
juice)
Antibiotic;
the stem.
Description Perennial or biennial; sub-globular
partial bulbs
pink-white skin. Several
erect, long pointed leaves 1-2.5 cm w ide,
surrounded by
flat,
to
15
cm
silky
Unbranched stem
spathe
7.5- 10
of
rose-white
greenish
or
flowers,
warm climates.
soils.
Cultivation
the Mediterranean to Central Asia for centuries. Several varieties exist including small
cloved and giant forms, and white, pink, or
mauve skinned
forms.
to strong.
dry
4
soil, in
cm
autumn
a sunny position, 15
cm
Essential
oil,
disulphide and
B2
allyl
comprising mainly
propyl disulphide;
vitamins A,
also
in rich,
apart and
deep.
Constituents
allyl
Plant individual
often
mm
antispasmodic; hypoglycaemic.
Useful in the treatment of coughs,
and
long,
cm
Bi,
an enzyme
alliinase.
Allium cepa
fresh
is
level.
The crushed
bulb,
sauces.
(fresh
soldiers.
sini-
Uses
Roman
were
allyl
it
turies
Re-
isothiocyanate.
ally) Antiseptic;
culinary
bronchitis, laryngitis
plant.
Essential
which
common
south-west India.
known
warm
most of the
is
It
appearing
is
in
The
is one of
used dailv
climates of the
flavourings and
bulbils.
Also
cooking
world.
medically.
in
member
common
much importance
the most
novelties.
been of
Garlic, a
L liliaceae
gastro-enteritis.
cide.
to
sion
Employed
and
in the
treatment of hyperten-
arteriosclerosis; as a carminative
an expectorant
in
and
ALL-ALO
dvsentery, typhoid and other infectious diseases. Garlic also increases the flow of bile and
in the
when
vinegars and
Employed
in butters,
aroma
salt.
on the breath.
Contra-indications
May
skin.
Allium schoenoprasum
L liliaceae
Chives
Chives is the only member of the onion group
found wild in both Europe and North America,
and although used for centuries was not
cultivated until the Middle Ages. It cannot be
dried with any success but may be quickfrozen and stored.
larity
Description
felling
The
tree
is
an
dark
diameter,
green leaves, 20-30 cm long, 2-3
bearing in the summer an inflorescence of pink
produce
grass-like
cylindrical
hollow
mm
dentally
main
its
use
Medium
Description
cm
in early spring;
in autumn.
North Africa, Europe, parts of
Asia. Introduced and locally naturalized else-
'berries'
Distribution
where.
Prefers
moist,
swampy
sites
beside
Cultivation
in Africa
plant.
ing
'crystalline'
aloins
and aloe-emodin.
burns.
to heal
haemor-
rhoids.
streams.
Cultivation
Wild plant.
Bark,
Uses
leaves
blacks,
the
fresh
and
wood
Once
A. perryi
LILIACEAE
Aloes Curacao/Socotrine/Cape
One
ol
history.
the
Aloe vera
is
still
extensively used in
Socotra
flat solid
is
larger,
<
OS user-
leaves. Propagate
to
the Greeks at
and
to
install
Greeks.
the
In
tenth
century,
Aloes.
Constituents
Very
for
similar
herb gardens.
to
garlic
Allium
Uses
Used only
lor
and
offered by
sativum).
as a garnish.
Description
Several
he
derives
from
an
old
lili-
flesh)
margin and
producing woody branching
betulaceae
Common Alder Owler
common name
of succulent
species
1780.
Alder English
first in
and
HBK
Aloe vera
verbenaceae
Lemon Verbena
Tannins.
Constituents
arrangement.
Description Aromatic shrub to 3 m, but rarely
more than 1.2 1.5 m in cooler northern
temperate zones. Branches striate and scabrous, bearing whorls of 3-4 leaves which are
entire, 5
7.5
cm
glands.
Flowers
mm
lavender, small (6
or terminal panicles.
white
or
pale
requires
frost
and
against a south
wind
facing
protection;
wall
on
light,
plant
well-
l'i
ALP- AN E
recorded by Ibn Khurdadbah in 869 who
listed it with Musk, silk and Camphor as an
article of trade from the Far East. It was
commonly used in the Middle Ages as a
culinary spice with Cloves, Nutmeg and
Ginger. The plant from which the root came
was not described until 1870, when it was
named after Prosper Alpinus the sixteenthcentury 'teacher of drugs' at Padua University.
Description Perennial rhizomatous herb of flaglike form; stems reaching 1.5 m, covered with
long narrow lanceolate leaves; bearing racemes
of orchid-shaped flowers, white and veined
comprising mainly
Uses
(fresh
dried
or
leaf)
Antispasmodic;
stomachic; aromatic.
As a
tea
it
is
Of use in
flatulent dyspepsia.
Once used
Althaea
Marshmallow
used
be
flavouring in cakes,
sparingly
fruit
as
dishes
a lemon
and sweet
officinalis
Althea
The name
is
well
known
as a confectionery
the
The
Romans
dried leaf
is
employed
in
pot-pourris and
perfumery.
Contra-indications Prolonged use or large internal dosage may cause gastric irritation.
oil
used
is
in
Alpinia officinarum
Galangal
Hance zingiberaceae
This
150
root
level to
Constituents
30%
keep cool.
mucilage comprising glucosan
and xylan; responsible for demulcent action.
Also sucrose; lecithin; phytosterol; asparagin.
gastric ulcers.
ulcers.
Powdered
ingredients in
and then
fried
pill
in spring salad.
and
considered
in the
it
a delicious vegetable,
Emperor Charle-
1-
1.
with
25
m
3 -5
petioles;
Erect
hardy
perennial
reaching
or
5-petalled
undivided
white
or
and
pink
Malvaceae
or Garden Hollyhock
scented sachets.
The
light soil if
below root
Now
L Malvaceae
foodstuffs, or in drinks.
autumn.
compost introduced
Succeeds on
Hollyhock Common
vertigo.
Leaf may
autumn.
Similar to Ginger.
oil,
until early
summer
Constituents
in diameter,
in late
Asia, Iran.
Cultivation
citral.
3-4 cm
appear
short
flowers,
Lyte
in
1578 called
it
producing
in
second
formed flowers,
up to 10 cm in diameter on short peduncles.
Colour from pale pink or yellow to purpleblack. Flowering mid-summer to late autumn.
Distribution
Cultivation
Native of China.
One
Now
widespread.
ALP- AN E
from seed. Tolerates most soils.
Mucilage; volatile oil; tannin and
anthocyanin pigment.
Uses (dried double purple flowers) Antiinflammatory, emollient, mildly purgative.
Used as tisane for chest complaints or as a
mouthwash. Colours wine.
easily raised
Anacardium
Constituents
Cashew Nut
L anacardiaceae
occidentale
known
tropical
this
tree
variety of uses
widely-
is
provides
wide
is
of some
in Africa
and
tree
importance
in native
medicine
the Americas.
Description
Amaranthus hypochondriacus
L amaranthaceae
Amaranth Love-lies-bleeding/ Red
Cockscomb
This herb is one of a number of Amaranthus
receptacle
species or varieties
The name
amaranton
meaning
Greek
since
fading'
the
The
immortality.
cm
across.
enclosing
partly
and
naturalized
cultivated
in
tropical
countries.
Cultivation
Commercially
in groves
and occurs
magnesium;
iron;
square
single, long-stalked,
with
high
content;
nutrient
vegetable and
Saponin.
Constituents
fully
Use
Active
principles
not
understood.
(leaf,
whole herb,
Once
diaphoretic.
phobia,
used
depression
in
hydro-
epilepsy,
following
liver
disease,
used
in salads.
Cosmetic herb
'pimpernel
as
POISONOUS;
there
is
evi-
all
kinds of bleed-
ing
<
mm
summer.
in late
Uses
nut,
Nut or kernel
content Tree bark once
used
in certain
juice
vesicant,
oil.
ausing skin
blisters.
Distribution
Cultivation
seed
sown
Constituents
in ipring.
Mucilage; sugars.
as gargle for
swelling,
Young
lor
Oftue
ulcers;
and
also as
leaves of
douche
lor
Amaranthus
tissue
leucorrhoea.
species widely
used as a vegetable.
The
alternative
Content.
made
It
soap,
to
was
due
to
high
an
saponin
into flour.
Anagallis arvensis
L primulaceae
and
close
Description
if
The
rain threatens.
cause dermatitis.
L ranunculaceae
Anemone alpina
Alpine
Anemone
alpina
this
folk-medical
use,
either classical or
and
is
not
mentioned
in
modern works.
pinnate. Flowers
with 6 sepals, solitary, 5 7.5 cm wide, white
tinged with violet; appearing mid-spring to
early
summer.
Distribution
Cultivation
Wild.
Hegi, which
is
The
autumn
it
is
or early
ripe.
Protoanemonine; anemomne.
anodyne.
Formerly used in the treatment of toothache
alterative;
AXE-APH
petioles reaching 30
cm
kidney-shaped 3-lobed
cm in diameter, born
on hairy scapes reaching 40 cm; from
mid-winter to early autumn.
Distribution North temperate zone; mainly in
moist deciduous woodland, preferably calcareous, with loamy soil.
Cultivation Wild plant. Propagate by division
soon after flowering; in sheltered position on
ordinary soil with good drainage; or from seed
gathered and sown in mid-spring. In shade.
Seed dispersed by ants.
Constituents Mucilage; tannin; sugar. Action
Light blue flowers, 4
singly
Fresh
Constituents
ranunculin. This
plant
contains
glycoside,
monine to
anemonine.
to
Sedative; analgesic;
nervine;
some
Used
spasmolytic.
headaches,
for
Employed homeo-
and
POISONOUS
Contra-indications
when
fresh.
and convulsions.
protoanemonine.
Uses
Anethum graveolens
Demulcent:
Of use as syrup
orders.
Distilled
for
coughs or bronchitis.
Contra-indications
in large doses.
pain, but
due
to
its
toxicity
it
Contra-indications
POISONOUS;
not be taken
name
Easter.
Anemone hepatica
L ranunculaceae
Liverwort
This delicate looking herb possesses individual
flowers which last for little more than one week
but which in that time have the ability to
double in length. Its name comes from the
heparatos
meaning
liver: in folk
root-stock:
almost
medicine
is
much branched
produces
still
is
respected
grown widely
its
beat".
it
in
as a
in
it
is
and
still
common name
is
is
The
shaped
to
with spindle-
tall,
one
stalk: leaves
specitn
Gerard
flowers at
traditional
decorative
plant.
Erect,
Description
5-40 cm
soft,
hairy
perennial
herb
summer.
liver.
evergreen;
It
medicine, and
Kidneywort American
Greek
'to
internally.
it
meaning
Pulsatilla
Seed
in the Bible
belliferous plant,
mentioned
is
and rheumatic
Dill
L umbelliferae
Dill
for freckles.
POISONOUS
Weed
Dill Dill
on
slopes
warm
situations.
Cultivation
Wild
and
rubra.
feathery,
leaflets
of
consisting
linear;
numerous
terminal
yellow
umbels
flowers
in
mid-summer.
Distribution
W ild
r
Asia.
countries.
Tolerates most
Cultivation
soils.
From
cultivated.
Constituents Oil of Dill comprising,
d-carvone:
fresh
or dried leaf
cakes,
pastries.
Dill
vinegar.
fish,
Most
1^2
AXE APH
Angelica archangelica
L umbelliferae
Angelica European
Now
best
known
or
Garden Angelica
as a decorative confectionery
made from
is
also
European
Christianized names hints
origins
north
planfs
at
The
and
its
deep associa-
its
Nordic magic.
up
ing
to
hollow, to 6
cm
long.
Large
numerous greenish-white
flowers, mid-summer to early autumn.
Distribution Native to northern Europe or Asia.
Introduced and cultivated elsewhere. Common garden herb; prefers damp meadows,
spherical umbels of
Seed rapidly
loses viability;
sow
as
botanical
species
cine, but
the
much
use
is
made
in folk
medi-
of it in dried flower
arrangements. Various related species, however, have been used more than the species
dwica
for example, an American relative.
(naphalium polycephalum
classified as
dwica previous!}
remedy
Indian
A.
for
mouth
and the
ulcers,
Wall,
to
treat coughs.
rosette to 8.5
cm
and tomentose
long, white
",
nun long
is
woolly
apart.
dried rhizome
and
Aromatic; stimulant
sterns
carminative.
islands;
to
pasture,
light
25OO
dry
altitude,
Cultivation
Constitui
an in 11 essential
:
The combined
oil
Once
Wide
and
portant constituent
confectionery
ol
use.
Im-
soils.
resin
a bittei
on
How ol bile-.
/
a dried flowering plant Astringent; chole(in
weak diuretic
1
in
used
irr
mixtures
lor
the
treatment ol
Mav be used
compositae
Cat's Foot
Cudweed
In-
down)
this plant
I. lie
Everlasting
leaves
being
known
it
to
its
to
Middle
East,
temperate climates.
degree of moisture.
Prefers
light
south
warm and
soil
with
soil
at
w inter supplv
Volatile
Constituents
oil;
bolism.
fresh leaf before flowering
us
poultice
applied
to
Stomachic.
painful
will
joints.
com-
common name
is derived
both from a
resemblance to Parsley and from
the old French perce-pierrc signifying a plant
which grows through stonv ground. The
Flemish botanist De L'Obel suggested in 1570
that although the herb was not widely used by
was commonly employed by the
herbalists,
poor to 'break' stones in the kidney or bladder.
Todav it is one of the most highly respected
The
superficial
it
branched stem up to
wedge shaped;
insignificant flowers 1.5-2 mm in diameter
borne in axillary clusters; appearing from late
s|)i int; until late autumn.
Description
20
di( line.
Native
Distribution
Wild plain.
fits
mm
Warm
woodland and
principle.
,k ids
and
Aleutian
semi-dry
herb
produced mid-summer.
in
greenhouse.
sweet-smelling
.11
base
warm
Annual
pressed into
60
regularly in a
Description
cm
Annual;
tall;
Distribution
parts of
leaves,
thin
3-5
lobes,
Europe on bare
soil
in
common
in
dry places.
'53
API-ARC
L ranunculaceae
Columbine European Crowfoot
Aquilegia vulgaris
Distribution
Uses
dried
or
(fresh
plant,
Once recommended
in
referring to the
Tonic;
seeds)
if fresh
treatment
Apocynum cannabinum
Canadian
L apocynaceae
Hemp Hemp
Dogbane/Black
Indian Hemp
This was one of many North American plants
introduced to settlers by native Indians. No
longer used in medicine.
Description Perennial to 2 m high, stems erect,
branched only at top, bearing ovoid leaves
Cultivation
Constituents
Wild plant.
An
flower shape.
The
astringent principle.
and
flowers) Diuretic;
demul-
the
in the
cent.
was provided by
somewhat
this
day
from
celery flavour
ers
palates,
violet-blue or white, 5
early summer.
was a
Distribution
Native
to
cm
diameter; appearing
Europe. Naturalized in
by seed or by division
Constituents
lipid;
with
to
7.5
cm
long;
ters,
summer. Root up
to 2
cm
long.
Action of a
heart
stimulant,
dilates
Uses
an uncharacterized alkaloid.
(Root, flowers and leaves) Antiseptic;
renal
L leguminosae
Arachis hypogaea
Peanut Ground-nut
(dried
worms and
fever. Powerful heart stimulant. The fibrous
bark employed as substitute for hemp in
cine in North
America
to
treat
tion
needed
POISONOUS;
in usage.
in spring.
arteries.
Uses
54
741, but
fell
bitter to present
Description
graveolens L umbelliferae
Celery Wild Celery/Smallage
all
of
official use.
Apium
Wurttemberg Pharmacopoeia
greatest cau-
its
importa-
API-ARC
and reported
the mani - a
mon names
name
for Arachis
still
such
as
used in South
refer to this.
cm
Japan
tall;
pairs
Still
of leaflets,
oval.
cm
long.
Yellow
m;
cm
long.
cm
diameter. Fruit
soil.
Inulin;
Constituents
oil; resin;
bitter
principle;
volatile
fruits,
the
rarely
Diuretic.
Of
year
first
leaves)
use in
eczema.
Stalks, before flowering,
may
be eaten as salad
or boiled as vegetable.
same way
and eaten.
against the
Mycobacterium
mown
in certain
flower has
in leather
the seed
Unknown
is
substitute
in the
wild state;
olive
oil.
Employed
in
tanning.
The
The
is
and marquetry.
Arctium lappa
ERICACEAE
L compositae
recent
research
shrub;
to
Trailing
15
cm
green,
leathery,
Small
flowers,
Known
diameter.
Dioscorides
has
shown
that
it
possesses
the
L Ericaceae
Strawberry Tree Cane Apples
Arbutus unedo
as angelica.
Description
the
manufacture of soap.
root cooked
bacteria.
(Cultivation
Chopped
or
creeping
evergreen
cm
long.
terminal
clusters of 3
summer.
55
ARE-ARN
Cool regions of northern hemis-
Distribution
Wild
Uses
soils.
fruit
ripe
or
taenicide.
unripe
dried leaves
fically
medicine.
Chewed
nut.
with a
little
Contra-indications
Birthwort Birchwort
The fact that the herb was
Areca catechu
L arecaceae
Betel
Areca
is
also
constituent
Nut
known as
of the
the
combination
continence.
and
made from
as a masticatorv in
lips
Areca Nut
human
in
Once used
stipation.
Astringent
Once used
acids.
Uses
stimulant:
plant.
Constituents
ol.
alkaloids,
leaf.
Stains
teeth red.
Toxic
in large doses:
medical
L aristolochiaceae
Anstolochia clematitis
at
Nut since it is a
chewing mixture
Betel
"betel"
which
into
improve digestion.
Elegant palm: straight smooth
trunk 12-30 m high. 50 cm circumference.
Description
even
by
its
common and
and
locheia
is
emphasized
meaning
aristos
meaning
is
best
in coastal areas.
herb has not been subjected to modern investigation and is rarely employed.
Description Perennial on long rhizome: stem
erect or slightly twining to 50 cm high: heartshaped dark green leaves with long petioles.
Flowers axillary. 3 cm long, yellowish-green
appearing from early summer to mid-autumn.
Distribution
Europe and temperate North
America. Japan. In thickets, vineyards, weedy
edges of fields, in warmer situations on
Constituents
Tannin:
gum:
four
its
common name in
calcareous
soil.
Cultivation
Wild
The
plant.
which
is
similar to
colchicine.
Uses
stimulant.
L aristolochiaceae
Virginia Snakeroot Birthwort Serpentarv
The earliest belief concerning this herb was
that it would give protection from poisoning.
Specimens from Virginia were growing in
London in 1632. and were described by
Aristolochia serpentana
=,6
shaped
pointed
leaves
7.5
cm
long:
roots
Wild plant.
Stimulating tonic:
dried root-stock
Uses
diaphoretic: anodyne: nervine: once used for
treating snake bites.
Used
paralysis
may
also occur.
Armeria maritima
Mill.
\\ illd.
PLUMBAGINACEAE
Constituents Aristolochine.
medicine.
erect, slightly
to 100.
Distribution
in folk
it is
now
very rarely
ARE-ARN
Arnica montana
L compositae
in
as
produced which
is
Vahl
is
characterized by narrow
as Arnica angustifolia,
it is
really a variant
to
Roman name
for a wild
herb
present
its
was known
common name,
it
Certainly
were
as
popular
purpose.
for this
woody
on branched
2-15 cm
lar leaves,
Flowers stalked,
white),
downy
rose-pink
mm
corolla
globular heads,
occasionally
for
diameter,
in
dense
cm diameter, on leafless,
20-55 cm tall. Appearing
.5-3
scape
mid-spring to mid-autumn. Variable in form.
Distribution Native to Europe, Asia and North
the
seventeenth
moutarde
irritation.
May
in folk
medicine.
cellent, low,
arrangements.
rusticana
Gaertn, VI
<
v el
Scherb.
Horseradish
Linnaeus gave Horseradish the botanical name,
Cocklearia armoracia, aftei cochleare, an obsolete
name for a spoon which its leaves were thought
in-
Wild
Cultivation
and
ally
plant. Cultivated
hortic ulturally.
division in spring OT
Constituents Polyacetylenic
oil;
tile
flavones;
unknown
s\
in vola-
phulin;
inulin;
stem which
and
compounds
arnicin;
later
initially
raise
it.
dried
Stimulant;
flower- heads,
diuretic;
dried
rubefacient.
rhizome)
is
an
It
commerci-
Propagate by root
in
Grows
watei
vigorously.
Fresh
which
is
by the
root
contains a glycoside.
ally] isothioc
oil
antibiotic substanc
yanate; vitamin
Stimulant; rubefacient
C.
es.
:
weak
diuretic.
taken
he
M.i\
intern. dlv
as
svitip
,1
she eel
Most
on boils or
rheumatism.
root
in
widely
used
especially in sauces
fish,
lor
and
lot
to
Applied externally
CRUCIFERAE
mid-autumn.
European native;
to
South-east
Distribution
poultice
Armor acia
leaves,
Appears mid-summer
mustard
an antiseptic
high on stout.
oi
as
basal
1.5
as
cm long and 5 cm
30-100 cm long,
coarse-, lanceolate with dentate margins and
long petioles. Erect flowering racemes 50 cmlarge
thick:
may
it
it
sinigrin,
it
Description Perennial to
Cannot be employed
century.
de\ allemands,
Constituents
poultice as
Raf)hanu\ rusticanus.
fections.
in
Cultivation
as
rubefacient
culinary
purposes.
Contra-indications
May
be
vesicant
to
some
'":
ART-ASA
Artemisia abrotanum
Southernwood
L compositae
Lad's Love/Old
L compositae
Tarragon Russian Tarragon
Artemisia dracunculoides
Man
reason
it
was
by the French
achieving
dracunculus.
dracunculus
the
delicacy
of Artemisia
as
name
for
Diana
is
.5
Wild,
plant. Seed
Constituents
Essential
oil
identical
to
Anise,
who
room and jail officials. The name Southernwood is derived from the Old English suthernewudu meaning a woody plant from the south,
of the
since
is
it
which
led to the
common name
Lad's
Love.
Description Perennial
subshrub
to
90
cm
high
summer
autumn.
straggling growth.
May
in
high
hairy stems bearing highly aromatic
bipinnate and tripinnate leaves covered in
;
mm
diameter, with
Distribution Central
Asia.
warm
sea, in
regions.
cm
autumn.
slight shade.
taken in excess
mainly absinthol.
children.
if
not flower.
Uses (dried whole plant) Stimulant; emmenagogue; antiseptic; antihelmintic. Once used
as a
Prefers
medium
soil
in
full
sun or
mintic;
in floral
decorations.
L compositae
Absinthe/Green Ginger
Several species of absinthium are mentioned by
Dioscorides, and many of them were employed
for the removal of intestinal worms. Although
one of the most bitter herbs known, it has for
centuries been a major ingredient of aperitifs
Artemisia absinthium
Wormwood
158
antipyretic;
antiseptic;
stomachic.
in wine.
L compositae
Tarragon French Tarragon
An essential component of French
plants
sions,
causes
restlessness
vertigo,
delirium.
Artemisia
Artemisia dracunculus
cuisine,
'true'
ART-ASA
coarser flavour of Russian Tarragon.
to the
Similarly unless
it is
cm
Perennial 90
Description
erect,
mid-summer
Distribution
where
as
to late
summer.
cultivation.
Cultivation Cultivated commercially in Europe
and the United States. Cannot be propagated
from seed. Divide roots in spring or autumn or
Renew
every 3 years
Can be grown
soil.
No modern medicinal
promotes appetite.
Widely used as flavouring
The herb
toothed
red,
especially
for salads,
steak,
if
white
lands,
principle, absinthin,
flowering shoots,
(dried
emmenagogue. Used
Diuretic;
leaves,
as
roots)
an aid
in
and weak
of
digestion. Chinese
employ
the cones
therapeutic method
Used
as a
tea.
known
as
moxibustion.
geese,
for
tion of beer.
Contra-indications
in-
butter, vinegars,
and
is
best
known
for
its
use
with chicken.
Used
in
liqueurs.
late
loamy
soils,
in
warm damp
sites,
hedgerows,
woods.
Wild plant.
Cultivation
Constituents
mucosa
irritant,
(fresh
dried
or
strong
Diuretic;
dried
leaves,
purgative;
tubers)
no longer em-
Formerly used
Flowers appear
fruits.
Uses
in
tobaccos.
fish,
(spathe).
Distribution Central
tion.
Uses
bract
in
rheumatic
pain.
Used
homeopathically for sore throats.
Well-baked tubers are edible, nutritious and
externally
harmless.
Contra-indications All
POISONOUS.
all
its
Artemisia vulgaris
L compositae
Mugwort
An
repel
times.
Although used
in
pre-Christian
to flavour drinks,
common name
is
and
derived
pubescent perennial;
grooved with reddish-purple colouring,
angular, reaching 1.75 in. Leaves 2.5 5 cm
long, dark green above, whitish and downy on
strips
the
underside;
pinnate
or
bipinnate
with
the eighteenth
and nineteenth
centuries.
and root
was employed to starch
ruffs in the sixteenth century, even though the
practice often caused blisters on the hands of
also called Starchwort,
those
who
used
it
it.
from ovoid
tuber 3 cm diameter; arrow-shaped leaves to
25 cm long, plain dark green or with dark
brown-purplish spots. Flowers occur at base of
purplish club-shaped spadix which is enclosed
in characteristic 15-cm long leafy greenish-
Asarum canadense
L aristolochiaceae
Ginger. American
herb was an effective
for root
colonists
found
stimulant
when taken
the
as a tea,
and American
be an effective contraceptive.
ground
summer.
Canada
in
Distribution
and
northern
United
59
ASA-AVE
1
yV
.J A
-
'
leguminosae
J!
';
autumn;
root division in
careous
K
f^
*-
fekL
BP^^Mw
and
^P>
States, Russia,
moist shaded
Cultivation
as
employed
sites.
Wild plant.
L asclepiadaceae
Pleurisy Root Butterfly Milk Weed
Once officially recognized and included in the
United States Pharmacopoeia and long used
Asclepias tuberosa
''
in
is
still
folk
it
Asclepias
Uses (root-stock)
lence
to exert direct
May
be used as a substitute
for root
Ginger.
headaches.
Numerous
in dry,
was called
medicine by
Dioscorides. Herbalists of the Middle Ages
it
name
members
warm
climates
tea.
Commercial exploitation
now gaining
in
of the tea,
which
is
erect to 2
leafy
shoots in
1.5-6
cm
long,
mm
and
Small.
followed by
1.5
cm
long pod.
as
m;
fleshy
cm
<
erect, beautiful
nut-shaped Rowers
asaron
given by Dioscorides
in
bacc/iaris, a
leaves
pods.
grown
are
1772.
colour
leaves 5 -15
as snuff to relieve
'ST
African
of the
clearin' snuff.
tive; sternutatory;
R. Dahlgr.
tiM
rich in
soil,
fil.j
to
of root-stock in spring.
Constituents Glycosides, including asclepiadin;
Uses
dried
root-stock
Diaphoretic;
anti-
Young
may
be boiled
and eaten.
Contra-indications
Wfe
Fresh
leaf tea
diar-
causes
Distribution
western
moisture-retaining, non-acidic
Cultivation
soils.
winter
or
early
spring
seedlings transplanted in
mid
in
mm
deep
in
in
seed-beds:
or late
summer
when
6 or 7 years.
Constituents
unknown
substances.
(dried
and
ASA-AVE
as a hot or cold beverage:
also used as a culinary herb, and as a flavouring
Mostly employed
and the
Tea
baking.
in
the
Grass
Known
century,
sixteenth
and
laxative
herbalists
it
and some
properties,
diuretic
claimed
In parts of eastern
wild and
the
is
eaten by cattle.
cm
h was
widely used
as a
develops,
it
from
Strong scent
it
many
which
quadrangular
1
-n
cm
smooth,
high. Leaves in
whorls
smell.
States
mixed woodland.
Wild plant: ma) he propagated
seed sown in late miiiiiiii'i to earl)
orange berries
wide
<>n
iaIK
Produc-
scale.
7.5
<
years. Seed
]j
last
deep.
in
loam
1
iii
sown
position.
rich
subspecies
found wild.
also
141
phoretii
laxative,
bordei
in
tannin.
used
oumaiiii
foi
for
biliary obstructions.
fresh
due
foi
item
to
Diuretic; dia-
treatment
oi
tonic.
Sonne
ol
stoinai h pains.
dropsy,
ized
In
fla\
oui ing.
linen.
for
si
cnting
Repels insects.
Contra-indications
dizziness
with
smooth.
leafy,
tall
Native
ally
to
soils.
Wild
plant.
Widespread commercial
Hyoscyamine; atropine;
Constituents
sv
traces of
Action
root-stork.
in
autonomic nervous
stem.
root-stock and leal
Uses
Reduces
Employed
secretions.
Narcotic mydriatic
;
salivar)
treatment of biliar)
in
and
intestinal colic.
as
Externall)
liniment
gout
in
or
rheumatic inllainmation.
Perennial
mia.
who
black berries.
sedative.
Once
Herba
used
plant
due
s.
Contra-indications
All
ONOUS;
to
supei
only
pans extremel)
be
POIS-
under medical
used
ision.
Atropa belladonna
young
Once recommended
1
foi
resin;
ai id
root,
\\ ide
deep
Oil
\tituentt
lannii
is
[ate spring,
in
open
Con
undei planting
commen
and horticultural!)
sand)
hei h
Bids
01
diametei
iii
Distribution
water of it
Description
tituents
01
a distilled
Cultivation
autumn,
the
called
first
Cultivation
release
red
who
Venetians
nutrients, especially in
from ripe
oi
nightshade".
Distribution
Alma
North
Europe,
Asia.
Distribution
fruit
.1
summer. Bears
billa
dried.
name
when
and Solatium
caries'
I.
soi
aw eab
ol
ol
it
cannot he
the
Latin
world's
name
Description
population.
most
diet for
Avena
the
is
old
Annual
nun
cm
t.25
wide,
i6i
BAL-BRY
word meaning
normally
is
it
is
of some
now grown
medicinal value, it is
gardens only because it
is
in herb
regarded as one of
Whorls of
flowering.
to late
typical
labiate
Appearing mid-
axils.
and bark
leather. Fruit
Wild
by
root
40
cm
hairs.
Cultivation
from cultivation.
Constituents Starch; protein; gluten: albumen;
salts;
/
r&s
gum
L berberidaceae
Barberry European Barberry Sowberry
A useful shrub cultivated in medieval times
Berberis vulgaris
near monasteries
east Asia.
tion;
flowering
dried
oil;
tocopherol.
Nutritive;
antidepressant;
and
thymoleptic.
in
general debility
highly nutritious.
was used
It
its
in
delicious
sweets.
Now
relegated
to
and candied
hedgerows, it is
()l
and churches.
farmers
accused
the
plant
ol
'blighting' wheal.
/),
to 2.5
tall,
L labiatae
betulaceae
Silver Birch
is
to
man
for a consider-
rolls
carried.
an attractive garden
tree.
Description
to
cm
triangular.
female catkins.
This generally unattractive herb is distinguished only by its strong and objectionable
odour, which caused Turner in 154H to
describe it as the 'stynkyng horehound'.
Dioscorides gave the plant the name ballote
which is probably derived from the Greek
late spring
oblong
to
in
(lusters
appearing
Distribution
naturalized
Distribution
to East
Asia:
olerates
Cultivation
Common
all soil
Wild
types
plant.
and
situations.
Grown
horticulturally.
saponin: a flavonoid
disease.
infections.
light
Cultivation
[62
Ballota nigra
and
and eaten with
into jelly
w ription
made
apart.
Constituents Flavonoids.
Uses
dye
as a yellow
soil.
Propagate
plant.
liver diseases.
Distribution Natives of
Cultivation
a eultigen possibly
and other
gall-stones
much
is
Wood
autumn.
lemma without
atropur-
var.
include
varieties
summer
spreading;
Horticultural
purea.
after
early
of suckers in early
spring or early
resin.
Uses
rheumatism.
Formerly
used
for
gout
and
BAL-BRY
made from the bark. The tree
made into birch wine and vinegar.
Birch wood seldom used commercially as
timber; but employed for broom handles.
beer can be
sap
bright
small,
is
yellow,
twig-like
in
racemes,
Distribution
L compositae
Bur-Marigold Water Agrimony
The herb is unrelated botanically to the
common Agrimony and it scarcely deserves the
name marigold with its inconspicuous brownBidens tripartita
soil.
Glycoside
Constituents
(comprising
sinigrin)
when
presence of water
the herb
burned.
Description Erect annual 15-60
cm
high, with
Wild
Cultivation
sown
plant.
in spring.
Uses
Astringent: dia-
to
river
muddy
in the
is
Young
Contra-indications
May
Should
sparingly
used
be
tender
blister
skins.
when taken
in-
ternally.
garden escape.
Wild plant and prolifically selfThrives on ordinary well-drained
especially as
Cultivation
seeding.
in full sun.
soil
drills in
Mucilage;
Constituents
tannin;
volatile
oil:
understood,
and
diuretic
they
but
act
as
mild
sudorific.
Uses
for
rheumatism
Said
and
for
respiratory
infections.
to
mothers.
ol
pt for
A weak
now
condition*, but
rarely
antihaemorrhagic purposes.
dye is obtained from
yellow
used
the
officinalis
iptions of
i<
to bees,
its
Roots
lips.
<
Koch cruciferae
Mustard
word
it
height,
As
result
has
it
its
almost
when
seed
completely
lliiissiia
juncea
which
is
cucurbitaceae
less
lo
01
originally
varying
shapes,
generally
to
grow luxuriantly:
root-stock
is
Mandrake
similar
in
appearance
to the
shop signs
In
English
herbalists
the
in
eighteenth century.
Description
of
meaning
mous
been
much
bruein -
leases
acq.
lo
ripe.
green
in
Brown
Mustard
Bryonia dioica
Borage
refer to the herb's abilities to bring happiness
and comfort and drive away melancholia.
Even Pliny (ailed the plant euphrosinum because
it
made men joyful and merry. Certainly it
was widely used in a variety of alcohol
dtmks, and it is still a vital ingredient <l
summer wine ii|>s. As Boi aye is very attractive
all
me
L boraginaceae
flavour wine.
Mustard
flowers.
Borago
Long
stein.
cm
I>ran< liing
long, 7.5
neai
the
cm
base
163
BUX CAP
Box woods were widespread in Europe but the
for the wood - which is twice as hard
as oak - led to extensive felling. Close clipped
Box hedges make excellent edgings to formal
demand
herb gardens.
Description
tree
or
tall;
sandy
soil
taken
autumn.
Mediterranean native; widely distributed in Europe and Western Asia; introduced elsewhere. Prefers a well-drained and
chalky or loamy soil.
Cultivation Wild plant.
early
Distribution
parabuxine,
buxine,
Resin
Constituenti
comprising
and
Uses
oil;
or
employed
rarely used
to
dried
allay
due
to
its
root
coughs
glycoside
other glycosides
the
due
to resin.
Irritant;
in
once
pleurisy,
now
POISONOUS.
Contra-indications
died
from
Jord. labiatae
Calamintha
ascenden.1
Mountain Mint
An am
arising
high;
164
have
Common
Description
Animals
folk
perennial;
stems
(dried
may
leaves
herb
flowering
An
infusion
is
Diaphoretic;
a useful tonic.
The
in spring.
Alkaloids
:
to
or limestone.
Constituents
late spring.
Uses
in
summer
Distribution
expectorant.
to early autumn.
European native; prefers dry
woodland and waste places on chalky soil.
Cultivation Wild plant. Propagated by cuttings
of side-shoots taken in spring; seed sown in
early spring: root division late autumn and
ing late
cm
summer.
Distribution
stalks;
ovate, 2-3
stalked,
toothed
to
and
square,
30 cm
broadly
officinalis L compositae
Marigold Carden Marigold
Calendula
can be used
purposes.
as a culinary
It
herb and
for
cosmetic
self-sown.
Constituents Volatile oil; a
all of which
and promote wound healing.
es
Cholagogue:
BUX-CAP
styptic; anti-inflammatory:
vulnerary; anti-
emmenagogue.
septic; possibly
ulcers,
skin
Cannabis
Recorded in the fifth century B.C. in the
Chinese herbal Rh-ya but now subject to
considerable nedical and legal reappraisal.
Hemp has long been of economic importance
to man. John Gerard described it in the sixteenth century as the Indian Dreamer. C.
sativa L is considered now to be synonymous
as a hair rinse.
Heather Ling
A common
European
in
L cannabaceae
Cannabis sativa
Hemp
in the
infections,
tract
ulcers,
Used
Of use
duodenal
folk
is
variable
ly
tall.
Leaves grey-green,
latei
reddish, verj
mm
appearing
late
summer
Native
to late
autumn.
Distribution
to
Introduced to
acidic sandy soils. 01 peal bogs. In woodland,
dry hillsides, mountainous distrit is. to 2500 m
altitude.
panicles
flowers in
Distribution
introduced
">
countries.
Native
in
j-
cm
40
23
c
<
long. Male-
in altitude
tropical
can
be
.11
cultivated
Last
man) countries il
In
pei mit.
Bush.
always
in nasturtium seeds.
shrub
spines
in
high;
cm
long,
the base.
at
\inea. India.
Physical
illegal.
is
long. Variable.
to central
5000
female
long;
to
To
7. 5
tops
lor
flowering
as a narcotic (marijuana).
(capparis.
cm
Dried
oil".
smoked
Contra-indicatwns Possession
ing
Description
illegally
both
annual, go
medicine
'hemp-seed
oil,
as-
autumn and
to earl)
Distribution
Ah
ie
a to the
Cultivation
climates
Ma\
be
summer
Sahara.
when
grown
the
in
bush
is
often
greenhouses
in
in
warmer
spineless
temperate
zones.
cannabinone, comprising
various compounds; pharmacological action
probably due to isomers <>l tetrahydrocanna-
stone
binol.
Constituents
Constituents
Cultivation Wild.
soils.
under
Numerous
horticultural cul-
glass.
Uses
rin;
carotene.
The combined
dominant!) antiba<
terial.
action
pr<
fibre,
flowering
(
resin,
lops
(lie
latter
onl\
analgesii
rarel)
;
anti-
spasmodic.
Mielie mal US4 and attitude to the drug varies
according to country. ( lonsidered e>l benefit in
Cuttings
th<
Uses
I1.11
actei
istii
unopened
flavoui
llowei
buds
Numerous
culin-
fish,
(i
,
CAP-CAS
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L)
Medic, cruciferae
fruit,
from
the
belts.
to the purses
Uses
commonly hung
also simply
means
fruit
antiseptic;
Stimulant:
rubefacient.
and
spas-
Used
in
flatulence,
'little
ground
(dried
molytic;
colic
to
Norsemen iooo
places
years ago.
It
still,
is
vegetable.
3g
ji^
1*1
..
'
Ai
Some
all
of
muddled, and
C.
these
plants
annuum
somewha'
is
often described as
is
C.Jrutt Kens.
Description
mm
or
Annual,
Description
or
generally
biennial;
much
varied
in
larger.
Fruit from
30
1.5
cm
long,
bright red
Distribution
in
Grown
in
tropical
all
fleshiness.
and sub-
Distribution
common weed
ripening of
siliculae.
(dried
plant;
fresh
plant)
as a vaso-
during
to
assist
childbirth.
cabbage
in
many
Capsicum annuum
Chili
Spring
leaves
eaten
as
countries.
L solanaceae
second voyage
to
the
Columbus
West
Indies,
in his
briefly
Today
there
shape,
166
size,
colour,
flavour,
and degree of
as a liniment in neuralgia or
Weak
gargle.
Contra-indications
Cultivation
fruit.
tive
use in
Mainly employed
as
condiment and
Cardamine pratensis
Lady's
Smock
L cruciferae
Cuckoo-flower/Bittercress
name
for Cress,
and
refers to
its
national
occasionally occur.
vegetable.
constrictor
Thought
employed
rheumatism.
tropical countries;
diarrhoea.
flowering
ionally
cm
long; flowers
mm
cm wide.
white in groups of 2 or 3, 5
Fruit small and oblong.
Distribution Tropical and subtropical countries.
1
Distribution
Native
in
temperate
zones
of
CAP-CAS
loamy
mustard
Uses
Known
soil.
Constituents
oil.
nutritive. Infusion
may
Stomachic:
be taken
promote
to
Eaten raw
added
cooked as vegetable;
Flavour similar to Watercress.
in salads, or
to soups.
closes at the
autumn.
Distribution
heathland.
In
stony calcareous
soils
in
warm
positions to
Commercially and
on a wide scale.
especially in Germany and Holland. Tolerates
most soils: sow late summer for seed harvesting
the following summer.
Constituents Volatile oils, which prevent flatulence and promote secretion of gastric juices.
Uses (ripe fruit, young fresh leaf, fresh roots)
Carminative: aromatic. Of much benefit in
horticulturally
and
carlin-
dried root
Cholagogue: diuretic;
Young
added
in
in
stomachic tonic.
be used to clean
as flavouring.
vegetable.
such as Kiimmel.
to flavour liqueurs
benefit in dropsy
liver disorders, or as a
leaves
anti-
skin
indigestion,
flatulent
Used
ene.
some
plant.
cultivated
Wild plant.
Cultivation
Uses
waste-grounds.
Wild
Cultivation
2800 m.
Of
wounds
or
doses.
leguminosae
well-known
is
for
of constipation,
cases
its
effectiveness in
is
still
by inclusion in most
national pharmacopoeias. It was first brought
into medical usage by Arabian physicians of
the ninth century when the best sort was considered to come from Mecca. Another species.
recognized
officially
mbelliferae
Caraway (ai aw a \ Seed
Both the common and Latin names of this herb
Stem directly from the ancient Arabic word for
its seed karau iya, w Inch are known to have been
used b\ man as medicine and as
flavouring
since the earl) Egyptians. ( araw av cultivation
is mentioned in the Bible, and the seed has been
Carum
carvi
.1
Found
sites -
Carlina acaulis
(
L COM POSITAE
years,
Carina
Charles
possibh,
is
kimj
army from
more certainh
his
derived
who
acaulis
means
it
and
1-
-nil extensively
use as a flavouring
from
the
traditional!)
among
name
protected
this
'stemless'.
plain
/>
and
Typical
cription
as a
<
cultivated for
arminative.
umbelliferous
biennial:
\i-.n
lol
ripe
late
summer
to late ainiinin
',
shrub or undershrub
to
cm
mm
mm
M\ sore and
dura.
Tinnevelly.
'Alexandrian senna".
Description Perennial
India,
and
commercial!)
Arabia and
to a lesser extent in
Somaliland.
<
onstituents
ally rhein,
netin
Anthraquinone
derivatives, especi-
also beta-sitosterol
kaempferol myric)
:
nun
Native
to
,(,7
CAS-CEP
Purgative action due to
anthraquinone substances acting on lower
bowel wall and nerves Auerbach's plexus) in
alcohol and resin.
the wall.
(dried
Uses
fruit,
dried
Cathartic.
leaflets)
com-
in
May
Ginger or
slices of
Coriander Seed.
Contra-indications
constipation or
Not
be
to
used
spastic
in
colitis.
leaf
now
use
of the urine.
fagaceae
Sweet Chestnut Spanish or Eurasian
pinnate:
was
the
classical
name
m on contorted
branched root-stock; stem terminated in large
sessile tripinnate leaf. Other leaves 2 or 3
Chestnut
Kastanea
is
this
for
common
the
Description
4-5
10
mm
25
above,
cm
glabrous
cm
beneath.
Distribution
cm
3 nuts, 2.5
Native
bun
for
food.
Best
Tannin;
Asia,
south
Leaves
m.
propagated
thickets
gum:
and roadsides.
Wild plant.
Cultivation
Constituents
root
bark
cholagogue; diaphoretic.
b\
Emetic;
dried
Uses
diuretic:
Used formerly in biliary obstruction, to promote menstruation and to treat skin cancer.
was
to
ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
resin:
taken as a decoction
bark
long,
albumin;
alkaloids.
the
rarely used
grafting.
Constituents
Twining shrub
cm
12.5
Now
medicine.
ish,
wide.
western
to
grow
")
related
.is (..
even
l)i scription
long, appearing
enclosing
The
ments.
in
L compositae
Cornflower Bluebottle Bachelor's Button
Once common in cornfields but in parts
Europe now becoming much rarer because
Centaurea cyanus
antipyretic.
of
of
changing agricultural
from base
upper
of
leal.
Fruit
cm
diameter,
blue-black.
Distribution
Cultivation
salts:
unknown
sub-
and involuntary
Celas'rus scandens
brown eyes.
Annual herb on
best for
20-90 cm high;
leaves grey,
linear-lanceolate, usually
7.5-15
cm
wiry stem
downy,
alternate,
than 5
mm w ide.
less
on large
ple).
solitary
Only
summer
Bittersweet
Distribution
erect
Description
A member
if)M
L celastraceae
to early
Appearing mid-
autumn.
CAS-CEP
ingredient of vermouth.
stems
erect,
cm
cm
high:
to
form
inflorescence.
mm
8-20
long,
Unknown.
Constituents
annual 2-50
glabrous, branching
Description Biennial or
and
No medical
root-stock)
use.
Used
cooked
in salads (bitter),
as a vegetable.
apical
summer
introduced
Siberia:
elsewhere.
dry
Prefers
Cultivation
Constituents Sterols:
dried (lower-head
Uses
astringent.
may
decoction
be used as an
eyewash
juice.
Flowers used
in
pot-pourris.
Centaury Lessa
(
ientui
!hiron
who
suffering an arrow
named
after the
it
is
also
<
<
Centranthus ruber
drug's effectiveness
current inclusion in
is
in
court
emphasized by
its
national pharmaco-
all
Description
teas;
DC
valerianaceae
Brush
The Red-spurred Valerian has none of the
medicinal properties of the closely related
Both
Valeriana officinalis
'official' Valerian
l.'Miii
and Linnaeus classified the herb
botanically as Valeriana ruber, and Gerard
(ailed it Red Valerian or Red Clow Basil.
.
centaui
treated himself with the herb after
is
The
who
used
in:
leases
mate
entire,
sessile,
Centaur)
effect.
Description Perennial
Centaur)
Common
(
QENTIANACEAE
Common
01
Aromatic: bitter;
stomachic. Stimulates appetite and bile secretion: of benefit in weak digestion. Widely used
as a tonic. Has an insignificant antipyretic
Red Valerian
fragasin.
Uses
RL'BIACEAE
Ipecacuanha
lam
to
eol.ile
occasional!)
IO
toothed
Cttl
long,
al
base
spring.
Distribution
old walls,
Cultivation
use.
Europe
cliffs,
<
sites.
white variety,
Propagated
to
halk)
In
root
division
in
spring
or
autumn.
banded
and annulated
larged
Stem con-
leaves.
berries.
Distribution
elsewhere.
Indigenous
to
brazil; introduced
forests.
Cultivation
ne and
<
and
ipecac nan hi 11
emelaiiiiiie.
;
Also a
Starch, ipecacuanhic
acid.
diied ioot
ant.
sed
in
acute and
i6g
CER CHI
Dangerous in large doses as it
whole gastro-intestinal tract,
causing serious vomiting and diarrhoea. Powder irritates skin and mucous membranes
causing violent sneezing and coughing. To be
used by medical personnel only.
Contra-indications
the
irritates
cactaceae
Night Flowering Cereus
Cereus grandiflorus Mill,
ingly large
commonly grown
flowers.
The
house plant.
Description Perennial succulent shrub; stem 5
or 6 ribbed, simple or rarely branched, 1-4 cm
diameter, dark green, prickly. Flowers white.
plant
is
as a
diameter.
hours,
They bloom
and
in the
cm
evening,
last
in
orange-red.
Distribution
West Indian native; tropical
America, Mexico.
Cultivation Wild plant: grown horticultural!)
as a house plant in sharp, sandy soil.
Constituents
stances.
Resins; alkaloids;
The method
unknown
of action
is
not
sub-
dry, sandy
fully
Cultivation
understood.
I
ses
fresh
or
dried
flowers,
young stems
cm
rounded,
rust
coloured
to
diameter.
Abundant
Distribution
high northern
in
lati-
mountain-
Wild plant.
mucilage, comprising lichenin
Constituents 70",,
and
which
isolichenin.
acts as a
demulcent:
L Ach. parmeliaceae
Moss
entire
plant
Demulcent; mild
weak antituberculous agent.
dried
it
flourishes.
It is still
employed
and
acid.
Spasmolytic;
flower-heads
dried
Uses
Excellent in
in
beer manufacture.
Centra-indications
be ground and
made
Chamaemelum
compositae
or Double
to lighten hair.
Excessive
cultivated and
purgative properties.
Description Lichen, consisting of erect dichotomously branched, curling thallus 312 cm
of yellow-white ligulate
almost entirely
15
mm-3 cm
mid-summer
to
produces
florets,
dosage
Chamomile
men-
dyspepsia,
May
apple-scented.
170
spacings. Succeeds
even in part shade.
comprising azulene.
esters of angelic
oil.
tren-
cm
soil
struation,
Iceland
Volatile
Constituents
15
secretions.
Uses
Cetraria islandica
clone
bitter
tonic; nutritive;
cases of dropsy.
The non-flowering
also
sun.
soil in lull
From
mid-autumn.
now
forgotten.
It
is still
used
in
cm
long.
Distribution
Native
to
Europe, naturalized in
CER-CHI
laxative; anthelmintic.
Used
Of benefit in anorexia,
constipation
indigestion,
Once used
as
an ointment
in
general intes-
and
of piles.
calcium, vitamins
iron,
in
and C.
B,
cholecystitis.
to relieve irritation
Rich
Constituents
(fresh
Uses
common
young
medicinal
Xo
Nutritive.
seed)
leaf,
use,
tive.
CHENOPODIACEAE
Although indigenous
in
1732.
in the
it
was introduced into
Mexican Tea was once in-
is
folk
medicine.
Description
1
long:
flowers
leafless spikes
edges, paths
Cultivation
Fat
root
Constituent Acrid
and
ine
chelerythrin;
chelidoxanthin;
principle,
bitter
citric,
Hen White
attractive plants,
bladder
and
bladder.
Hen and
from
dried
flowering
Cholagogue;
narcotic;
or
Irrsli
latex)
plant,
fresh
purgative:
included
Description
formcrU
POISONOl v
respiratory
tract
irritation
causing
violent
May
auSC
<
iili
<is
often
seed from
fatty
L scrophui.ariaci w
to late
sacrificed in
Denmark
111
kin<;
were eaten
nineteenth
(.'.
album was
ol
Tollmund
meal
too
B.c
Annual to
m consisting ol short,
reddish, branched stem, bearing bluish1
in
clusters,
appearing mid-
mid-autumn.
Distribution European native; found
genous weedy places, often one ol
summer
to
Good
Man.
and
summer
main of which
Pigweed
or
Chenopodium bonus-henricus
neolithic times until the
stones
late
Henry
gall
appearing
cm
12.5
arranged on
includes
species
Fat
as
Common
small,
autumn.
Goosefoot family
from the Greek khenopodwn meaning goose
foot which is the shape of the leaves of sonic
smooth
such
Goosefoot
The Chenopodiaceae
muscle,
L chenopodiaceae
Chenopodium album
greenish,
Cultivation
in
nitro-
the
first
soil.
Wild plant.
Turtle-head Balmony
swamp
This beautiful
flowers
he, id
chelom
is
that ol a turtle's
It
has long
examined.
Description
Perennial
to
.-,
m: stem
erect
-,
law
lumma
to
Appearing
mid-autumn.
places
Cultii
Constituents Volatile
I
fruit,
entire
chenopodium
flowering
oil.
plant
Anthel-
anthelmintic preparations.
Contra-indications
POISONOUS.
Large doses
lhi< k'
Heard
tribution
Cultii iitum
Constituents
I
Wild plant.
No
dried
\ll
analysis available.
flowering
plan)
lelei
Cholagogue;
the
to
flower,
common names
its
I01
ol
this bcaulllul
spectacular appearance
which reason
it
when
c<
in
7'
CHO-CIM
Description
leaves ovate
to
m;
with pair of small lobes at the base; greyishcm broad, yellow, button-like,
green. Flowers
appearing
late
summer
to early
autumn.
Distribution W'estern
in
sunny position.
Wild plant; once widely cultivated
as a garden plant. Propagate by root division
spring or autumn, or by seed sown in spring.
It cannot be raised from seed in cool climates.
prefers
Cultivation
If
grown
in the
shade
it
spring salad,
soups,
cakes,
poultry.
From
leaf.
and
the
same family
as the olive,
lilac,
jasmine and
dried
Formerly used
as
ornamen-
tal tree.
Saponins;
Constituents
phyllyrin;
lignan
glycoside.
Uses
Antipyretic;
stimulant.
bark,
root
fresh
bark
trunk
cholagoguc; hepatic
infusion once used as a general
diuretic;
An
hepatic origin.
Of
Carrageen
Irish Moss
Moss is unimportant medically and is not
mentioned at all in classical writings. It was
briefly promoted in 1831 by Dr Todhunter in
Ireland, but it attracted little attention and is
now largely of use in the food and cosmetic
Irish
industries.
seaweed, yellow-green
purplish-brown when fresh, white to yellow
and translucent after drying. Thallus (fronds)
10-30 cm long, arising from subcylindrical
stem, becoming flattened, curled and someDescription Cartilaginous
to
thallus.
Ocean on
172
Once
gelatin
substitute in
jell)
colour thickener
cinerariifolium
is
is
the
source
of the
best-
renowned
for
its
possession of an extremely
in (loth printing.
L compositae
Alecost Costmarv Bible-leaf Mace
The most obvious characteristic of this
Chrysanthemum balsamita
herb
is
is its
known
Herb. The
in several
common
aroma by
Greek word kostos;
to
ancient
this
languages
as the
Balsam
their incorporation
refei
of the
a poultice.
as a
C.
known
coughs.
.1
it
(dried
to treat
nutritive.
manufacture; as an emulsif) ing agent for codliver and other oils; in the [bod industry as
suspending and gelling agent.
tresses,
Distribution
Cultivation
mosth
I'sed
Demulcent;
plant
Uses
fleshy, purple,
forsythia.
Description
Vis.
compositae
ale.
kostos
summer
to early
Distribution
autumn.
Indigenous
to parts
of Yugoslavia
CHO-CIM
and adjacent
dried
Uses
moun-
leaf,
20 cm, remove
side-shoots
all
and
leaves
and
aperient; tonic.
tainous areas.
An
Once used
grease.
spring.
Employed
Cultivation
Constituents
and
all
and
II,
Small
(dried
pyrethrin
II
No
as a
moth
the
'cuts"
Chrysanthemum parthenium
L Bernh.
COMPOSITAE
Feverfew Featherfew
There is evidence that Feverfew was used as a
general purpose tonic in previous ages, its
common name being derived from the Latin
Jebrifugia meaning a substance which dri\es
out fevers. The old herbalists' term 'febrifuge'
- from the same stem - has now been replaced
with the medical description, antipyretic, but
strangely the herb is rarely employed in folk
medicine to treat fevers. It is an attractive,
robust and vigorously growing garden plant.
Description Perennial, sometimes biennial, to
90 cm; much branched with yellow-green,
repellent.
Uses (fresh
*S|r
to the
like the
%
V'^
%
mid-spring.
soil.
Double-downed
variet)
W^^&S*
mid-autumn.
Distribution South-east European native; introduced elsewhere. Prefers dry sites on an)
l>\
lactones!
salts; lipids;
bitter
principles
chiefly
lactucine
employed
root)
as
little
an aid
Diuretic;
weak
tonic:
use;
formerly
in jaundice,
and may
medical
as a coffee substitute
Linnaeus described
*J JtffLCx. A^J
to
root
earl)
mineral
and P;
leaf,
Of
laxative.
well-drained
nut
mid-summer
RAM NCLLACEAE
strongl)
vitamins B, C,
(sesquiterpenoid
and asthma.
to
grown
horticulturally.
<
food
to
L compositae
who -
Egvptians,
division,
added
Cultivation
mild sedative.
as a
quantities
Cichorium intybus
also
possess
may
of benefit in indigestion, as a
and lactupicrine.
insecticidal properties.
L'ses
is
Pyrethrins,
esters cinerin
infusion
.is
,1
St
>*
In
Deep rooted
m; stem bristly or
.11 11
-in. ill
cm
30-100
creamy-white
flowers with numerous long stamens, on a
terminal raceme; appears early summer to
leaflets,
jr.j
cm
long,
early
long. Inflorescence
consisting of foetid,
autumn.
eastern
offer substitute.
perennial
Description
1.5
Ins.
hair)
reaching
bearing
rigid
bract-like
lowei
leaves;
leaves
entire,
to
Distribution
where; naturalized
roadsides,
(
.in oils
,1
held
ncl
in
edges,
On
on
nitrogenous.
al-
alluvial toilt
cultural!)
'73
CIN-CIT
Wild
Cultivation
Constituents
plant.
mixture, cimicifugin,
produced by adding
is
tive.
Anti-rheumatic;
root-stock)
(dried
Uses
mild expectorant
emmenagogue
uterine cramps.
Large
doses
in
mountainous
and
irritate
m.
Wild plant; mostly cultivated com-
Cultivation
Contra-indications
Grows only
Africa.
seda-
centres,
East
bitter
at the vein
on underside of leaf.
Distribution South American natives, occurring
exclusively on the western side of the subcontinent. Also Java, Ceylon, Burma, India,
axils
mercially in Java.
Constituents 20 alkaloids including quinine,
cinchonine, cinchonidine. and quinidine: a
acids.
I
dried
bark
stem
Antipyretic;
bitter
tonic: stomachic.
officinalis L rubiaceae
Cinchona Quinine Tree/Peruvian Bark
The Spanish conquerors learned of the
More
Cinchona
pyretic properties of
anti-
employed
tin
common
Powdered
it
extremely
irritant to the
pure
its
more
quinine
for
bark
emplovs
still
of muscle cramps.
used
astringent
in
tooth-
Used internally
powders.
Ma\
May
teria.
lor fabrics.
cause
rarely
Commonly employed
externally as a
other substances.
Cinnamomum camphora
LAURACEAE
Nees
et
Eberm.
(Contra-indications
sixteenth-centurj
to
herbal
in
the
Pun-tsao-
the end
.it
earlv
^Cj>
yfy.
rare
from
(..
Description
ing 12 m,
Distribution
allv.
from 7.5-50
cm
borne
on
brown
Flowers
Constituents
very
terpineol.
landrene.
on panicles. The useful species are differentiated from others by presence of curly hairs
bordering the corolla, by its mode of capsule
Uses
dehiscence
74
from
below
upwards
and
bv
distillation of
Camphor, white
oil
24-40-
of
Cam-
petiole.
Obtained bv
year-old wood.
eugenol,
(Camphor;
oil
cineole,
of
d-pinene,
Camphor
phel-
Weakly
same
The
spice
the
siticide.
is
CIN-CIT
Shen-nung
2700
B.C.
It
reached Europe
traders,
and
is
frequently
used
still
as
an
India. Jamaica,
Cultivation
cultivated
also cultivated
in
com-
prises largely
dried
Uses
cinnamaldehyde.
bark) Aromatic:
carminative:
astringent: stimulant.
Used
as a
nausea
in
powder
and
Cinnamon,
or infusion in flatulence
a similar
manner
to
which
it
antiseptic:
bark:
volatile
as
used
in
Limited use
in
spice:
cordials.
oil
perfumery.
amara L Link
RL'TACEAE
Bitter Orange Seville Orange Bigarade
Known to the early Greeks, this was probablv
also the first orange grown in Europe in about
the twelfth century. The Sweet Orange was
Citrus aurantium var.
The
the
total
cription
io
tall,
in conserves,
and
for flavouring.
Burm. rutaceae
limun.
European
carried
now
cultivation
out
exist.
Description
stout
stiff
thorns;
leaves
pale
high,
green,
5-10 cm long, on
narrow margins.
Flowers 8-16 mm long, white inside and pink
outside, clustered in the axils. Sour fruit 7.512.5 cm long, light yellow, oblong to ovoid
oblong
short
elliptic-ovate,
to
petioles
terminating
with
very
in a nipple.
is
to
in
in
India.
Medi-
Constituents
Citric
acid:
pectin;
hesperidin;
European
I 'ses
Orange-
is
with
used in India as a
Citrus Union
demand was
flower water
Lemon
is
Aromatic:
oil
as
known
vaseline
in
oil
Used
not
Neroli
Used
dried
Widely employed
flavouring and in
com-
Aperitif:
to
age.
mercially.
and
inative
Uses
of China:
and
Seychelles,
summer.
Native
southern
Ceylon,
in coppices.
mm
the
Brazil,
in
in
Cinnamon.
m.
white aromatic bark and angular branches:
leaves oblong-lanceolate 7.5-10 cm long, on
long petiole. Flowers small on
slender 6-8
slender panicles. 712 cm long, appearing
Distribution
India
early
Distribution
in
classical
far
A.
fresh
stimulant
fruit,
tonic;
scorbutic;
;
o\\)
Anti-
carminative;
aromatic.
<>i
rarely alternate, hard,
long and 4 7.5 cm wide, ovate Of
ovate-lanceolate, shiny above and palei beneath. Numerous yellowish-white flowers, dis-
leaves
7
20
opposite
cm
agreeable odour,
in silky loose
pedum
panic
Irs
longei
les
Bittei
Orange
is
usuall) onl)
employed
in the
Glabrous evergreen
tree
to
m;
winged.
axillary,
Cultivation
Used
1
.11
as slot k
led
from seed.
Constituents
volatile
oil.
flowers
fruil
Oil
and
ol
neroli. a
rind
complex
Volatile
oil
vitamin C;
comprising limonene to 90%
Havonoids; bittei compounds including naringine.
75
CLA-COL
for the
common
cold;
as a carminative,
Lemon
oil
is still
Cultivation
artificial
as a bitter.
The
Constituents
Used
for
tonic, in scents.
Tulasne
number
ASCOMYCETES
and German.
largely
is
due
action
to these alkaloids.
abortion
in
Cnicus benedictus
L compositae
brittle.
Internally
whitish-pinkish
in the
to
The
galactagogue.
Thistle
is
still
the Sacred
cultivated
as
and
Young leaves
heads eaten
to
used
make an
to
it
in the
aperitif.
manner
of Artichokes,
and
L palmae
Coconut Palm
Cocos nucifera
A well-known
tree of
nutritional importance in
tries.
many
tropical coun-
reason cultivated
is
varieties
monkey ^
means nut-bearing.
Palm tree to 25 m trunk usually
one side and regularly ringed with
monkey,
Description
curving
to
long
ally.
white
autumn.
comprising
Constituents
Oil,
trimyristin,
trilaurin,
triolein,
tries in
fields.
Uses
cure-all
its
use
now
is
generally restricted to
is the Latin
Safflower which was once the name
name
for
given
Description
70
cm
on each
cm
Thistle-like
branched annual
to
5-15
spiny bracts, yellow 3-4 cm wide, and appearing mid-summer to early autumn.
in
.76
infusion
said to act as a
is
tripalmitin;
edges of rye
principle,
Cultivation
weak
as
then often
bitter
(ace; nucifera
Used
diaphoretic.
for
Blessed Thistle
oil;
aids digestion.
Contra-indications
or
which
on the uterus
Volatile
Constituents
cnicin,
oil,
also
the
the
glycerides,
tristearin
and
glycerides of caprylic.
Nutritive:
CLA-COL
The seed is sometimes used as an
anthelmintic in tropical countries. Fractionated coconut oil (containing medium chain
anthelmintic.
triglycerides
is
used
in
certain
for
diets
of theobromine and
poos.
used
in
sea-water
and
soaps,
isomer, theophylline.
long,
Distribution
estuary
Taken
in
Decoction empharmaceutical
and
and
and
starch.
confectionery manufacture.
pressive.
ted
eaten as a delicacy.
employed
in
The fermented
sap
is
manufac-
spirit
ture.
Coffee
L rubiaceae
Common
or
Arabian Coffee
The
whom
the use
sites in forests.
Cultivation
flavouring
is
to
Native
especially Sierra
diuretic.
preparations.
formerly in margarine.
Wide
its
4-5 cm
and consisting of cotyledons 2-5 cm long.
purposes,
liqueur
in
Uses
Stimulant: anti-de-
(dried cotyledons)
flavouring
for
drinks,
soft
STERCL'UACEAE
Cola Nut Kola Goora Nut
The Cola Nuts commercially available consist
of the cotyledons, fleshy and white before
drying, obtained from the 5 to 15 seeds of the
large fruit of the Cola tree.
Fresh Nuts are seldom found outside Africa.
where they are consumed raw before meals to
promote digestion. They are also considered to
improve the flavour of food.
cola-type beverages.
red dye
is
in the
cordials,
ice
manufacture of
Colchicum autumnale
Autumn Crocus
Colchicum/ Meadow
liliaceae
Saffron
early Greeks
not introduced
quite
recently.
into
Most
a rare
is
of
the
example of a
which was
ancient
and
Description
Perennial;
solitary
pale
purple
for
the
fully in
in
time
first
591
Venice
at
in
European
!offee
drinking began
in
England In
Evergreen
Description
shrub
high,
with a single main trunk, later developing others bom this; leaves dark green and
initi. ilK
inn
long.
b\
White
nun
beans
15
mm
long.
Distribution
Native
to
tropical
Africa;
earl)
and
partial shade.
artificial
shading.
Horticultural
variegated
Cola Nuts,
the
Congo
dc
sc
The
in
dried
It
is
still
used
in
lolk
medicine
as a
stimulant.
Dest ription
leathery,
Evergreen tree to 15
acute-,
long; yellow
panicles,
entire,
flowers
ol
m high;
obovate,
15
mm
10
leaves
20
diameter,
Fruit
to
-,
cm
in
cm
below
ground; 6 stamens,
30
cm
long
3
first
styles;
appear
fleshy,
in
the
Cultivation
Collected
in late
Constituent
summei.
Several
toxic
en
from coims.
largeh
alkaloids,
'77
COM-CRO
colchicine
to
gum;
starch;
which
sugar;
its
action
fat;
tannin.
is
due; also
Uses
a gargle
the
to
ulcers.
body
in septicaemia.
in
The
knew
ancient Greeks
found, but
is
thought
to
which
is
no longer
be a natural exudation
medicine.
drine; paraconine;
antispasmodic.
Used
medicine
veterinary
in
wound
for
treatment.
Once used
epilepsy,
in incense,
repels
all
parts of this
oil
Anodyne;
sedative;
in neurological conditions
such as
in ancient
mosquitos.
Hemlock
Hemlock
principal,
bitter.
Myrrh and
of
toxicity of
is
dyspepsia.
Employed
Commiphora molmol Engler burseraceae
plant
is
if
best
known
historically
the
and
especially the
POISONOUS.
as
among
for,
method of
Thermanes,
as a
others,
Convallaria majalis
liliaceae
Lily-of-the- Valley
flower which
is
May
Lily
an important drug
in
copoeias.
Description Perennial fragrant plant
10-20 cm
cm
long, 37.5
cm
wide.
510 bell-shaped
mm
Low
Description
2.75
right angles
Few
spine.
and terminating
leaves,
1 1.5
cm
in
a sharp
long, at ends of
for the herb was cicula, a term found in tenthcentury Anglo-Saxon works.
of the
warmer
cm long,
minute, the terminal
obovate-oval, narrowed at the base, entire,
glabrous.
Description
wounding.
Distribution
soil in
'
si's
On
basaltic
Wild plant.
Constituents
Arabia; Somaliland.
Cultivation
35%
resin. 2.5
6.5%
gum.
tiseptic;
mildly
expectorant;
diuretic;
dia-
Erect
biennial
as a
It must,
dangerously
herb,
smelling of
ones.
mid-autumn.
Distribution European native; extensively distributed in temperate zones. Found in weedy
places
especially
phoretic.
streams or
Cultivation
178
varies
plant
field
in
moist,
warm
edges in loamy
Wild plant.
soil.
sites
by
COM-CRO
Cardioactive glycosides cardeno-
Constituents
lides
convallatoxine.
convallo-
convalloside,
also
and convallotoxoside;
toxole
saponoside,
flowers)
diuretic.
The
used of
Seldom
effective.
as
applied externally as a
is
convallamarine.
Uses (dried
used
outside
eastern
all
as a vegetable.
seed
is
action
coronary arteries.
an adaptogenic agent.
flow in
It
improves blood
appears to act as
Of
employed
European countries.
condiment,
confectionery
May
Combined
stituents.
specific
is
world.
The
Constituents
leaf
fresh
in baking, as a spice or
and
liqueur manufacture,
in
in
be added to pot-pourris.
Hypotensive.
of snuff.
Contra-indications
POISONOUS. To be used
by
The
Coriandrum sativum
L umbelliferae
Coriander
Cultivated for over 3000 years Coriander
is
and even
in the
rosaceae
Crithmum maritimum
Hawthorn May/Whitethorn
who
called
it
kustumburu -
Its
botanical
name
Samphire
of Hawthorn, Crataegus,
this
a thorny
is
some people
feathers,
still
Samphire,
Sea Fennel
its
barrels of brine to
Surprisingly
it
Much
L umbelliferae
Peter's Cress/Rock
in
and peacock's
flowers indoors.
ol
h) pei tension.
I),
scription
Shrub or small
glabrous,
lobed,
1
i.-,
ij
(in
broad-ovate
mm5 cm
across,
tree to
cm
i.-,
or
m: spread-
long; leaves
obovate,
deepl)
flowers
long:
clusters
in
<i
ol
",
white
12;
20
globose, u
Distribution
in, h
eat h
Europe.
10
mm
ontain
North
diameter, substony
Africa,
fruit.
western
name
bug,
insc(
is
derived from
since
koris,
Greek
the
smells
plant
the
foi
StTOngl)
oi
bedthe
and
pickles.
It
for inclusion in
sauces
gardens from
an) w here.
Description Bushy, aromatic, perennial, umbelliferous plant reaching 30 cm; smooth, blight
green and much branched on woody base,
fleshy and somewhat spiky leaf segments, and
greenish-yellow llowc-rs appearing mid-sum-
tS.
.1
compound umbels
oi white and
from mid-summei to
early autumn. Followed b) brownish orbit ulai
fruit with an unpleasant smell before the)
ripen, then becoming spi< \ and aromatic.
Small,
flat,
mer
to
bracteoles.
( iteming upon rocks on the southern
European Atlantic seaboard and on the shores
Distribution
ol
Cultivation
volatile
oil;
iodine; vitamin C.
sun.
Distribution
Cultivation
Unknown
in
later.
rei
mination
Volatile
Constituents
coriandrol,
'
ai
di ied
may
oil,
be slow
ipe
fi
yl
0-pinene,
aldehyde.
uits, leal
minative; stimulant.
young leaves
Used
for
culinar)
and
rooi
L iridaceae
Saffron Crocus Saffron
The Saffron Crocus has been considered an
Crocus sativus
comprising borneol,
d-pinene,
fresh
vated
commercially
and
horticultural^
throughout the world. Seed sown in late spring
01 earl) summei in drills 3
m deep; need thinning
Uses
terpinene,
earliest
times,
Aromatic
'7')
CRO-CYP
Europe from the Middle Ages. The Romans
Cumin seed in the same way that
in
used ground
we
it
and
is
now
cm
annual herb 15
few
divisions
filiform
sparsely
flowered
mm-5 cm
15
umbels,
white
long;
or
rose-
mm
long, bristly.
tions.
Cultivation
in
warm
or in the greenhouse.
situation,
Thin
out.
Keep
free of
harden
off
weeds.
prises
Uses
ad. 1280
Yuen dynast)
early as the
it
i;5<>H
Commonly
Sa-fa-lang.
Records suggest the Saffron Crocus was cultivated in Spain in the nintli century, in Frame.
Italy and Germany in the twelfth, and in
England by the fourteenth. Such was the
standing of the drug that severe penalties were
suffered by those who adulterated Saffron:
Hans Kdlbele, for example, was buried alive in
Nuremberg in [456 with his impure drug.
Typical crocus, producing blue.
Description
lilac
arising from a
corm
cm
in
diameter.
autumn
Numer-
The
but
fell
in
Cultivation
Now unknown
vated
the
in
in
mediterranean.
Middle
East,
cm
Indigenous
manv
cultivation in
following
the
Malabar
Burma.
60%;
oil
palmitic,
sedative.
No
medicines.
coast,
garden
comprisstearic,
The
and
linoleic
is
oil
valeric.
croton-resin, a lactone,
active con-
which
is
also
Powerful cath-
disiac.
constipation.
great
water-soluble.
irritant:
care,
May
irritant in gout
diluted
in
form,
as
counter-
and neuralgia.
Powerful
gastro-intestinal
capable of causing death. May induce
Contra-indications
L euphorbiaceae
is one
of the most
known, and should never be
used by non-medical personnel. The seeds
Oil
violent purgatives
were described
180
veterinary medicine.
Commercial
in
Asia.
croton
acids:
as a
tiglic,
ses
perfumery.
in
Cultivation
ing
Tavoy
stituent
in
employed
long.
to the
used
India reintroduced
summer.
oil is
Oil chiefly
and
cordials.
plant in
sites.
in
when
for pickling,
and
Distribution
well-drained
in curries,
oil
widespread
used
Description
Stimulant, carminative.
ous narrow, linear leaves to ("> em long, greygreen. Yellow anthers longer than filaments,
Distribution Originally
Cumin
Although indigenous
to the
upper regions of
were known
and.
later.
prophet Isaiah.
Dioscorides. Thev found wide use
as early as the
L zingiberaceae
Turmeric Turmeric root or rhizome
Turmeric was once much more highly esteemed
Curcuma longa
turmeracke
for
dyeing.
The yellow
robes
of Buddhist
CRO-CYP
monks were
It is
dyed with
often
Description
it.
well-known
in the
which
is
Zedoary
today even
less
West.
1 all
large ovoid
long: oblong-
summer.
Native
Distribution
to
south-east
Asia:
dis-
Volatile
Constituents
oil
5-6",,:
terpene.
opthalmia.
A pharmaceutical
Main
is
use
as
colouring agent
colouring agent.
in curries
1-
Thistle-like
perennial
usually
leaves large
and deeply
pinnatifid.
tall,
Mice
some
in
kunoglosson.
today,
late
spiny.
summer.
humus.
is
It
but
is
lingua cams
homeopathicallv
cm
30
to
of
The
cm
'heels' are
planted
Flowers dull
diameter,
stalks.
relative
early
The
and the Greek.
rarely used in folk medicine
occasionally employed
still
rarely
1.75
cm
in
may
be required.
year.
fifth
season.
Constituents
tannins:
.im
at
enzymes
several
catalases. peroxydases,
including
narase, oxydases,
and
is
and stimulant
diuretic
liver cell
to
fresh
leaves,
receptacle,
gogue; diuretic.
( )l proven v .due in jaundice,
Chola-
root
er insufficiency
li\
Considered
sclerosis.
to In-
A major
constituent of proprietary
Wild plant
Cultivation
Two
Constituents
cynoglossine and
alkaloids,
consolidine; essential
oil; resin:
tannin; gum.
/ 'set
Anodyne; demulcent.
soothing
Effective
sedative
in
and
coughs
lot
haemorrhoids.
nan
oti<
Formerly
con-
sidered
tion
herbs.
The bruised
I'sed
bites.
1
may be tubbed on
homeopathic medicine
leal
in
insect
as
till e.
<
Contra-indications
caution
and therefore 10 be
may ause dermatitis.
peutically
Cynara scolymus
L compositae
digestive tonii
tO the me<|ie\
Its
name
1. iniiie.
is
,1]
Aiabic
as al-Uiaisuj.
It
.1
eaten
receptacle
blanched central
as
leal stalks
delicacy;
the
may be cooked
as
vegetable.
Root
Flower-heads employed
in floral
tin
Cynoglosswn
has
Hound's Tongue
officinale
L boraoinai
however, more
ol
(loss's
mice, and
tongue
is
used
vi
Gipsv Flowei
usual names ol (his hetb relei
to the |a<
:
it
smells.
called Rats
that
It
time
worthy
of further
decorations.
purpose
All tin
at
investigation.
01
Fleshy
and
it.
thai
as a
same
American Indians have always
sedative.
It
he
entury.
Perennial
orchid
on
fleshy
root-
le?
DAP-DIG
mm
rose-violet, 10
15
and appearing
in sessile- clusters
of 2 5 along
previous year's branches before leaves develop.
Appearing
stock producing several 5 20 cm long, manynerved, acuminate, alternate leaves; on glan-
high. Flowers
golden yellow,
spotted magenta-purple, with lower lip forming the shape of an inflated sac: appearing
early to late summer. The plant is variable in
distinctive,
cream
dull
to
late
by red berries.
Distribution Native to Europe and Western
Asia;
introduced
elsewhere.
Found in
deciduous mixed woodland and on rich
calcareous
soil.
is
in existent
An
Constituents
confused
often
with.
pubescens
Willd.i
pubescent
Correll
commercially
Constituents
as
is
,
C.
(,'.
and
to,
calceolus
named
also
parts of
I-
(..
calceolus var.
Uses
bark, bark
root
sudorific
resins;
vesicant
in
Now
skin complaints.
Uses
root-stock
Effective in
and
An
Sedative: spasmolytic.
specifically used for anxiety
Bark applied
root constituents,
e.
form
a resinous
Alterative: stimulant:
vesicant; rubefacient.
Lady's Slipper.
daphnin; also
coccognin.
Contra-indications
POISONOUS
and
fatal: not
be taken internally.
is
un-
to
Arabian physicians
sidered
of
similar
as
use
was
little
as
the
substance.
known
as daphnoides
botanists
It is
certain
it
of great
was known
mazariyun and con-
and
and
herbalists.
it
thymelaea to medieval
Tragus
1546; called
mezereum germanicum.
Description Perennial
m: bearing on
erect
182
ized
in
postencephalitic parkinsonism.
May
be ap-
pain.
(jintra-indications
POISONOUS,
hallucino-
genic.
Description Strongly
annual, from 30
L umbelliferae
Wild Carrot
Daucus is the old Greek name
still
of the
It
cm
Daucus carota
to
prickly capsules. 5
long.
autumn: followed by
cm- 1.5
long, broad
and
summer
to late
to
be found
in the
for a
wild plant
hedgerows of Europe,
DAP-DIG
medicine. Carota
the Latin
is
name
and
same
as food
for the
plant.
Several subspecies
developed by
exist,
German
horticulturalists in the
Both
and D.
this
carota ssp.
carota
are used
medicinally.
on
cm
compound: segments
long.
cm
Appearing mid-summer.
Distribution European native: introduced in
other temperate zones especially on chalky,
loamy soil in weedy places, compost sites, and
White flowers
diameter,
tall;
solid, striate or
Cultivation
leaves pinnateh
Larkspur
pinnatifid, lobes 5
in
compound umbels
mm
sown
37
D.
plant.
ajacis.
in early
Delphinine;
Constituents
flat
Wild
is
cm deep
unknown
mintic, anti-parasitic.
mid-summer.
ditions,
Distribution
soil
Cultivation
common
Wild
plant.
Wild
B vitamins:
may
salts.
Contra-indications
employed
to
destroy
POISONOUS.
Dianthus caryophyllus
the
agent
for
bever-
gars.
The
and open sandwiches. A syrup, prepared by steeping petals in a hot sugar solution
has culinary applications.
scented
pot-pourris,
to
Foxglove
L scrophulariaceae
Common
Foxglove
fame and importance in medicine in
the last two centuries, the Foxglove does not
seem to have been described by Greek and
Roman physicians, nor did it have a classical
name. Fuchs in 1542 first called it digitalis after
For
all its
the finger-like
treatment of urinar\
stones; often in combination with other antilithic remedies. Weakly anthelmintic. Decoction dI the seed may be employed in flatulence
and stomach acidity, as may Carrot juice.
Contra-indications Do not drink excessive quantities of Carrot juice, as it induces hypervitally
be applied
dried herb
as a flavouring
Digitalis purpurea
may
parasites.
Blue ink
Mainly used
substances.
Purgative, anthel-
human
carrot.
the flowers.
its
externally to head
of the
relative
No
salads,
purgative.
ages, liqueurs,
cornfields.
L caryophyllaceae
considered
until
it
of
siiape
its
but he
flowers,
and
a violent medicine,
was not
it
The
the
use
aminosis A.
Delphinium consolida
Larkspur
A member
L ranunculaceae
the
Rom. ins
it
and
and
sessile.
(in long.
And)
Iloweis
loi
its
name
spe< ilu
loin
loi
Cloves,
m vop/tyllon,
>,
;o
jit
mi
to
Minli
~,
.11
summer
to eat
ruins.
Description
appear
late
autumn.
in a
Biennial,
to ovate-lanceolate,
stalked
perennial;
downy arising
01
sessile.
Stem
and
rarely
branched and
Distribution
:.ih
areous.
Cultivation
occasionally
ovate
Cultivation
'fox-music' after
In
Distribution
India.
lv
01
reaching
Anglo-Saxon 'foxes-glew'
Now
<
ultiv
ated widely.
den variants
var.
mui iilniu.
exist; var.
Propagated
from
seed
which
[83
DRY-EPI
should be sown in late spring.
Echinacea angustifolia
oil.
DC
compositae
toxin, gitoxin,
An
on
Poultice
including digi-
May
may
removing tapeworms.
be applied externally
to
aid
tissue healing.
Contra-indications
To
may
cause blind-
Only
to
be
Squirting
Cucumber
Elaterium Fruit
appropriately named herb both from the
It
was formerly
folia.
An
tacle,
hedgehog.
POLYPODIACEAE
Male Fern
name
it
It
to the ancients,
a constituent of secret
and was
'worm remedies'
ol
also
The
generic
Constituents
are
now mostlv
and
claim.
POISONOUS.
ness or death.
to aid
healing of wounds.
Contra-indicatwns
name
reflects the
after
Greek
meaning
echinacea,
rarely white,
florets, also
earlv
and
cm
mid-summer
purple. Appearing
to
autumn.
the
for
personal use.
bearing
1600
altitude.
Cultivation
Constituents
employed
toxicity
for
scientific
research
into
cyto-
and roadsides.
Cultivation Wild
plant.
division in spring
and autumn.
caemia;
to a limited extent.
This
Description
Constituents
the juice
to patients suffering
from
Propagated by root
acids
pharyngitis,
salts, fatty
Antiseptic, digestive.
remedy
tonsilitis.
useful
mineral
act in combination.
Particularly effective
abscesses
externally
and
and
septi-
internally.
L boraginaceae
Viper's Bugloss Blue Weed
Echium vulgare
is
known
echion.
to
is it
the plant
brown stem
Purgative.
Once administered
184
Distribution
Native to central and southwestern United States; on dry open woodland
snake's skin,
viper's head.
pustules
It is
parts of America,
use.
looked
and
is
rather
is
as a
like
shaped
weed
in
like a
some
of doubtful medical
DRY-EPI
Horsetail, primitive in evolutionary terms.
in
It
the
is
copoeias.
sinica,
for the
E. equisetina
shrub
high on
woody gnarled
15
cm- 1.2 m
mm
and
Rough
Description
Stem
tall.
erect
brown
oblong
pustules. Leaves
linear-lanceolate.
to
mm
15
with
long,
long,
nfloreseeiH
loose, flower
purple,
cm
13
sessile,
cm
hairs
stiff
to violet-
longer stamens.
Appears mid-summer.
Native
Distribution
porous or stom
lighl
to
soils,
or semi-dry
grass-
Cultivation
k
ultivated
dins.
l;.ii
1)
<
tropical countries in
Americas.
Volatile
oil
8",,
comprising
ill
and
(
osmetic
in
some mixed
Also used
in
mulled wine
Persian.
Formerly
one
employed
Eoi
Elettana
\i
Lesser
Cardamoms
ideally with a
to
plants
venom.
in
urticaria,
enuresis,
in
the treatment ol
serum
myasthenia gravis.
A commercial source of the ephedrine
Contra-indications
Not
to
be used
in
patients
Wall.
Stapf.
\i
rust leaves
and
Ma ton
var. miniscula
Cardamom
thrive
mean temperature
e,is\
respected
employed
sickness,
and
also
\i
Cardamom
forest
most
cardamomum
ZINOIB1 H
As
the
oi
Anti-asthmatic: stimulant.
in
purposes.
Ephedra gerardiana
EPHEDRA*
cold.
dried stem
spices.
simple
treating
mm long.
bosis or thyrotoxicosis.
in
Limited use
foi
pic kles.
fruit, 10
alkaloids.
allay
A Savouring agent
and
Uses
Primarily of use
lexer:
Constituents
cuiries
Tannins; an alkaloid.
dried herb Weak diuretic; weak diaphoredc.
Constituents
main
land.
in
in
to the
tropical countries.
Cultivation
Native
oi
rainfall ol 3 5 in
<
ultivate 01 harvest,
and
are expensive.
mountain
and
shad)
in
mean
foi
is
reason
this
Malabai
the
Amomum
ally
EUttan was
Malabai name
tin
from
fleshy
thick
wide
On
[0
\-i
60
Med
I
<
m
1
hillsidi
in
b)
.111
OVoid
.i|)sule.
Distribution
India:
long,
Indigenous
rich
Wild
moist
in
to
forests
south
and
and
111
Burma. Introduced
wooded
in
othei
B5
EQU-EUO
Description Fragrant prostrate evergreen branching shrub, spreading to 50 cm diameter
on the ground; with hairy, rounded stems of
rust colour, arising from tangled red-brown
cm
long, 1-3
hairy beneath.
The
cm
mm
mid-spring
to early
summer.
ericinol: the
combined
Uses
fresh leaf
Urinary
bladder stones
prostatitis,
cystitis.
little light.
L equisetaceae
Horsetail Bottlebrush/Shave Grass
Horsetails have an almost prehistoric appearance, and indeed have hardly evolved since the
coal seams were laid down. They were known
to medieval apothecaries as taudo equina, and
were an article of trade from the Middle Ages
Equisetum arvense
the
until
eighteenth century,
being used to
folk
medicine.
producing 20 cm
shoots with
4-6 sheaths
in the spring;
and are
shoots 20-80 cm
in
Silicic
acid and water-soluble
compounds: saponins: phytosterol; flav-
Constituents
silicic
and palustrinine.
Uses
genito-urinary
Diuretic:
astringent:
weak
Uses
The
effective as a
The
gingivitis,
associated
may
Dried stems
oil
Astringent
tonic
diuretic: styptic.
anti-haemorrhagic.
be applied externally to aid the
healing of wounds, sores or ulcers; the tisane is
A poultice may
in the
and relieves
and has been
haemoptysis, haematemesis, and
soothes
oil
employed
in
throats
sore
swollen
glands,
haematuria.
woodwork.
Employed in
cosmetic
strengthen finger
nails.
preparations
to
Mill.
Thell
cruciferae
Rocket-salad Rocket
Although described
as a
'good salat-herbe b\
L compositae
Canadian Fleabane
Erigeron canadensis
universal abuse as an
commend
to
little
it
beside
extraordinary
Australia
and
several
of
the
Pacific
Islands.
its
original
Description Perennial
fertile
Cultivation
eastern Europe.
fine
cystitis,
moist waste-ground.
vulnerary:
Distribution
and an aromatic
Distribution
all
cm
mm
yellow;
appearing
late
summer
to
early
autumn.
Distribution
North
American
native:
intro-
in
Romans
century. Rocket
grown
in north-west
Europe
after 1800. It
is,
Description
petioled,
large-toothed
cm
cm
tall;
or
pinnatifid.
creamy-yellow or
whitish, with purplish veins; appearing mid to
Flowers
late
to
long,
summer.
Native
Distribution
and western
to
mediterranean region
warm
positions.
Cultivation
Wild.
Grown
as
salad
herb,
186
EQU-EUO
sown
in spring or
may run
to seed in
autumn on
moist
rich,
summer. Harvest
soil;
leaf within
Uses (fresh
young
leaf
and
Tonic; mild
stalk:
stimulant; stomachic.
Only used
as a constituent of
mixed
salads.
L umbelliferae
Eryngium maritimum
The
and
coastal habitat
which
The
and
plant's virtues
in pre-Columban days
and revered as a magical plant: small bags of
the leaves have been found in the graves of
Incas. It is still widely employed as a means of
maintaining endurance by South American
peoples, and is cultivated commercially for
The
cocaine extraction.
name
Description
but pruned to
refers to
tree to 5
4-8 cm
on
red or reddish-brown.
Distribution
why
generic
same way
Asparagus.
as
to
and
as a
means
soil
well
and a
and
lid,
petals fuse
"Globulus" or
"little
leathery,
leaves
loss
of
glaucous,
lanceolate,
fruit,
surrounded by
WOOdy receptacle.
Native
Distribution
in
Europe
sale in
foi
250
ears.
and glaucous
biennial or perennial, much branched plant.
on
i.-,
bushes 30
forming hemi-spherical
high. Leaves fleshy, very stiff and
long root,
cm
broad, spiny
appearing mid
Distribution
On
s.i iir
j-lobed,
to
cm
long,
spherical umbels.
where.
bluish
Attractive
Description
cm diameter,
summei
in
pale blue.
to late
saline soil.
Constituents
I
fresh
diuretic.
I
considered
ol
use
m
i-
known
longer
soil.
in
wild
state;
applied
externally
.is
,1
poultice
aids
tissue
regeneration
On.
Constituents
alkaloids,
the
Usa
The
as
Stimulant tonic.
is
hewed
ol
in
little
<i
feelings
Contra-indicatiom
.in
incorporation
in
sweet dishes.
Young
flowering
.11
Eucalyptus
oil.
comprising
chiefly
omadendrene; cuminaldehyde.
Uses
oil,
occasionally
Antiseptic; deo-
leal
cough
in
in
Vapour inhaled
Gum
Eucalyptus
Tasmanian Blue
Eucalyptus
indigenous
most successful
am
e ,iiid
d 1st
bron-
Limited use
in
in
dry pot-pourris.
Employed
in
myrtaceae
he genus
to relieve
ol trees
for
able
cultivated
extensively
Taiwan,
ally local
and
Cultivation
Wild;
and grows rapidly.
cultivated
Constituents
s,
Cultivation
No
Cultivation
Australasia; introduced
to
semi-tropical countries.
in
() |
300
terms
is
oi
/,.
herb
specit
which the
'ion. nun import'
is
also
Evonymus
described
as
ree
EvonymUS
and
Euonymus
niiopaea. Its common name is derived from
the Dutch practice of spindle and peg manu1.1c inn
from the strong wood.
Description Deciduous shrub "i small tree 2 6
europaeus,
to Australasia ol
In lion
1
consists
This
europaea
187
EUP-FER
Cultivation
Constituents
Wild plant.
gum;
(dried
sugar: gallic
probably due
to the
oil.
flowering
plant
Diaphoretic.
widest use
is
for
the
common
cold or
tall;
twigs square-
divided
sate, dentate,
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, 3 8
autumn. Pale green
flowers, up to 6 in axillary panicles, appearing
early to mid-summer followed by attractive,
deeply 4-lobed, red-orange or pink capsule of
diameter.
15
florets
cm
summer.
European native, found on damp
calcareous soil which is rich in nutrients. In
marshes and fens or less frequently in mixed
deciduous woodland.
Cultivation Wild plant. May be cultivated by
root division in the autumn, but only on moist
mm
Distribution
Native
to
Asia.
to water,
Cultivation
wood
cuttings or layering in
Constituents
tonic
summer.
including
heterosides
euonoside,
to
which the
esters;
Vitamin C;
toxicity
is
and phyllorhodine.
Uses (dried seed and
Emetic;
when used
mid
to late
Distribution
Eupatorium purpureum
soils.
Constituents
iron
Tannin;
bitter principle.
dried
huge doses
it
is
laxative
L compositae
Boneset Thoroughwort
Although
it
is
less
Eupatorium cannabinum
Hemp Agrimony
colds. It
not
to
be
used internally.
L compositae
Water Hemp
An attractive plant which in some parts of
England is called Raspberries and Cream
leaves
are
Cannabis saliva
similar
hence
to
its
those
of
common,
Cannabina aquatica
more
effective. It
was
first
Hemp
Latin,
cm
names.
188
certainly
is
at the
base
blue
flowers,
summer
mid-autumn.
North America from
Florida and Texas; prefers open
Appearing
late
Distribution
Indigenous
Dakota
marshy
to
regions.
to
to
L compositae
Eupatorium perfoliatum
POISONOUS;
combined with
and emetic.
it
effectiveness.
capitula,
ing
its
into
practically unequalled in
EUP-FER
and
tall
graceful.
Stem
rigid, generally
hollow
creamy
Flowers
roughish
vanilla-scented,
oblong-lanceolate
tinged
often
Native
Distribution
India: intro-
tropical
to
with
in
subtropical countries.
moist.
white,
cm diameter
Cultivation
Wild
Constituents
An
mid-summer
altitude.
Cultivation
plant.
easily as
ill-defined glycoside
and alka-
to late
it
is
tannin; a phenolic
gallic acid; sugar.
nutrients.
dried
Uses
Cultivation
quercetin;
substance:
Constituents
flowering
Expectorant:
plant
Tannin:
resin:
obtains
saponin: volatile
glycoside,
oils:
it
antasthmatic; anti-amoebic.
action
flavonoid.
L'ses
The
douche
in
sinusitis.
Constituents
Resin: volatile
same action
the
oil:
as that of the
whole
root.
Uses
latex
applied externally
is
Contra-indications
intestinal irritation,
tism.
Euphrasia rostkoviana
The
stones
L euphorbiaceae
Euphorbia Asthma Weed
Euphorbia hirta
<
Eyebright
is
the best
known
of
Although
herbs used
its
name
is
thousand
must <>i the
known
as
euphorbium
in
honoui
egetable dishes.
Myddvai considered
oi
its
the
used
purgatives
Berg.
umbelliferae
In the
and
wound
hence
poisons.
colds
Asafetida
all
its
head
healing.
catarrh,
nasal
Asafetida
worldwide;
distributed
Hayne
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Eyebright Meadow Eyebright
fruit yields a
the
urinary calculi
in
treatment of warts.
tic;
fresh
is
i",
stoc k
it
now
an imrarely
and developing
leaves,
is
Europe.
in
Description
oi
it
(in
thick
covered by coarse
at
fibres.
the
The inflorescence is
year of growth on
fifth
use.
tate;
opposite,
(in
lout;,
mm
i.j
cm
derived from the Greek meaning gladness, it
appears unknown to ancient physicians priot
to the Middle Ages
when it was introduced
by Hildegarde.
The How 11 certain!) gives the appearance of a
bloodshot eye. Apothet aries knew the plant as
ocularia
and
ophthalmica,
it
and
in folk
type
mixture of a number ol
is, therefore, an ambiguous
jpeciei consists of a
species. E. officinalis
name which
on the calyx
Description
usuall)
",
leaves. Calyx and leaves (lose to the inflorescence heat glahdulai hairs; flower also has
[89
FER-FRA
m
a 2.5-3
high, to 10
cm
naked, flower-
thick,
mid-spring.
Native
Distribution
eastern
to
Cultivation
Persia
and
is
collected
at
ferulic
(10%);
acid.
resin
The
(50%
volatile
oil
is
L'ses
Distribution
Cultivation
Indigenous
Wild
gum
May
as
an ingredient
and vegetable
Buhse
MBELLIFERAE
Galbanum
ingredient of the
and other
It
is
who
called this
obtained from
notably F.
species of Ferula,
by collecting the
milky-white tears of gum-resin which naturally
exude from the stem, or by severing the plants
root crown. Ferula is from the Latin, to strike.
Both Hippocrates and Theophrastus mentioned its medicinal properties, and Pliny
called it bubotuon. It was known b\ the Arabic
term, kinnafi. to the physicians of the School of
Salerno. Previously imported from Persia, but
rubruaulis
now
and
ulcers.
remedies.
be
on
incorporated
in
ulcers.
constituent of incen-e.
L Maxim rosaceae
Meadowsweet Queen of the Meadow
Queen of the Meadow is this herb's
modern common name, and it seems to
Filipendula ulmaria
L moraceae
languages.
It
Fig
Common Fig
Known to the Romans
plant
dominate
as a food
Meadowsweet
is
is
in several
European
when
fully established,
a low-lying
may
it
most
have
the
completely
damp meadow.
from the
was once used to
flavour mead. Botanically. the herb was
classified by Linnaeus as Spiraea ulmaria since
is
simply
the
fruit
consists
derived
it
of small
spiral
achenes
classification F. carica.
this
nutritive.
demulcent poultice
60
effective in hysteria
resin
colic.
inative.
conditions,
fresh
\\ ide
other
_'o
Very
Uses
tives like
io",,
Once
Constituents
to Persia.
plant.
gum
hillsides.
resin
stem
Boiss.
either
central
it
copoeia.
Dtscriptwn Deciduous tree to 9 m. much
branched, soft-wooded, with large rough
leaves, 10-20 cm long, broad-ovate to orbicular. 35 deep lobes and pubescent beneath:
forming mass of attractive foliage. Leaves
entire in some cultivated forms. Flowers
uniquely. hidden within a hollow fleshy receptacle isyconus) and therefore never visible.
Receptacle 37.5 cm long, single, axillary and
often pear-shaped, or variable. Appearing
early
summer
Distribution
to
mid-autumn.
to Mediterranean
Indigenous
<\>Z
re-
on
thick, pink
mm
5-petalled.
white or cream, small 2-5
with numerous long stamens, in dense but
irregular paniculate cymes on glabrous stems:
appearing mid-summer to early autumn.
Distribution European and Asian native. Intro-
'9
FER-FRA
duced and naturalized
in
North America.
On
Cultivation
profusion in
in
sown
in
cm
plant to 40
shade
partial
apart.
A damp,
rich soil in
is
weather.
Constituents
Tannins
io
zoate:
also
methyl
ben-
ethyl
including
glycosides
flavonoid
also
heliotropin.
vanillin,
salicylate;
com-
volatile oil
mineral
salts.
The
root
employed
is
specifically
the
in
and
The
gastritis.
Formerly used
in
cups.
May
be used
tin-
copper mordant.
plant, using a
scented articles.
in
?i^m:^ a
Propagated in any soil except heavy
from seed sown in autumn. Remove
flower-heads if seed is not required. Different
iai is produce seeds ol varying flavour.
Constituents Volatile oil. comprising mainly
anethole and a No fenchone, d-pinene, limonene, dipentene, phellandrene and anisic acid.
Carminative action due to the oil.
Description
Uses
lmbelliferae
fresh
rarely
diuretic
prevent
both the
leal, w hi< h is
rumpled hair, gave rise to
and botanical names brmu
1
common
me, mint;
It
for
purposes
culinary
at
foi
least
for
is
it'-
<
have been developed supplying swollen bulbous stalls bases Finnocchiooi Floreno
and foli
Fennel
large stalks Carosella
varieties
decorative purposes
Hauls biennial
criplian
cultivated
stem.
-<>
oil
is
and
flatulence
on ion-
pi
added
lac
an
as
(111
pinnately
hunger.
Thought
use:
colic
Once
to aid in
aids
used to
slimming.
haves traditionally
to
or perennial, often
annual:
compound
erect
blue-green
ecu
PORAC1
mid-summer
mid-autumn.
Distribution
Native
to
mediterranean region,
in
othei
places;
soil in
sunn)
ations.
Bresadola
remedies
and
Boletus
officinalis
Fries.,
Ungulina
officinalis.
Owing
known
as PolvpOTUS
hunts
J acq.
and
to the difficulty
<>l
lassihe ation
identified
as
/'.
is
known
as
used
as
an
ingredient
of the
Tincture
anti-
or
<
it
excess
used
as
source
the
of crystalline
for similar
medical
flavouring in
as a bittei
//</;,
una
veSCO
ROSACEAE
I.
since
ol
the'
fragrance.
diarrhoea,
and purgation.
treat
to
levers.
Contra-indications
vi
bitter;
confectionery
Amadou, and
Vittadini
officinalis
autumn.
Formerly employed
Fomes
decidua
Larix
in early
Formerly used in compound antipyretic mediines, and either alone or in combination with
purposes.
ol
Uses fdried
nervous
stem.
especiallv Larix
DC.
europaea
L.
purgative.
agaric in
s\
Lain spp.
ANo once
tarius
Constituents
ic
Growing on various
plant.
Formerly collected
lactation
filiform, to
often
Led.,
sibinca
othei
in
Wild
species of Larch
petioles.
I'.,
intestinal
fleshy,
soft,
tarius
to
purgative medication to
allavs
tation.
almost
to
and
griping
shaped,
variably
Mill.
h<
Bronze Fennel
seed flavour also varies considerably from the
Bitter or Wild Fennel and the less bittei Saxon
or German Fennel to the Sweet Roman or
for
The
mild stimulant.
little lia\.
/ones.
clay,
Description Perennial 5
woodv
runnels.
pale
25
Leaflets ovate,
beneath,
Lateral leaflets
Flowers white,
silky,
-,
mm
on
tall,
long,
stout,
rooting
toothed,
sessile,
1
cm
producing
toot-stock,
cm
Ions;.
terminal, short-stalked
diametei
erect, ^
10
191
FRA-GAL
European pharmacopoeias.
Fraxinus ornus
Manna
Description
mm
soils, in
L oleaceae
Flowering Ash
According to the Bible. Manna was the substance miraculously supplied to the Israelites
during their progress through the wilderness to
the Holy Land, and the name has been applied
to several substances both real and imaginary,
thought to provide spiritual nourishment.
Prior to the fifteenth century. Manna was
imported from the East and its provenance is
uncertain, but from the middle of the sixteenth
century most Manna was the dried sugary
juice obtained by incisions in the bark of the
Flowering Ash grown for the purpose in Sicily
and Calabria in southern Italy. Now rarelv
obtainable in Europe.
Description Ljeciduous tree 10-20 m. Rounded
in shape, and with great variation in leaflet and
fruit shape. Leaves 20-25 cm long with 7-1
1
Constituents
prising frangulin
frangula-emodin,
frangularoside.
chrysophanic acid, an iso-emodin; also tannic
acid; bitter principles; mucilage.
Purgative action due to the presence of
storage
emodins,
Native to Europe, western Asia,
North America. In woods, scrubland, preferably on moist, somewhat calcareous soils; to
800 m altitude.
Cultivation Wild plant. Propagate l>v transplantation of daughter plants produced on
which
act
Distribution
causing
runners.
Tannins;
(leaves)
Constituents
flavonoids.
(fruit)
(fresh
Astringent;
fruit,
root-stock
leaves,
antiscorbutic;
diuretic;
rarely
tonic;
laxative.
The
Contra-indications Strawberries
may produce an
allergic response.
rhamnaceae
Alder Buckthorn
This medicinal plant
is
so
named because
it
and because it has the same purgative qualities as Rhamnus catharticus, which was known as
cervi spina
caries.
The
Contra-indications Fresh
wounds.
sugars.
i'ses
peristalsis.
appear
to
until the
beginning
and cramps.
The
fruit
is
POISONOUS.
leaflets,
fruit 3
cm
long.
May
cause flatulence.
years.
Since
it
sagrada
collected
[92
has
similar
properties
it
is
retained
Cascara
but can be
to
,
in
several
this
is
are
somewhat
larger algae.
a term
w hich
one of several
food and medicine.
FRA GAL
stimulate the regeneration
the ability
to
some nerve
cells.
ol
Description Perennial
leaves linear
basal,
less than 25 cm
bearing single flower: outer segments
white. 15 mm3 cm long, inner segments
to the
humus and
rich in
soils
mixed
nutrients in
deciduous woodland.
Cultivation
garden
as a
autumn.
the
in
Hook
Elwesii
Alkaloids,
Constituents
form.
giant
G.
exists.
chiefly
in
the
bulb,
and sometime-
as a
first
rarly nineteenth
century, and
tor
in the
about
this
in
wax.
It-
common name
is
word
signifying
ription
<
yellowish thallus. 18
fast
ol
branching, brownish-green or
thin, leathery,
Wood)
mm
wide and
long.
attached to rocks l>\ dis< oid holdmargins entire, midrib broad and distinct,
stipe
globose
ovoid receptacles
Distribution
fructifications
;
cm
Common
in
consisting
ol
length.
west Scotland,
Norway,
dried
whole plant
Anti-obesii
anti-
hypothyroid.
Spe<
wispy
grey-green
iIk ally ol
effective
obstruction leading
with hypothyroidism.
decoction
is
ol
assoi iated
the
whole
lush
An
excellent source ol
purposes; one ol tin
manure
for horti<
in
ultural
commercial sources of
mm
ers 8
cm
long,
pinnate,
1.2
cm
Flow-
red at the
,1
loamy
Wild plant.
ornfields. Prefers
soils.
\,
Emetic.
bull)
plant
Flic-
is
nervous
by
nic
poliomyelitis.
chic; tonic
Laxative; stoma-
flowering plant
diiecl
weak
diuretic
sidered
ol
benefit in arteriosclerosis.
tures.
Gaianthus nivalis
Snowdrop
lie
Galega
The
POISONOl
L amaryi
is
well
lor
example.
SONOUS.
rDACi
known
L papilionaceae
French Lilac
ol Coat's Rue to promote the
officinalis
Rue
ability
reflected in
'-"w
some animals, is
much as 50%
its name galega from the Greek for
iii
The most
milk.
is
mm
Bulbous Violet
Snowdrop
milk, by as
tion
Centra-indications
degeneration,
Contra-indications P(
Goat's
various
ol
tissue
Formerly
rarely
eastern
including
but today
ronate,
as the hisl llowei
flowers
leaflets
1
cm
long
cm
in
Purplish-blue
long.
racemes
slightly longei
than the leaves; appear mid-summer to midcm long redautumn and are followed by
has
Asia:
ol
of intestinal
to skin diseases,
alginates
look
used.
rarely
is
it
conditions
in
leaflets
the earliest
sidered
Cultivation
on north-west Atlantic
coastlines, especially
the
ashore.
I)
From
y>
obtained
distance-
smoky.
the year,
in
may be applied
xt<
ol
the
ma
llv
may
possess
brow
n pods.
Distribution
Native-
to
Europe and
introduced elsewhere.
moist positions
Prefers
western
slighth
in fields.
193
GAL-GEL
Brande
Queen
1788
in
who was
the apothecary to
and
it
smooth
and
divided
petiolate.
arranged
scented,
alternate
glossy,
into
oblong, [jointed. 4
cm
leaflets
and
which are
in
terminal
pedum
led
racemes.
Distribution Tropical South America, especially
Venezuela. Mostly abundant in mountainous
and
varie-
districts.
chief!)
pai inc.
tannic
a glucoside, galuteoline;
saponin;
acid;
vitamin
C;
bitter
ses
Galacto-
tea of Goat's
action
and
Constituents
Volatile
is
Rue
in
both
be used
in
cheese-making.
glucoside: alkaloids.
stem bark
Stimulant ionic.
South America
locally
in
ing 120
in
white on 2-3
leaf axils
Cultivation
Constituents
Uses
Wild plant.
glycoside, asperuloside.
homc-opathic
allv
may
roasted
provide
seeds
an
excellent
coffee
Galium verum
L rl'BIaceae
Ladies' Bedstraw
Many
of the
common names
which assist
animal coats.
The Greeks
meaning
man
called
it
philanthropon
fruit cling to
love
the
Cheese
Rennet Yellow
Bcdstraw
hay-like
Greeks
94
habit,
for
bitter liqueurs.
rutaceae
Description
substitute.
dyspepsia, chronic
The bark
Galipea cuspana St Hilaire
oil;
Employed
principles.
I
Wild plant.
Cultivation
Uses
conditions.
hedgerows.
layer.
Leaves
flowers
by Dr Siegert
lias lilac
It
effective tonic,
Hartlandii (Hort.)
clothes.
until the
1800s as a
means
of
curdling
GAL-GEL
milk
cheese manufacture.
A perennial herb
in
with
Description
or
erect
round
stems,
mm
wide.
of8-i2, linear, 1.5-2.5 cm long, 12
wide, smelling of honey, on
Flowers 2-3
terminal panicles, golden-yellow, appearing
mm
summer
to mid-autumn.
European native; now a weed in
the eastern United States. On semi-dry or dry
early
Distribution
grassland.
Wild
Cultivation
plant.
saponin: an enzyme,
rennin.
Weak
Uses
diuretic:
styptic.
promotes
Mnsisis
salicylate.
from
before
methyl
produced
It
young birch
th.it
was
il
now
of Wintergre en
oil
synthetically
oi
trees
Betula
tenia
largely
.
and
it
much medical
attracted
widely used
Gaul tier,
Di
afta
Quebec
about
in
bearing
.1
physician
is
named
practising
in
still
shrub with
branches to
<
",
mi,
him
oil oi
gaultheria
01 oil oi
winter-
Usa
An
leaves, oil
aromatic
<
;
ounter-ii
inliision
oi
throat gargle, as
.1
may be used
dou< he and
foi
as
headai Iks
lie
oil is readily absorbed by the skin and is
employed in various aches and pains, including rheumatism, ft is occasionally used internally as .in emulsion against hookworm.
Leaves may be used as
tea substitute
I
.1
he
flavouring agent
preparations.
I
oil
is
medic
it
,i|
and made
many
fungi
it
to cultivate
and
identify
responsible
for
Today most
of the
for this
by
revolutionized
possible
of the bacteria
disease.
species
Gelidium
oi
is
various dental
Agar
is
Gigartina stellata or a
fervoidts.
nited Slates.
onstituents Chiefly
.1
sulphuric ester
also a ti,u
oi
omposed
<>l
,1
boh v di ale
and mineral salts.
ol a cat
protein,
nun salt,
complex;
,d<
greyish-white
Uses
dried
strips
At;, ii ;
translucent
,kI\
ic
e.
oil
may
irritate
name
the
is
of
was introduced
early
to
medicine accidentally
in the
made from
first
the
were
tests
made
01
cm
lanceolate,
short-petioled
lout;, entire,
leaves
2.5
to
as
cover,
or
in
greenhouses.
ol
The pure
stabilize
horticulturally
Wild marine pi. mi: collected commercially and sometimes encouraged to grow
Cultivation
and thus
to
,i
seaweed to 25 cm long;
ha II us develops from a persistent basal
the
portion each growing season, is cylindrical 01
flattened, pinnately subdivided and ofa tough
consistency. The spherical fruit appear in the
late autumn and winter months.
Distribution Gelidium amansu Km/.. G. elegam
Kutz. and G. polycladum Sond. are found in the
maritime zones of Japan and G. cartilagineum
Gaill.) in the maritime zones ol South Africa
Description Perennial
ContTO'indicationi
skin;
in
1880s
bacteriological research
and
itant
the leaves
and
bacteria
the
is
11
of
in
al-,
Koch
used
purifiers.
cm tall.
cm long,
cultivation
Robert
Also
,i
the
for
creeping
glabrous
a volatile oil
the
made from
al
750.
Evergreen
Description
attention, nor
in lolk traditions,
peristalsis.
in
Most commercial
absorbs water
used medically as
it is
it
sempervirine
swem.
Sedative;
rhizome and roots
nervine. Formerly employed in the treatment
of neuralgia, sic k headac he, menstrual and
rheumatic pains and pat in ulai ly migi aine
and trigeminal neuralgia. A perfume can be
Uses
dried
195
GEX-GLE
tall. Bearing glabrous or pubescent forked
branches and 1.5-3 cm l n Ei oblong-elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate,
nearly
alternate,
appearing mid-summer
to early
sessile,
mm
long,
cm
long,
*^Bk^
*J^
4W
~i
B Ai
^-V\
1 j
^^l^H^rSEva
autumn, and
Native
Distribution
to
Intro-
The
Constituents
yellow
h^mJ3
genistein; a
The
luteolin.
combined
W^^L
tive.
>
Formerly used
rheumatism and
dropsy,
and purgative:
a- a diuretic
as
dyspepsia.
dye.
appetite,
eating.
L gentianaceae
In
material
known,
centuries
as
i-
and
bitter
been
has
used
Several
tonic.
L legimino-u
Dyer's Greenweed Dyer's Broom
A- the common name suggests this herb was
an important dyeing plant, and was often combined with Woad to produce a green wool dye.
It
i-
which
closely
in
related
the
to
Sarothamnus
now
called
possess verj
is
scoparius
itself
strong medicinal
mainly employed
in
homecraft dyeing;.
Description Perennial
trate or
decumbent,
to
name
Some
since.
Di
167
b.c
for
cleaning wounds.
in veterinary
medicine
is
L geraniaceae
American Cranesbill Wild Geranium
The specific name of American Cranesbill
is
Herbaceous perennial
scription
reaching 60
taproot
thick
180
i-
the
Geranium maculatum
word
however,
powder
he fermented root
who.
according to Dioscorides, introduced the herb
to medicine. It has been widely employed ever
gentiana,
stimulates
when
he
it
improve appetite.
derived from
doses
for
other
Genista tinctoria
small
fc
also used as a
Contra-indicatiom
m
k!m
aper substitute.
The (lowering plant furnishes a yellow-green
Gentiana lutea
'"
salivation.
Contra-indications
the flowers.
jL
v-
''
prophylactic
made from
^ |j^^
in
against hydrophobia.
cm
to
10
cm on
Stem-
long.
cm
on
long,
pastures,
long
and
on calcareous
thinly
soils
moist.
Cultivation
in
sides
upon
the
method
glvcosides. gentiin
oil:
to
the
bitter
volatile
The combined
bile
of drying
and gentiamarine:
and
its
v->
GEN-GLE
the fruit; hence also the herb's common names.
This was a favourite herb of the American
Indians, once official in the United States
Pharmacopoeia, but now restricted to folk
medicine.
Description
stem
solitary,
stout rhizome.
Some
are long-petioled.
15
cm
2.5-4
forking,
end,
the
leaves arise
Stem
cm
on
from root and
occasionally
but
cm
hairy.
wide, on 2.5
and
mm
cm
1
red tinged. Flowers pink or rose, 5
wide, in pairs or peduncles arising in terminal
axils. Petals
Appear
have
early
3 longitudinal
summer
white
stripes.
autumn.
to late
summer.
Distribution North American native.
Cultivation Wild plant.
Constituents Tannic and gallic acids, 1025%,
which produce astringent action; oleo-resin.
stance, geraniine.
to late
Uses
dried
rhizome
Astringent;
styptic.
wound
bleeding.
L geraniaceae
Geranium robertianum
an old medi-
names
it
rellcc ted in
the range ol
countries.
Still
used
in folk
European
medicine
in
mam
tcription
Of most
plant
diuretic: sedative.
and
The
dried
plant,
weak
may
leaves
erysipelas.
01
dec
smelling annual
01
umbent. glandular-
Glechoma hederacea
Ground
Geum urbanum L rosaceae
Avens Herb Bennet Wood Avens
Avens is also known as Herb Bennet
Ivy
Gill
L labiatae
Over The Ground/Field
Balm
In the second century a.d.
or
directly
Ground
the use of
exes,
and
it
is
away
evil spirits.
For
this
and
it
In
was
also kept in
botanical
name
popular
folk
reflects
the
roots'
is
also
Distribution
Native
form.
naturalized
in
is
<
mm
European
Distribution
common
native:
wood
wasteland,
<
iillr,
glycoside
in
_>
terminal
leaf axils,
mid-spring
damp
to earl)
bluish
or
pink,
appear
summer.
to Europe,
north Asia:
North America. Common on
grassland in open woods and ten wood-
prefers moist
soil.
Wild plant.
iilmn
Volatile
Constituent
eugenol,
its
edges, hedgerows,
improve
known
old English
thickets,
to
as Alehoof or Tunhooffrom an
word for the herb. hofe. and from
the process of mashing and fermenting the
brew know n as tunning.
It
scent:
earliest times.
in clarifying ale
homes.
also
Unpleasantly
biennial, on erec
flowering
fresh
Benedict's herb:
cinal
i'ses
Styptic: astringent:
the
oil,
geoside
comprising
being
lattei
in
mainl)
combined
as
Uses
dried
rhizome,
Astringent: styptii
matoi
Useful
ioiik
fresh
flowering
plant
in
to
illness.
to
halitosis
used as
used as a
pot
herb
in
ale.
i<)7
GLY-HAM
land, preferring moist, nitrogenous
Essential
Constituents
oil;
tannin;
bitter
compound, glechomine.
to soothe coughs,
and
as
disorders. Also
poultice for
and
ions,
sore eyes.
Taken
as snuff to relieve
headache.
Used
as a tea
and
known
Glycyrrhiza glabra
ales.
L leguminosae
Theophrastus
to
commonest
and
glycyrrhiza
and
the
old
names
Liquorice
is
gliquiricia, itself
Glycyrrhizin
3o"
starch
20 -30 lilac-blue
loose racemes 10 15 cm
Inflorescence
cm
long
in
of
Appearing mid to
late summer, followed by reddish-brown pod,
1-2.5 crn on gDistribution Europe to West Pakistan. On deep
sandy rich soils, preferably in river valleys.
Cultivation Wild plant, although rarely wild in
central and western Europe and more common
in eastern Europe. Introduced to temperate
long, arising in leaf axils.
'
.comprising
of glycyrrhizic
Demul-
inflammatory.
in coughs and bronchitis, and in the
treatment of gastric ulcers: also has a mineralocorticoid action in treatment of Addison's
disease. Once used as an eye lotion for use on
inflamed eyelids.
Used as a sweetening agent and flavouring in
pharmaceutical preparations, and once in the
powdered form as a base in pill manufacture.
Used to flavour some beers such as Guinness.
Large quantities are employed in tobacco
flavouring some tobaccos contain io n Liquorice
in snuff" manufacture, and in confei .
tionery.
Root
retention, hypertension,
ness of breath.
As
its
name
L compositae
Low Cudweed
Everlasting
indicates.
Marsh Cudweed
derives
from
the
Latin
is
an
name
uliginosus
its
woolly appearance.
has never achieved wide use even
The herb
folk
medicine,
antiseptic
and
astrin-
gent.
i'ses
septic; antitussive;
weak
aphthous
Astringent; anti-
diaphoretic.
and mouthwash
in
gitis.
ulcers,
may
poultice
be applied externally to
Once used
in
smoking mixtures.
L Malvaceae
Cotton Cotton Root
The plant has been cultivated in India
Gossypium herbaceum
since
and
its
botanical
name
name
gossypium
is
the ancient
Cotton-producing plant.
The method of cultivation was introduced to
China and Egypt from India in about 500 B.C..
and in 1774 G. herbaceum was taken to the
United States.
This species of Cotton is also called Levant
Cotton: many other species and varieties are
employed today in cotton manufacture including American Upland Cotton G. hirsutum
L Chinese Cotton G. arboreum L and Sea
Island Cotton {G. barbadense L
Latin
for the
it is still
mm
in
classical writings.
properties,
acidic,
autumn.
European native. On damp,
sandy soils - especially wet heathland.
Cultivation Wild plant.
to early
Uses
Marsh Cudweed
salts
Gnaphalium uliginosum
510%
acid;
may
on primary taproot
beneath.
var. glandulifera.
Constituents
Herbaceous perennial. 50 cm .5 m
15 cm long which subdivides into 35 subsidiary roots 1.25 m in
length and several horizontal stolons which
Description
tall,
Several
Of value
as Gill tea.
Liquorice Licorice
root
Distribution
in early winter.
to clarify beers
Drunk
3-4-year-old plants
vulnerary.
a
Persia,
and
Tonic; diuretic;
i'ses
mm
soil.
and now
rarely used.
to
Indies,
_*^^^^>^*'
mm
Sjimg
substances.
(root
i'ses
bark,
Formerly used
in
^pmHo*
seed
oil
Abortifacient
emmenagogue.
\J0\
4fu
is
oil have
been administered intravenously in cases ol
severe nutritional deficiency, or where nitro-
iK?
.98
The
The
oil is
seed
as a food.
employed
in soap manufacture.
trichomes are a major source of
GLY-HAM
Flowers
cm
1.5
vellowish
long,
corolla
appear singly
from
in leaf axils
summer
late
to
autumn.
early
Distribution Native to southern Europe: introduced to north and west Asia and North
America. On marshy fields, in ditches, peat
but
soils,
will
Wild
Cultivation
plant.
cardeno-
and gratiotoxin;
gratioline
i.
bitter
principle.
flowering
dried
Uses
Emetic:
root
plant,
Formerly used
as
purgative and
violent
and
as a heart tonic.
been ascribed
cotton fibre.
No
Contra-indications
Contra-indications
used homeo-
pathically.
may
cause death.
L scrophulariaceae
L zygophyllaceae
Hedge Hyssop
Guaiacum
ciation of
its
It
has recentl)
entut\
its
pathic practice.
Description Perennial,
<
sessile, finely
Wood,
The
achieved
known
then
considerable
lignum
as
reputation
vittu,
the
in
pockes' or syphilis.
method
success
Its
administration
of
patients were
Wood
Taken
arthritis.
from the
island of St Domingo in the Carribean in 5
after Oviedo had learnt of the drug guayacan
from the local inhabitants.
to the
effectiveness.
officinale
decoction,
as a hot decoction
it
is
mildly
when
applied as a lozenge.
Guaiacum
used as a colour
test to
which
will
turn
it
tincture
is
blue.
of such
bowling alley
The
resin
edible fats
articles
in the
rulers,
manufacand
pulleys
balls.
employed
and oils.
is
as
as
an antioxidant
for
tightly
partially
s\philis
.1
Mixtures,
Uterative
combined
often
which had DO
with
syphilis
in
effect
treatment.
I
>
n />!
mi
reaching
18"
and
a 2 -celled
capsule-shaped
Distribution Native- to
coast
leaves
fruit.
Carribean
South Aim in
o|
pinnate with
Blue flowers
leaflets, in pairs.
a;
islands, north
especially on arid
plains.
Cultivation
Wild
and exported
wine h
commercially
wood
or as the resin
eithei as the
is
Resin
Constituents
and
plant. Collected
/)-guaiai onii
10",,
vellow
20
25",,
ai id
jo
,
logs.
comprising
%-
guaiaretic acid
ponic ac id
guaiaguttin.
heartwood. resin
Focal stimulant:
irritant; mild laxative; anti-inflammatory.
Formerly frequently prescribed as a preventaUses
tive in
srW
kJ5$Lr*
gout and
in the
ran
treatment of rheumatoid
199
H ED-HIE
poeia of 1882. and the leaves are
still
included
in
The
central disc
Grown
volatile oil, to
which
13 to
15%
ethyl alcohol
added.
is
tringent
As-
haemostatic.
Once employed
sprains, as
distilled
is
witch ha/el
constituent
may
be used
proprietary
of
in
eye lotions.
haemorrhoid
specific-
must not
be confused with the tincture made from hark
or leaves; the latter may be extremely astrin-
may
Hedera helix
L araliaceae
much
and symbolizing
fidelity.
this
Some
Ivy plants
Description
may
Woody
means
of adventitious roots
cm
Young
long:
veins
to
and often
leaves usually
from triangular-ovate
18
varying
reniform. and from
often
so.
light-coloured.
)<
diameter
autumn on
to late
followed
garden
-own
in late
spring to early
summer
they
10-year-
black, globose.
l>v
mm
t>
fruit.
ized
in
Wild
Cultivation
extensively
plant;
grown
forms recognized.
Saponin.
hederacoside
hederegenine.
vonng
Once
leaves
used
Antispasmodic.
internally
treatment
the
in
<>l
with a
decoction
lilac k
gummy
mouth may
leaves
ol
were- formerly
resin
the
produced
be rinsed
vinegar;
in
bv
the plant.
gummy
resin.
brown.
Seed contains an unsaturated fixed
albumin: lecithin: betaine: cho30
he-stnut
Contra-indications
OUS
Constituents
oil
dermatitis.
L compositae
Sunflower Common Sunflower
The aptly named Sunflower is well-known
quercimetrin.
Helianthus annuus
the-
commercially
in several
other purposes.
the
plant
is
Mexico where
Its
most
it
is
oil.
and
is
cultivated
probably
indigenous
called chimalati.
seed, often
field as
to
American
in the
for
same
maize.
cm
wide.
30
cm
seed,
Uses
as
It
years of age.
ing by
appearing mid
ish,
old plants
decayed teeth
gent and
seed
Uses
as
Constituents
Uses
found
often
Rumania. Bulgaria.
<>l
the
Distribution
consists entirely
Wild
Cultivation
and profuse
It
brownish-purple and
sun.
in full
States.
flower-bearing twigs.
is
fallen.
in-
diameter,
to 35 cm in diameter in cultivated
forms, appearing late summer to early autumn.
in
and up
Description
Constituents
cm
15
acum-
llowei-
seed
oil.
occasionally
leal
and
in
Artichoke-.
It has excellent burning qualities and
used
in
old-fashioned
oil
may
be
lamps.
stalk pith
may
be used in
HED-HIE
Helleborus niger L ranunculaceae
Black Hellebore Christmas Rose
Helleborus
the classical
is
name
for a closelv
and was a
the White Hellebore and
to
Many
and
L and
Green and Stinking Hellebores respectively, were employed by herbalists in the Middle Ages - largely for their
purgative
effect,
is
now
homeopathy,
confined to horticulture.
Perennial
Description
after
(hence
robust-
its
popular
is
especi-
in
stems
bearing hairy, large (15-60 cm), pinnate to
palmately lobed leaves. Flowers white in
umbels of 5-15 cm diameter, appearing midsummer to mid-autumn. Variable in form.
Distribution Native to Europe, northern Asia,
karkade and is
Other parts ot the plant are used medicinally,
and the stem yields an excellent fibre known as
rosella hemp.
Description Bushy annual reaching 2 m, forming
a broad growth by branching at the base.
Stems reddish and almost glabrous. Basal
leaves undivided and ovate; stem leaves
3-lobed, 7.5-10 cm wide, lobes 2.5 cm wide
and crenate. Flowers borne in the leaf axils.
solitary,
foodstuffs. Particularly
50-200 cm
tall,
cm: on slowly
30
to
its
as
foetidus L, the
H.
L umbelliferae
Heracleum sphondylium
The
above ground:
38
ern
chalky
soil
include
var.
Constituents
Hayne
Altifolius
and Potters
flowers.
helle-
The combined
dio-active
ai
>
and purgativ
diird root-stock
Powerful hydragogue
)n< <
used
lo< al
irritant.
emmenagogi
purgative;
ai
is
<-.
abortive and
in
treating
10
<
ei
|>s\
tain
The powdered
stituent of sn<
hoses.
was once
zing powders.
root-stock
duces
ii
applied
1800
Cultivation
pro-
plex
altitude.
long ovoid
sphondrin;
Pimpinellin;
bergapetene,
oil;
com-
furo-coumarin
to
lo< all\
stomachic
ol
the
gastro-
emmenagogue; mild
hypotensive;
aphrodisiac
Leal
remedies
in
used
Once
used to treat
The
bomeopathically.
used
Young
in
European
certain cast
beers.
Young
tituents
i<
dried
l'u\
laxative
Used
ation
as
blisters
pigmentation
may
light.
Hibiscus sabdariffa
L Malvaceae
is
introduced
to
ci
name
in
an acid flavouring
foi
this
.1
plant
as
for sauces,
jams,
jellies,
and chutneys.
olout ant
Hieraaum
Jamail
weak
antiscorbutic.
and phytosterolin.
young calices Diuretic;
also glucosides
wound
.1-
Hibiscus
in
Contra-indications
which w
introduced
tropic a environ-
ment.
hypertension.
Now
epilepsy.
to
fruit.
early spring.
benefit in
ol
is
Wild plant.
Constituents
POISONOUS;
inflammation
con-
violent
intestinal
soils.
I01
othei hei
pilosella
l>
teas.
L oompositae
Greek
lot
hawk
hawks
201
HOR-HYO
considered
it
many
its
use
from
the early Egyptians have enjoyed beer obtained
from fermented Barley. The Greeks and later
generations grew a closely related species. H.
distichon L, which itself was the parent of
as
many
civilizations
annual grass, to 90 cm
wide, short and tapering.
mm-2 cm
leaves 7
The terminal
spike
is
7.5-10
cm
long, erect or
many
long,
stout beards.
Distribution
Temperate
H. vulgare
Cultivation
is
cereal crop.
I.
Cooked Barley
valescence.
for sores.
The germinating
is
a useful poultice
grain contains an
improved
it
for
belief, herbalists
Mouse-Ear
from
is
auricula muris,
it
apothecaries'
Flowers indistinct,
term
strobilus
summer
on creeping
On
warm
to
Uses
Weak
diuretic;
used
in
the
treatment
Humulus
of liver
lupulus
L cannabaceae
diameter;
appear
late
Bine
The
use of
since
it
gargle.
and
Germany
duced Hops
L gramineae
and
tenth
in the
until
as a
the
ninth
first
The Egyptians
their goddess
believed
Isis,
it
was
intro-
Wild:
cultivated
(5%
commercially,
Young
centuries. Bavarian
vulgare
situations.
Mild sedative:
Hops Hop
202
in
mid-autumn.
Wild plant.
times.
greenish-yellow catkins,
in
tannins
dry waste-ground,
duced by
in
its
tall.
and
cm
to
Cultivation
dry grassland, rocky screes, preferring moderate sunshine and tolerating most soils.
Hordeum
rough-
zones;
leafy runners,
disorders,
to 6
Distribution
Description Perennial
Formerly
perennial
of the leaves.
Cultivation
as a kitchen herb.
Dioecious
and long-petioled.
employed
has now
the
humele.
wolf
after
its
habit
trees in
shoots
in salads.
The
oil is
Raspberry
Golden Seal was once common in the damp
shady forests of North America and was used
both as a dye and a medicine by the Indians.
It
entered the United States and British
Pharmacopoeias as a treatment for uterine
mucosa inflammation, and was so extensivelv
HOR-HYO
nasal catarrh.
America
collected in
The name
Hydrastis
is
was necessary
to devise
the
Low
mm
mm
in late
berry.
early
autumn.
berine
2%
canadine
trace
3%
fixed
beroil;
dried root-stock
laxative-;
especially
conjunctivitis,
Large doses
A weak
as
infusion
is
employed
and
eardrops,
root tea
as
acts
mouthwash.
was formerly drunk
antiseptic
The
secretion of
Description
cause
in
an
as a tonic.
Constituents
which
side,
is
antibiotic
and
plant)
Diuretic
tonic
purgative.
L umbelliferae
Indian Pennywort Centella, Indian Water
Navel Wort
Indian Pennywort was employed traditionally
in the Indian and African continents as an
important treatment of leprosy, and modern
research has now shown that the plant does
possess some action against the leprosy bacteria.
The herb
as a
Hydrocotyle asiatica
is
called
brahmi
the
in
Indian
Hydrocotyle
is
medicinal
properties
recently
attracted
one
attention
is
remains
many
with
and
this,
formerly
Also
ointments.
used
in
in
fevers.
in
Used
Africa as a snuff.
in
Contra-indications
POISONOUS.
Large doses
and possibly coma.
other
which has
its
supposed
however,
Hyoscyamus niger
L solanaceae
Henbane
Henbane
be proved.
to
waxy
coat
cm
-3 petioles to
tall
",
Bowei
s.
Mich
as
India.
altitude.
Cultivation
and
Hennebane.
Strongly
Description
Wild plant.
it
smelling,
coarse
erect,
sessile in
shaped,
cm
long,
yellow-brown or cream,
biennial
distributed
summer
carl)
biennial
(annual)
and
the
soil
or
early
kepi
autumn
moist
until
germination.
Alkaloids, hyosev amine, atropine
Constituents
and hyoscine
sedative
I'ses
ac lions
fresh
or
to
and
aie due-.
dried
leaves,
Sedative; anti-
spasmodic analgesic.
Formerly used in a wide range- ol neivous 01
painful conditions which required sedation
;
203
HVP-ILE
An
silk
and
tion,
skin
of
irritation
unpigmented
areas,
and
possible death.
Hyssopus
L labiatae
officinalis
Hyssop
The genus Hyssopus
consists
of this single
17781 6 varieties.
now
to
poisonous nature
its
in
to alleviate the
griping caused
by strong purgatives.
Oil of
may
Henbane
be applied externally
to relieve
rheumatic
pain.
Contra-indicatiotu
POISONOUS. To
be used
Hypericum perforatum
L hypericaceae
St John's Wort
John's Wort has been closely associated with
supposed magical properties since the Greeks
gave it the name hypericon. This indicated that
St
The
oil
and
it
enough
was believed
glands
to drive
away
evil
when crushed
certainly release
a balsamic odour similar to incense. In addition the yellow flowers turn red
when crushed
due to the release of the red fluorescent pigment hypericine - and this was undoubtedly
an important factor in the development of the
folklore which surrounds the herb
red
signifying, of course, blood. As St John was
beheaded, and the herb is in full flower on St
John's
Day
(24 Junej,
it
became known as
Wort
204
spots.
Flowers 2-3
cm
mer
to
mid-autumn.
Distribution
Native
temperate
to
zones
oi
wide,
sessile
mm
cm
nearly
or
mm
soils.
axils,
cm
long in
terminal
the
Cultivation
inflorescence being 10
division in
summer
to
Common
oil
larly
spirits,
numerous translucent
the
(fresh
or
in
flowering
dried
8-9%
the flower
plant,
fresh
antibiotic; astringent.
modern
Certainly
when taken
internally
the
herb
It
has
externally, especially
where nervous
tissue has
been damaged;
also applied to
haemor-
rhoids and
duced
into
careous dry
soils in
30
soil,
and
Replace
clip occasionally.
after 4 or
5 years.
Constituents Volatile oil
(0.2-1%
Uses
a flavonoid
Tonic;
diuretic: astrin-
it
is
The
cold;
plant contains an
has been patented as a
possible food preservative. Leaves once used
weak.
as a salad herb.
antibiotic
autumn.
Specifically
terns.
It is
to early
bruises.
which
cuts or bruises
treat
may
The herb
around the
eyes.
hysterical conditions,
constituent of
also
reduces
be applied externally to
some herb
but
teas.
Once used
to
action
is
its
HYP-ILE
The plant was not called Holly until the
seventeenth century, previously having been
-
known
as
name
holen.
the
Quercus
ilex),
botanical
Its
name
ancient
the
for
while aquifolium
\.ji
Holme;
earlier as
latter
is
mid-summer.
early to
Native
Distribution
to
dis-
Cultivation
oil
distilled
employed
the
in
industries.
Ilex aquifolium
Holly
Bark:
tannin;
pectin:
substances.
pigment.
yellow
ilixanthine.
or soups.
The
unknown
theobromine:
ilicine;
may
Small quantities
sites.
Constituents
L aquifoliaceae
Common
Holly'English Holly
in
[eaves
Once used
and
ployed
in
diuretic: tonic.
rheumatism.
chitis
Wood
weak
Antipyretic:
in
em-
Occasionally
used
for
engraving.
and
purgative
are
Berries
Contra-indications
toxi<
Ilex
as a refreshing stimulant
American inhabitants
sixteenth century.
11
liisi
become known
Europe
an alternative
.1-
to
in
Indian or Chinese
tea.
/>
ptiot
to 6
m.
to
cm
long:
Brazil.
Argentina.
Chile,
In
Peru,
acid
to
bromine
ib",,
'
add; theo-
neochlorogenii
<
ombined
ai
tion being
I01111
Uses
dried leaves
itimulant.
manner
ol
ol
as a tonii
Indian or Chines*
effi
tea in the
but devoid
tea.
1
to use
shrub 12-3
ta "-
ILL-IRI
acuminate, serrate
pubescent on lower
veins; petiolate and alternate. Flowers dioecious, white, small, in groups of usually less than
10. on short peduncles in umbels, appearing in
oblanceolate,
4-7.5
leaves,
acute
cm
to
long,
and
early
summer.
7.5
mm
diameter.
Distribution
Canada
to Florida
lakes.
Cultivation Wild plant. Cultivated as a garden
ornamental for its attractive berries which
remain until mid-winter on the bare branches.
Requires rich soil in damp, preferably shadv.
site.
Constituents
resins;
Uses
Tannins
unknown
(fresh
(to
5%);
bitter principles;
substances.
bark,
rarely
60 1, but even
to flavour tea
in
it
1694
when
was rare
in
and
fruit. It
is
also classified as
which
anisatum
/.
cm
large, to 7
in diameter, solitary or
that
religiosum
/.
Siebold
corymnumerous, long,
slender,
ing
mid-summer
On damp
Japan
Description
tary,
dried
bark,
fruit
collected
as
an infusion or
The
means
illicium
it
Dutch used
the
Europe.
they are
which are
until
Distribution Indigenous to south and southwest China and north Vietnam: introduced
elsewhere. On well-drained soils, frequentlv
soils.
anethol:
8o-o,o
to
fixed
10",,
oil;
comprising
sugar:
resin:
tannin.
dried
Uses
fruit
star-like fruit
follicles
Chiefly
border.
agent,
Constituents
Inulin
4"
essential
oil.
com-
Uses
sive:
Bactericidal: antitus-
in the
treatment
L compositae
Elecampane Scabwort
an aromatic
Once
Inula helenium
appetite as
Elecampane
employed
used
medicine
cough remedies
and has always been popular both as a medicine and a condiment. Its use as a flavouring in
sweets continued until the 1920s, and it was
is still
in folk
as a favourite constituent of
it
acts as
hence
its
is
as a
sweetmeat:
employed
Still
Much
central Europe.
The herb
strongly antibacterial.
tonic.
in the
in
in
plant's
the
son
called
it
m; on
erect,
thick
45
206
Flower-heads
Iris foetidissima
L iridaceae
gladiolus
of
its
the Latin
the shape
is
an
its
crushed leaves.
Description
ILL-IRI
should be considered a variety, florentina, of
others consider /. florentina is a
/. germanica
;
synonym
/.
species with
its
The white
Widely employed as a violet scent in the perfume industry, and as a fixative in pot-pourri
manufacture. May be used in some tooth
powders or dusting powders.
root-stock
may
be
may
city.
Fresh
Contra-indications
Description Perennial
Iris versicolor
L iridaceae
Lily
common American
herb which
was employed by both the Indians and early
settlers as a remedy for gastric complaints. It
was once included in the United States
Pharmacopoeia and is still believed in folk
medicine to be a blood purifier in eruptive skin
conditions.
introduced elsewhere. Tolerates most welldrained soils, but prefers sunny, stony, dry.
hilly situations.
Cultivation
Italy. Persia,
rich,
well-drained
Blue Flag
is
mm
soil in
Flowers
variegated.
inconspicuous,
purple-
globose
seeds.
Native
Distribution
to
soils
bv rivers
root-stock
division
spring
late
in
)ik e
ate ot
Off
earl)
soil.
Purgath
fresh root-stoc k
c.
lush root
tli<-
No
in ale.
longer employed
inc-dic ally.
use'
of
in
its
alti.n
dve
dried (lowei
Iris
the
rainbow
members
Orris, dct
tive
ot this
iv eel
term
ol
the
genus.
dire*
for
,u\<\ is
the
llv
from
11 is.
is
violet-scented,
powdered
and
Egyptians
the
Onis
ol
germanica
winch
the
.ire
ancient
most
especially
Greeks.
/.
important are
nermanun vat
Lamk. and /.
florentina L. Due- to the variation and hybridization of this group, some authorities believethat /. florentina L is not a distinct species and
florentina
Dykes),
/.
pallida
Constituents
Essential
ing myristi<
oh
di
H
v
.11
nl
.1
and
ini;
.11
nl
* > i
85%
0.2%
0.1
ketone, none-, w
slot
compris-
aye: resin
hie h
develops mi
ide.
yellow,
appearing early
to
Formerl)
used
treatment
ol
in
mixed
remedies
foi
(resh
juice
places on peaty
the
was one
apsule.
Distribution North-east
peduncles,
mid-summer, followed by
marked with
globose, leathery
dried root-stock
Stomachic; diuretii
.110111,1111
weak expee tenant.
Uses
hills
in
sugars.
North America;
in
wet
soils.
An
acrid
volatile oil;
resinous
substance,
tannic
207
ISA-JUN
acid: an unidentified alkaloid.
dried
Uses
leaves
root-stock;
on the stem
persist
Purgative;
for
weeks.
Distribution
On
else-
where.
and constipation.
bile and
saliva,
It
stimulates
gastric
the
secretions,
flow of
acting
Contra-indications
plant
may
moved.
cause dermatitis.
Indigo
Constituent*
L cruciferae
Woad Dyer's Weed
Woad was
developed by fermenting
lea\
Isatis tinctoria
in
species.
is an ancient name for a healing herb,
which was described bv Dioscorides as being
an excellent stvptic. Doubtless the habit
adopted by ancient Britons of painting their
Isatis
product.
final
POISONOUS.
Contra-indication*
Not
be
to
used internally.
wounds of battle.
The herb is now mainly
ing the
of historical interest,
mfm-permaceak
Calumba Colombo
Calumba remains
favourite
tonic
for
the
known
kalumb
as
or
koamua and
for
has long
diarrhoea and as
it
to
Europe
in the
very
cm
long
at the
was valued
Sua
it
in
Used
An
yellow dye.
as a
and in 788
it was included in the London Pharmacopoeia.
Lamarck first described the plant in 1797 and
called it Menispermum palmatum.
B\
/)
781
it
criptum
Tall
at
dioecious
kilo
twining perennial
hairs
and bearing
cm
panicles 30
L jlglandaceae
Butternut White walnut Oil-nut
Juglans cinerea
177
meaning
the
its
Lemon
its
name
being
It
is
long.
Indigenous to East Africa, especially northern Mozambique: introduced elsewhere, for example. Brazil. In forests.
Cultivation Wild. Some small-scale cultivation
Distribution
grey,
com-
3 yellow alkaloids,
columbamine. jatrorrhizine. palmatine: bitter
in East Africa.
Volatile
Constituents
prising
oil
0.071.15%
mainly thymol:
principles,
dried
root
Stomachic:
bitter
tonic.
in,
208
leaves. 10
The
shown
leaflets.
'
Wild.
Fixed oils: a complex resin, called
juglandin. containing nucin.
inner root bark: ripening fruit. leaseUses
Cathartic: anthelmintic: sveak rubefacient.
Cultivation
Constituents
ISA -J UN
The bark was formerly used as a domestic
remedy for constipation. The oil from the fruit
was employed to remove tapeworms. It is now
rarelv used even in folk medicine.
to
maple
fruit
provide a brown
form of the
hyoYocarbons
terpene
limonene
sesquiterpenes
cadinene. elemene
a-pinene.
comprisina;
/?-pinene.
oc-caryophyllene.
A number
Description
syrup.
0.52%
tree
silverv-sjrev.
organic acids.
dried
i'ses
fruit, leafy
branchlets
Antiseptic:
Used
and improves
tions
the
Widely cultivated
Wild.
Cultivation
for
its
timber.
Constituents
Fixed
Fruit:
oils:
vitamin
C.
bitter
Uses
anti-inflammatory:
gent:
caemic.
wide range of
and used both
internally and externally.
Also emploved
homeopathically for the same purposes.
Ripening fruit can be pickled. The ripe nuts
are of commercial importance. Oil expressed
from the nuts provides a cooking oil. and is
occasionally employed in non-drying; artists
Leaves considered of benefit
eruptive
skin
in a
conditions,
paints.
Timber used
in furniture.
L cipressaceae
iommon Juniper
Juniperus 1^ the classical name lor this
Juniperus communis
Juniper
Juglans regia
Walnut
I
ji
Persian
his tree
gi.andaceae
Walnut
hears the
both because
oi
its
name
meaning royal,
appearance and
source of timber
Theophrastus a-
regia,
attractive
considered
<is
especially
derived
from
Geneva
as the
lead,
lor
ashes,
and earthworms,
and
the
a ipice,
it
an important
still
is
Berries are
used
to
and
liqueurs.
lor
substitute
Contra-indications
or
when
Not
be used in pregnane)
to
and
brown He
the shells
variable
turn,
gin.
an
abbreviation
-.pirit
Juniper. ()nl\
kilogram 0! the berries is
used to flavour over 100 lures
gin.
/> cription Variable, from a dense procumbent
1
sin
ub
to a
needle-like,
\2
tall
13
evergreen. Leaves
tree-;
mm
long,
>i
in
hlets.
whorls
ol
^.
bluish-white on
indistinct,
axillary,
earl)
summer: followed
diameter blue-black,
fleshy
b\
10
7.5
Mediterranean
also An in Norway to Soviet Union,
west Himalayas, North America. On
moorland, open coniferous lon-sts and
Distribution
Native
mm
3-seeded berries.
10
region;
north-
5a\
in
ary
drug
in
wounds and
toxicity,
used as a
lowed b\
distributed
Ivbamtti
tamariscifolia
cv.
prostrala
its
\l\
humans.
laic-
sprint;
fol-
mm
Distribution
moun-
Cultivation
communis
to
diameter brownish-purple,
j-seeded berries on pendulous pedil els.
7
Also
J.
lor
to the
slopes.
Gard.,
it
Due
Wild Berries collected commercially. Other forms may be used, foi example,
communis ssp. nana Syme, J. communis ssp.
/
11
of animals.
Description
tain slopes.
Be|s~
ulcers
however,
medicine
heaths,
Cultivation
in
Wild,
drown
horticultural!)
which purpose
Ait. and
fabina
hedt^e-plant, for
/'.
as
J. tabina var.
var. variegata
LAC-LAV
Constituents Volatile oil
(1-4%), similar
to that
POISONOUS
and occasion-
weak,
was used
it
an adulterant of true
as
sativa
Description
pro-
Numerous
short-stalked,
summer
appearing
yellow,
late
mid-autumn.
Distribution European native. On dry nitrogenrich soils, in wasteland and hillsides.
Cultivation Wild. Formerly cultivated on a
to
small scale.
Lactucarium,
Constituents
comprising
bitter
(including lac-
caoutchouc;
sugar;
tucerin);
traces
of
employed
L compositae
Wild Lettuce Greater Prickly
May
Lactuca virosa
Lettuce
be used
in
Contra-indications
and a closely
related species L. scariola L, was cultivated
on a small scale in western Europe as the
source of lactucarium
the dried latex which
In the nineteenth century
in the
this,
The
latex
is
very irritant to
the eyes.
Lapsana communis
This
in 1799.
Although
its
action
as
sedative
is
fairly
is
it
botanically
album does
/,.
fact that
generic
it
reflects the
name Lamium
is
is
among them.
its
Not of importance
On
sunny
positions.
Cultivation
Constituents
Wild.
Traces of essential
mucilage;
oil;
ty-
expector-
Useful internally in
cystitis,
leucorrhoea and
it
210
L compositae
Nipplewort
Nettle
is
Applied
styptic
In
the
papillaris
sixteenth
century
this
by the apothecaries,
was
called
papilla
traditionally
LAC-LAV
by
suggested
nipple-shaped
the
unopened
i"
j,
flower buds.
leaf,
Description
hairy.
and
sessile
entirely of ray
arranged
Flowers
lanceolate.
florets,
composed
in panicles,
to
From Europe
in thickets, to
an
Employed
antiseptic.
stimulant
in
freshly
dried
leaf).
Can be used
i^the
both
in
an 1800
wood
edges,
altitude.
Wild.
Unknown.
Constituents
Uses
as
northern Asia:
humus-rich moist
naturalized in America. On
on wild or cultivated land,
Cultivation
and
to
soils
and
mid-autumn.
Distribution
oil
to that of the
leaves,
(fresh
juice)
fresh
Laxative;
vulnerary.
Considered
breast.
useful
constipation
in
May
be applied
or cuts.
Native
Distribution
mediterranean region;
to
L lauraceae
Laurus nobilis
This
soils.
Laurel
an ancient aromatic plant, once dedicated to Apollo, and for thousands of years it
was considered to be a powerful antiseptic. It
is a vital ingredient of the genuine bouquet
is
garni.
Its botanical name emphasizes the respecl with
which the ancients held the plant: laurus from
the Latin meaning to praise, and nobilis
meaning renowned or famous.
This was the leal used to make the victor's
crown ol laurels in classical tunes
and the
tree was once called the baccot lauri or noble
berrv tree, from which bv direct association
with the victor's (Town the- modern French
derived.
is
lanceolate
to
oblong-lanceolate,
em
7.",
t<
mountain
elsewhere;
sheltered
sunny
l.issiliecl
and is
which
as
/..
vera
DC
and
closely related to
is
it
however,
/..
/,.
inferior
oil,
Chaix.,
officinalis
lati/olia Yill.
sometimes confused.
which is also called
ail
the
traditional herbs.
(
of
The
/..
with
latter,
spun
I.
and
ies
Iv
Uses
dried flowers;
rubefacient;
differentiated
it
is
ai
The
and
Constituents
prising
<
cineol,
e>il
eugenol,
bittei principles,
Many
3%), comterpenes;
berries)
(at
(25
oil
although
L.
angustifolia
entury.
Description
to
as a
in
mild
gastric
in
5
long, the smaller often clustered in axils,
grey-green
and tomentose.
grey-blue,
mid-summer
to
usually
mm long, in spikes on
10-20 cm long; appearing
early autumn.
15
peduncles from
Flowers
to
lotion lor
cuts.
oil is used as an insect repellent; to mask
unpleasant odours in ointments; in perfumery
as a flavouring agent.
moth
repellents
in
scented pillows,
and pot-pourris.
80
opposite, entire,
cm
autumn.
Heaves) Volatile
geraniol,
tannii ae id
\o%
or early
medicine internally
summer
antispasmodic;
diuretic.
employed
late
in folk
weak
Cultivation
used
Still
of lavender] Carminat-
sedative;
on
frost-free sites,
oil
antiseptic; stimulant;
comprising an alcohol,
a hydroxveou-
tonic
purposes,
early
acetate;
linalyl
ive-;
was
in spring,
ole; geraniol.
vi
long taken
produces
mm-diame
and
linalol,
oil.
",
cm
or
summer and
in
apart
by
cm
45
followed
Cultivation
Lavandula dentata
i.abiatae
is
one
of the least
grown indoors
is
botanical
name
which
arc
quite different
21
LAV-LEV
from those of English Lavender. The aroma of
being a
Fringed Lavender is also different
sweet blend of Rosemary and Lavender.
Description Aromatic perennial, usually shrubby from 30-80 cm tall; leaves 3-4 cm long,
green or grey, pubescent, pinnately dentate, truncately toothed. Deep lavender
flowers, 6-15
long on small, long pedlinear, light
mm
For
Perennial subshrub, 30
mm
Canary
Islands,
sites
grown
cm-i
**"
I'
in pots.
ments "nd
in scented sachets
this
reason
it
hands,
feet
still
monies.
has a
very wide
now
considered
dye
botanical
Persia.
name
Lawsonia
is
named
after the
who was
'
mm
and pot-pourris.
mm
Morocco and
Iran.
*-j
'
<E
folk
sunlight,
and
^^^^
L labiatae
French Lavender Spanish Lavender
Lavandula stoechas
This
is
known and
which was
best
as
Flores
stoechados,
sticadore
or
stoechas
arabica)
now
in conserves.
in scented
articles
Lawsonia inermis
Used
L lythraceae
Henna
as a hair, skin
and
nail dye.
LAV-LEV
arranged in whorls of 6-12 in leaf axils; appearing mid-summer to mid-autumn.
Distribution European native; introduced elsewhere. Usually rare or localized on wasteground and roadsides near ruins. On welldrained, light, calcareous soils in sunny
situations.
May
Wild.
Cultivation
be propagated by root
mid-autumn
division in
seeds easily.
Tannic
Constituents
acid
leonurinine;
alkaloid,
essential
oil
glucosides;
The combined
principle, leonurine.
an
bitter
action
is
sedative.
and
dysmenorrhoea,
useful
specifically
in
tachycardia.
May
pathically.
Contra-indications
pregnant women
name Motherwort.
to treat
Its
Jacq.j
cardiaca,
It is
is
heart,
in profusion.
American War
its
during the
of Independence it was one of
narcotic
slightly
but
qualities,
cold, wet,
sites.
closely related
called
plant, L. palustre
Description
in
also
is
similar properties.
Evergreen shrub
to
90 cm; bearing
on short
Flowers small
and
(to 12
- hence
from
while
the
the
Greek
generic
kardiaca
term,
meaning
May
be cultivated
in
Koch umbelliferae
Parsley
The
aphrodisiac.
tion
of the
The
Ligusticum,
once grew
or
a corrup-
in
after
abund-
ance.
mid-
summer, followed by
cm
wide, appearing
comprising ledol
mineral
Formerly added
to
sails
Once
beer to increase
12-*
its
in-
toxicant properties.
Contra-indications
may
alized
resin: essen-
in
Asia
as a
spring,
replanting 5
Motherwort
reached
in
Leommii
species
from
various
/..
parts
(ibiricus,
L.
glaucescens
have-
it
charm
Stem stout
and hollow, bearing large dark green long-
cold wet
name
earlier
is
Distribution
Constituents
Several
name
botanical
autumn.
tial oil,
Lovage Love
Description
is
name
Leonurus,
carried
Cultivation
its
Levisticum officinale
grows
for anxiety
Constituents
3-5
cm
deep.
Full
size
is
years.
Essential
oil
comprising mainly
sugars;
tannin;
gum; vitamin C;
coumarin.
Uses (dried root, fresh or dried plant, seed)
Diuretic; stomachic;
emmenagogue;
expect-
orant.
213
LIA-LOB
Formerly used as a diuretic, in the treatment of
rheumatism and migraine, and for bronchial
catarrh. Of use in flatulence and to promote
the appetite.
substance
to treat
still
some
root
L.
callilepis).
related
species,
L.
(liatrin),
to
The powdered
called
as a pepper.
tuberous
root;
mm
division
mm
early
in
manured, damp
spring,
soils.
exists.
Constituents
Formerly used
in
New England
as a treatment
The decoction
is
gonorrhoea.
Powdered
root
and
leaf
may
be employed in
as a diuretic, but
it
is
rather too
as
an insect repellent.
Lovage Sea
hardy
Ligusticum scoticum
The
leaf
may
be used as
a'
flavouring in soups,
in biscuits
Young
stems
may
stalks
origin,
way
it
is
which
is
responsible for
its
in
its
leaves
attractive scent.
Description
autumn.
North American native. On damp
meadows and open woods.
Distribution
soils in
Cultivation
in
early spring.
(
Constituents
214
is
so called because
larly collected
ceased
to
ance.
Description
Coarse
perennial
to
60
cm on
L umbelliferae
Parsley
This herb
compositae
Blazing Star Dense Button Snakeroot
The botanical name, Liatris, is of unknown
Liatris spicata Willd.
be employed horticulturally as
root-stock.
LIA-LOB
few segments, 3-5 cm wide, toothed on upper
half only. Flowers yellowish white, in umbels,
Pepper.
situations.
appearing
late
summer
early
to
autumn,
and
fruit
river estuaries.
May
Cultivation
Wild.
fresh seed,
and grown
be propagated from
in
damp,
slightly
shady
situations.
Constituents Essential oil,
comprising umbelli-
Diuretic; aro-
matic; carminative.
Once used medicinally as an aromatic flavouring and in the treatment of rheumatism.
Young
leaves
salad, or
The
cooked
root
as a
tobacco
Bath water
may
Cultivation
Unknown
seed
it.
century,
after poisoning
Cutler examined
and
its
anti-asthmatic proper-
was introduced to
medicine in 1829. It is now rarely used.
The generic name, Lobelia, is after the Flemish
botanist Matthias de L'Obel (1538-1616),
ties in
181
3,
the herb
British
grown
for
(Holland,
Africa), oil
murder
substitute.
nineteenth
and fibre
Middle East). Some varieties are biennial.
Seed is sown in drills in late spring or early
summer, on dryish, well-drained soils.
Constituents (seed) Fixed oil (30-40%) comprising the glycerides of linoleic, linolenic and
other fatty acids, and stearic and palmitic
acids; mucilage
(stem,
seed,
seed-oil,
is
powdered
due
oil-
The
oil
has been
It is of importance
and varnish manufacture. Fibre from
stems is very widely used in linen and
paint
the
cloth manufacture.
Although linseed
oil
injlata refers to
the
way
in
(4-6
mm
long), irregular,
Labrador
to
as a purgative in
humans,
this
while
it
is
used in veterin-
purpose.
is
combined action
dilates bronchioles
and
re-
L lobei.iaceae
Today
oil
extraction,
school
of
figure in the
herbal
promoted Lobelia
in
medicine,
the
early
and certain
Contra-indications
skin conditions.
vulsions,
215
LON-LYT
Lonicera caprifolium
L caprifoliaceae
Perfoliate Honeysuckle
Honeysuckle receives its common name from
an old habit of sucking the sweet honey-tasting
nectar from the flowers, while this species most common in southern Europe - is also
called perfoliate because its upper leaves
surround the stem.
Now widely used as a climbing or hedge plant.
Description Climbing deciduous shrub. Stems
glabrous to 6 m. Leaves opposite simple, oval.
to cm long, green above glaucous beneath;
5
similar
Appearing early
to
to
powdered sulphur.
manner
The
Description
mid-summer and
cm
long: rooting
hence
trees
The
its
sixteenth-century
or Lonitzei
relets
Lonicera,
German
thin
and
name Woodbine.
alternative
name.
generic
is
to
.1
physician, Lonicei
deciduous
Climbing,
twining,
shrub: stems to 9 in. Leaves opposite, simple.
ovate to oblong-ovate, 4 7.5 cm long; dark
green above, often glaucous or pale beneath;
Description
borne
peduncled.
terminal
-,
cm
Bracts small.
clusters.
Appearing mid-summer
to
long, corolla
many-flowered,
in
mid-autumn and
Native
to
and
fugous.
layering in late
Constituents
Distribution
layering in late
Constituents
summer.
Uses
flowering plant
Diuretic:
antiseptic:
emetic; expectorant.
Similar actions to Honeysuckle
L.
periclymenum
POISONOUS
berries.
Ex-
horticulturally:
summer. The
varieties
oar.
var. Belgica
flowering plant
Diuretic:
antiseptic:
internally
for
con-
several
ditions;
external
only
for
POISONOUS
berries:
ex-
This
2l6
Distribution
spores
Fixed
ilavatus,
is
It
which
it
(50% compris-
lycopodium
oleic
whole
muscus
carries.
plant
in
phytosterin:
acids:
2%
fruiting bodies
oil
L lycopodiaceae
Club Moss Stags-Horn Moss
Club Moss, known to apothecaries as
in
mountainous districts.
Cultivation Wild plant.
and
Lycopodium clavatum
L caprifoliaceae
Honeysuckle Woodbine
Constituents
fections.
Lonicera periclymenum
mm
autumn.
Contra-indications
Contra-indications
Aurea and
Formerly
Cultivated
Uses
Wild.
Cultivation
addition
hydrocaffeic
45
to
the
above,
weak antispasmodic.
LON-LYT
Tannic acid;
Wild.
in the treatment of
inflammatory disbladder
kidney, liver and
Use now
incontinence.
urinary
in
and
orders,
Constituents
ds.
is
Constituents
uses
may
L labiatae
Gipsywort Gypsyweed
Called Gipsywort because
More
stained
skin
their
weed.
it
was supposed
with
the
herb.
Weed
Lower
leaves
pinnate,
mm
crenate. Flowers, 3
dotted with purple,
upper
cm
leaves
numerous, in dense
whorls in upper leaf axils. Appearing late
summer to mid-autumn.
Distribution Native to Europe, western Asia:
introduced to North America. On many soil
types, but especially those which are flooded:
river margins, marshland and ditches.
Cultivation
Wild.
is
Tannic acid;
L labiatae
Virginia Bugle
Weed
is
in
the
diabetes.
was
name, Lythrum,
thiolus thought
Weed
Its
dic; hypoglycaemic.
cm
Lycopus virginicus
Bugle
which
linen.
European Gipsywort (also known as Gypsyweed and is itself sometimes called Gypsy-
Lycopus europaeus
gypsies
Virginia Bugle
a flame.
it
gland.
ignite explosively
herb;
The
powder may
to this
to the
Cultivation
Many
Still
treatment
and
its
of internal
blood after
its
is
this species.
The
generic
appearance of the
means willow)
leaves.
now
This
species
Gipsywort
[L.
is
slightly
europaeus)
more
active
than
cinally.
Perennial
Description
Stem
from
15-60
stolons
the
at
base,
cm
tall.
producing
leaves.
\\
f:
/*#&
HP B TOf
mid-autumn.
North American native; from
Labrador to Florida and British Colombia.
Distribution
On
rich,
espei iaIK
leafy
summer
to
on
mid-autumn.
Distribution
to
altitude.
Cultivation
may
fen-
land,
spring.
An
excellent
cleanser,
gargle,
and of benefit
douche
in
and
wound
diarrhoea or gastro-
in
217
MAH-MAR
Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh.) Nutt.
Description
BERBERIDACEAE
biennial.
Usually
pulled
after
reniform
leaves, 4
McMahon.
round-cordate,
long-petioled
diameter, with 5-7 crenate lobes.
Few pinkish-violet flowers, 4 cm diameter, 5-
poisons, but
Bernard
The herb was introduced into
Europe
1823,
in many European
pharmacopoeias until the nineteenth century,
and an official homeopathic preparation was
the
in
aquifolium
horticulturalist
and
is
now
often
grown
Indigenous
early
perennial,
or
cm
summer
to
mid-autumn.
Native
Distribution
to
to
mountainous regions
later thinning to 75
cm
Constituents
Mucilage;
Columbia
vitamins A,
B p B 2 C.
to
occasionally
apart.
volatile
tannin:
oil;
Roman
employed
It
it
was
also used
physicians
as
an
in early surgery.
continued to be included
introduced
in 1877.
fleshy,
ripe, or
by
division.
Constituents Alkaloids, including atropine, sco-
polamine and
action
is
hyoscyamine,
to
which the
due.
Sedative;
No
Cultivation
plant and
Wild
now
plant.
Cultivated as garden
dried leaves
temperate /ones.
Constituents Alkaloids comprising mainly berberine, berbamine and oxyacanthine.
Uses dried rhizome and root Used in digestive
complaints and for skin diseases
especially
psoriasis. Combined with Cascara uigrada for
roots)
use in constipation.
Externally
naturalized
in
Useful
in
system.
Taken
irritation
for the
of the
gastro-intestinal
bronchitis.
may
Malva
sylvestris
L Malvaceae
Common Mallow
highly res-
name
omnimorbia,
- probably because of
its
meaning
a cure-
gently purgative
Mandragora
qfficinarum
L solanaceae
Mandrake
Mandrake
is
the most
commonly
body of disease.
The common name Mallow is from the Latin
malva for soft and emollient, after the feel, and
ritual
to rid the
examby
and
orgiastic
dark ages.
It
who invested
218
cited
ful
collectors
kill
harm-
man who
its
high
MAH-MAR
The
toxicity.
had
in the
as
an
tall,
and south-east
leaves 1.5-5
Cultivation
lifting
it
Asia.
at
aphrodisiac.
Contra-indications
POISONOUS
and danger-
it.
Constituents
Nutritive:
demulcent.
mm
Appearing
nutlets.
mid-summer
mid-
to
autumn.
Native to southern and central
Europe, North Africa, Asia; introduced elsewhere, often widespread. On dry grassland or
pastures, field edges and wasteland, in warm
Distribution
fibre.
The powdered rhizome was applied to poisonous bites and wounds in some tropical
situations.
countries.
Cultivation
Of
Marrubium
remedy from
present day.
is
still
as a
cough
included in the
generic name.
Pliny
and
mon name
hunt
widely
distributing
Marrubium, was
first
it.
is
The
used by
meaning
com-
downy
cm
thinning to 30
in
May
in late spring,
summer.
Uses
gardens,
(dried
flowering
dried
plant,
leaves)
The herb
also be
liar
plant.
30-60 cm
Useful
in
specifically
many
in
respiratory
bronchitis
disorders,
but
action, suitable
nervous tachycardia.
May be applied externally to minor cuts and
certain skin conditions. Laxative in large doses.
Leaves may be used powdered as a bitter
condiment, or whole as a tisane and in the
Supplies of Arrowroot
from Jamaica
at
first
reached Europe
cial
The
crop
in
generic
Georgia,
name
is
in
the
alter
B.
United States.
Maranta, six-
teenth-ceniury Venetian botanist and physician; arundinacea relets to the reed-like shape
ol
the plant.
thin, reed-like,
oblong,
and
petiolate,
to
cm wide
on long thin
-,
30
cm
long
pedum
Few
les.
America, from
219
MAT-MEL
L compositae
Matricaria recutita
Wild Chamomile
German or Wild Chamomile was previously
called
M.
it
sometimes
called Sweet False Chamomile. Although now
is
also
it is
considered slightly inferior to Roman Chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) - even its aroma
being somewhat less pronounced - there is no
certainty
tions
doses
it is
disorders,
German Chamomile
emetic.
common
cold; a
weak
Although
C. nobile
disorders.
purposes.
Employed as a tisane.
Widely employed as an
womb,
after
its
use
is
flavouring
in
alcoholic
certain
drinks.
anti-allergic agent in
female complaints.
Description Aromatic glabrous annual to 60 cm
stems erect, much-branched, bearing 2-3
pinnate leaves with almost filiform segments.
Flower-heads pedunculate, single at branch-
shampoos, and
for treating
let
cosmetic preparations.
constituent of
some
liquid
lotions. Highlights
fair hair.
in
The
many
plant
Europe
when
different forms.
was
not
known
in
north-west
century however,
The
vated.
nutritive
field,
it is
uses
of great nutritional
mid-autumn
or sometimes later.
Indigenous to Europe, northern
Asia, naturalized in North America; widespread on wasteland, farmland and in gardens.
Cultivation Wild.
Cultivated and collected
commercially in central Europe. Propagate
from seed sown thinly in the autumn, or with
to
less
75%) compris-
(chamazulene),
azulene
ing
farnesene,
a-
methoxycoumarin,
salicylic acid;
tane;
fatty
furfural
acids
to
also apigenin
and flavonic
The anti-inflammatory
a-bisabolol,
spasmolytic
but
action
antiseptic action
due
action
also
due
to
heterosides.
due mainly
chamazulene;
is
dicyclic
to
to several
ether;
components.
antispasmodic;
carminative.
Of
220
Distribution
substance, coumestrol.
region
and
western
Asia;
naturalized
in
North America. Now worldwide in distribution, especially on dry, light or chalky soils.
Cultivation Wild as an escape. Many strains
exist and the form of the plant depends on the
variety grown. Very widely cultivated as
fodder and for commercial purposes. Seed
sown in late spring after risk of frost has passed,
preferably on calcareous loam, which is free of
weeds and prepared to a fine tilth. When
grown commercially, seed is usually inocu-
abortifacient.
Of
benefit
as
tonic
and
promotes appetite and leads to weight inA very rich source of vitamin C, when
crease.
used fresh.
May
be applied
externally
to
aid
wound
healing.
Used
The
as a beverage.
leaf is
employed
as a salad herb, or
cooked
as a vegetable.
The
is
The
Digitalis.
lated
drine;
meaning white
from the Greek for
black and white, after the trunk and bark
colours of one of the species.
The word Cajuput is derived directly from the
local Malaysian name kqyu-puti which means
white wood - another reference to the colour.
The oil was first noticed by Rumphius in the
bitter
principle;
hormonal
the specific
tree,
name
leucadendron
while melaleuca
is
MAT-MEL
seventeenth century
late
who
bark;
peeling
bearing
1.5-2
leaves,
long.
Medic, leguminosae
Melilotus alba
ointments
Clover/
Bokhara Clover
This is the taller of the common melilots and
although of little benefit to man directly it is of
great importance as an agricultural fodder
crop, honey plant and cover crop for green
manuring. Spoiled White Sweet Clover may
sometimes cause cattle poisoning due to the
presence of large quantities of dicoumarol,
which delays blood coagulation and leads to
severe, often internal, haemorrhage. Evidence
suggests the cultivated races of the herb have
small pods.
capsules.
Distribution
sia
swamps.
especially
Cultivation
mm
Constituents
Uses
comprising
and
leaves
occasionally
(oil,
cineole
(60"
treatment of
oil
Of
and
for the
some
Used externally
in
oils for
rheumatic pain;
in various liniments;
and
scabies;
treat
to
in
cavities
to
relieve pain.
tea
Oil
is
and
is
also
All
essential
is
of commercial
importance
as
The
and
reflects the
coumarin
Known
not
now used
very widely.
cm; stems
leaflets.
narrow
axillary
summer
to early
mm
autumn.
Coumarin and
related substances,
the leaves.
Contra-induations
in
It
Constituents
made from
used only
botic preparation
Distribution
stimulant-rubbing
tooth
officinalis
digestive dis-
orders.
Common
denticulate
removal of roundworms.
benefit internally in
and
honey plant.
is
ant.
in the
skin
antibacterial ac-
tivity.
Of
weak
twigs)
to
complaints. Possesses
should be
spasmodic; antibiotic.
Formerly used in a wide range of conditions.
Distribution
alized in
introduced
varieties
states;
weedy wastelands,
nitrogenous
herb,
M.
Hubam
soils in
alba
sunny
var.
elsewhere.
In
on stony and
situations.
An annual
Wild.
Cultivation
especially
annua
variety of this,
Coe,
also
called
Constituents
Coumarin and
related substances;
Dicoumarol
acts as a vitamin
fixed
oil.
antagonist,
nerary.
America
22
MEL-MEN
May be taken regularly to help prevent
thrombosis; also to treat bronchial catarrh and
flatulence. Externally applied to wounds and
skin inflammations
on inflamed
eyes.
The
activity.
Formerly used
in
smoking tobacco.
May be employed
some meat
in
dishes, for
Distribution
and widespread
on nutrient-rich
soils in
required
clothes.
comprising
common
sunny position.
Cultivation Wild. Cultivated commercially and
horticulturally from seed sown in mid to late
spring (slow germination) or by root division
in spring or autumn. Prefers rich, moist soil in
sunny position with some shade; some shelter
example, rabbit.
Limited cosmetic use where hay-like aroma is
required. Repels moths and is used to protect
Contra-indications
in
to frost.
in cooler climates, as
variegated form
it is
susceptible
exists.
aniol; tannins
(5%
and
ger-
succinic acid.
L labiatae
Balm Lemon Balm/Common Balm
Melissa
officinalis
bee plant.
for
modern botanical
Its
name,
The Arabs introduced
specifically of benefit in
and
it
bites.
medicinal herb
anxiety or depression,
it
as a
Balm
ever since.
its
name The
de
Balm
its
France.
is
alter
its
lost,
together with
value, on drying
much
and
of
its
therapeutic
storing.
ing tops,
is
slightly toxic.
Wide
flavour
is
common
required.
An
tisane.
herb mixtures
for
greenish-yellow,
dentate,
to
7.5
cm
dentate or crenate-
long;
lemon
scented.
Flowers
which
is
sometimes
and rather
lilac
florescence, 4
this.
Distribution
mid-autumn.
It is
This
rarely
many
in
cm
Appearing
2-6 cm
long.
late
Native
summer
to
to late autumn.
Europe and naturalized
On
beside
soils,
crisp;
in distinct varieties.
of
oil
Spearmint.
Description Strong-smelling perennial; variable
in form. Angular, glabrous or pubescent,
much-branched stem to
m, on stolons.
Leaves opposite, serrate, decussate, ovate,
petiolate,
plant
is
to exist
The
as a strewing herb.
Water Mint
A very variable
considered
Water Mint
streams,
in
ditches
and
wet
on
Wild.
May
be propagated by stolon
wet.
oil)
slightly astringent.
Of benefit
as a
warm
infusion in disturbances
common
cold
and
in
employed
in the
colds.
May
Mav
be taken as a tisane.
be employed with discretion
in
scented
articles.
Once used
as a strewing herb.
Contra-indications
222
MEL-MEN
Mentha x
piperita
L labiatae
Cultivation
Peppermint
Peppermint
herbs, but
1696
when
is
it
now one
was not
of the best
known of all
Dr
704 Ray
called the
as
cially
and horticulturally
in
many
commer-
parts of the
autumn and
cm deep. Water
replant
scent.
Description
well in
30 cm apart, 5
ordinary garden situations; replace after 5
years. Does not breed true if raised from seed.
comprising
Constituents Volatile oil (to 2
compounds.
Uses
(fresh
or
dried
plant,
oil)
Aromatic
where.
On
rich,
partial shade.
Cultivation
Botanically
the
herb
represents
hybrid
exist as
(forma rubescens
and by
two main
aquatica
irregularly
spike 37.5
mid-autumn.
European Dative; widelv distributed and often naturalized. In sunn) 01
to
Distribution
damp
found neat
habitation.
it
is
also
soils;
moist
soils
in conditions of
cm
Used sparingly
in
tisanes, jellies,
drinks, or salads.
May
be employed
in a
cosmetic articles.
L labiatae
Mentha pulegium
required.
Well-known culinary
uses.
The
oil
may
cause allergic
reactions.
Mentha x piperita
LABIATAE
Mauve
deep.
ally.
Contra-indicatwns
l n -
cm
1.5-4
flowers in
common
name
Wild only
Ehr.
var. citrata
Briq.
many
ceremonies.
de Cologne Mint
( hrange Mint
This mint is one of the most attractivelv
scented of all herbs and should occupy a place
in every herb garden. The aroma is. however,
it
is
variously des-
is
pulegium which
the insects.
the
superficial
it
inc.
that
tltis
cllcct
dose of the
oil
is
which
is
kidney damage.
The plant can therefore be used as a flavouring
agent, but only when the concentration of
pulegone does not exceed 20 mg in
kg of the
to irreversible
I.
Description
Aromatu
perennial
and
uses.
with
much
Wild.
Commercial
cultivation
223
MEN-MOR
Grown
limited.
cool
in
zones,
planting out
early
in
is
more
fore
employed
and M.
rotundifolia
autumn
or spring, or from
summer.
Constituents Volatile oil (0.5-1%) comprising a
ketone, pulegone (80-90%), to which the
action is largely due; also menthone; /?-
far
kitchen.
be
spicata,
but
'Bowles
is
known
usually
Variety.
An
grown
as a
Description
is
as
M.
attractive
commonly
garden ornamental.
Aromatic pubescent perennial on
May
be used
in
minor
Vi
gastric disturbances,
and menstrual
somewhat branch-
common
Fresh leaves
irritations
may
and
it is
it
stolon
division
in
acts as a rube-
facient.
May
ries
The modern
the herb.
The
may
been used
as a
Contra-indications
genito-urinary
uterine
May
Somewhat
tract
in
irritant
possibly
movements; not
nancy, or
it
has
to
the
dye plant.
to
causing reflex
be used in preg-
kidney disease.
224
on
rotundifolia (L)
its
It
reflect the
spear or spike-like
Huds. labiatae
Apple Mint Round-leaved Mint
Apple Mint is so-called simply because
aroma is a combination of mint and apples.
Mentha
for
oil is
and
and confectionery.
Menyanthes
trifoliata
Buckbean Marsh
L menyanthaceae
Trefoil/Bog Bean
is
the old Greek name for an
and distinctive herb, common loand sometimes extensive in shallow water
Mmyanthes
attractive
common name,
and
sachets.
repellent.
Wide culinary
cold beverages,
flavouring.
drawer
The
autumn.
cold.
insect bites, as
by
true.
Constituents
Uses
Propagate
leafy
cally
in
many
Its
now
is
less
than 200
trifoliate leaves
with
MEN-MOR
on petioles
the base
to
25
cm
and surrounded by
bracts. Leaflets
on
mm long,
long
scapes;
summer.
varieties
is
Cam-
is
agogue; expectorant.
May
be
used
less
skin problems.
Purple Bergamot
America
temperate
northern
principles,
loganine,
meliatine;
sweroside,
malic acid.
Uses (dried leaves, occasionally dried whole
plant Bitter tonic emmenagogue stomachic.
line; resin;
The
fresh plant
tic.
Now
of greatest
benefit
as a cathar-
secretions,
gastro-
and
biliary
as
appetite.
it
It
has
is
of
Monardes, and
is
closely related to
\M.
fistulosa
L)
Wild or
which is
many American
households.
Aromatic, usually glabrous perennial from 40-100 cm tall; stems erect, acutely
quadrangular, bearing opposite, serrate, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate dark green, often redtinged, leaves to 15 cm long. Flowers scarletDescription
red,
4-5 cm
relieve
to
nausea,
headaches and
success,
chial catarrh
to
tea
colds.
It
is
also
to Siberia includ-
Native
as
Distribution
Carminative; stimulant;
oil)
rubefacient;
May
be taken as a
tea,
for
in
salads.
Useful
in
wide
very
range
of
scented
articles.
Once an ingredient of
The oil is sometimes used
Morns
nigra
hair
in
preparations.
perfumery.
L moraceae
Common Mulberry
Morus and morarius were the classical Latin
names for the Mulberry and come from the
Latin verb meaning to delay after the tree's
Mulberry
Black or
as
fruits
known
to
them, namelv
summer
to mid-autumn.
North American
native, from
Ontario to Georgia: naturalized in South
America. On moist nutrient-rich soils preferring shade but tolerating full sun: especially
deciduous woodland.
Cultivation Wild. Cultivated throughout the
world as a horticultural plant; occasionally
wild as an escape. Many horticultural forms
exist Propagate from seed sown in spring or by
root division in spring; succeeds best on lighl
soils and may be a vigorous grower. Cut back
each autumn and replace after 3 years.
Constituents Volatile oil comprising compounds
related 10 thymol; tannic acid.
Uses (fresh or dried flowering plant; someDistribution
fit;,
century
M.
alba L.
value in amenorrhoea, and possesses some antihelmintic activity. The root has been used
externally to treat obstinate skin complaints.
serrate,
lout;,
in
may
Contra-indications
Not
to
be used
ma\
cause-
numerous, consisting of
2 stigmas. Fruit to 3
in
the-
treat-
Bee Baim/Oswego
wicle-K
cm
purplish red.
Native
to
/ones.
ea
ultl\ ale-el
Cultivation
areas that
frost.
Reel
Red Bergamot
somewhat
plant
arc-
by layering
Requires a loamy
spiint; or
in
ing.
soil in
Constituents
(fruit)
warm
Sugar (lO%);
position.
malic-
acid
225
MYR-MYR
(2%); pectin; gum; vitamin C.
Uses (fresh fruit, root bark and occasionally
helmintic.
On poor, sandy, well-drained soils, but frequently near swamps or marshland. In coniferous woodland and thickets near the sea.
Cultivation Wild.
Constituents (berries) Myrica wax, comprising
Now
glycerides of palmitic,
and myristic
stearic
serves.
(root bark)
May
be used as a dyestuff.
gent resin;
Myrica
Wax
cerifera
L myricaceae
(root
fresh
leaves)
Astringent;
weak diaphoretic;
gargle,
sore
throats,
May
colitis,
feverish conditions.
mem-
and medicinal
now unused
M.
cerifera
employed
in the
leucorrhoea
diarrhoea,
the
as a
treatment of
and
be used internally
common
ulcers
res-
mucous
cold and
for
cause flatulence.
Large
emetic;
doses
may
3-7.5
cm
long.
Uses
berries;
M.
similar to
cerifera
(Wax
Myrtle),
leaves)
volatile oil.
berries'
may
as a spice in soups
and
stews. Berries
can be
similarly used.
and may
Wax may
myristicaceae
Mace Nutmeg
The
L myricaceae
Bog Myrtle Sweet Gale
Myrica gale
Bog Myrtle was once one of the many important herbs used in northern Europe to flavour
beer, and was both widely collected and
protected by law.
the coronation of
The
and destroy
insects,
name
and began a
spice
branchlets reddish and growing almost vertically, bearing grey-green oblanceolate, glan-
meat
dishes.
Description
15
mm
Deciduous shrub
to
to
1.5
tall;
226
damp,
Constituents
Fragrant perennial evergreen (occasionally semi-deciduous or deciduous) dioecious shrub (1-3 m) or evergreen tree (to 10
m), much branched with pubescent, somewhat rough branchlets bearing glandular, entire or occasionally serrulate oblong-lanceo-
Description
Dried leaves
wax, occasionally
pectively.
a constituent of
to
berries'
bark,
Uses
due
Myrtle Bayberry/Candleberry
Both the
gum;
Aromatic
flattened berries.
illusions.
to
These
effects
be caused by a proto-
which
is
a
to
MYR-MYR
Description
Tall,
bushy, glabrous,
dioecious,
m. Leaves yellowish,
evergreen tree to
coriaceous, petiolate elliptic - or oblonglong,
lanceolate, 5-12 cm long. Flowers 6
in axillary umbels; followed by nearly globular
or pear-shaped, red or yellow, pedunculous
fruit which splits on maturing to release the
ovoid seed (Nutmeg) surrounded by a scarlet
aril (Mace).
Distribution Indigenous to the Molucca Islands; introduced and widespread in the
tropics. Frequently on volcanic soils in shade
12
mm
appearing early
large (2-2.5
cm
mid-spring; followed by
to
ridged brown
l n g)
On
grassy
in
soils,
mountainous regions;
hedgerows, often in
shady sites, but
prefers
mid
shade; transplant to 45
cm
Cultivation
in East
and
bluish berries.
Distribution
Volatile
Asia,
citric
acid
(515%)
oil
to mediterranean region
growing to 800 m altitude;
Native
introduced elsewhere.
Cultivation Wild. Cultivated as a garden plant
against south-facing walls in all except the
warmest south European sites. Requires full
sun and well-drained, medium rich soil.
Propagate from woody cuttings, taken in
Constituents
and western
West
Description
high; occasionally
fruit.
flower-buds,
oil
fresh
flowers,
occasionally
oil)
ally,
aril,
occasionally
aromatic; stimulant.
Used
oil]
corrhoea,
acting as a
Carminative;
the
Contra-induations
oil,
in small doses to
POISONOUS.
n.m
Us.
apart. Taproots
may
be
lifted,
corns.
The
root,
established.
comprising anethole.
and
weak
Weak
Once an
and
They may
in
name
many
of
aroma
myrrhis
odorata
its
name
first
is
used
leaf.
was known as
by Dioscorides
it
for
this
particular
honey plant.
useful
An
in
common.
species.
leaves
pudenda
perennial on
stems 60-100
pale beneath,
grooved,
cm
tall.
hollow, branching
Leaves bright green,
soft, thin, 2
or 3-pinnate to 30
cm
final 10
salads.
aniseed-like
be crushed
as pepper-
also be
Sweet Cicely
Its
may
same way
sweet conserves
as a spice in the
May
and used
of the stomach.
fruit
Myrrh
mucous membranes
the
British
externally to bruises
lauric
Venus,
bear
resemblance
to
the
female
that
it
has
been considered
as
an
home-made cosmetic
recipes.
227
NAS-OLE
Nasturtium
officinale
R.Br cruciferae
Nepeta cataria
Watercress
Watercress is so common that its valuable
medical and dietic values are often forgotten,
even though for centuries it was an official
medicine. Nasturtium is from the Latin nasi
distortion
or
tortium
pungent
of the
nose,
after
its
taste.
Description
Although
Catmint
freely
rooting,
mid-autumn.
European native; world-wide introduction and widespread naturalization. In
ditches, streams to 2500 m altitude.
Cultivation Wild, and world-wide commercial
cultivation as a salad herb. Easily propagated
by stem or root cuttings, taken at any time and
to
Distribution
rooted in water.
moist garden
soil
pungency then
the
Constituents
amide a
;
cats
and
many
con-
aroma,
it is
commonly
Cats frequently damage
for this
reason
with
this
by
relished
succulent
mer
alba L nymphaeaceae
White Water Lily
Nymphaea
creeping
or
L labiatae
Catnip Catmint/Catnep
now
40-100 cm
mid-autumn.
and calcium.
many
Asia.
May
be propagated from
rooted in a peat
and sand mix under glass or by root division in
Cultivation
Wild.
cuttings taken in
summer and
spring or autumn.
comprising thymol,
and nepeacid; also tannic acid. Antispasmodic
Constituents
Volatile
oil
oil
content.
minative;
and diarrhoea.
common
It
is
cold, irritability
stimulant
tea.
Once smoked
may
but
this
smoked.
228
first
\
modern
odorata
Aix
similar,
but
Lily:
is
the
fragrant,
more
it
has
mm
with hone\.
May
retained as the
summer
still
is
French
Arabic
It
name Nenuphar
late,
volatile oil
from
to
attributes
summer
Numerous medicinal
similar
mm
Leaves
3-7 cm long, coarsely serrate, whitish beneath,
grey-green above, ovate or oblong-ovate,
petiolate. Flowers white, dotted with purple, or
purple, 6
long, in crowded terminal whorls
and spiked axillary whorls. Appearing midtall.
increases.
Vitamins A, B 2 C, D, E; nicotin-
glucoside, gluconasturtin
Constituents
Alkaloids,
especially
nupharine;
Weak
as-
NAS-OLE
A
may
decoction
throats, a
douche
much
an eye-
diluted, as
reduce libido.
Well-cooked leaves once eaten as a vegetable.
Fresh root once used as a soap substitute.
Provides a dark brown dyestuff.
after
medium-rich
soil
Varieties exist
in full sun.
content.
meat
and
fish
in soups,
particularly
dishes;
Evening Primrose ha. ecently received attenfrom pharmaceutical concerns who dis-
tion
covered that
it
of reducing
is
<>l
leaves
freshly picked
lettuce-leaved
.1
variety,
oil
taste.
climates in wintei
is
an
abbreviation
ol
bo
phuton.
cm
tall,
reddish
in
purplish,
3-5 em
lout;
often slightly
colour.
in
mid-summer
to
mid-autumn.
Distribution
Native
to
southern
or
clotting
attack.
eruptions,
medicine.
In
but
it
The
less
St, 11
is
emu
/>
well-known
phosphorescent
that
tact
the petals
annual,
in
Asia,
parts
ol
Introduced
Iran,
Africa
else-
to
1.25
bearing
petiolate
leaves
cm
long.
Mowers
verj
L oleaceae
Olea europaea
The Olive
is
well
known from
frequent refer-
whom
it
symbolized
peace.
varieties
much-branch-
all
Olive
cm
It
and
for
now
reason
this
exist;
many
some providing
different
oil
and
and with
salads
The
drinks.
Romans knew
while
spikes,
meaning
-)
permanent
sunn)
position.
varietie-s
cially in
hairy forms.
years
arise-
be
the
May
light at night.
Biennial, or occasionally
upturn
Cultivation
Africa,
compound capable
of blood
compressed
rate
substances,
It
is still
possesses a
the
unknown anticoagulant
exist
Constituents
Readily
self-sown.
Several
including large-flowered
and
the
Unsatutated
lam
acids;
as olea
from oleum
375
clrupe-
,5
Distribution
seed)
it
oil,
cm
Native
long.
to
mediterranean region,
introduced elsewhere-.
229
OPH-OXA
Wild only as an escape. The wild
parent of the Olive is considered to be Olea
europaea var. oleaster DC, which may be
differentiated by its thorny branches, wider
leaves and smaller fruit. Cultivated commerCultivation
Iberian
by
Propagated
grafting
from
or
suckers;
Constituents
salts,
particularly calcium;
occasionally
fruit,
(oil,
B 2 and PP
B,
leaves)
fresh
The
weakly astringent.
used internally as a physical laxative
oil is
in chronic constipation,
and
as
reduces the
it
it
as a perennial in
fens.
Wild
Cultivation
Constituents
hardy annual
plant.
Unknown.
warm
later thinning to 25
and
glass
plant
cm
40
Annual Marjoram
acid.
for
peptic
Externally
ulcers.
it
may
be
more
The
active substances.
been used
in a decoction for
They may
also
wound
and have
treatment.
hypotensive activity.
its
many
centuries for
its
name
The
oil is
is
also
L ophioglossaceae
botanical
names
refer to
glossa
ophis
wound-healing herb
it is
now
only of historical
root-stock; to 20
230
cm
septic.
dis-
minutes of cooking.
German name
is
emphasized by the
orders,
Employed
May
as a tisane.
scented articles.
small and
insignificant,
cm
l n g-
white
to
Flowers
pink,
in
Appearing
ized
late
in
spikes,
summer
south-west
in
region, central
On
interest.
Description
Weak
antispasmodic;
carminative;
choleretic; aromatic; weak hypotensive; anti-
knot-like
spherical
common and
the
(fresh
elliptic, entire
Adder's Tongue
from
Uses
expectorant;
greyish-pubescent, 0.75-3
Both the
a very old
j;
Description Spicy
active ingredients.
Ophioglossum vulgatum
is
terpineol,
treat
out
Constituents Essential
it
zones;
Europe and
L labiatae
Sweet Marjoram Knotted Marjoram/
Origanum majorana
Moench.
temperate
sis
regions or as a half-
cooler
in
to
Africa,
mediterranean
sunny
soils,
positions.
Cultivation
America, central
mediterranean region. Grown horticulturally
cially in Asia,
Origanum
onites
L labiatae
Pot Marjoram
This
is
also
from the
classical
first century. This species was not cultivated very widely in north-west Europe or
America, and was only introduced to Great
Britain in the eighteenth century. Pot Mar-
the
joram
is
inferior to
is
now
is
required for
ornamental purposes.
Description Aromatic perennial on erect tomentose
or hirsute stems to 30
cm
tall;
leaves
OPH-OXA
Appearing
cluster.
summer
late
mid-
May be used
to flav
Europe,
to
autumn.
Distribution
Native
to Sicily, south-east
well-drained
hillsides.
Prefers
sun and
full
soils in
upper
leaves
or corymbose clusters,
altitude.
Not used
medicinal purposes.
Employed in cooking as a substitute For Swcd
Marjoram, although its flavour is inferior.
Variegated forms may be used as garden
ornamentals.
Far
On
East.
but
gravelly
dry,
usually
nutrient-rich
especially
positions;
clearings
hedgebanks,
cm
apart.
southern
Italy.
The nature
composition and
the
in
oil
to that
I
to
Essential
plant; vulgare
Description
after
ol tin
tin
attractive
bushy flowering
means common.
hairy aromatk
l.ini
(to 15",,
to
2000
oil
(0.5%) comprising
oil)
ory.
Useful
specifically
for
gastro-intestinal
or
and
colic or indigestion.
all\
in
May
be used extern-
where an
Weakly sedative
antiseptic action
he generk
oros
woodland
Several
in
L oxalidaceae
cultivated
thymol
commercially in
North America. Propagate from seed sown in
late spring on warm site, later thinning to 30
Constituents
and
or
warm
in
Collected commercially in
Wild.
Italy,
collet ted
mm
calcareous
soils
Cultivation
region,
6-8
on short spikes
appearing late summer
mid-autumn.
European native; also in Iran,
Middle East and Himalayas. Introduced to
southern
still
Wood
to
mediterranean
Oxalis acetosella
rose-
Distribution
for
supplies are
long,
cm
Flowers
reddish.
often
Cultivation
late,
as a tisane
our beer.
is
required.
in nervous headaches or
Aids digestion.
commercial and domestic ulmary use as
irritability.
Wide
a flavouring, especially in
<
stuffings.
perennial,
231
PAE-PAP
reaching 5-8 cm. Pale green leaves composed
of 3 obcordate leaflets on long petiole. Flowers
5-petalled, white tinged with purple veins and
yellow flecks at corolla base, solitary on long
appearing
peduncles;
spring
late
to
early
summer.
Europe, north and
central Asia, Japan; introduced elsewhere. On
acidic, humus-rich moist soils in mixed or
deciduous woodland shade, to 2000 m.
Cultivation Wild plant. Cultivated by root
Native
Distribution
to
status
of P.
Western
officinalis
folk medicine,
declined
rapidly in
but the herb is still
especially so.
Only
to
be used by medical
personnel.
Ginseng
Description Perennial
and composed of 8
centuries.
is
reflected
weakly antipyretic.
The word
Ginseng
Once used
elsewhere.
Schin-seng,
meaning man
division in spring.
Constituents
to
which the
Uses
fresh
and
leaves
root-stock)
alcohol consumption.
Now
an external application
scabies,
and
of the leaves
Diuretic;
as a gargle.
may
be used
and
after excess
principally used as
treatment of
Small quantities only
for the
in salads or sauces.
Paeonia
officinalis
L paeoniaceae
included
in
many
Known
as paeonia,
it
was
petals
Propagated by division of
root-stock in early autumn or from seed sown
in spring on deeply-dug, well-manured soil.
Once established, it must not be moved.
Wild.
in
its
botanical
and 5
petal-like sepals, to 20 cm diameter. Appearing
early summer to early autumn*
Distribution Native to southern Europe from
France to Albania, and western Europe.
Widely introduced as garden ornamental
attractive
man,
human
heteroside.
The
recently
stimulates
uterine
Cultivation
Several forms
plena
exist,
and Rosea
Constituents
essential oil;
plena.
alkaloid
is
vasoconstrictive:
may
and
contractions,
varicose
veins
and haemorrhoids.
May
now
be
rarely
used.
Contra-indications
POISONOUS,
the
flowers
ginseng
A.
Mey and
P.
classified as P.
schinseng
Nees.
leaflet
finely
thin,
acuminate, 8-13
cm
serrate,
gradually
single
terminal ped-
central nervous
panaxin; panax acid:
a
(with hypoglycaemic activity
glycoside, panaquilon (acting as a vasocon-
saponin,
ols;
Used
232
PAE-PAP
and physical
efficiency
the patient
exposed
is
is
required, or where
and external
to internal
such as ageing,
surgery or disease.
Contra-indications
pression, insomnia
China
teas
to
to
Panax
pseudoginseng
L papaveraceae
Papaver rhoeas
Corn Poppy
Corn Poppv
as
Panax
pseudoginseng,
1718,
now
when
its
first
unknown
practically
in its
natural wild
Perennial
Description
aromatic,
12.5-45
occasionally
cm
bifurcated,
ta "
on
spindle-
simple-, erect,
Field Poppy/Flanders
Poppy
petals
for
this
species,
its
being
action
cm
branched annual
Distribution
especially
700
after
soils
soil
disturbance.
or loam, in
warm
On
altitude.
Cultivation
Wild
plant.
Constituents (flower)
Pigments comprising
adine, rhoeagenine
in single
in long.
ing
either
positions; to
minate. 8
90
sessile,
to
chalky
tin
mu-
Uses
and wine.
Seed
is
Poppy seed
oil
is
used in cooking.
Papaver somniferum
L papaveraceae
The abuse
and distribution.
America and other nations have recently
attempted to dissuade Turkish farmers, for
example, from cultivating it on so large a scale,
for it presents a formidable problem of drug
abuse - and is therefore an extremely lucrative
crop.
similar.
as a
cine
Opium Poppy
Wallich.
American Ginseng
irritable coughs.
chitis
Quebec
Panax pseudoginseng.
Constituents
Similar
and particularly
Distribution
fresh,
dried
and rhoearubine.
flowers
rarely;
Sedative;
killers,
since
the
opium
earliest
or latex
is
he plant's specific
name
somniferum
means
sleep inducing.
Description
Of
pain
all
substance
antispasmodic diaphoretic.
benefit in colic, anxiety, tonsillitis, bron-
has,
morphine ~ a
which has not been artificially
synthesized
and opium which has been
employed in medicine in the eastern mediterranean, the Middle East and western Asia,
greatest
tall;
stem
233
PAR-PET
only at the base, sometimes slightly hairy;
bearing glossy, cordate, unequal, coarsely
leaves
7.5-10
cm
10-25
dentate leaves,
usually clasping.
cm
pink or purple
markings. Sometimes red or purple. Appearing
late summer to early autumn and followed by
usually white or lilac with
& Koch
urticacae
cm
12% morphine;
Opium
oil)
of cough, and
now
capsules of the
ally to sprains
may
on bread and
cakes.
products: a culinary
oil
(olivette),
and an
Dried capsules
arrangements.
Contra-indications
dried
flower
DANGEROUS. To
be used
are
used
234
in
pneumonitis.
L passifloraceae
species are
predominantly of sub-
named
is
of sulphur.
the crucifixion.
erect
cm
summer
artists' oil.
is
properties,
Narcotic
alkaloidal
effective
in the
much more
alkaloid
is
is
fresh plant
tropical
substances)
The
Passiflora incarnata
lecithin.
An
pyelitis.
drugs.
Passiflora
content, and
sedative.
Employed
sensitivity
(capsules)
25%
Demul-
cause allergic
At least 25 alkaloids
mainly comprising morphine (0.1-0.3%),
also codeine, papaverine, narcotine, meconic
60%);
Contra-indications
apart.
in mid-spring, plant in
soil.
ples; flavones;
sufferers; this
Divide root-stock
classified as P. officinalis L.
Constituents
walls.
to
Distribution
tall.
mid-autumn.
European native. Beneath or
on strong, woody,
climbing by means
of axillary tendrils. Leaves serrate, 3-lobed,
cordate, petiolate, 7.5-12.5 cm long. Flowers
Description Perennial vine
hairy stem 6
cm
m tall,
cm
700 m altitude.
Cultivation Wild. May be grown on low stone
Distribution
To
to 10
and followed by
rows.
4-7.5
in the
after the
in
summer
diameter.
Introduced
Native
to
to
Bermuda and
elsewhere.
On
PAR-PET
New
fruit
commonly
is
the
P.
var.
sativa
spring and
lift
root in
(0.03% ); pectin;
marin, bergaptene
Uses
and flowering
effects
employed
are
in
The
fruit
is
in
commercial
drinks
in
vitamin
furo-cou-
aromatic;
Diuretic;
and
to
promote appetite.
may
employed
and
some
geraniaceae
countries.
Contra-indications Sedative.
To
be taken only
Pastinaca saliva
L umbelliferae
Roman
word
It
for related
dishes.
P. odoratissimum:
of mistaking
various
tonic
refreshing,
edible,
(to 0.2
root)
leaf,
oil;
neuralgias.
employed
(fresh
seed in
tops, fruit)
anodyne
Sow
autumn.
essential
Ehrh.
hortensis
soil.
acugin.
Uses (dried fruiting
saliva
unknown
Description
cm
Eurasian
native.
Naturalized
in
until
1847
when
their potential in
perfumery
nearly
so.
cm
oil
is
and
industry,
on short-peduncled, dense
is
may
Dried leaves
ations.
An
devil's hat.
i's.
1685 Schroder described several preparations from this plant for use against the
Plague: they included the juice extracted from
the root; an alcoholic extract; the fresh leaves
On
folk
soils in lull
sun.
loamy
medic
Widely cultivated as
house
plant. Cultivated commercially in the warmer
louth-west mediterranean region, central and
southern Africa and Reunion. In coolei
temperate /ones grow as tender perennial,
sinking pots in the garden during the summer,
.1
pinkish
reeping,
hollow,
purplish
flowers
appear
flowers
are
,i<
Mm,
are
oil,
employed
in
h-s
Male and
stems.
violet
and the
female
both
plants;
different
pinkish
Volatile
on
comprising mainly
geraniol, also linalol, geranyl tiglate, citronellol, eitronella lorminate and iso-meni hone.
I,
(fresh
short-stalked,
Uses
now
inc.
astringent
oil distilled
is
Description
Cultivation Wild.
Constituents
indicate
in these large
In
elsewhere.
well-drained,
Schcrb.
plant. Butterbur
dryish,
May &
Gaertn.,
C.UMPOS11AE
Distribution
.mil
be employed in a variety of
umbels.
oil
of Rose.
that butter
Description
ing woody, to
The
12
latter arc
on
spike-like
mm wide and
mm wide
3-6
European
native;
on
wet,
Wild.
onstituents Inulin;
mucilage;
cal-
rivers,
an
essential
235
PET-PHY
an alkaloid.
petasitine;
rhizome,
(dried
Uses
fresh
or
weak
diuretic;
expectorant;
antispas-
used as an antispasmodic
tract infections
and
for
in
Once
coughs, urinary
stammering.
stalked,
rm
mm
as the
West
Indies).
u
,
*A
"
<
\^\&mki^M?44.
j*
.vwVK^hB
Nyman
UMBELLIFERAE
Parsley
The Greeks
differentiated
between
Marsh
Romans
Today Parsley is
known of all garnishing herbs in the
West, and a number of varieties exist. Columas apium - or Parsley.
the best
was the
first to
mention a curly
form - the type now favoured in Englishspeaking countries. It lacks, however, the
hardiness of plain-leaved varieties, though it is
less likely to be confused with the highly
poisonous Fool's Parsley
(Aethusa cynapium).
At
fern-leaved;
rooted.
Parsley root
is
still
retained in the
in
drills
encourage
leaf growth. Requires rich, moist, open soil in
partial shade or full sun; a good watering
during hot weather and protection under
cloches during winter. Germination is often
poor and slow (to 8 weeks) and may be encouraged by pouring boiling water in drills
immediately after sowing. The plain-leaved
varieties tolerate extremes of cold and dryness
better than the curly-leaved varieties.
Constituents Essential oil comprising apiol,
apiolin,
myristicin,
pinene;
to
flavonoids;
to the apiol
blood-flow
increases
content of the
to
digestive
tract,
and
Bernh.
ments usually not curled or crisped, and taproot is fleshy, 5 cm wide and 12.5 cm long.
Distribution North and east European cultivated plant.
Cultivation Cultivated horticulturally
and com-
Germany.
Seed is sown in early spring on deep, rich,
well-dug soil; watered well during dry weather; and roots harvested from mid-autumn
onwards. Frost resistant.
Constituents Similar to P. crispum; the root also
contains bergapten.
Uses
(cooked
Cooked
root)
soup mixes.
Flavour resembles both Celery and Parsley.
as a vegetable; or used in
occasionally
seed,
oil)
Diuretic:
emmenag-
and
to stimulate the
appetite.
The
known. The
(Parsley tea).
is
well
leaf
as a
green dye.
Contra-indications
The
oil
They may
may
cause abortion.
and
and
gastro-intestinal haemorrhages.
Boldo Boldu
Chilean Andes is still
South American and
European pharmacopoeias, and is employed
predominantly for liver disease. The leaves,
which are the only parts used in medicine,
This
native
retained
in
of the
several
terminal racemes.
Distribution
(1691-1771), the
curator of the Chelsea Physic Garden, introduced it to England in 1727, but it was only
in
1778.
Philip
revolute,
elliptical,
UMBELLIFERAE
Parsley
somewhat
236
still
is
seed sown in
\M
for a
plant
radicosum Bailey
'
The
1880.
popular there
mainly eucalyptol,
comprising mainly
oil
(to
2%) comprising
boldine
(to
o.i
);
(boldoglucin or boldina).
Cholagogue action due to the presence of
boldine. Antihelmintic action due to ascaridol.
glycoside,
boldin
PET-PHY
Uses (dried leaves, occasionally bark) Cholagogue; choleretic; stomachic; sedative; diu-
a dehiscent oblong
Distribution
countries.
cm
long.
On swampy
river banks.
secretion
digestion,
disease.
taining 2 or 3 seeds to 3
starch (to
induce sneezing.
The aromatic fruit pulp can be eaten.
Bark was once used in tanning.
Contra- indications Large doses cause vomiting.
50%);
proteins (to
23%).
Now
Uses
(fruit,
rarely
leaves)
Diuretic;
anti-
calculi,
in
is
fruit
Contra-indications
Large quantities
may
cause
diarrhoea.
Physostigma venenosum Balfour
leguminosae
found.
L solanaceae
Bladder Cherry Chinese Lantern
physostigmine,
kaloid used in
Physalis alkekengi
It
halikakabos
al interest.
grown
as
annual)
1500
is
altitude.
by ordeal in
Africa in which the accused had to drink the
powdered bean. An explanation for the fact
that the innocent generally survived and the
guilty died is that in the former case the entire
quantity was drunk thereby inducing violent
vomiting and purging which removed much of
the poison; while the guilty person sipped the
potion, allowing rapid absorption of the
alkaloids from the gastro-intestinal tract and
thereforesubsequentdeathfrom cardiac arrest.
was introduced to Europe in 1840 by
It
Daniell, and its medicinal properties were
recognized in i860. The plant has no place in
modern medicine, and physostigmine (its chief
constituent) has now largely been replaced by
in trials
neostigmine.
warm
Cultivation
Description Perennial
(to 5
cm
cm
Constituents
(fruit;
and
ity.
is
therefore
Once
Contra-indications
may
Very
POISONOUS.
Death
paralysis.
Phytolacca americana L phytolaccaceae
Poke Weed Poke Root/Pigeonbcrry
Phytolacca
is
propagated by division.
Vitamin C; organic acids
position. Also
reflecting
the
berries'
ability
to
*37
PIC-PIM
but by 1830 Geiger had discovered
other medicinal attributes.
diseases,
(PWM)
which
snails,
is
agent
to
for
immuno-
modern medicine.
logical purposes in
Another
employed
is
and
salts,
Saponins
(to
25%); mucilage;
PAP and
oil.
young cooked
Emetic; purgative: narcotic; sternu-
certain snail*.
smooth hollow
on large fleshy
destroys
many body
25-3. 5 m tall,
Leaves unpleasantly scented,
purplish stem,
branched
1.
root.
mm
Appearing
late
summer
to
mid-autumn and
cm
diameter.
from
Juice
the
berries
considered to be a sedative.
After special treatment the berries
to colour
also
may be
used
been used
as a
colouring in
artists' paint.
pinaceae
Picea
is
now
employed
It
yields a light
Norway Spruce
is
locally
sugar solution.
mm
may
box of
be cut
when
15
A winter
may
autumn
damp
soils.
be obtained by
and planting close-
cm
long.
Neutral principle, phytolaccin; alkaloidal substance, phytolaccine; phylolaccic acid; phytolaccatoxin (cyanchotoxin)
Constituents (root)
238
Quassia Jamaican
Quassia/Bitter Ash
to Quassia
Pharmacopoeia in 1788.
By 79 however the much larger, but closely
related, West Indian tree, Picrasma excelsa (then
known as Quassia excelsa Swartz] had been
shown to possess very similar properties and
this so-called Bitter Wood of Jamaica was
imported to England. It replaced Surinam
Quassia in the London Pharmacopoeia of
1
Norway Spruce
is
Benn.
same purposes.
tall;
leaves
early
winter;
followed
in-
autumn
by shiny black
drupes.
Distribution Native to West Indies, particularly
Jamaica (on lower mountains and plains),
St Vincent and Antigua.
Cultivation Wild. Trees felled and sawn into
acids
logs
Uses (resin,
manufacture and
for
local
pharmaceutical
processing.
Constituents
sin,
Resin comprising
isoquassin (picrasmini
The
insecticide.
benefit
in
A powerful
loss
non-astringent bitter of
of appetite
due
to
gastric
PIC-PIM
debility.
Stimulates
and
an enema to
gall-bladder
the
Once used
gastric secretion
as
Hop
Of
may be
used as a
its
its
classic
fly killer.
mer
ish,
to early
fruit.
Distribution
Indigenous
many warm
to
countries,
particularly
India,
(seed)
Volatile
oil
(to
(to
85
),
3.5%)
methyl
to
12.5
cm
long.
Flowers small
(to
mm
7.5
in
globose, 6
Distribution
co,
West
mm
Native
Indies.
Prefers hilly
Cultivation
Jamaica.
weak
to
environments on calcareous
grown
as a
myrtaceae
pimienta or pimiento
similarity in shape
meaning pepper,
after tin-
4.5%) comprising
flatulence, dyspepsia
ol
disagreeable medicines.
incorporated
in
peppercorns. Pimienta
to
itself
<
before
Ray
in
<
[693 described
it
as
Allspict
its
<
<
191
239
PIM-PLA
liquorice in cough lozenges, or used alone as an
may
antiseptic.
and
Important
manufacturing industries
in
as a
chewed
curries, or
to
It
is
de Cologne.
although
it
Formerly employed
as a
PINACEAE
which
is
the source of
is
variously described
The
Rumanian,
Pini Pumiliones.
Swiss,
the
in
oil
is
retained
Yugoslavian.
*'
at least the
In
diseases,
Dr
James
Prosser
described
its
and suggested
its
use in an atomizer
stiff,
cles,
needle-like,
bright
green.
cent, ovoid to 4
cm
long.
German
physicians used
it
particularly from
Germany
is
was an
taproot.
on unpleasantly smelling
Stem 30-100 cm
pinnate
1-2.5
strong, slightly
1
or 2-
with
leaves,
segments,
tall,
bearing few
cm
ovate to lanceolate
l n S- Flowers white or
Distribution
Native
to
Cultivation
Wild.
comprising
coumarinic substances including isopimpinellin and pimpinellin; saponosides; bitter princiConstituents Volatile oil (to o.4
Uses
(dried
root,
occasionally
fresh
root
upper respiratory
and throat infections in the
tract catarrh,
tions
240
tract
infec-
latter case
it
sub-
Stimulant; counter-irritant
appears to possess slight
anaesthetic properties. Inhaled as steam, the
oil is of benefit in the treatment of coughs,
laryngitis, chronic bronchitis, catarrh, asthma
and other respiratory diseases since it exerts
dilatatory action on the bronchi, the oil may
be taken internally in small doses in the form
of lozenges, syrups, or on sugar. The infusion of
leaves is inhaled in the treatment of similar
sometimes
respiratory disorders.
Cultivation
horticulturally as an ornamental.
Constituents
(oil)
Esters
Betel
as
chewing
popular
peans.
as
is
a habit
tobacco smoking
The method
consists of rolling
up a
slice
or Areca
called a quid.
Chavica siriboa
Miq.
is
sometimes used as a
rootlets; stems
to disinfect sickrooms.
unknown
and
mixture
seventeenth century.
Britain,
Oleum
to in his writings.
Burnet Saxifrage
This somewhat variable herb is widely distributed throughout much of Europe but was not
may
internally.
bitter flavouring.
L umbelliferae
Pimpinella saxifraga
mammary
(4-10%) comprising
PIM-PLA
acid; diastase (to 2",,
oil)
mote
and
salivary
gastric
secretions,
aid
and increase
physical endurance.
cubebic acid
Cubeb
L piperaceae
comprising
Uses
Piper cubeba
(5-2O o
(to
unripe
fruit,
occasionally
oil)
Cubebs/Tailed Pepper
the East Indian name
Cubeb was
and
is
fruit dishes.
ine;
Piperarit
from
which
was recog-
Some
word
kababe
referred
fruit.
to
was
collective
number
Indeed,
even
ol
in
which
term
similar cubeb-like
modern
times
the
peppercorn-like berries are frequently adulterated with inferior Piper species such as
and
The spice has enjoyed varying
popularity. In the thirteenth century it was
Commonly found in Europe as a medic ine and
as a condiment, but by the- end of the- seventeenth century it was both uncommon and
expensive. In England it had fallen into almost
complete disuse by the early nineteenth
century, but was reintroduced in 1815 alter
Piper crassipes, P. ribesundes, P. mollissimum
P.
muncatum.
verification of
medical
therapeutic effects b\
serving in the far East
its
office rs
Arms
picking the
produce
this
source- of
also the
is
154
<>l
known
is
incompletely removed
machinery
/) cription
and chavic-
piperettine which
starch
30%
to
(to
6%
Uses
membranes and
and
Also
dyspepsia.
Employed in
mucous
stimulates
raises
gargle,
Africans use
as
it
fruit repels
Mostly employed
mosquitoes.
as a stimulating
as,
for
condiment
example,
in
sausage meats.
Plantago major L plantaginaceae
Greater Plantain Rat-tail Plantain/
Wavbread
This and some closely related Plantago
as P.
sue h
lanceolata
L have
species
and
P.
vindicated
plant's action.
Perennial
mm
Distribution
compound
yellow
to
tin
Native- to southern
India; intro-
The
many
are
still
Vietnam.
to
Leaves entire or
Description Perennial.
slightly
cm
5-20
duced
Distribution Native- to
Description
i<
ally
Asia, especi-
Cultivation
in
Brazil.
to
tropical Asia.
Malagas)
Republic.
shade and
high humidity
Cultivation
ill)
Indies.
in
Brazil
in mixed plantations
other lucrative Crops SUCh as Coffee. Will
approximately 10 years.
2.5%), comprising
mm
spike 5
to
40
cm
lout;.
Appearing
earl)
summer
mid-autumn.
Prefers
moist
Europe. Introduced
to
24
PLA-POL
but tolerates most conditions.
Wild plant. In eastern
soils,
Cultivation
commercial cultivation of
P. lanceolata L. has
recently begun.
Constituents
Mucilage;
(leaf)
bin (rhinanthin)
pentacyclic
the
22%);
citric acid.
a trisaccharide, plante-
and
eye-wash
bites.
in
Dioscorides'
day,
Psyllium.
as
Europe
blepharitis
and
conjunctivitis.
commonly known
Ispaghula,
precisely
used
is
may
purposes, and
for
the
as
same
Annual with
IO ~35
cm
ta U>
mm
brown
glossy seeds.
gion;
especially
and followed
mucilage
Constituents Oil;
to
10%
compris-
Distribution
to Florida
therapeutic action
is
due.
soils
Emollient
seeds
Usei
Used
in the
seed's
purgative.
The
Employed
The
in
Wild.
Cultivation
Collected commercially
cosmetic preparations,
May
in
be propagated
An ingredient of certain
long,
streams.
laxative.
35 cm
fruit.
autumn by
in early
and
/J-peltatin; starch;
due
to the
podo-
in constipation.
Common
The
may
effective diuretic.
The young
Plantago psyllium
Psyllium
Employed homcopathically.
L plantaginaceae
Flea Seed
L berberidaceae
Podophyllum peltatum
May-apple
is
and acidic
sometimes
fruits are
were once on
sale in
on
is
less drastic
Contra-indications
severe
fighting
soldiers
Independence.
It
in
the
first
American War of
entered
the
United
remedies.
POISONOUS. May
cause
or
poly-
gastro-intestinal
irritation
neuritis.
fully
not substantiated.
restricted
to
abnormal
tissue
only:
Only
to
States
although
now
lum
The
resin.
for
foot-leaf;
generic
is
while peltatum
means
shield-
on reddish-brown, long
5-15 mm diameter. Stems simple, erect to 45 cm, bearing
or
2, 7-9 deeply lobed drooping leaves, to 30 cm
wide. Flowers white, borne singly on nodding
peduncle in the stem bifurcation between 2
leaves. Petals fleshy, 6 or 9; stamens 12 or 18;
corolla to 5 cm wide. Appearing early summer
Description Perennial
_'
1,
cylindrical rhizome
242
Patchouli
name
shaped.
to
Patchouli
oil
distinctive
quality.
Besides
known
P.
patchouli
Pell.
and
Blanco Benth. Patchouli is mostly
derived from the Javanese species P. comosus
Miq. Alternative sources from different genera
which
is
P. cablin
also
as P. heyeanus Benth.
,
PLA-POL
commonly found;
species
and hence
in
tall;
it
it
more
is
bitter
vulgaris
polugalon of Pliny
groups on
now
wort's
and
the
retain
traditional
virtue of
being galactogogues.
Description Perennial 10-30 cm tall, with erect
or decumbent stems. Leaves alternate, ever-
tropical conditions.
Native
Distribution
south-east
to
Asia
Cultivation
5-35
mm
long.
summer
autumn.
to Europe; on grassland,
heathland, mountain pastures, in sandy, wellto early
Distribution
drained,
Native
humus-rich
but
to
soils
2000
altitude.
humidity.
Cultivation
oil)
Once considered
Antiseptic; insecticide.
for
medicinal purposes.
to act as a stimulant.
employed
in
The
oil
may
be
It
is
also used in
articles.
12.5
7.5
cm
leaflets large)
mm
drooping
panicles,
to 2
cm
appearing
cm
long.
diameter,
late
in
mid-
to
summer.
European
Distribution
native.
Introduced
to
temperate zones.
damp
Prefers
soils
shade of woodland.
Wild, usually rare and localized.
garden escape. Cultivated horticulturally from seed sown in spring or by
soil
ine
Cultivation
Found
as a
division
the
in
moisture-retaining
lime.
Mowers
larger
/'.
lilac
Bcnth.
has
white
caeruleum var. himalayanum Baker lias
-blue Mowers. Both may be found in
caeruleum
/'.
var.
lacteum
Unknown.
Polemonium
is
herb which
;i
into disuse.
poll
in
an ancienl
It
murium ,mrl
wine
in
name
lias
now
was known lo
the root was oik
<>l
uncertain
largely fallen
)ios( 01
late
to possess
Weak
blood-
administered
and
comprising gaulthcr-
unsubstantiated.
is
Of
use in bron-
in
asthma
The
is
leaves
and
root
similar to Saponaria
make
a crude soap
officinalis
but
which
less effective.
and
gardens.
Polygonum
bistorta
L polygonaceae
ides as
Once considered
chitis
origin lor
surface;
soil
but this
diaphoretic
spring on the
L polyoalacbai
Milkwort
Polygala vulgaris
Common
members of which
swollen
or
man)
jointed
stems.
Polygonum
the
itself
stem's shape.
t;
POL POT
rhizome and
Latin
known
is
from the
for
parts. It used to
be
which has
led to
and
to
acts as a styptic.
Young
shoots
Constituents
Essential
oil;
mucilage:
sugars;
Artemisia dracunculus
tannic
were
Used
also called
seventeenth centuries.
There are over 200 species of Polygonum and
ever
is still
included
in the
Pharmacoppharmacopoeias of
Swiss
in veterinary
medicine.
Dioscorides
knew
a purgative.
He
herb.
fractured fingers.
Description Perennial
it
sprained or
Cholagogue; expector-
coughs,
as a
Balm of Gilead
in
The
was usually only used for its expectorant action, which is weak. A related
Peruvian Polypody, P- calaguala Ruiz
whose
used
It is
now
rarely used
and
it
Poplar Buds
descriptive term
for a
number
of different plants.
of
first
it
is
extinct in
its
One
authorities consider
diameter in
white, numerous, small (4
dense solitary, cylindrical terminal spikes <>l
mm
saponoside,
as
mm
resins;
footed.
the past
bitter
Brake Root
Both the generic and common names of this
fern refer to the branching habit of the
rhizome; the Latin polypodium means many-
oeia
acid;
former
it
mav
mid-summer
Wild plant.
Tannic acid to 20% oxalic acid
vitamin C; starch action due to the astringen-
cy of the tannins.
known
Description
10
15
diameter. Appearing
autumn.
Distribution European
to early
native.
On
moist
silice-
Constituents
as a gargle in
common name
is
Calahualae
was shown
in
than
this species.
Description
nerve.
244
Balm of Gilead.
Tree to 20 m occasionally to 30 m
spreading with open and irregular top: leaves
inflammatory vulnerary.
gingivitis.
as
POL-POT
dark
above,
lighter
and
beneath,
hirsute
Distribution
cm on g- Flowers in drooping
to 15 cm long. Winter leaf buds
10-15
deltoid,
scaly catkins
'
sticky, resinous
Distribution
Oleo-resin;
compounds
salicylic
ally
Antiseptic:
oleo-resin;
rubefacient: ex-
pectorant.
Used
internally
respiratory
coughs,
in
and
laryngitis
employed
treatment of upper
the
bronchitis.
ointments
in
particularly
infections,
tract
for
May
external
be
appli-
and
An
bruises.
excellent gargle
articles
is
Cultivation
plant
in
Africa,
organic acids
pulmonary and
The
skin diseases.
when
may
remedies
the
for
erties,
and
The
treatment of urino-genital
in conditions of
to
in several
somewhat
fleshy,
Flowers small
in groups
or
summei
seed
7.5
of
mm
apsule.
yellow,
1,
or
.'
cm
long.
sessile, single
appearing
ill and reveal
3,
I,
in
late
a small
Not
herb)
used
for
medicinal
taste.
it
may
has a sharp
traditional
ingredient of the
DC.
I.
salad, jattoush.
The
rULAC vcKAE
I'OK
north-west
in
now
is
it
rarely
grown.
in the genus
found in the
northern temperate zones, and Silverweed is
one of the most easily recognized with its
silky-silver leaf undersides. This characteristic
Potentilla,
Several
led to both
most
its
of which
current
argent
Yellow Purslane.
The true
Yellow Purslane is I', lutea Soland and is found
New /ealand.
111
meaning powerful
he
the
onimon name
is
plant
taller
,1
Annual. Similar
stems and
to
oleracea
/'.
<
leaves.
Distribution
Widespread
tropical
/ones.
Middle
Last
in
Probably
01
soils
lull
sun.
Only found
Propagate as
Cultivation
in
ape.
for
15
20
cm
suIIk tent
apart
water
be possible from
in
oleracea L.
rows 30
<
Plant
apart.
II
is
is
the
Argentaria (from
potens
Anserina
L but
reat hing
bright
.1
cooking.
in
are
earlier
or
be
gardens.
hen-garden Purslane
sativa
may
Purslane/
until the
(fresh
Uses
winter use.
a salad herb.
.is
a useful diuretic
Extensively used
tries
It is
prostrate
seed and
to
in
[%); sacchariferoid
in fresh, 7o
infections.
in
mg
(700
salts (i
can be used
still
Vitamin
potassium
is
y for
Middle and Far East. A number of varieties and cultigens have been
developed from this wild species. Propagate
from seed sown successively from late spring to
required.
\i
Portulaca oleracea L PORTULACA(
Purslane Wild Purslane/ Yellow Portulaca
It
n'tro-
sun.
soils in full
centuries in the
naturalized in several
Constituents
gen-rich weedy
J una.
comes
fron
thought
to
many animals
'I
POT-PR U
Many
ations.
Rhatany
authorities
only
preferred
is
coincidental that
It is
used
to
it
when
colic
manufacture
in the
artists' colours.
Description Perennial,
cm
to 3
rosette.
Appearing mid
to late
summer.
where.
On
damp
damp
soils;
10-15
10-30
resins; flavours:
starch.
flowering
cm
sessile.
long,
Flowers
mm
cm
yellow,
wide,
l
only
carried
peduncles,
thin
4-petalled.
on
long
arising
from
singly
stem-leaf
Tannins; choline;
(dried
altitude.
'
embankments,
an alcohol, tormentol
Uses
ovate,
leaflets.
roadsides, railway
-2
narrow
and long stalked. 3-lobed. broadh
basal leaves, with v mrn long
pastureland to 1500
Cultivation Wild.
Constituents
European
Distribution
1,
plant,
dried
leaves,
to early
damp
On
light,
Used
in the
acidic,
Constituents
from haemorrhoids;
as a
douche
in
leucorr-
it
may
soils,
particularly heath-
altitude.
Wild plant.
Cultivation
on
storage
Calcchol-iannins to 20%
which
convert to phlobaphcncs: an
.
may
ic;
rosaceae
Tormentil
The red colouring matter found in the rootstock of this herb appears to be identical with a
Potentilla erecta (L) Raiisch.
Tormentilla
substance
Common
known
as ratanhia-red present in
sugars;
starch:
bitter,
chinovic
acid
or
'
anti-inflammatory; vulnerary.
A powerful remedy in severe diarrhoea, largely due to its high tannin content. Principally
used to much benefit externally as an infusion
on
cuts,
ing sunburn.
ation.
It
is
on woody root-stock
forming a clump of branching
grooved stems bearing leaves subdivided into
serrate lobes, oblong or orbicular.
7
Flowers greenish or reddish brow n. small, in a
dense rounded terminal panicle to 15
diameter; appearing early to mid-summer.
Distribution Native to Europe and Asia: introduced and sometimes naturalized elsewhere.
On dryish porous calcareous grassland, woodland edges, roadsides, in warm situations to
Perennial
Description
20-70 cm
1
tall,
mm
700
altitude.
Cultivation
Remove
a gargle in throat
The powdered
or
root
extract
is
dye.
-'
{)
\
Vitamin C;
was
also
it
i'ses
dried
rarely
Contra-indications
1578. but
Constituents
flavones; a saponoside.
schnapps.
It
spring or autumn.
garden designs.
styptic.
in
in Dodoens' Herball of
known
root-stock
leaf;
Astringent;
Chewing
w hile
in-
this
is
unsubstantiated.
as Sanguisorba minor
signifying
corruption
of 'cow slop'
POT PR L
quented by domesticated animals. Changing
agricultural practices, however, have led to its
rapid disappearance in parts of Europe, and
attempts to cultivate it on a commercial scale
in eastern Europe have proved uneconomic.
Tradition maintains that the Cowslip arose
from the ground where St Peter dropped his
keys, hence the English, French and German
common names, Keys of Heaven, Clef de St
and
Pierre
Primula
after
is
Schliisselblumen.
The
generic
first
on short,
rhizome surrounded by leaf bases and
producing long thin rootlets. Leaves obtuse,
ovate-oblong, finely hairy and crenate, 5-20
cm long, narrowing at the base into a winged
petiole, equally long as the leaf blade. 1-30
Description Soft-pubescent perennial
stout
wmvar. Kleynii
darker
has
it
Hort.
yellow
found in cultivation
to salmon coloured
is
flowers.
Vitamin C; saponins to m
Savonoid pigments; a volatile oil, primula
camphor: the heterosiclcs primulaveroside and
prim veroside enzymes; mineral salts.
Uses (dried root-stock, dried Mowers and
;
antispasmodic;
weak
leaves
Expector-
diuretic;
Primrose
The Primrose is so popular
now almost extinct close to
weak
to
be a
as for Primula
veris.
The genus
8-20 cm
than
long,
the
Prunella vulgaris
L labiatae
the year).
narrowed
Flowers
leaf blade.
occasionally purplish,
pale
yellow,
34 cm wide, solitary on
cm
long.
summer.
European native.
it
German
for
quinsy (Die
Braiine).
and Gemeine
It
is
still
Brunelle in
petiolate,
ovate, 3-7.5
cm
and
decussate,
oblong-
Appearing
On
rich,
damp
land.
Cultivation
sun.
Constituents
Uses
Saponins; volatile
dried root-stock,
oil.
it is
large
The
home-made
base for
Of
benefit in
in spring that
urban areas.
It has in fact always been heavily cropped by
man, not so much as a medicine but rather as a
laxative.
to treat
by a violent
and forearms.
sensitivity, characterized
soils
Constituents
ant;
primula
pubescent pedicels to 20
the calyx.
name
its
also in the
in
si il
.is
.in
expectorant
respiratory infections.
in
The
tisane
may
be of
and
Formerly used in rheumatic disorders and in ointments lot '.km wounds and
benefit
as
mild sedative
in
anxiety
insomnia.
blemishes.
mm long, borne in
on compact spikes to 4 cm long.
Appearing mid-summer to mid-autumn.
Distribution Native to Europe, Asia and North
America; introduced elsewhere. On moist,
loamy, well-drained soils in grassland, pastures, open woodland; preferably in sunny
(occasionally pink) 8 5
1
leaf axils
situations.
Cultivation
in
spring or
variety
may
be
found
as
/'.
vulgaris
var.
bitter
prim
Tannins;
iples;
volatile oil;
unknown
an alkaloid;
substances.
247
PRU-PYR
(dried flowering plant)
i'ses
Vulnerary;
as-
vides the
Commonly
diarrhoea or flatulence.
acts
It
weak
as
bitter tonic.
Uses
(fruit,
Many
used
for
commercially,
diarrhoea.
European
tree
is,
Sweet Cherry
described in
It
fruits,
its
so
for use in
medicine as a
folk
diuretic.
They
have some
also
The
fruit
effect
used domestically
is
cases of mild
in
for
home-made
manu-
kirsch
The wood
native home.
purposes.
The
of medicinal
variety
Today only
for wild
Diuretic; as-
tringent.
sun
a valuable timber.
is
has doubtless long been of domestic importstones have been disco ered in
ance since
its
Neolithic
remains.
This
species
has
also
m tall; bark
smooth, reddish, peeling off transversely in
strips; branches ascending bearing dark green,
denta.'-, alternate somewhat variably shaped
leaves, 10-15 cm on ' Dut usually oblongovate to oblong-obovate, and pubescent beneath Flowers white, 5-petalled, 3 cm wide, on
long glabrous pedicels to 4 cm; appearing late
Description
'
spring to earlv
summer
with the
leaves,
first
land.
Cultivation
Wild - the
species from
which the
It is
used for
Many
different
ornamental forms
flowers,
variegated leaves,
weeping growth
The
variety P. avium
attractive foiiage.
exist
with double-
Mill.)
Webb rosaceae
D.A.
been
tree has
in cultivation in
mentioned in
Europe by tin
is
was introduced to
of more than 10 kinds oi the
seed which was then known as amugdale, and
from which the Latin term amygdala was
derived. The Romans called them .\
graecct o- Greek Nuts, and they have been
Genesis.
(
ir.eks
It
who knew
grown
:i
Italy
north-wesl
in
Micldlc Ages;
England
the
Europe
tree
first
until
the
late
was planted
in
of the
c
allcf
or
certain recipes.
The
as
we now
use milk in
botanical classification of
is
complicated and very many
names will be found: Prunus amygdalus
Batsch. and Amygdalus communis L are the
commonest, but have low been superseded.
Description Bush or tree from 3-7 m tall, with
glabrous light-coloured branches, and narrow,
plant
different
glabrous finely dentate, acuminate, oblonglanceolate leaves 7.5-10 cm long, with gland-
Di
fruit, to
'ribuii^n
altitude.
To 3000
Wild. Widely cultivated, and is the
frequently naturalized.
Cultivation
Buckheim formerly P.
(T.C. Ludw.) Focke). Other
The
tree
is
somewhat
frost sensitive
248
position.
(seed)
fatty oil
65%
mide
The Almond
warm
to
Protein
and
and
and
soil in full
mineral
contains up to
dalin
I
(to
20",,
edible
vitamins A, B,, B 2 Ji
Almond
the
Native
and
Prunus dulcis
in a
Constituents
salts.
4%
oil,
res
seed
Demulcent:
Almond
nutritive; emulsi-
ly
used
oil
to
externally in massage
oils
and internally
was once used
laxative. Bitter
Almond
flavouring
pharmaceutical
in
oil
as a
as a
preparations
oils
toilet
preparations.
The
seed
is
used
in
many
dishes.
Conlra-indications
The raw
Bitter
Almond
is
seed
POISON-
OUS.
L rosaceae
Cherry Laurel Cherry Bay/
Prunus laurocerasus
Common
Cherry Laurel
is
now most commonly
found as an ornamental hedge, and has never
been of great importance medically although
some Spanish and Swiss physicians once
promoted it as a sedative. In Britain it was
noticed first by Madden in Dublin
1731
following fatal poisoning by Irish cooks who
mistakenly thought it could be used as a
Bitter Almond flavouring. Its action is due to
the presence of cyanide derivatives, which may
be fatal even in small quantities.
The plant was introduced to European botany
by Pierre Belon and Clusius between 1550 and
1580.
Description
tree usually
3-4
(occasionally 6
tall.
PRU-PYR
is
auriculate-cordate leaves.
Distribution
On
where.
particularly
Asia,
Distribution
Native
to
Afghanistan, Persia and the Himalayas. Natur-
altitude.
Cultivation
autumn
ion in
Constituents
especially
or after flowering.
allantoin.
Uses
tic;
Description
emollient;
in the
alized in
parts of south
and
horticulturally.
Both
mm
mintic action
in areas
greenhouse ornamentals.
Yellow bitter colouring
as
methylisopelletierine,
summers nor
a dwarf
grown in
and
which the antihel-
hilly regions.
are
long.
neither the
(Pers.")
Distribution
Cultivation
and
this species
as a pot herb.
temperate zones
followed by dark purple conical fruit to 15
east Africa.
Cultivation
where
triterpenes.
is
Ursolic
(leaf)
and
betulic
citric
20
(to
acids;
).
various
(1020%
Invert sugar
(fruit)
(510%);
glucose
to
(0.5-3. 5%);
acid
cerasin
by
lea\ es
distillation.
in the treatment of
nausea and vomiting, as a flavouring agent,
and, much diluted, as an eye lotion. It is now
obsolete in most countries. The leaves can only
be applied externally in small quantities in
mixed poultice for the temporary relief ol pain.
.1
Contra-mdicatiom Very
POISONOUS. To
used
internally
only
be
Punica granatum
L pinicaceae
vision.
Pomegranate
fresh
Pulmonaria
astringent which
Lungwort
boraoinai \i
Jerusalem Cowslip Jerusalem
Sage
This herbs
common names
officinalis I.
variously icier to
<
Hence
diseases.
which
of
is
the generic
derh ed from
pulmonaria, and, by
its
name
Pulmonaria
translation,
-,
in
white, primrose-like, to 3
cm
to
long
in
in late
terminal
summer.
lumma and
early
mentioned the
specifically
root
in the
2000 years
teenth century. In
tions of
its use-
in
Fleming reintroduced
The
it
India.
many
seeds.
fresh
leaf,
fruit)
mintic; antibacterial.
Astringent;
The
rind
is
antihel-
a powerful
effective in the
when fresh
emmenagogue.
effective
In
leaf
The
fruit
has antibacterial
applied externally
cial
an
as
properties and
is
to sores.
fruit is bitter and refreshing; of commerimportance both as the whole fruit and in
drinks.
following observa-
word Punica is derived from tinLatin malum pumcum meaning the apple cil
11 thage, which is one of its early names while
poma granata (and hence pomegranate means
generic
apples with
/ 'ses
only as
,111
ornamental. Pyracantha
is
from the
'H
QUE-RHA
Description
Round-topped deciduous
tree to 40
smooth, later developing
fissures; leaves 5-12.5 cm long, oblong-ovate
with 3-7 lobes each side, petiole short (to
cm). Small, greenish-yellow staminate flowers
bark
tall;
first
leaf axils;
appearing
late
spring
to
early
or oblong fruit
mountainous regions.
Wild plant. Planted commerciallv
on estates and forestry land for timber. The
variety Q. robur var. Jastigiata DC has a more
columnar appearance while the Durmast or
to
Cultivation
Sessile
Oak
spreading and
less
less
sessile fruit.
Constituents
Tannins
(to
20",,
glycoside,
/ 'ses
fruit)
and
tic.
Used
as a
dout he
to
Greek
for fire
and thorn
for
in
Much branched
The
was given
name
frog
little
since
many
with
hollow,
and
it
of the 250
species in the group are aquatic or are found in
this
Perennial
Description
erect
or
haemorrhoids.
fusiform
and
and sheathed
late
cm
shiny branches.
Description
quercitrin.
evergreen shrub or
yellow,
23
solitary,
winter.
Prefers shade.
peduncles.
Distribution
western
Cultivation
damp
Uses
No
the fruit
Of
L fagaceae
costly drugs.
250
deep,
in
fresh
The
occasionally
plant
is
dried
herb
preparation of ointments
for external
appli-
cation to haemorrhoids.
The
walls.
caries
from root-
cm
acrid
and vesicant
Quercus robur
Astringent.
Cyanogenic glycosides.
plant. Propagate
rich soils.
Constituents
transplanting.
Constituents
Wild
Asia.
exotic
and
as a coffee
POISONOUS
Contra-indications
substitute.
Valuable timber.
Bark was once the most important agent for
tanning leather; and also provided a variety of
dyes, the colour depending upon the mordant
bruised plant
Raphanus
may
sativus
The
L cruciferae
well-known
fig-like
certain, but
where many
much
success,
treatment of haemorrhoids.
Members
the fresh
salad
herb
in
Handling the
Radish
This
used.
prevent
to
scurvy.
it
been
has
its
origin
probably originated
in
is
in
un-
China
Daikon
Japanese name
which
is
some-
Some
QUE-RHA
Romans knew
radix
or round Radish
syriacan
(the
common
and
Rhamnus
long Radish
catharticus
L rhamnaceae
Buckthorn
the radicula or
So
Only employed
common
the latter
this
while
thorn,
the
thirteenth-century
Myddvai used
Contra-indications
boiled
physicians of
Description
variable
(a silique).
Distribution
Worldwide on most
escape.
Many
soil types.
found wild
cultigens exist,
all
as
an
of which are
soils
in
Constituents
An
called
to
promote
salivation.
bile secretion
is
pathically.
lui
it
Spina
cervina;
Cordus.
Cervi
spina:
and Caeselpinus,
Dodoens knew it as Rhamnus
Matthiolus, Spinus
cervatis.
infectoria:
solutivus.
The
The
L'ses
when
Spina
fruit
plant
is
purposes, but
dyes.
Welsh
Ages.
its
treatment of chronic
constipation; usually in association with other
remedies. Juice from the fruit was once used in
veterinary medicine as a laxative.
The fruit and bark can be used as sources of
in the
golden-brown dyestuflT.
Description Deciduous bushy shrub from 24 111
tall, occasionally to 6 m. Branches spreading
irregularly, and often tipped with a spine bark
reddish-brown and glossy. Leaves opposite,
acute or obtuse, margins finely dentate, ovate,
3-6 cm long, 2 -5 cm wide. Flowers small,
as a
Do
to
DC rhamnaceae
Cascara Sagrada Sacred Bark
Rhamnus purshiana
Cascara sagrada
name
the
first
Mexicans who
this
was
The
tree was mentioned in the eighteenthcentury American materia medicas but first
described botanically in 18 14 by Pursh - hence
the plants specific name. Use of the bark in
conventional medicine began in 1877 and a
year later a nauseous and bitter fluid extract
for use in chronic constipation was available
pharmaceutically. This extract was exported
appearing
late
spring to
Distribution
Wild.
Planted
in
on
farmland
summei
as
are easily
I'm >ted.
Constituents
terine;
1
rhamnoMuoi
in
much more
bark; the
official
example only
fol
bark
is
made from
the
retained in
many
national
The
pharma-
copoeias.
Description
Deciduous
m. Bark dark
Leaves in tufts at
tree to to
branchlet tips; 5-15 cm long, elliptic to ovateoblong, either rounded or acute. Flowers in
umbels, stalked, appearing spring and followed by black, globose fruit of 7.5
diameter.
mm
North American native from British Columbia to Washington state. In coniferous woodland, on mountain ridges and canyon
Distribution
walls.
Wild plant.
Anthraquinone glycosides 6 9%
comprising cascara ides A, B, C and I) and
Cultivation
Constituents
li
al
the action
leas)
is
monf
due.
hs old
Ar)'
RHE-ROS
Purgative; bitter stomachic.
May
be used in
and
arrh,
Added
nails.
to tonic
wines as a
Contra-indications
Not
to
Added
wines as a bitter.
Not to be used by individuals
with renal or urinary calculi.
bitter.
be used by individuals
Ribes nigrum
officinale Baill.
polygonaceae
Rhubarb
This
for
is
commonly grown
its
rhabarbarum
L.
introduced
to
on humans.
officinale, however, is one of two main
species, the dried rhizomes of which have been
important medicinally in China since around
2700 B.C. Both have been imported into
monal
Rheum
effect
Europe
German,
Bucharest,
Dutch
and
French rhubarbs.
Germany, but
is
superior.
and
its
for
2000 years by
the
in Tibet and the
province of Kansu. R. palmatum is now called
Chinghai or high-dried Rhubarb.
Description Perennial
ing 2
cordate
Large leaves
in
orbicular
base,
Flowers
lobed.
small,
tall.
at
reddish
numerous,
to
clusters
in
basal clumps,
and
palmately
greenish-white,
on
tall,
stout,
summer.
Distribution
to
north-east
Asia.
On
ing 3
Leaves
tall.
well-known
fruit
Although
it
throat infections
it is
now
in folk
Ribes
is
means
epithet nigrum
fruit.
Today
Description
employed alone
remedies
in
or in combination
the
treatment
of
soils
at altitudes of
3000-
4000 m.
Wild. Cultivated commercially in
China, Russia, Germany and Central Europe.
Requires moist, deep, well-manured soil:
propagated from root division and root cuttCultivation
ives
of aloe-emodin,
and rhein
Uses
chrysophanol. emodin
to 10'
dried rhizome
ent: bitter.
Principally
employed alone or
in
combination
252
m,
in
autumn.
clay
soils
ent; bitter.
other
to 2
fresh or dried
leaves,
The
with
culti-
Principally
green, yellow
tial oil.
Distribution
10%
specific
for
summer.
rhein (to
medicine
not considered to be
Prefers
Native
L saxifragaceae
Blackcurrant
A
Rheum
to tonic
Contra-indications
and
leaves
mav
fruit
Nutritive:
RHE-ROS
male below, female above: both without
and in panicles. Followed by a smooth
cious;
or spiny capsule. 3
Once employed in
matism. The fruit is
Distribution
from
hypertension,
possessing
or
capillary
an infusion as a
sore throats. Leaves can be used as a
fragility:
gargle for
in
petals
cm in diameter.
Native to India, tropical Africa:
distributed throughout tropical and main
temperate regions. On most well-drained soils
in full sun.
many
cool,
L euphorbiaceae
Castor Oil Plant Wonder Tree
The Castor Oil Plant was certainly known to
the Egyptians who employed the seed oil as an
unguent base and also in lamps. Theophrastus. Dioscorides and other Greeks also knew
both the plant and the oil. but considered the
latter unfit for culinary use and suitable onh
Ricinus communis
tion
maintained
for the
Cultivation
countries
summer. Many
early
cultivars exist.
Protein
seed
Constituents
26%
to
fixed oil
50%
w hole seed
albuminoid,
is
a toxic
to
ricin.
is
due.
seed
Uses
oil.
Pur-
gative.
Constituents
E.
enema to remove
impacted faeces.
Used externally as an emollient and a vehicle
pectin.
poisoning. Applied as an
for various
The
oil
is
he seed cake
is
used in
am
alba
he epithet
Dog
is
been
and contempt.
meaning white
onl)
iiu
identalb derogat-
reproduced
faithfully
in
th<
sixteenth-
supplies
the
"I
sixteenth
the
<>i
en]
century
Up
to
European
East, notably
fruit
from the
medicinally
shiik
reason and mi much ot
was only used infrequendy.
In oil w.iv reintroduced to medicine in
70
by Canvane who had noted its use in the W< 11
Indies where
was i.illerl Paltna Christi and
agno Casta bv the Spanish,
hem CaStO oil.
and then ( !astoi oil
Since the 7801 n has been retained as a pur
World Wai
India, bul
declined
Europe
t<>i
.1
period
ol
foi
il
il
gative in
man) pharmacopoeias.
diuretic.
jams.
earliest times.
important
The
onl)
in
as a in h source ol
latter be<
sidered as R. tglanteria.
Description Perennial
orbicular to
shrub 12
elliptic, to 3
cm
tall.
Leaves
long; pubescent
ame
Second
the
vitamin C.
to
to
elliptic,
cm
senate,
long,
acute or
summer. Followed
ar let false
lr
nils
by
hips
mm-long,
fleshy,
/> cription
lethargy.
L rosaceae
Sweet Briar Eglantine
Plin)
or in
Rosa eglanteria
Briar
leaves
poultices to aid
L rosaceae
Rosa camna
and soap.
is
rose-hips, leaves
employed as a fertilizer.
CoBtra-indications Whole seeds are toxic: not to
be used internally. Large doses ,,i the oil ma)
cause vomiting, colic and severe purgation.
poison, ricin
Uses
retic; astringent.
The
.hkI
woodland, thickets
Cultivation
to
[600
in
111
altitude.
Wild.
253
ROS-RUM
Flowers
13,
sions,
round
Rubia tinctorum
and very
rarely, death.
Asia,
Madder
Both the
the Latin
L rubiaceae
Madder
early Greek name Erythrodanon and
name Rubia come from a stem-word
meaning
alizarin.
Distribution
Native
to
hip
Europe,
west
introduced
No
it
hedging plant
in large gardens.
is
in addition
One
it
is
of the
Sweet Briar
as a
prickly
59
elliptic
Leaves subdivided into
leaflets to 5 cm long. Flowers scented, white to
rose, to 7.5 cm diameter, followed by large red
or orange hip to 3 cm diameter.
Distribution Native to Japan and China.
Cultivation Wild. Widely cultivated as a large
stems.
number
include
roses,
Max
uichuraiana Crep.
Constituents
(hips)
B,
C,
E,
K.;
officinalis
Rosemary
The common and
L labiatae
to
grown
in pots.
most useful
is
5%
io-2O
linalol.i;
free
be
the
sometimes
generic
254
stem:
usually
sessile,
and spiky
long, tipped
lanceolate,
at the
5-10 cm
margins. Flowers
and
mid-summer
to
black berry.
to
2%) comprising
and
alcohols (mainly borneol and
mainly
bornyl
acetate
heterosides; tannins.
r
ses
Tonic diuretic
;
soothing
embrocations,
is
and diluted
as
an
particularly effective in
neuralgia.
in
matic preparations.
Contra-indications
internally.
The
oil
deep, friable
Constituents
soils.
medicinal
red
The
comwhich the
Heteroside anthraquinones
pectin.
Essential oil
esters
grown of which
May
antiseptic gargle. It
tall,
Native
Rosmarinus
L provides
mediterranean coast.
commercially from
the wild and cultivated only as a garden plant.
Requires well-drained soil and warm, wind-
summer.
Vitamin
Rubia peregrina
a rose-pink dye.
Distribution
to
to
early
in
Distribution
clove-like
washing
in
somewhat
later called
process of
colic.
useful
been
permanent dye
is
and
Dyer's
action
is
mainlv
to
due:
alizarin
madder purple
sugars:
madder
purpurin
ROS-RUM
madder orange rubiacin
xanthine
I
rarely
root,
ses
Choleretic;
stems
lealy
emmen-
The powdered
root
and
dissolution
is
much
of
and
Root
is
employed
as a dye.
Cham and
ursinus
L. Rubus
Bramble
means
Blackberry
the
raspis,
after a sweet
common
fruit
of
the iooo or
In
German
the plant
Mount
'of
Mount
Schlechtend, R. occidentals
is
and idaeus
abundance on
for red.
Ida', after
its
now
Description
shrub
Variable
name
old French
plant's acidity
and
its
by R.
with
woody,
leaves
By the eighteenth
was largely replaced by R.
scutatus L in horticulture. The plant was known
to the apothecaries as Herba Acetosa and was
century or even
native:
especially
annins; sugars.
in
<l
<k
redited with
antidiabetic
Wide
\
ides
.1-
Sowers
.1
n,ut;li
01
have
unsubstantiated
I
bey
culinary
mm
ol
an orange dye.
the fruit.
many
in
to
he rool
|m<.-
cm
10
from
dispensatories
the
50-150 cm
nearly
tall,
long,
small,
summer
to early autumn.
European native;
damp, loamy
Cultivation
Wild
soils to
plant.
2500
May
in altitude.
be propagated by
autumn.
and juice Oxalic acid and
potassium binoxalate (to t%); tartaric acid;
root division in
Constituents
.is
ulcers.
\et
earlier.
it
also found in
northern Asia. In meadowland on nitrogen-
in
how ever,
Distribution
Leaves may be
L.
The herb
acetosella
animals.
late
by R.
man and
soils to
fruit
or
acetosa
occurring in both
rich,
Constituents
(mostly
Description Perennial
fruit.
European
vitamin
salts
early
Distribution
its
These
due to both
and oxalate
is
oxalic acid
Flowers
followed
surele.
The
autumn and
The common
fish.
is
practised.
still
and
cosmetic purposes.
included
is
century,
Used
for
either
Ida.
Description
called Brombeere.
still
is
in
value in the
of renal
elimination
L rosaceae
Raspberry
Like so many wild fruits the Raspberry has
been known and used since prehistory in
Rubus idaeus
in
leaf
as
an astringent in diarrhoea
it
is
altitude
Numerous
Wild.
Cultivation
cultivars
is
also as a diuretic
young
or very
old people.
The
leaf may be
employed
in poultices to treat
propa-
Constituents
acting
stances,
in
hs
oxv
I
il
fresh 01
loi k
dned
leaves, fruit
In
infusion
it
eases
is
amounts
I
Astringent;
nutritive; laxative.
ol
Citric
fruit
he
fruit
the fruit
vs. is
is
ol
in
benefit
diarrhoea. In large
mildly laxative.
formerly employed
al
and
het bal
in a
produi
llav
In
painful
in
variety
1
as a
255
RUM
SAL
The young
leaf
is
SONOUS,
In small doses
Contra-indications
The
dermatitis.
in cases of
Rumex
crispus
L polygonaceae
in gingivitis.
seed
is
may
be used
diarrhoea.
cal constituents.
species of Rumex.
the
French Sorrel is
probably the least, and since it in addition
In
writings
ancient
common
another
calism
development of physiomedi-
In the
crispum.
early
the
in
nineteenth
century in
crispus
be difficult to eradicate.
blocks,
Description Perennial,
cous,
10-50
cm
tall.
and
duced elsewhere.
Cultivation
in
Wild. Cultivated
as a salad herb in
Propagate from seed sown
thinning to 30 cm apart and
spring,
It
Broom included
cm
Constituents
is
starch;
to the
to late spring
)xymethylanthra-
rumicin;
thiamine.
mm
chryso-
tannins:
The combined
is
Uses
young
leaves,
rarely
seed
much
associated
function.
and
Of
with
May
urticaria,
The
tall.
altitude.
Eruscus
recommended
Bruscus,
of kidney stones.
Description
Distribution
to
glosson; Dioscorides
in cases
winter decorations.
in florists'
related
is
autumn.
any
Cultivation
It
now used
places, to 1500
finally as a
times.
festive
at
fleshy.
is
European
constipation
or
liver
collected
in
on a small commercial
Constituents
is
potassium
dys-
removing flower-heads
to
promote
leaf.
Water
Uses
to
oil;
scale.
saponoside:
resin;
salts.
dried root-stock,
['ses
leaves
Essential
young
shoots,
rarely
Ruta graveolens
May
Rue Herb
Contra-indications
Not suitable
for
those pre-
Rue
is
L rctaceae
of Grace Herbygrass
Ruscus aculeatus
L liliaceae
and use
allv
256
Broom
Butcher's
to
first
as a
It
in
re-
had wide therapeutic application traditionand was also included as a major ingredi-
Its
RUM-SAL
opposite, joined along their margins forming
Emmen-
Distribution
and
it
an emmenagogue.
acts as
pre-eminence as a
reuo
meaning
effectiveness.
The
from the
to be derived
its
ancients, however,
general
knew
hrute
differentiated
wound
its
use in
homeopathy
in
1818.
ive
Rue
is
Salsola soda
L chenopodiaceae
Saltwort
and the
Both
is
glass,
this species
and
in the
amounts of
large
manufacture of
the mineral-rich
toxic,
fusion,
tions or phytophotodermatitis.
chenopodiaceae
It
it
manuL
Its
other
it
was eaten in the same way
Samphire Crithmum maritimum L).
It is
now
rarely,
if
ever, used.
S. herbacea
to
common name
indicates
botanically as
salts.
butter.
oil
facture.
introduced
knob of
The
hrute,
plant's effect
mann
as a flavouring.
from
Wild.
to be derived
marshes
now thought
is
salt
Ruta
On
native.
it
both as
further
European
mid-
to
Constituents
appearing early
flats.
Cultivation
mud
spikes,
to aid
on fleshy
autumn.
It is
also
as
known
L.
Europe
were
ruta.
north-west
Description
Distribution
north
Native
to
southern Europe, as
far
the
Grown horticulturally and propagated from seed sown in the spring, from
cuttings taken in spring, or by careful division.
Prefers full sun and well-drained soil. The
the wild.
and
herb gardens.
Constituents Volatile oil (to
0.6%), comprising
90%),
toxin;
coumarin;
alkaloids;
fixed oil;
ascorbic
bergapten; xantoacid;
nineteenth
superior
re-
to be of
lesser extent,
included
species
century.
in
no longer used.
Description
solitary, greenish
late
summer
to
On
No
longer
employed medicinally.
methyl
continued
Salsola
furo-cou-
of horticultur-
>7
SAL-SAX
important plants which consists of over
750 species widely distributed throughout the
world. Some are also of culinary use. others
medicinal and at least one central American
species is a powerful hallucinogen, traditionally employed in religious and magical rites.
allv
known
is
Salvia
for millen-
ia. Its
kon
best
the latter
salvia.
solvere,
The name
meaning
salvia
to be in
is
good
bitter
compounds including
Uses
fresh
picrosalvine.
or dried leaves,
oil
Antiseptic
antifungal;
anti-inflammatory: astringent;
carminative; emmenagogue; choleretic: weak
hypoglycaemic.
Wide medicinal application: especially effective as
an anti-sudorific
in cases of excessive
liver
and
disease,
sterility.
stem
woody at the base, branched, quadrangular.
white and woolly when young. Leaves oblong.
3-5 cm long, usually entire, glandular or
rugose, grey-green, petiolate. Flowers violetDescription
blue, to 3
cm
long,
tall:
The oil
is
in
and culinary
industries.
Salvia sclarea
L labiatae
tries
Uses
seed,
oil
Anti-
principal
and
medicine
Oil
is
is
it
to treat
vomiting.
L caprifoliaceae
Clan,
Of
the
Dwarf Elder
cologically,
is
and unlike
its
pharma-
Elder 5. nigra
poisonous.
as
Middle
A^es both these and the root or root bark were
used as such - although ancient Greek
recommend
their use.
the
ebullire
meaning
describing
Grigson
in
last
shows
it
to
purgative action.
The Englishman's Flora traces the
its
origin of the
plant.
main
Description Strong-smelling
nial to
herbaceous peren-
numerous,
grooved,
bearing
long-pointed,
5-15 cm
long. Flowers
oblong, serrate,
leaflets
in flat-topped,
to pink:
numerous
and
Clan.-
wine
itself
was a sixteenth-
to late
autumn.
^8
saponine; tannins:
Sambucus ebulus
varieties
late
esters; choline;
mucilage.
industries.
employed
on terminal spikes.
early autumn.
Distribution Native to southern Europe, notably the mediterranean region. On limestone
soils in full sun slopes, to 750 m altitude.
Cultivation Wild. Collected commercially from
the wild, especially in Yugoslavia Dalmatian
Sage
and
linalol
too.i
comprising
SAL-SAN
wasteland, grassland or roadsides, to 1400
Wild
Cultivation
anthocyanins; tann-
organic acids.
owing
to
its
Pur-
drastic action.
Contra-indications
such
exist,
as
The
berries
Sambucus nigra
should not be
L caprifoliaceae
Elder
The Elder has been used continuously since
the days of the Egyptians and probably before,
and it is still included in certain modern
cosmetic preparations as well as retaining its
popularity in folk medicine. Elder flowers and
Peppermint infusion is the medicine of choice
treatment of colds
homes in Europe.
The plant has several
that every part of the
comprising terpenes;
and quercitrin;
alkaloids;
The combined
action
is
predominantly dia-
phoretic.
taken internally.
for the
varieties
The
horticultural
dissected forms.
plant.
Some
altitude.
in
many country
is
wines.
dyeing.
It
was known
akte,
rich soils in
and
tree to
10
its
(all:
Flowers white, 5
mm
diameter, numerous,
in
cymes
to
it.
to
mm
diameter.
Native to Europe. North Africa.
western Asia. Introduced elsewhere. In hedgerows, woodland edges, on nitrogen-rich soils.
To 1000 m altitude.
Distribution
On
be used,
throats.
POISONOUS.
Contra-indications
only.
The
therapeutic dose
is
Medical use
French Lavender
used
in the low,
was
gardens.
It
scented
sachets
also
to
repel
much
this
moths
in
clothes
attention, although
its
vermi-
moist,
slopes in the
shade.
Cultivation Wild. Introduced as a shady wild
garden ornamental. Propagate by division in
the autumn. A cultivar
multiplex' with
double flowers is found horticulturally.
Constituents Alkaloids comprising sanguinarine,
protopine,
chelerythrine,
a-
and
fi-
The
fresh juice
is
caustic (escharotic)
and has
Cultivation
SUCken or
skin
soils.
much
Perennial
oblong capsule.
Distribution North American native.
May
genus.
30 cm on thick
rhizome; one leaf, basal, palmately lobed,
petiolate, and only appearing when flower
dies. Stem is a smooth scape to 20 cm, terminated by white, sometimes pinkish, flower.
Solitary flower to 4 cm wide, appears midspring to early summer, followed by 3 cm-long
still
capillary circulation.
Description
expectorant,
Principally
an
259
SAP-SCR
The Greeks knew it as abrotonon and
Romans as habrotanum, both referring to
the
tree-like
modern
the
name.
shrub 20-50
cm
tall;
numerous, but
rounded capitula
in solitary
at
mid-summer
autumn.
On
shape.
Constituents
unknown
Essential
bitter
oil;
principles;
substances.
and roadsides,
weak emmenagogue.
fuge; antispasmodic;
sown
seed
Constituents
wasteland
soils in
horticulturally from
by
or
division.
to
comprising
sachets.
Uses
hedge.
Once
in
officinalis
L caryophyllaceae
Soapwort Bouncing
As both the
stock
and
names
generic
may
in the
West
for clean-
Dioscorides probably
knew
Saponaria
officinalis
Middle Ages
it
was
Herba
fullonis.
those
who
The
name
latter
it
is,
used
indicates that
the fullers
it
and
Bet
common and
who
as a cleaning
agent,
wort'.
is
where
it
in respiratory complaints.
Fresh leaf
is
princi-
Contra-indications
To
Formerly classified as
and known as Genista
Cytisus scoparius
L Link
it
Description
mm
Distribution
5-10
acute leaves,
yellow,
2-lipped,
2.5
cm
long.
long,
Flowers
appearing
wood
clusters;
cm wide
appearing
in
dense terminal
mid-summer
to
mid-
autumn.
Distribution
On
500
altitude. Calcifugous.
Cultivation
horticulturally,
Native to
Asia.
volatile
260
and
the
blood
pressure
is
especially
lowered.
Some
oxytocic
Sassafras
as a fish poison.
cm
pur-
when
palpitation,
Sassafras albidum
Scotch Broom
usually 7
Diuretic,
functional
PAPILIONACEAE
late
or whitish to 4
flowering herb
Broom
late,
(dried
Koch
before
branched, on
finely pubescent stems
Uses
and hypertension.
L Wimmer
Sarothamnus scoparius
Soapwort has
it
and conductivity of
lessens irritability
gative, anti-haemorrhagic.
Of
soils.
Saponins
used
which
cardiac muscle.
altitude.
mid-spring,
in
Tolerates poor
Grown
Wild.
Cultivation
1500
to
oil.
to sparteine
This tree
is
Nutt.
Nees lalraceae
considered bv
manv
authorities to
SAP-SCR
provided the first of the American
medicinal plant drugs to reach Europe. Its
action was noticed by Monardes during an
have
expedition to Florida
and
1564),
in
1574 the
Spain.
the native Indian
name
Distribution
chalky
soils,
rocky
hills,
roadsides; to 800
altitude.
Fennel Wood,
pauame after
as well as lignum
its
summer
mid-autumn.
Cultivation
sown
in spring.
comprising
mainly carvacrol and cymene; phenolic substances; resins; tannins; mucilage.
Constituents Essential oil (to i.5
ing.
Aromatic deciduous
Description
tree to
tall.
30
entire, altern-
tops)
digestion or stimulate
appetite.
Possesses a
and can
also
the wild.
The
Grown from seed sown in poor, welldrained and chalky soils in early to midautumn or propagated by division in spring or
salami.
autumn.
ate,
autumn.
1.5%) comprising
mainly carvacrol and cymene; phenolic subConstituents Essential oil (to
Distribution
tral to
southern states.
Wild.
Cultivation
Constituents
Uses
3%
oil, to
comprising safrole
rarely)
The
tops)
Aro-
ornataj in
oil
and
rubefacient
for
destroys
appetite.
Possesses a
and can
also be
Once considered
lice,
or stimulate
The
Antiseptic;
digestion
is
aromatic and
mildly
(fresh
expectorant; carminative;
stomachic; stimulant; antihelmintic; diuretic.
Principally of use in gastric complaints, to aid
to
demul-
hortensis.
antidiabetic agent.
effective
warmer climates.
Winter Savory is also called Mountain Savory,
hence its specific name montana.
Description Shrubby evergreen perennial 10-40
cm tall, woody at the base, branched and
forming a compact bush. Leaves
cervical
lotions.
Oil
deserves closer
used
is
Sassafras tea
made from
is
Contra-induatwns
internally as
May
it
now under
and perfumery.
food flavouring
in
the
wood
should
Oil
not
shavings.
be
used
L labiatae
Savory
is
medicinal
properties
an aphrodisiac.
this
Some
among
herb,
the
and
first
it
to
including
former use as
effect
Satureia
its
introduce
the old
name
were
a garden
Italians
this as
ninth century.
Description
erect
<
lilac
his
has
Summer
used externally.
Satureja hortensis
Summer
L labiatae
Winter Savory
Satureja montana
or white, in a sparsely-
for
winter flavouring
oblong-linear
long.
White
or
or
in
sessile, entire,
oblanceolate,
pink
flowers,
15-30
in
mm
terminal
summer
to
still
apothecaries'
fig)
The
plant's
name
(Latin
goitre and
lymph nodes),
for
names indicate
is
(Latin for
from scrophula
tuberculosis
since
it
of the
was used
in
Description
mid-summer
early
autumn.
Distribution
altitude.
Cultivation
Distribution
to mid-autumn.
European native. In wet woodland.
261
SED-SIL
women formerly made a tea from the
plant which they used before or during childIndian
birth,
and
hoea.
to treat conditions
such as leucorr-
much
attracted
atten-
tion
The
plant contains
toxic substances
in cattle
seldom used.
on thick horizontal
Description Perennial
root,
Stem
cm
summer.
North American native; on nutwet
soils,
near
to
streams,
marshland.
Distribution
1700
porous,
altitude.
On
To
embankments and
Cultivation
roofs.
Wild.
Wild
cosides; mucilage;
plant.
unknown
semadine; gly-
substances.
Constituents
ins,
irritant.
Use of the
substances.
external
weak hypoglycaemic.
Used in poultices for the external treatment of
wounds, burns, ulcers and haemorrhoids.
Formerly used externally and internally in
glandular disorders, mastitis and tumerous
conditions. Also used externally and internally
in
Contra-indications
heart
it
Owing
to
its
action on the
supervision.
its
internal use.
same
macopoeia
specified
'
employment
in epilepsy
its
possi-
nized, but
it
mm
mm
autumn.
European native; introduced elsewhere. On poor, dry, warm, calcareous or
Cultivation
Wild.
fresh plant
must be restricted to
application
Not
Contra-indications
External use
it
may
to
be used internally.
cause blistering.
Emmenagogue;
and
root)
anti-haemorrhagic.
used in the treatment of certain internal
haemorrhages, especially pulmonary haemorrhage; in female complaints and in childbirth;
Once
Considered
personnel.
L compositae
Golden Ragwort Liferoot/Squaw Weed
unknown
substances.
Uses (fresh or dried flowering plant
rient-rich
in
soils.
Cultivation
rubble,
May
prove toxic.
Senecio aureus
Female Regulator
and indeed most of its uses were traditionally
concerned with female complaints. American
Senecio aureus
is
also called
Senecio vulgaris
L compositae
Groundsel
This common weed is known to most European
gardeners as an unwelcome intruder in the
vegetable plot, or wherever soil has been disturbed. Dioscorides called it erigeron and conit had cooling properties, a statement
echoed 1600 years later by Culpeper who
thought the herb of value in all diseases caused
by 'heat'. In the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries Groundsel was frequently used in
sidered
in
dysmenorrhoea.
now known
It is
that, like
its
the old
name
Toute-venue,
emphasize
the
weed's
vivacity.
Description
Annual 4-60 cm
tall;
stems erect,
with
irregularly
toothed
lobes,
short-
mm
diameter in cylindrical
early
flower-heads to 4
Distribution
stony
262
soils,
ters;
Distribution
else-
SED-SIL
where. Widespread and common on wild and
cultivated soils, to 2000 m altitude.
Cultivation Wild.
Constituents Alkaloids including senecionine;
mucilage; tannins; resin; various mineral
salts;
unknown
months.
or
S. orientale
The black
L (now classified
an
which
oil
Emmenagogue;
Used
in
and
in various conditions
linoleic
stance,
wash
Nutritive;
Uses
for cuts.
to
seed
(seed,
fresh
oil,
laxative;
leaves
emollient;
rarely)
demulcent.
Fresh leaves
Contra-indications
substances.
S. indicum
the seeds.
water can be used to treat bleeding haemorrhoids, and can be taken for genito-urinary
infections
when combined with other
be used only
remedies.
Seeds are of benefit in constipation, and
Indians consider a decoction acts as an
emmenagogue.
The oil has wide medical, pharmaceutical and
culinary application.
from
plains
Carolina. In
drained
soils.
action
I 'ses
due.
is
general action
a
stimulant
local
urinary
on
action
membranes of both
mucous
and genito-
the
the respiratory
The
systems.
action
overall
Small palmae
Sabal
Bartr.,
Saw Palmetto
Serenoa
is
named
acute
Screno
alter
[899
to the habit of
t8<>f>
bronchitis,
cystitis,
catarrh,
is
illness.
and suband as a
and atrophy of
debility
is
unsubstantiated.
in the
plains
I'nited States of
America.
about
100 years,
restricted
palm.
their
use
is
now
to
refers to the
tin
but
It
(Michx.) Hook.
Description Palm, usually low and shrubby,
9
m tall, sometimes to f) m tall, with prostrate
1
mm
Distribution
long.
oastal
Sesame
Bennc/Gingclli
an edible
those of Olive
oil
oil.
loptic
Semsem
name mentioned
B.C.)
and
Egyptian Semsemt, a
the Ebcrs Papyrus (c. 1800
to the early
in
and used
the herb.
Description
Erect,
pubescent
annual
strongly
smelling,
cm
finely
Leaves
variable, simple above, lanceolate or oblong,
alternate or opposite. Flowers purple to whitish,
to
cm
solitary,
to
long,
axillary.
90
sub-erect
Followed
Native
tall.
or
by
flat
to the tropii
drooping,
3
cm-long
seeds.
s.
L Gaertn. compositae
Milk-thistle Marian Thistle/
Wild Artichoke
Dioscorides described this herb as silybon but
from early Christian times both Latin and
common names have normally included the
name of the Virgin Mary, after an old tradition that the white veination on the leaves
came from her milk. From this there arose the
Silybum marianum
belief that
which there
for
is
SIN-SOL
Young leaves,
and
roots can be
Contra-indications
The
by medical personnel.
Sinapis alba
L cruciferae
officinale
(L) Scop,
cruciferae
Sisymbrium
Hedge Mustard
Romans
used Mus-
Linnaeus who
classified
it
as
retained in
and even by
Erysimum
officinale
ed over food.
universally
mid-summer
to early
effective
upon
it
Constituents
an
recognizing
in that
name
Hedge
enzyme,
myrosin,
presence
of cold
crushed.
may
young
the
stalks, leaves
resembling Salsify
like the
and
Artichoke,
Description
tall
with
erect,
cm
and surrounded
at
appendages.
Appearing
elsewhere.
summer
to early
lands, fields
tyramine; histamine;
and dried
tensive; diuretic.
the
is
hoarseness or in complete
reason
is
assist digestion.
it
walls.
To
Cultivation
cardenolides.
Uses (fresh flowering tops, fresh juice) Expect-
bechic;
stomachic;
tonic;
diuretic;
laxative.
and
as a tonic.
May
As
it
leaves,
fresh
appetite and to
Young
in
seed
orant;
autumn.
Distribution Native to central and west Europe;
introduced and naturalized in California and
late
pickles.
which interact
water when the
The powdered
f.
liliaceae
Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla was introduced to Seville, Spain,
between 1536 and 1545 from Mexico, and it
soon received attention as a potential remedy
- particularly following the reports
for syphilis
markedly choleretic
cardiovascular disorders.
sickness.
ulcers
official
and of use
They
264
in certain
until
the
early
twentieth
century.
SIN-SOL
was given various names, including
and
Sarmentum indicum, and by 1685 three main
sorts, Mexican, Honduran and that from the
province of Quito were being exported to
Europe in large quantities.
By the nineteenth century Sarsaparilla was
established as a valuable alterative and tonic
Initially
it
for use in
some
benefit in rheumatism.
gests
Celery,
root
now
is
it
is
folk
medicinal
climates.
is
also
known
and Horse
as
Parsley.
and occasionally
name
related
perfoliatum
S.
properties
drink flavouring.
Description Dioecious,
means of paired
woody
vine climbing
Unknown.
Constituents
and
and
anders
The
Evidence sug-
warmer
many
were reaching
Europe. These included Honduran, Guatemalan, Brazilian, Jamaican, Mexican and
Guayaquil Sarsaparillas. Of these, the socalled Jamaica Sarsaparilla (exported via
Jamaica but actually from central America)
was the only sort once allowed in the British
Pharmacopoeia.
effective in
agent.
more
is
it
Now
wine was formerly considered an emmenagogue, while the leaves were antiscorbutic in
days when vitamin C was unavailable. The
root is mildly diuretic and a bitter, thus promoting appetite. The seed is stomachic, and
was once thought to be of benefit in asthma.
The fresh juice may be used on cuts and
wounds.
Seed may be crushed and used with discretion
as a condiment.
Leaves, stem, root and shoots may be boiled
and eaten. The fresh blanched stem and flower
buds can be eaten raw.
in
Solanum dulcamara
L solanaceae
by-
Stems prickly
root-stock, from
stipular tendrils.
for
medicinal purposes
Many, such
world.
resins.
herb's stem
Cultivation
Wild.
The
remedy
is
ineffective in syphilis
and
is
now
as this species,
The
was introduced
sixteenth century
when
it
Germany
in the
amara,
however, and
is
it
is
which
of
so until 1830 in much of
Europe.
Alexanders has been most important as a
culinary herb however, and its cultivation was
described by Pliny and Columella in the first
century a.d. Even Galen considered it more
important as a food than a medicine. The
leaves, the upper part of the roots, stem and
shoots were most often used, but the flower
buds were also added to salads. Like Celery the
herb was blanched to remove bitterness. Due
to the whims of fashion, Alexanders largely
disappeared from gardens in the mid-eighteenth century, but it is worthy of modern
literally
is
first
bitter,
per kg.
Description
cm
tall.
tall,
cultivation.
on
solid,
black seed.
Distribution Native to west Europe, mediterranean region, and naturalized elsewhere; on
moist soils in hedge banks, rocky soils, cliffs,
Wild
plant. Cultivated
on most
soils
265
SOL-STY
2
or
more
basal lobes; to 10
spotted
violet,
cm
with
green,
long. Flowers
bright
yellow
mm
diameter.
Distribution
weedy
on
Widespread. Native
damp
nutrient-rich
Cultivation
Wild
Constituents
Europe,
to
On
Asia,
wasteland,
and woodland;
mm
autumn.
late
Native
Distribution
and
to
wood
edges,
grassland;
Alkaloids
(to
1%)
comprising
May
woodland
clearings,
soils.
plant.
solaceine, solaneine
soils,
to
on deep
2800 m
altitude.
ally
mainly
known
tartaric
citric,
and oxalic
acids; un-
substances.
be used homeopathically.
All parts of the plant are
POISONOUS; to be used only by medical
personnel.
Of much
riasis.
Contra-indications
ointments
Solidago virgaurea
L compositae
ance.
It
is
Golden Rod
The common name
ly diuretic.
also in urino-
problems.
Formerly
agent)
ornamental.
The herb is not certainly mentioned in ancient
writings and there is evidence that it was
particularly promoted by the Arabs in the
Once
substantiated.
takes place.
Middle Ages,
since to fifteenth
wound
The
name
consolida
from the
herb
closely
related
wound
plant, too.
S.
microglossa
DC
as a
Erect perennial to
tall
on
knotted rhizome. Stems usually sparsely branched, sometimes unbranched. Leaves alternDescription
rarely
round-worms;
when purgation
L loganiaceae
Pink Root Carolina Pink/Worm Grass/
Indian Pink
The remedy
generic
name
for
round-worms
is
who
died in
Padua
in 1625, in
rich,
American
North
New Jersey
deep
soils at
native;
incompletely
be of benefit
leaves
may
Betony
is an interesting example of a herb which
was attributed with magical properties from
the earliest times when it was used medicinally,
and which for some time retained an important
place in folk medicine even though its value is
This
first
to attribute
Lacnunga. Dioscorides
knew
authorities consider
it is only an astringent
was once an ingredient of bitter
Wild
An
plant.
content, which
is
to
the
as kestron while
in
Cultivation
due
it
the
Constituents
mostly
labiatae
bitter
is
but
com-
plaints.
The
clearings.
action
studied,
certain nervous
in
woodland
the
thought to be
in
from
and Texas;
the edges of woods and
to Florida
is
is
summer.
southern
may
now being
on twisted root-stock,
Leaves opposite, entire,
Perennial
Description
powder
266
and rhizome,
century Italians
spigeline
(it
however,
now
chiefly
it is
sedative.
employed
in
It
is,
herbal
snuffs, as well as
SOL-STY
medicine by Dr Symons. It was soon an
drug in the United States Pharmacopoeia, and entered European pharmacopoeias
its action is markedly reduced if old tinctures
or roots are employed, and it was found to be
a better expectorant than an antisyphilitic. It
is still retained in folk medicine and proprietary herbal products as an alterative.
Its leaves are often marked with chancre-like
which may have
(like syphilitic lesions) spots
to
official
originally suggested
use in syphilis.
its
subshrub to 90
on thick, creeping root-stock. Stems
clustered and regularly branched. Leaves very
variable in form; from ovate to oblong or
Description Glabrous, perennial
cm
tall,
Distribution
in
wasteland
to
altitude.
Cultivation
Wild
Wild plant.
Constituents Tannins (to
30-60 cm
ing
dentate,
tall.
slightly
and
long-petiolate
hairy,
mid-summer
mid-
to
autumn.
saponosides;
15%);
sub-
bitter
glucosides;
alkaloids
emetic;
stomachic;
Astringent;
purgative;
The herb
in
is
diarrhoea and
for external
application
in
may
states,
but
is
best
may
stitute,
in
smoking and
snull
I)r Benjamin
named.
The
Stillingfleet, alter
use of the
herb as
was established
CARYOPHYLLACEAE
dry
W ild
r
plant.
months
12
with birds.
It
winter
it
provides one
of
it
as a foodstuff lor
and
in large
doses
it
is
emetic and
in
pulmonary
purgative.
Of
an expectorant
benefit as
whom
it
was
Styrax benzoin
Benzoin
It
was
in
spe<
against
when
it
was introduced
it
Dryander styracaceae
Benjamin
Gum
first
Sumatra in 1325
Java Frankincense
Arabic).
in
to
in
an
in
bite
fixed oil;
Chickweed
and
4%);
I'oiseau its
from
light,
sun.
soils in full
Cultivation
visit to
The
Chickweed
native;
Card, eiphorbiaceae
syphilis
Stellaria
American
disorders.
mixtures.
fresh plant provides a yellow dye.
mid-autumn.
North
to
Distribution
altitude.
plant.
Stil/ingia sylvatua
The
to
wounds.
It
2000
Constituents
Cultivation
stances;
ovate-acute,
green to red, 3- 11 cm long. Flowers monoecious, yellow, without petals, in dense, terminal spikes to 12 cm long; male flowers in
clusters, female solitary. Appearing late spring
1582
name
it
was
list
listed as
of taxes levied at
Asa
Worms
(Sweet Asa) -
dulcis
and
applications.
Stellaria
is
Stella
meaning
a star.
preparations.
Vigorous annual, but rapidly propagating and found throughout (he year.
Stems much-branched, decumbent and as-
Cultivation
'
40 (in
tall.
Leaves
to
tall;
leaves simple,
Tree
Description
Sumatra;
in
he
trees
ic
sin
and
is
se
267
SUC-TAX
symphiton of Dioscorides. but
the
Roman
it probably was
from the verb meaning to
the name from which both the
conferva
join together
common name
long,
lanceolate,
petiolate.
Upper
narrower.
leaves
hairy
beneath.
Flowers
purplish,
minal
cymes;
to
autumn.
early
Native
Distribution
to
near
lying
rivers,
meadowland. To 1500
altitude.
Propagated by division in
spring and autumn, or by root cuttings from
spring to autumn. Tolerates most conditions,
but requires regular watering on dry soils.
Constituents Mucilage: allantoin
to 0.8
Cultivation
Balsamic acids to 6o
comprising esters of cinnamic and benzoic acids:
benzoresinol: benzaldehyde; styrol: vanillin:
Constituents
and
The combined
predominantly antiseptic.
Uses resin Carminative: antiseptic; diuretic:
action
is
mildly expectorant.
of benefit
and
an
as
antiseptic
in
plasters,
ly to the skin as
tincture
for
is
preparations.
To
The second
Wild
Cultivation
plant.
in
which scratching
is
characteristic.
It
was
most
members
scratchy
seed
of
the
heads;
Dipsacaceae
the
Fuller's
is
Description Perennial
A decoction may be
268
used externally
pruritus or to aid
Symphytum
officinale
L boraginaceae
Comfrey Knitbone
Comfrey
has
received
much
attention
and
B 12 and
in
pro-
the cell-
as a potential source
Attempts
suitable
to
for
to
develop the plant as a food source in underdeveloped countries have so far been unsuccessful.
ant: vulnerary:
Root
used
weak
sedative.
internally
in
the
treatment
of
veins.
is
leaves!
cell-pro-
flower?
have
The
rarely
Teasel
Honk, is the most extreme example of this, and the bracts were once
used to tease or scratch up the nap on cloth.
Dipsacus sativus
due
and
root-stock;
pathically.
Uses
is
dried
Uses
juice
common name
liferant action
gastric
altitude.
Constituents
wound
1800
Moench. DIPSACACEAE
Devil's-Bit Scabious
marshes.
bronchitis.
Succisa pratensis
Wild.
feed in
for
example,
also
It
is
increasing in importance. It is
an organic compost and mulch.
not certain that this species was the
grown
it is
as
used externally
in
in
animal feeds:
SUC-TAN
araceae
Skunk Cabbage
Weed
Polecat
its
when
bruised.
genus Symplocarpus.
however, retained
medicine.
in folk
physicians,
cm). Inflorescence
a fleshy ovoid spathe to 15 cm long, purplebrown, mottled with yellow, covering a black
is
North-eastern
Distribution
American
swamps and
North
boggy land.
long,
mm
purple, 7
wide, in branched terminal
cymes. Fresh buds pink, but reddish-brown
after sun drying.
Distribution Native to south-east Asian islands,
especially the Moluccas. Introduced to West
Indies, tropical East Africa, China.
Cultivation
tropical
in
u.illotannic acid
3o
Cultivation
Wild.
ent
Resin fixed
;
oil
volatile oil
whooping
asthma,
bronchitis,
fever,
respiratory
hay
cough,
Root-stock formerly employed in the treatment of certain nervous disorders; also used to
treat snake bites.
Contra-indications Slightly narcotic;
only.
The
fresh plant
may
&
Perry
lie
dried
(loves,
are
derived
growing only on
tin
from a
tree
as
originally
tliis
tamine-like
remedy externally
ailed
nigra
ampelos
(black
melana
vine)
his
to treat bruises.
prescribed
(black
and
this
plant was
ampelos),
finally
brioma
vitis
nigra
as a poultice to
Tanacetum vulgare
in
It
POISONOUS;
the
berries
fatal to children.
is
also
L compositae
found
classified as
now
Chrysanthemum
grown
and longyellow flower-heads, many of which are
Bernh.
herb gardens
used
who
his-
oxalate; un-
treat contusions.
scented articles.
Ampelos {Ampelos
Mucilage; gums;
resolvent.
Black Bryony
The Black Bryony
field
m altitude.
lasting
100
compound; calcium
soils, to
plant.
substances.
vulgare (L)
Clove-tree
Wild
Constituents (root-stock)
Tansy
medical use
MYRTACEAE
Cultivation
cause blistering.
drained, nutrient-rich
mm
Tansy
catarrh.
The
including
known
counter-irritant.
common
derived.
can be
Of
is
sugars
complaints,
lant;
Constituents
name
in
It is
for its
frequently
attractive
269
TAR-THY
the family Flacourtiaceae which yield seed
containing a fatty oil. The oil, and the crushed
seed, have long been used in south-east Asia to
treat various skin diseases, and it has been
shown
that
are
known
and one of
diuretic
as
moogra
employed
is
Hindu medicine
in
to
material,
developed
treat leprosy.
Tree
Description
salad
20
to
tall;
leaves glossy,
as
and
in
same way
Endive.
a pulpy mass.
Native
Distribution
names of uncertain
to
mean
to
to
deathless
because
possibly
the
It
Description
Aromatic,
60-120 cm
somewhat
tall,
into
numerous
to 12
rhizome.
cm
long, sub-
leaflets
which
It is still
mid-autumn.
to Europe and Asia;
to early or
Distribution
Native
are found in T.
is
with
some-
to
comprising thujone
south-east Asia.
acid
(to
Uses
irritant.
Anti-
emmenagogue.
Employed in a variety of
and scented articles.
insect-repellent
sachets
Contra-indications
King flacourtiaceae
23
gorlic
),
acid,
),
oil,
compris-
chaulmoogric
oleic
The
Antibacterial;
seed)
ioil.
oil is effective in
matous
acid
and
and
alterative;
leprosy,
is
The
oil
is
irritant
and may
system.
Taraxacum
officinale
Chaulmoogra
Dandelion
ed
270
Chaulmoogra
palmitic acid.
On
situation to 2000
Cultivation
Constituents (seed)
Weber compositae
duced elsewhere.
nitrogen-rich
soils in
any
altitude.
spring
lipids.
helmintic; insecticide;
mid-summer.
Distribution
officinale.
intro-
DC
are
is
Union
and Switzerland. The Russian Dandelion T.
kok-saghyz Rodin.,; was extensively cultivated
during the Second World War as a source of
rubber, which was extracted from the latex of
mer
lion's teeth),
straggling
a
on
diuretic effect.
de lion.
apothecaries.
perennial,
its
common name
was
first
for
TAR-THY
terol; 3:4
inulin;
citric
C and
coumestrol; vitamins B,
provitamin A.
Diuretic:
cholagogue;
and
choleretic;
flowers)
laxative;
An
cm
root
is
a coffee
lip,
in
summer
ing early
mid-autumn.
to
and old
To 1500 m altitude.
Wild. Cultivated as an edging plant.
walls.
Cultivation
in
um
is
Constituents
principles
;
labiate
typically
Dandelion wine,
and leaves in Dandelion beer and tonic drinks.
The plant is safe to use in large amounts.
known
L labiatae
Wall Germander Germander
The genus Teucrium consists of about 300
species, many of which are native to the
disorders.
substances.
Choleretic: anti-
and digestive
employed to
promote the appetite, aid digestion, and dispel
Principally of use in gall-bladder
Teucrium chamaedrys
particular
with
species
the
Khamaidrys
of
combined
The
infusion can be
flatulence.
Once used
mouths and
May
ficial
and formerly
in feverish conditions
tonic wines.
edging plant.
Theobroma
oil;
after the
is
Cocoa
in
commuch employed in
digestive 01
feverish
ii
little
used
liqueurs
other
and
Description
than
as
an
of
ingredient
tonic wines.
green perennial, 10
30
cm
tall.
ever-
Stem er
or
decumbent, hairy, marked witli purple, bearing oblong to obovate-oblong, toothed leaves,
suc-
diuretic.
Theobroma cacao
Yucatan
khamaidrys.
);
Cacao Cocoa-Plant
The Spanish were the first to describe the seeds
of this now important economic plant. In the
Cocoa butter or
theobromine (i-3
trees.
and
cultivated
in
L byttneriaceae
Any medicinal
source of chocolate.
trees
The name
chocolatl
comes
itself
while cacao
is
from
same language.
Both the seed and chocolate itself were known
in much of Europe by 1600, and Cacao butter
was prepared in 1695 by Homberg in France.
The medicinal applications of Cacao butter
win promoted by the r'ien< h and it was soon
cacauatl in the
popular
It
is
in
still
pessaries,
forms
various
retained
bougies,
cosmetic
as
and
preparations.
base
for
medical
suppositories,
cosmetics
its
and
main
due
theobromine and caffeine content, which act as a mild stimulant and diuretic. Theobromine has no stimulant effect on the
to
their
and
chocolate
are
now
used
pharmaceutically to mask unpleasant flavours.
The
The
fat
used in cosmetics.
is
Thymus x
citriodorus (Pers.)
Schreb. ex Scheigg.
Lemon Thyme.
Since
tin
product.
found
Description
Evergreen tree
to 7
and
tall.
Leaves
leathery, oblong
directly
fruit
containing
T.
it
is
vulgaris
Lemon Thyme
there
is
often
is
variable in form.
Queen, which
itself
ranges
inflorescence; appearing
in
degree and
often
colour of variegation.
mm
It is
Distribution Native
to
Central and South
America; introduced elsewhere. In lowland
Cultivation
L and
confusion with
01
Distribution Cultivated
Cultivation
Found
mid
to late
summer.
world-wide.
271
THY-TRA
aromatic carpeting herb
serpyllum
Thyme
Creeping
and,
garden.
for the
also described as
is
T.
Mother of Thyme,
Lemon
confusingly,
Thyme.
Extremely variable, prostrate, mat-
Description
arranged
in
floresence.
autumn.
Distribution
Native
from
from
in turn derives
names thymbra or thumon. It is howmost unlikely that this species was the
main one used by the ancient Greeks, more
probably they used Thymus capitatus Lk.
It is also uncertain when Thyme was first
cultivated in northern European countries;
Europe,
to
north-west
some
annual
The
On
isolated
well-drained sandy
or sandy loams in
woodland
altitude.
German
the
apothecary
plant's
Neumann
essential
first
in
oil
1725,
and
Cultivation
summer
soils
turf,
clearing; to 2600
autumn.
Description
somewhat gnarled
comprising
mainly thymol and carvacrol; tannins; saponConstituents Essential oil (to o.3
soil
which
the Greek
dry
generic and
ever,
The
Com-
10-30 cm
small,
or tortuous
linear
entire,
woody
stems,
tall;
to
elliptic,
mm
petioled or
sessile,
tomentose, to
lilac to
15
long.
Flowers
Anti-
northern climates.
in a
Principally
employed
oil
in digestive complaints,
cinally.
Widely used
culturally
as a culinary herb.
as
Used
horti-
May
in
tract infection.
edging plant.
The
pain,
Wild
Thyme
exists in
many
in colour,
many
different
leaf size;
but
all
Thyme
found
as
Wild Thyme,
as a
douche.
is used commercially
pharmaceutical and cosmetic pro-
(Oil of Serpoletj
in certain
and
oil
ducts.
tea,
and are
vulgaris L labiatae
Garden Thyme Common Thyme
Thyme is one of the best known and most
Thymus
autumn.
to late
Very variable
thymol
and
neutral
also cultivated
eastern Europe.
commercially
in
central
many-
plant.
40
bornyl-acetate;
/-pinene,
linalol,
comprising
),
saponins;
thiamine;
and
acid
ursolic
acid;
compounds; other
active components.
The combined
due
to the
action
is
antiseptic,
and mostly
thymol content.
where
ditions
oil
antiseptic
properties
beneficial
in
are
gastro-
intestinal
The
its
Particularly
required.
may
be used as an antihelmintic,
particularly to destroy
hookworm.
Wide
in
use of the
oil
commercial, phar-
The
plant
is
tiliaceae
Small-Leaved Lime
The Lime, like the Oak and
certain other
European plants, was sacred to the IndoGermanic peoples, and the name Lime is
272
THY-TRA
unknown
Uses
leaves).
active substances.
and
(dried flowers
bark, fresh
bracts,
hypertension.
They
in liver disease.
German
base
lind.
tea
Native
may be eaten.
used for carving and is also used in
charcoal manufacture.
The tree is used (often clipped to shape) as a
Cultivation
Wood
Constituents
roadside ornamental.
Once used
Salisb
Gillis
made
Wild
fruit.
to eastern
in
plant.
Tannins,
codendric acid;
North America
unknown
substances.
Not
to be used internally.
L compositae
Tragopogon porrifolius
called
is still
brown globose
Fresh leaves
Linden Tea. In
America the so-called American Linden /
from the flowers
pale
Distribution
thickets.
Toxicodendron toxicaria
homeopathically.
Description Perennial shrub to 2 m containing
milky juice. Leaves compound, comprising
three thin, acute, rounded and dentate or
crenate leaflets, downy beneath. Flowers small,
several, greenish, in open axillary, racemose
panicles; appearing mid-summer, followed by
Linden Tea.
ANACARDIACEAE
Poison Ivy Poison Oak Hiedra
The genus Rhus contains more than 150
species, some of which are grown as orna-
it.
amencana L
the
name
was
used
pres,
especially
warm
position;
native,
in
in
mixed or
sandy or
to
1600
altitude.
Wild. Introduced
tree.
May
several
age;
in
saponins;
salts;
towns
as
an
compounds including
manganese
farnesol; mucil-
flavonoid glycosides;
polyphenols;
to
for Salsify
were
oculus porci
from the Italian sassefrica (meaning the plant which accompanies stones - after
its
tannins;
Othci
The
Italians
were the
first
to cultivate Salsify as
it
had not
known
European
deciduous woodland
Cultivation
adding
herba salsifica
fruit.
ornamental
is
globose
in
Salsifis des
soils
however,
international names.
stony
is,
for a differ-
The French
its
l)i\lrtbutwn
T. pratensis
Meadow
and emphasizing
blossom in a pleasant
herbal tisane, Lime has an important place in
folk medicine and eastern European medicine
as a remedy for high blood pressure. For this
purpose the flowers of T. platyphyllos Scop.
(Large-leaved Lime) and T. x europaea L (a
hybrid between T. platyphyllos and T. cordata
are also collected for medicinal application
Description Deciduous tree or, rarely, shrub
Besides the use of
for
or goat's beard
rope manufacture.
in
or
common name
transferred
to
genus
tin
commonly
Toxicodendron,
response
in
susceptible
individuals.
early to late
summer.
soil
which
is
kept well-
2 73
TRI-TUS
Lam.
Husnot
to the
it
its
and used
it
it
medicinally
in
ointments for
It
Distribution
Cultivation
on large branched
cm
tall,
root.
50
leaflets to 5
cm
long, in
long, con-
Middle
the
cm
India.
East.
Morocco and
else-
Constituents
choline;
line:
protein
ive;
pigment;
flavone
20
to
fixed
oil;
lecithin: phytosterols.
Uses
after flowering,
tonic.
diarrhoea.
Used as a
appearing
long:
summer
early
cm
to 3
early
to
autumn.
Distribution
rich,
fields,
watered.
winter
Lift roots in
in the soil.
or leave during
Unknown.
Constituents
Uses
autumn
Readily self-sown.
Cultivation
It
is
often
arable
Ryegrass
L LEGUMINOSA1
land
under
\Lolium
in
pasture
multifiorum
short-term
with
ssp.
leas
Italian
multiflorum
ment of
a short-lived perennial
incorporated
Alterat-
coumarii
Salicylic acid:
Red Clover
Red Clover
in spring.
Constituents
ive
Trifolium pratense
dry or
burns,
ulcers,
sores
Used internally
plaints.
and
skin
to treat chronic
comskin
Once
The
fresh plant
is
been known
titis in
cattle
to
known
as trifoliosis.
Trigonella foenum-graecum
An
L legi ionosae
Fenugreek Foenugreek
Like Red Clover Trifolium pratense L this herb
is a fodder crop and the specific name foenumgraecum
is
agricultural use,
and the
fact that
it
its
has been
Middle
Eastern
confectionery,
used
The
may be
halva.
in curries, or seed
Employed
as a fodder plant.
L liliaceae
Wake-Robin genus
The Bethroot
or
of about
species
30
of attractive
three leaves
and a
Most
native
are
The
consists
spring-
generic
name
tripartite flower.
traditionally the
cloth dye.
is
simply an
abbreviation offoenum-graecum.
It is
now
human
to 60 cm.
2-2.5 cm l n toothed, oblanceolate-oblong. Flowers whitish,
solitary or in pairs in axils, petals deciduous
Description
Leaves
trifoliate:
leaflets
female complaints
root
medicine.
274
Trillium erectum
When
Millspaugh proposed
in
T.
TRI-TUS
the Yellow Alder,
T. ulmifolia L) indicating
or constituents.
Description
ennial to 60
many-seeded capsule.
erectum
L be
used,
which
fusion
since
herb
collectors
some concontinued to
led
to
and generally
pendulum - a name which Jn
called
now
them
all
T.
herb as an aphrodisiac.
in some folk medicine.
now
It is
cm
only retained
on short.
thick root-stock; 3 leaves, sessile, rhomboid, to
21 cm long in terminal whorl, subtending a
pedunculate solitary, somewhat nodding, atDescription Perennial to 50
flower
tractive
to
cm
tall,
wide.
The
colour
to
Distribution
Quebec
to
Volatile oil;
Constituent
oil
soils.
Wild.
gum;
tannins; fixed
a saponin, trillarin.
dried
Uses
emmen-
Astringent;
haemorrhages, metrorrhagia,
lcu< orrhoca.
The poultice is
ted in uterine
menorrhoea,
countries.
oi
use
benefit in
ol
frosts.
line,
biotic
i
essential
me.
The herb was known from
vegetable and
its
introduction as
iihcIk
\/i\turcium
The
Cress.
eaten
but
01
is
It
still
is
is
anti-
fresh
the genito-urinar)
and
employed
fsed as a
as a salad
herb or as a
garden ornamental.
Ward.
KNKKACKAE
Damiana Mexican Damiana /Turnera
Damiana is principally a tonic tea which has
It
who
call
Ionics
111
Iropieal
gum;
comprising
tannins (4%);
Tonic;
mild
laxative;
similar
anxiety
the-
neuroses.
infusion
It
initiates
In
atonic
peristalsis
on the mucosa ol
and therefore possib-
effect
acting as an aphrodisiac
Small doses aid digestion.
ly
it
luerba de la pastora.
(to
oil;
constipation
i")
oil
and
best substitute-
are-
Volatile
aper substitute.
I'll).
now
now
an antibiotic
and the
indicum or Indian
the-
to yield
Principal action
Nasturtium peruvianum;
capers
it
seed.
their
lor
pli kleel
lor
indicum
became Nasturtium
it
oil.
Bower buds
Used in infections of
glycoside, glucotropaeo-
which hydrolyzes
and an
<
tal
it
Constituents (seed)
Principally
L tropaeolaceae
Garden Nasturtium Indian (a ess
hence
to orbicular
respirator) systems.
Tropaeolum majus
Beweming promoted
perennial,
succulent
5-20 cm wide,
Somewhat
Description
colour.
root-stock
as
Named
after
the-
leal
shape, Coltsfoot
is
still
2 75
ULM-VAL
of
herbal
flowers
both
belong
to
infusion.
later
Description Perennial
salts;
saponins.
Uses
(dried leaves
and
flowers,
rarely fresh
Expectorant; demulcent;
the heart
sores.
in
herbal tobaccos.
Slippery
ulmaceae
Slippery
Elm
the
of the
276
feel
receives
It is
now
the variety
view of
its
action on
Bulbous perennial
to
50
Slippery
Elm
drinks,
constituents, are
still
cm tall
cm wide
and 40 cm
ing autumn.
spring.
Constituents
(dried
3-
to
the sea,
in poultices, or as a
hoea or constipation.
Employed commercially and domestically
full
Wild
Cultivation
Constituents
red
mainly
sides
action
is
Red
plant.
scillarin
carbohydrate,
sinistrin:
to
ii
);
scilliroside.
irri-
tant: cardio-active.
acute
in
but not
bronchitis.
Employed
decoction for diarr-
in
altitude.
Used
emollient.
Used
Distribution
i'ses
i'ses
and
U.
methyl-galactose.
ulcers
it is
Description
Used
is
pharmacopoeias, but
anti-inflammatory.
in the
Squill
species
is
French apothecaries.
White
the
Contra-indications
Very
POISONOUS:
to
be
ULM-VAL
annual
U. pilulifera
Both
Europe.
same values
Roman
(or
is
it
is
Nettle)
southern
Small
also an annual, have
native
the
The genus
as U. dioua.
from 80-180
branched,
cm tall, stems
bearing opposite and decussate, acuminate,
sparsely
there
to
It is
in ancient
medicinal plant
from the sixteenth century and known then as
vaccinia and mora agrestis. The specific name
refers to the Myrtle-shaped leaves.
The fruits have long been a popular food, and
are still collected for this purpose.
Description Subshrub 30-60 cm tall, deciduous
identify
definitely
writings, but
2700 m altitude.
Wild plant. Cultivated only rarely
Cultivation
for
much
is
mid-autumn.
Distribution Widespread; Eurasian native. On
wasteland, especially damp and nutrient-rich
soils which have previously been disturbed by
man;
Principally
to
and
species
this
urtica
it
this
was an
species
official
Valerian
L valerianaceae
Common
Heliotrope
Several different
been used
officinalis
L,
Valerian/Garden
species
of
Valeriana
have
in
V.
L,
Native
to
Essential
oil
(to
t%) comprising
in
combination
I
(dried root-stock) Sedative; stomachic
fes
antispasmodic; carminative.
Of benefit in the treatment of a wide range of
nervous disorders and intestinal colic. Used in
combination with other remedies in the treatment of hypertension. Useful in insomnia and
migraine, nervous exhaustion and anxiety
in
spring.
Histamine: acetylcholine;
Formic acid; gallic acid; tannins; ylndiow-
Constituents (leaves)
othei
active
sul>-
unknown components.
stems.
Uses
Astringent; anti-haemorrhagi<
diuretic;
t^al-
actagoijiie.
I
manv
he Nellie has
but
principally
is
internal
is
it
haemorrhages; as a diuretic; in
haemorrhoids:
laxative;
woodland,
in
all
used
in
.1
dermatological problems
in-
he
powdl led
has been
level
and
shown
also
2600
in
forests,
to
altitude.
Cultivation Wild.
leal
used as a
suiill
slops nose
bleeds.
It
Asia;
fruit.
Distribution
benefit
cluding eczema.
I
ol
oi
urticaria, jaundice,
and
kinds
lo
to
lower
the-
blood
pressure
minims.
Constituents
fruit
Organil
acids;
pectin;
slightly.
Young
antiseptic
Uses
fresh
;
fruit,
leaves
rarely
A and
Astringent;
tonic
*77
VAN-VER
The
states.
root
small
in
Contra-indications
Vanilla planifolia
Andrews orchidaceae
not be taken
Vanilla
was introduced to Europe by the
Spanish in the early sixteenth century following their observation of its use in Mexico by
the Aztecs for flavouring chocolate. Early
names included Araco aromatico, banillen and
Vanilla
was employed
in the
seventeenth century,
manu-
in
the
for
the
facture
as
an
and orange
fruit to 18
to 5
cm
cm
cm
fleshy, short-
Green Hellebore
Veratrum viride was formerly classified as I*.
eschscholtzu A. Gray. The European White
Hellebore is V. album L. Both these species and
another European plant. V. nigrum L the
Black Hellebore have long been used as arrow
poisons as they are very toxic.
poison,
it
used
V. viride as
was introduced
medical practice
in the late
to
known
America;
intro-
to
2%
unbranched peren-
onlv to
eighteenth century
POISONOUS:
Very
an ordeal
veterinary practice.
/) cription Rhizomatous,
Contra-indications
American
leaves - the
Donkeys
as
herb
is
also
variously
and
Bull's Ears.
stem was
been dried
tallow. There is evidence
was one of the supposed
Mullein's
tall,
once used
as a taper,
spire-like flowering
in
it
having
first
Distribution
-oil- in
mid-summer
nial
to
m.
Flowers
on
ovate to
alternate,
cm
long.
Constituents
is
when
vainillen.
It
thick
root-stock.
elliptic,
to
30
cm
in
Leaves
long.
to
"
to 2
tall.
to early
autumn.
drained, nitrogen-rich
woodland
aromatic sub-
soils in
wasteland and
clearing-.
stam
ides.
dried
or
fresh
leaves,
dried
flowers
King meadowland.
Cultivation Wild plant. Propagated by rootstock division in spring or autumn.
inConstituents Several alkaloids
to 1.5%
cluding veratrine. jervine and veratrosine:
Vanilla bean-
glycosides.
Aromatic carminative.
Uses
emetic: purgative.
;tH
in
cosmetics.
dried
rhizome
Hypotensive:
toxic:
employed
to
for
VAN-VER
The
ing mixtures,
smok-
and used
in
domestic cosmetic
provide
pale
The
An
un-
is
yellow
dye.
Fluellen
Used externally
to treat
officinalis
L verbenaceae
Vervain
Like Betony. Vervain has a long and welldocumented history of association with the
L scrophulariaceae
Fluellen
is
common
wounds.
Verbena
Veronica officinalis
Speedwell
substantiated.
preparations.
flowers
America
it
Low Speedwell and Gypsyweed - one of many herbs with the latter name.
is
known
also
As Herba
as
Veronica
official in the
35-80 cm
Description Perennial
tall,
glabrous
branched and
loosely
only
sparsely
sum:
leafy.
Appearing summer
Distribution
established
gion;
to late
autumn.
wasteland, on nutrient-rich
On
to
soils
re-
roadsides,
1500
altitude.
Cultivation Wild.
spring. Requires
Constituents
sential
oil;
verbenaline
lull
and
in
sun.
verbenine;
es-
glycosides,
the
unknown
sub-
stani
Uses
diuretic
diaphoretic
Tonic astringent
;
gala< tagogue;
emmen-
mean
Bachbungt which
To
the same.
Be<
and
abunga hcn<
as
Herba
e the
Anagallis aquatiea or
from
similarities
between Brooklime's
and those of the Scarlet Pimpernel
the
(lowers
Anagallis arvensis
to treat
was known
the apothecaries h
in
European Tea
Low-growing pubescent perennial,
Description
Description Semi-aquatii
10
to
appearing
racemes,
tummei
earl)
mid-
to
autumn.
Native-
Europe,
to
North
Asia.
elite lies
Wild plant.
Constituents Tannins;
.1
<
leaves
glucoside;
Kate
liver
tinal
dried
or
flowering
stimulant:
siomac hie
Diuretic;
pV telle
lv
tall.
oblong,
to
be
hie
used
unknown
plant,
weakly
fresh
anti-
siiniinei
America;
Native
oppic
es,
loamy
to
Luiope,
Asia,
North
soils, to
moo
Constituents
Fonnerlv
used
in
mav be eaten
in altitude
glycoside,
principles;
sparingly,
aucuboside;
tannins;
unknown
resins;
sub-
stane es.
plant
Expectorant;
galactagogue diuretic.
All the actions are weak and the plant is no
longer ol medic mal interest.
Uses
(dried
flowering
stomachic; vulnerary
mcclie inallv
ol
bittCI
fresh
Cultivation Wild.
substances.
w
sessile-.
or
Cultivation
01
jo
Distribution
Distribution
was also
elixirs, for
respirator)
colour.
succulent perennial,
60 cm tall, with hollow, creeping, easily
rOOted stems. Leaves opposite-, shot l-pelioleel.
It
Principally
employed
as
tea
substitute
in
79
YER-VIO
Veronicastrum virginicum Farwell
principle; leptandrine, to
SCROPHULARIACEAE
Culver's Root Black Root/Physic Root
Formerly classified as both Veronica virginica L
and Leptandra virginica Nutt., this tall American
largely due.
herb
is
Speedwell family
or Veronicas.
Its
in
another
is
reflected
its
Root;
root as a tea to
(dried
Uses
Purgative;
when used
purgative and may
widely used.
Its botanical
name
Veronicastrum
derived
is
itself
acts as a drastic
it
hardwood
grown
ornamentals.
Constituents (bark)
Viburnum opulus
L caprifoliaceae
Guelder Rose Cramp Bark/
resin; viburnine.
Cranberry Tree
This is an attractive plant and several cultivars
are found as horticultural ornamentals. As the
name Cranberry Tree suggests, the fruit have
been used like Cranberries but they do not
really compare in quality and they must be
Of benefit
uterine sedative;
menopausal metrorrhagia,
may
Fruit
dye.
Contra-indications Fresh berries are
POISON-
OUS.
Viburnum prunifolium L caprifoliaceae
Black Haw Sweet Yiburnum/Stagbush
American Sloe
mm
to
fruit.
as
stools.
summer
emetic.
fresh
Shrub to 4
tall, branches glabrous and erect; leaves 3-5 lobed, opposite,
petiolate, dentate. Flowers white, in peduncuDescription
late
stomachic tonic,
in diarrhoea, dyspepsia and atony of the
gastro-intestinal system. Promotes the flow of
bile from the gall bladder. Boiled in milk it
acts as a laxative; larger doses are purgative or
veronica
is
V. prunifolium
mid-autumn.
ties
and
clude
V.
and
Haw
fruit
countries a
V.
fruit.
American
native
from
autumn, or in mid-spring.
also known.
Constituents
terol;
saponoside;
280
Gum;
volatile
purple variety
is
oil;
citric
volatile
acid;
mannitol; a
alkaloid;
bitter
(or V. opulus
var.
is
sterile
V. opulus var.
DC
and
in horticultural
lists
as the
is
found
Snowball Tree).
still
ian
Ruman-
and they
in-
Possumhaw Viburnumj
V.
1
Description
North
L. (the
Pharmacopoeia.
Deciduous shrub
branches spreading. Leaves
|lll?
Distribution
nudum
to
tall;
dull-coloured,
VER-VIO
opposite,
ovate to
petiolate.
elliptic,
finely
fruits.
Distribution
Native
Connecticut
Cultivation
Constituents
plant.
Tannins; isovalerianic
contains robinoside.
Uses
Of benefit
hia,
Sedative: spasmolytic.
Hypotensive: vasoplant
hypoglycaemic; astringent: vulner-
(flowering
Uses
dysmenorr-
as a uterine sedative in
dilator;
ary; sedative.
as a tonic tea,
Generally used
asthma.
ally
Contra-indications
autumn.
to
well-drained, to
soils,
altitude.
to Florida.
Wild
1200
Uncooked
fruit
is
POISON-
and
to stop bleeding,
both extern-
internally, as in metrorrhagia
and
OUS.
tension.
Yinca major
The herb
L apocynaceae
and
Employed
Yinca
tonic, bitter
peruinca
Periwinkle,
Yinca rosea L,
(now
Don
classified as
which
is
major
it
is
still
mid
to late ipring.
Distribution
European
native, in
trad-
personnel.
an
in catarrh.
mixed wood-
L violaceae
Viola odorata
Sweet Violet
The name Sweet
smell
flowers,
It is still
for the
the centurv
Violet
name
genet k
is
large
In
doses
Yiola tricolor
ssp. arvensis
became
name
Heartsease
in
up/ion Perennial
cm
attractive
scented,
violet, also
to
wide,
usually
late ipring.
Cultivation
planted
in late
Requires shade, rich soil and moisture. Various cultivars may be found.
Saponins; a glycoside, violarutin;
methyl salicylate; mucilage; vitamin C; an
Constituents
alkaloid,
odoraline;
author yaniii
an aromatic substance
c
he
Usei
dried
c^lyc
ioninc- 01
pigments;
irone; sali-
leaves
European
and
root-dtock)
is
still
official
and
countries
until
however remain important horticultural ornamentals as edging plants. The name Pansy is
from the French word pensee, meaning
thought or remembrance, and Wild Pansy is
called Pensee sauvage in France. In the
traditional language of flowers the purple form
meant memories, the white loving thoughts
still
and
was
a plant received in
the
heart-break of separation.
the-
yellow
Description
perennial,
happy memory
annual
Variable,
somewhat
straggly
or
to ease
short-lived
and branched
to
ovate to lanceolate.
dentate, with lobed stipules, flowers purple,
while-,
yellow or a combination of these
j",c
colours.
plant.
in
fields,
mountain pastures; on
Emetic;
altitude
purgative-;
tricolor.
some eastern
remained so in
Germany
wasteland,
osides.
clried
is
Murr. violaceae
Latin name.
tall,
root
the
hedgerows,
rarely
in
acidic soils.
To 2000
in
281
VIS-ZIX
\ ilci-
This species
is
one parent of
the cultivated
The herb
plants.
and
salicylates: sap-
blue chromoglucoside,
citin:
emetu
rutin
violanin:
which
violin
principle,
bittc.
and related
as
acts
an
traces of
rutins:
volatile oil.
Used
agent especially in
complaints and rheumatism.
Stimulates the metabolism and induces persas a blood-purifying
chronic
skin
piration,
conditions.
Of
benefit
in feverish
indigestion
in
ulcers
and
sores.
to
aid
wound
valuable
and
Used
healing.
horticultural
plant.
may
use-
The parasite.
Used
phyll
is
commonly
mas
Mistletoe
Druids
itself
to
Oak
most
vsas
be magical by the
Mistletoe
currently
being
examined
for
contains sub-
It
light
to
cm
short,
in
narrow
blunt,
long.
Rowers
sessile,
almost
sessile
axillarv
in-
is
mas
album L
abieti,
album L.
V.
notabh
V.
to
women
Native
several
to
regions
from
trees.
Wild.
Semi-cultivated
in
some
fruit.
Constituents
galactosyl
alkaloids:
11
proteins: a lectin
specificity
many
toxin,
svith
D-
siscotoxin:
gynaecological
Uses
Hypotensive:
cm
basket
in
The
making
in
long.
sun.
Cultivation Wild.
spring,
Several
cultisars
Constituents Several
dem-
now included
formulations.
purposes,
is
and are of
hormonal
Description
in
certain
tall.
from
pounds.
with
ed ripe
in
s\a-
benefit
interest
It
places
species of medicinal
sticks fruit.
Cultivation
the
derived.
is
seseral
deciduous
V.
meaning wild
agnus-castus
and
is
uni-
north-svest
The
agreste
and
florescence,
Distribution
Europe
Middle Ages
called iituis
Wild Pepper
name
world.
is
sexual,
Vita agnus-castus
Sage Tree.
name
leathery,
women
obovate,
Mistletoe
winter decorations.
botanical
DescriptUH
The Loranthaceae
in
Athenian
to
L loranthaceae
Employed
n album
prepar-
ations.
humans
certain
in
var\
pharmaceutical^
Westn.
dried fruit
hormonal substances.
Anaphrodisiac
in
males
VIS-ZIN
The drug was introduced
following long use by Red
in 1849 by King
Indians as a local
Xanthoxylum.
Description
Leaves
30
to
cm
tree to 3
m.
511
ovate leaflets. Flowers greenish-yellow appearing in late spring before the leaves arranged in
:
axillary clusters.
Distribution
in the east.
Usually
soils.
Wild.
Cultivation
Constituents
Resins:
alkaloid-like
substances;
a phenol, xanthoxylin.
Uses (dried stem and root bark, rarely fruit
Stimulant; counter-irritant; diaphoretic: car-
minative.
Used
in atonic
other remedies in
Principally
ditions
May
employed
in
gynaecological con-
east
centuries
for
described
medicinal
before
Dioscorides
Far East it
had also long been employed; in China it was,
and still is, an important drug, and Green
Ginger in syrup was a delicacy from the
fifteenth century. Ginger is now grown commercially throughout the tropics
from
Australia to Jamaica - and many types and
grades are available. The Spanish were
importing Ginger from Jamaica before the
mid-sixteenth century, and Jamaican Ginger
its
uses. In the
is
I)i
scription
cm
long) on 30 cm-long
peduncles.
Distribution
Native
and
duced
To
countries.
to
widespread
1500
several
in
Propagated from
on rich, well-
rhi/ome
cuttings,
tropical
in altitude.
planted
drained loam.
Constituents
camphene,
many
Volatile
oil
(to
phellandrene,
3%), comprising
and
zingiberine,
shogaol
pungent.
fc?J
fresh or dried rhi/ome
Stimulant;
carminative; aromatic; sialogogue; anti-emetic
Very valuable in flatulent colic, dyspepsia
and atonic dyspepsia. < )lteu used as an adjunct
to other remedies lor general tonic or stimulant
purposes, or to purgatives to prevent griping.
1
\<
Zanthoxylum ameruanum Mill, ri
\i
Prickly Ash Toothache Tre<
Several %anthoxyUm species have
medicinal
non. notably Prickly Ash and the Southern
Prickly Ash
ClavO'Herculii I.
They are
(ailed Prickly because of their stem and
petiole spines; and the other common name
relers lo the Red Indian use of the l>.nk foi
i
;i
11
."'.
and
it
is
not a
im
Zingiber
officinale
\i
Ginger
Before
plant,
it
been used
to desc rihe
ei
ed In
and
plaint.
the
the Greeks
had imported
the-
rhi/ome from
in
the
fresh state.
<
ommen
ial
uses in
preparations.
Contra-indications
skin
com-
283
Glossary
ALKALINE
bodv compartment
tissues
from one
to another.
ACETYLCHOLINE
ACHENE
pericarp or
fruit.
ACICULAR
Needle-shaped.
substance which forms
hydrogen ions in solution, and which contains
replaceable hvdrogens. Opposite to alkali.
ACTIVE SUBSTANCE A substance which,
either in combination with other substances or
in the isolated form, exerts a physiological
or pharmacological effect on living tissue.
(bot.) Describing the acute
apex of a leaf, the sides of which are concave
and taper to a protracted point. The point
of such a leaf is called the acumen.
A system of medicine,
originated in China, in which needles are
inserted into specific tissues and/or organs at
predetermined points thereby relieving pain,
inducing anaesthesia, or assisting in the healing
ACID
(bot.)
chem.)
ACUMINATE
ACUPUNCTURE
process.
ADAPTOGEN A
(chem.)
ANTIHELMINTIC A
ALKALOIDS A
ADRENALIN A
hormone
secreted by the
ADVENTITIOUS ROOT
appears casually or
on a plant, and
is
in
bot.
root that
an unusual place
main
root svstem.
Hydrocarbon
radical
ALUM
part of a
AMMONIA
characteristically pungent-
AMYGDALIN
in
peach stones,
for
example.
ANABOLISM
ANAEMIA
of a flower.
Plants which have their seed
ANNUAL
ANODYNE
ANOREXIA NERVOSA
The
condition
is
is
contains pollen.
albumin.
ANTHOCYANIN
284
and
lakes.
White
cause.
APICAL BUD
The bud
bot.
nearest to the
material.
It is
and
ARACHIDIC
Arachis hypogaea.
ARACHNOID
like a
bot.
cobweb.
ARECA RED A
appendage
to a seed,
hilum or funiculus.
AROMATHERAPY The
AROMATIC
chem.
Organic compound
compound;
spicy taste
herb,
and
smell.
ARRHYTHMIA
med.
Irregularity or
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Hardening of the
arteries.
ARTIFICIAL
chem.
Man-made
substance.
ARYL RADICAL
ALBUMEN
organic chemicals
unknown
in the
class of
of
pectinose.
ALDEHYDES A
APHTHOUS ULCER
APOTHECARY An
AGLYCONE
heat.
AMENORRHOEA
conflict.
ALBUMIN
top of a shoot.
or destroys
ALVEOLUS
ANTI-NEOPLASTIC A
or reduces fever.
ALKYL RADICAL
ANGIOSPERMS
effect of another.
inhibits
ANDROECIUM
class of
ADJUVANT A
new
substance which
consciousness.
to describe a
to acid.
Brekhman
ANTIDOTE A
Israel
neutralizes a poison.
referring to
ANTI-COAGULANT A
and usually
ions in solution,
digestive tract,
to the anus.
which
ASTHMA
One
of the flavonoid
glycosides which comprise the soluble colouring
matter of certain plant material, such as the
particularly allergy.
violet, red
ASTRINGENT A
ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDE A
tissues, often
so
ANTHRAQUINONE NUCLEUS
Complex
the skin.
ATROPINE An
CARPEL
the
to
BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER A
BACTERIA An
BALLAST MATERIAL
Those substances,
some
to pass
the reaction.
its axil.
which
mm in diameter.
BRONCHODILATORS Substances which
is
less
than
pulmonary
air
whose life-cycle
maturity and death takes
from germination to
two growing seasons.
BIFURCATION Forking or branching.
BILE A secretion of the liver which is stored
in the gall-bladder. It is rich in fats, pigments
and various
salts
BILHARZIA
One
Bilharziasis or Schistosomiasis.
diseases of
man, contracted
in tropical
worm permeates
of
its
and
BRONCHUS
One
parasitic
down
BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
Reduction
down
in the
the
bile-
BILIOUS Sometimes
CALCIFUGOUS
CALCIFUGE
and
(bot.)
(bot.)
salts,
often phosphate or
BIOCHEMICAL
chloroplast.
CHOLECYSTITIS
Inflammation of the
flower.
presence of stones in
CHOLERETIC A
CAMBIUM
tissues, or
(
cork
in
woody
\OCICHOrC
plants.
India-rubber or
many
Gum
Elastic
plants.
smallest subdivision of
conned the smallest
of
CAPILLARY ATTRACTION
between the surfaces
results in the
ol
That force
narrow tubes which
CAPITULUM
(bot.)
A Bower-head;
often
acetylcholine.
CHROMATOGRAPHY
The
separation of a
CHROMOSOMES
different
flowers
pi.
capitula).
CARBOHYDRATES
c
A class of organic
ompounds containing carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen. Included
in this
An
odourless and
CILIATE
CI LI
f
UM
(bot.)
pi. cilia).
and used
BIOSYNTHESIS The
production of chemical
lubstam es by a living organism.
BIRD-LIME A glutinous substance
manufactured from various plant materials
which was traditionally applied to sticks to
capture birds.
BITERNATE
(bot.) Leaflets in a
compound
leaf,
petiole.
BITTER A
bittei
in
CARDIO-ACTIVE
(
ARDIOTONIC
heart
ial
which
tRDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
the heart
and blood
CARMINATIVE
and
into vitamin
vessels.
A substance which
relieves
Reddish-yellow pigments in
be- converted by animal tissue
may
A-.
Caused
liver cells.
especially by alcohol.
formation of an
anus in the abdominal wall following
lower bowel disease.
COMBUSTION PROCESS Any chemical
process which is accompanied by the release ol
(
:(
)I,(
)S
artificial
colic.
CAROTENES
plants which
al
si
flatulence
taste
gall-
bladder.
CIRRHOSIS A
biologic al
which
CHLOROPHYLL
Relating to physiological or
lirmistrv the chemicals ,isso< iated
fluid
CARBON DIOXIDE
distinct species.
grey
cambium.
true plants.
CHOLELITHIASIS The
of arteries
ifies a
or containing
subdivision
spe
of,
epithet
Composed
The carbohydrate
CAPILLARY The
plants.
(bot.)
CELLULOSE
tissue,
oxalate.
life-cycle.
BILIARY COLIC
tail.
CELL SAP
BRYOPHYTA
substances and
or
and macerating
passages.
CALCAREOUS
soothes a cough.
Related to or containing
plant or extract.
CARTILAGINOUS
cartilage.
inflorescence in
eyelids.
functional
heat
COMPOUND LEAF
(bot.)
One made up of
285
DNA
compound
CONJUNCTIVITIS
Inflammation of the
conjunctiva, the
the eye-ball.
which
liberates
CONTUSION A bruise.
CONVERGENT EVOLUTION The separate
and independent development of unrelated
plants or animals leading to structural or
functional similarities or close identity that
(See Glycoside.)
A group of evergreen plants belonging
to the Gymnosperms, and thus among the most
primitive of living seed plants. The Cycads
were especially dominant in the flora of the
CYC AD
Mesozoic period.
CYME
between them.
flower-cluster in
CYSTITIS Inflammation
leathery
CYTOPLASM
(bot.)
first.
texture.
CORM
(bot.)
excluding the
COROLLA
(bot.) Collective
term
for the
its
leaves
autumn.
the heart.
time.
blood
cell
rounded body.
CORTEX
organ
DYSENTERY
formation
of a clot or thrombus in a coronary artery of
CORPUSCLE A
first
DECOCTION
bile ducts.
in
petals of a flower.
DOUCHE
DECIDUOUS A
parent.
DNA
DUODENUM The
of the bladder.
material within cells,
nucleus.
The
cell
DECOMPOSITION
of
DYSMENORRHOEA
Painful or difficult
menstruation.
DYSPEPSIA
DYSPNOEA
Difficulty in breathing.
The
(med.)
peripheral portion of an
CORYMBOSE CLUSTER
(bot.)
and
short
DECUMBENT
bending towards
(bot.)
DECUSSATE
it,
(bot.)
Arranged
in opposite
pairs,
to the
ECLAMPSIA A
latter half of
rise in
convulsions.
next.
ECLECTIC MEDICINE A
DEFALCATION
Corymbose
See
cluster.
COTYLEDON
COUMARIN
A compound
found
many
in
and responsible for the aroma ol 'newmown hay which some possess. Ingestion in
large amounts can lead to haemorrhage in
man and animals.
plants
COUNTER-IRRITANT A
substance thai
causes inflammation of the skin. It is applied
for the temporary relief of a deep-seated
painful irritation.
CRENATE
round-toothed.
CRENULATE
The diminutive
of crenate.
form of medicine
North
America
painful surface.
DENTATE
EFFLUENT
spores,
DLL
IOII)
Triangular.
hot.
DEMULCENT
ECZEMA
antiseptic
DENTICULATE
resist
EMBALM
Waste
fluid.'
The treatment
of a corpse with
EMBROCATION A
liquid medication or
substance.
DIABETES A
EMESIS
Vomiting.
EMETIC A
EMMENAGOGUE
or species.
in the blood.
DIAPHORETIC A
there
pollen
CULTIGEN A
but which is
being found in the wild.
CULTIVAR
(hort.)
may have
which
cultivation.
CUNEATE
(bot.)
petals or leaves in
Triangular or wedge-shaped
which the narrow end is
CUTICLE
(bot.)
layer of epidermal
The water-conserving
outer
cells.
CUTIN
which
assists in the
prevention of
excessive water-loss.
commonest methods of
286
hormone rooting
EMPHYSEMA
walls.
fevers.
ENCEPHALITIS
flowering plant which has
two cotyledons.
is
which
ENDOCARP
(bot.)
fruit wall.
DILATION
DISPENSATORY
(i)
The
pharmacopoeia.
book
ENDOCRINE
early
name
for a
testes
and
adrenals.
ENDOSPERM
(2)
in
which medicinal
liquid to convert
DICOTYLEDON A
cultivated or
to
putrefaction.
distillate.
Components with
different boiling
ENEMA
ENTOMOLOGY
organic causes.
ENZYME An organic
DIURETIC A
and
urination.
reactions.
catalyst
composed
functioning of biochemical
kinds.
EPIDERMIS
The outermost
(bot.)
cell-layer
of a
compound
flower.
FORMALIN SOLUTION A
powerful
disinfectant and fixing substance consisting of a
37 per cent aqueous solution of formaldehyde;
also called
EPILEPSY A
FRAGMENTATION
GERMINATION
EPILEPTIFORM CONVULSION
Convul-
formaldehyde solution.
(bot.) A term loosely
FUMIGANT
to treat migraine.
disease.
skin.
EPITHELIZATION The
damaged
growth of epithelium
surface.
ERGOTAMINE
ERYSIPELAS A
They
FUNICULUS
FUNICLE
or
by which an ovule
attached
is
(bot.)
The
to the
ovary wall
stalk
name
plant.
ESSENTIAL OIL A
by
a plant
aroma
and having
distillation
from
a similar
GALACTAGOGUE A substance
that can
induce or increase the secretion of milk.
GALLIC ACID An
GAMETES
astringent substance.
Sexual reproductive
biol.)
bot.)
The outermost
wall (pericarp)
layer of the
EXPECTORANT A
lor
GENES
The
biol.i
reduces lever
now known
FILAMEN
hot.)
characteristics;
ol the
membrane and
soli tissues
surrounding the
FIXATIVE
substam
A substance which
perfumer)
retaining the
aroma
ol the
other
GLABROUS
same
bot.
as 'smooth'
when used
in the
botanical
sense.
FLATULENCE A
is
Hairs and
(bot.
leaf.
yields glucose
(See Glycoside.)
alkaloid
combined
HERBICIDE
A substance
(hort.)
referring to dried
that
kills
plants.
HERPES An
HETEROSIDE A
aglvcone
is
GLYCOSIDE An
is
cut or
A system of medicine,
introduced by Samuel Hahnemann, based on
the supposition that minute quantities of a
given substance, such as that of a medicinal
plant, will cure a condition in which
symptoms exist that would be identical to the
symptoms produced in a healthy person were
he given large quantities of the same substance.
(med.) Chemical substance
produced by tissues which is introduced into
the general blood circulation, and acts as a
regulatory agent on different tissues in different
parts of the body, (bot.) Chemicals which are
produced in small amounts by the plant and
control its growth and behaviour.
(hort.) The product of the
decomposition of organic matter.
HYBRID (biol.) An organism which results
from cross-breeding.
ACID (med.) The acidic
substance secreted in the stomach to adjust the
stomach contents to the correct degree of
acidity for the action of certain digestive
enzymes.
HUMUS
HAEMOGLOBIN
The
pigment
blood
in tfie reel
HAEMOLYSIS
red oxygen-carrying
enpuse les.
e
damage
HAEMOPTYSIS
HYDROGEN CYANIDE
Prussic acid;
stained sputum.
HEMORRHAGE
Bleeding; the
esc
ape of
vessels.
HAEMOSTATIC
HYDROPHYTE
HYPOGEAL GERMINATION
The
bleeding.
HYPOGLYCAEMIC A
flavone or a derivative- as
HALLUCINOGEN A
aromatic substances
FLORE1
HALOPHYTE
HYPOTHALAMUS
FLAVONOID
bot
A broad
|
the-
aglyeone.
lass ol coloured
See Aromatu
Small flower which forms part
<
in
certain plants.
seria gonorrhoeae.
II
HYDROCHLORIC
with a sugar.
es.
FIXED OIL A
gas
now
HORMONES
teeth.
stamen
urino-
as antipyretic).
The part
plants in monasteries,
plant specimens.
HOMEOPATHY
units of heredity
more inherited
composed of DNA, and protein.
GONORRHOEA
roots or fibres.
FEBRIFUGE A
Relating to plants
burnt.
GLYCEROL Glycerine.
GLYCOALKALOID An
form
(bot.) (i)
onstituents.
Ploughing read)
HERBACEOUS
GEL
on cooling.
GLANDULAR PUBESCENT
lagric.)
Congestion or
HISTAMINE
ALLOWING
HEPATIC CONGESTION
all tissues
EXTRACT A
I-
propagation.
spitting.
<
cells.
GINGIVITIS
glands.
EXOCARP
controlling one or
saline habitats.
(hort.)
HEEL
or placenta.
ESCHAROTIC A
ESERINE An
and other
HYPOTENSIVE A substance
blood pressure.
That part of the brain
28 7
LECITHIN A member
of the group of
phospholipids; a very complex substance
containing phosphorus, found in egg yolk,
brain and blood.
A white discharge from the
vagina.
LICHEN (bot.) A member of a group of slowgrowing plants that consist of a symbiotic
relationship between an alga and a fungus.
LINIMENT A substance, usually medicinal,
applied to the skin.
LIPID A fat or fat-like substance insoluble
LEUCORRHOEA
man)
INDEHISCENT
(bot.)
opening regularly.
in
many
of lipids includes
INFLORESCENCE A
flowering branch
common
(or, a
group
materials.
LOAM
stalk).
INFUSION The
preparation of a dose of a
herb by pouring a given quantity of boiling
water over a given weight of herb, and infusing
for a given time.
INGESTION The act of taking in food or other
LYMPH
circulates
many
particle
ION
Electrically charged
atom
or groups of
atoms.
M
MACERATION
The
process of extracting
MEDULLA
to distinguish
it
MELANCHOLIA
MENINGITIS
The
(bot.)
ALCOHOL
;
JAUNDICE A
body
secretions.
KERATIN A
and
nails.
KHELLIN A
which
Ammi
is
KNOT GARDEN
MESOPHYTE
LEAF
288
MOULD
Partially
decomposed
leaves.
MUCOSAL
MULCH
MYASTHENIA
(bot.)
term used
to
denote
plant kingdom.
MYCORRHIZAL
shrubs.
MYDRIATIC A
pupils.
N
(bot.
NARCOTIC A
plant suited to a
or convulsions.
METABOLISM, PRIMARY
Vital processes
compounds
NASOPHARYNX
NERVINE
to the nose.
(herb.)
nervous excitement.
NEURALGIA
course of a nerve.
in plant
extracts.
NEUROMUSCULAR
MINERAL A
and muscles.
elements.
NODULE A small
who
See Galactagogue.
MUCILAGE A slimy
MESOCARP
LACTAGOGUE
MOULD A small
fruit wall.
METABOLISM
JK
MORPHOLOGY
MYCOPHYTA
formative tissues
different
colour.
acetylcholine.
to lubricate
MERISTEMS
added.
women.
which an
has been
sugar.
INVOLUCRE
salt to
plant.
MUCOUS MEMBRANE
same
MONOSACCHARIDE A simple
MUCOUS
Compositae.
flower or flower-cluster.
flowers on the
tissues of the
mucous membrane.
in a
MONOECIOUS A
MOLLUSC
having a
NEURONE, NEURON A
complete nerve
cell.
rounded organ.
NUCLEUS
of a
(biol.)
The
functional centre
cell.
shell.
MOLLUSCIDAL A substance
that
kills
OBLANCEOLATE
MONOCARPIC
(bot.)
Bearing
fruit
OBLIGATE PARASITE
only
that
(biol.)
parasite
OBOVATE
OESOPHAGUS
The
gullet; passage
from the
pharynx
(bot.)
many
fats
and
oils.
OLEO-GUM-RESIN A
containing an
and
oil
resinous substance
POLYPHARMACY The
stomach.
to the
OFF-SET
certain plants.
sepals
and
petals.
PERISTALSIS The
progressive, wave-like
it.
POMADE
PHARMACOKINETICS
drugs.
a
PHARMACOPOEIA A
Applied locally
descriptions of
and inflammations.
book containing
and recipes for the manufacture
place.
PHARMACY
pharynx.
OXYTOCIC An
PHARYNX
PALMATE
of the nose,
oesophagus.
Thick, elastic mucus secreted bv
the cells lining the air passages. Originallv
pistil.
OVATE Egg-shaped.
OVULE bot. The egg-containing
part of
Shaped or divided
like a
PROTHROMBIN
medicine.
hand.
PANCREAS An
also
it
PANICLE
(bot.)
PANICULATE
Arranged
in a panicle.
PARASITICIDE A
PARASYMPATHETIC NKRYOl
SYSTEM med.) That part of the
autonomic nervous system which
The
bot.
principal tissue
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
distributed in nature
Substances widely
and comprising lipids.
fatty acids.
PHYSIOMEDICALISM
PARASYMPATHOMIMETIC
Substances
causing an action in the bod) similar to thai
occurring when the parasympathetic nerves
arc stimulated.
PECTIN A natural arbohydrate substanc e
used as a demulcent or thickening agent.
<
PECTORAL
h<
si
herb.
PEDICEL
The stem
hot.
ol
one flowei
PEDICULOSIS A
i
skin
ondition
aused In
PEDUNCLE
cluster,
bot.
The stem of a
flowei
when
ihat
PEPTIC ULCER
digestive system
Tissue loss
parts ol the
to the
W em of herbal
A substance
arranged either
PISTIL
bot.
style-
side
ol
more
PERIANTH
the-
bot.)
hot
skin.
years.
its
PERCUTANEOUS Thai
PERENNIAL
The
<
POLYNEURITIS
nei
ol certain of the
Compositac
QUINSY
and stigma.
POLLEN
or applied through
e-spei
PLACEBO A
performed
PULMONARY
QUANTUM
hot
is
ihose-
the axis in
uln<h
as a feather.
PLUMULE
1
PUDENDA
PYRETHRUM
way
A botanical group
and fern allies.
Covered with short, soft
bot.
ferns
(bot.)
powdered flowers
hot.
the same-
or psvehe.
applied to
emerges Irom
duodenum.
PERCOLATION
lor three or
I,
mind
PUBESCENT
plants.
leaflets ate-
hairs.
applied to
The
in plant seeds
PINNATE
microscopic, unicellular
PTERIDOPHYTA
PHYTOHAEMAGLUTININ
PSORIASIS A
the
found
or stage
is
precursor
condition.
process whereby
food substances are formed by green plants in
ol the
sensitive
PHYTOTHERAPY
in a cluster.
In
PROVITAMIN
Becoming
PHOTOSYNTHESIS The
and water
tone, depresses
PROTO ALKALOID A
PROTOZOAN A
to sunlight
concerned
with maintaining muscle lone, inducing
glandular secretion and dilation of the blood
vessels. Hie sympathetic nervous system
le
bleeding.
animal.
substances.
is
in
in
PHOTOSENSH IZATION
skin.
in the
PHLOEM
secretes insulin.
The
PROTHALLUS
PHLEGM
bot.
PRIMARY PHOTOSYNTHESIZERS
part of the
administration of
<s
microspore
01
the-
ells
The inflammation
of
simultaneously.
POLYPEPTIDE A
amino-ae
iels.
substance containing
several
RACEME
An elongated
RADICAL
Radii
hen
inflorescence in which
last.
see also
reac tion.
concave or convex.
The lower part of the large
flattened,
RECTUM
intestine.
(i)
RETARDANT
slow
STEATORRHEA, STEATORRHOEA
down
kidney.
membranes
and nodes.
root and herb collector of
roots, scales
RHIZOTOMIST A
ancient Greece.
tissue following
that causes
STOLON
is
surface
and which
soil
plant at
RUBEFACIENT A
reddening of the
RUNNER
the tip of
skin.
An
(bot.)
it
touches the
ground.
its tip.
or relieves cramps.
STOMATA
surfaces,
SALICYLIC GLYCOSIDE
Glycoside
containing as the aglycone salicylic acid, or a
derivative.
SALTPETRE
SAMARA
Potassium nitrate.
An
(bot.)
indehiscent winged
fruit.
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES
damage
TOMENTOSE
RINGWORM A
Increase in the
sneezing.
STEROL A
RHINITIS
stem bearing
stools. (2)
STERNUTATORY A substance
a chemical reaction.
RHIZOME
Fat in the
The
soft,
(bot.)
or
loss.
Having
a thick
mat of
white hairs.
end
leaf.
growth of
woody
(lignified) walls
plant
cell
with
and oblique
walls.
TRACHEITIS
TRANSMITTER
TUMOUR
An abnormal
swelling resulting
UV
loose
UMBEL
sweating.
SAPONIN A
in
SAPROPHYTE
obtains
its
(biol.)
An organism
that
or decaying matter.
SCABIES An
by a small
induces
substance or substaiu es
of therapeutic value introduced into the
urethra, vagina or rectum in the form of a bod)
solidified by means of a fatty agent and which
SYMBIOSIS
caused by
mutually advantageous
relationship between two different organisms.
(biol.)
lack of vitamin C.
SECONDARY MERISTEMS
(See
SYNAPSE The
between nerve
point of communication
cells.
SYNERGISM
calyx.
SEPTICAEMIA
Bacterial infection in
Silique (bot.)
long, specialized
SIMPLE LEAF
divided into
(bot.)
leaf that
is
not
TACHYCARDIA
'TANNIN
tannic acid.
TAPROOT
(bot.)
persistent
primary
root,
TENDRIL
(bot.)
supporting
thin,
VASOCONSTRICTOR A substance
VERMIFUGE
VERTIGO
which
unable to reproduce outside a host. Viruses
are responsible for a wide range of diseases
mevalonic acid.
in all
THERIAC An
protein shell
and
Normally referring
THIAMINE A member
heal wounds.
circulation
SPORE
TILTH
SPUTUM
STAMEN
290
antiseptic
of the vitamin B
complex. Deficiency affects the nervous system,
and alimentary
(hort.)
prepared
TINCTURE A solution
active
VOLATILE OIL
See
surface.
of substances (both
organs
WHORLS
essential oil.
used to treat or
WX
tract.
soil
to the
VULNERARY A substance
An
is
VISCERA
substance.
(herb.)
of a
reproductive cell.
Materia! eliminated from the mouth
by spitting, consisting of secretions from the
mucous membranes of the buccal cavity which
can include pus or blood.
(bot.) The pollen-producing part of
a flower, ((insisting of the anther and filament.
STEAM DISTILLATION The distillation of
that
THYMOLEPTIC
asexual, unicellular
tissues
An
The
TERNATE
TERPENOID
whip-like, modified
(bot.)
which urine
passes.
SPORANGIUM
urn.
plant.
The involuntary
Consisting of a
leaf, sensitive to
appendage on a
SPERMATORRHOEA
(biol.)
root or leaf.
action.
THALLUS FRONDS
leaflets.
UNICELLULAR
single cell.
VASCULAR CYLINDER
which
indeterminate, flat-topped,
VACUOLE
VALEPOTRIOTE
(bot.)
An
UNGUENT
SUPPOSITORY A
insect.
(bot.)
conditions.
XYLEM
(bot.)
The
Oven temperatures
Conversion tables
The
tor
table
below
quick measurement.
is
Solid measurements
ENGLISH
8 oz butter or
fat
AMERICAN
cup (solidly packed
oz butter or
tat
lb castor
sugar
GAS
NO
G
OVEN HEAT
8 oz castor sugar
no C
very cool
oz castor sugar
130
very cool
275
300
140
cool
150
slow
325
35o
170
180
moderately slow
375
400
190
moderate
moderately hot
8 oz
200
220
hot
very hot
230
verv hot
425
45"
4 tablespoons
42 cups cake
140
1000
1
35
20
560
420
280
10
140
cups
cups
scant
ij
pints
cups
cups
cup
cup plus
cup
cup
tablespoons
gill
",
pints
2-j
44 tups
2j
'5
230
IMPERIAL
225
85
teaspoons
50
teaspoon
tablespoon
\\ tablespoon-.
dessertspoon
5
H pis=
gal
(.',
<li\
nol puss
.1
jug
down.
The
be following organizations offer membership,
Ihinese
In- (
Organizations
I
I<
landii
Laufasvegi
I'
Bos
Nazionale
.I/nun
Produtti
Inn isih
l.i
lommen
iand
Australia
Parkside, S. Australia,
(ii.
offl is
he Queensland
;
lei
b S01 iety
In-
Quei nsland
In
In
l')i
i-l
old
12
In
,1
In
Sni iety
di
in
-x
me
Si
Man
Pai
is
le,
ant
<l<
lb
'1
l>
So< iety
rasmania, 7006
.1
o! \
\
In Ii S01
a*
In
300 Massai husetts Avenue. Boston, Mass, 11 husetts
02 ii',' s \
Plantes
dei Reformwaren-Herstellei
and Register of
Last
Institute of
20
11
Aim
l<
lii
Society
ol)i
I)
Ei onomii Botany
Marderosian, Philadelphia College
\\
|.'!'i
Foundation
1
',
Ban
t.
Washington
H<
foi
iopathy
Building, 910
DC.
171I1 Street,
2000b, U.S A
foi
ol
in an
Suite
11
e
I
I)
louncil
Hong Kong.
Verband
Medil males
Ji
7.
SWi, England
de Diffusion
.eneral
lln
kri Inn
ii
lie
The National
Ii
asmanian In
he
12 Delia Avenue, I.
S01 n
>ai
>
.1
Japan
rokyo, 3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku,
ol
In
So* iety ol
In Am kland
lerb Sew ictv
P.O. Box 20022, Glen Eden, Auckland
New Zealand.
Australia.
al
ol
he Esplanade, Ashfield,
Australia 2131
I
Park, Brisbane,
Botanii
University
ok\ n. Japan.
560
Academy
In
Queensland Chapter
Australia
Herb
01
In
The
iety
Reykjavik, belaud
2.
lures
Measurements foi
and 'bump' In firm. Do
\'ii
10
OUriCt
12
25
10
'3
'4
140
'5
teaspoon
375
34
300
280
4 tablespoons
'5
50
3"
425
400
180
iti
200
tablespoons
HI
2 pints
cup
cup
raw
Solid measurements
metric grams
Liquid measurements
mitlilitres
flour.
sieved
45o
metric
225 F
250
tablespoons
2j
National College
1327 North
S
13
l
ol
r.ili Strei
\
Si I100I ol N.niii
box
|,i
,il
lealing
Provo,
1.
ih
84601, U.S.A.
2Q1
Riverside NJ.)
Bibliography
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HG
Baker,
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AJ
Brock.
Budge. Sir E
'
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.1
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Hemphill,
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Kelly,
Folk Practices
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Green Medicine
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1964
Levy. J de Bairacli Herbal Handbook for
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Mabey, R
London
Mabey, R
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McW-gue.
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N
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Novel 'Penguin, Harmondsworth, Middx.
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196-,
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S Botany:
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Stearn, \V
New York
latei
Royal
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19191
AJ
University
Edinburgh 1964
Clapham, A R et al. Excursion Flora of the
British Isles - 2nd edition Cambridge
University Press, 1959
de Wit. H C Plants of the World - 3 volumes
Thames & Hudson. London 1965: E P
Dutton
&
Co.,
New York
1963
M Cryptogamic Botany -
1969
Everard, B and Morley, B D Wild Flou
of the World Ebury Press & Michael
Joseph, London 1970)
Fahn, A Plant Anatomy Pergamon Press.
Volume
McGraw-Hill.
Maidenhead. Berkshire, and New York
Algae and Fungi
<
'955
Steward, F C Plants at Work AddisonWesley, London 1964
Tortora, C J et al. Plant Form and Function
Collier-Macmillan. London 1970
Trease, C E and Evans,
C A Textbook of
Pharmacognosy (Bailliere Tindall, London
1970
Willis. J
Dictionary oj the Flowering Plants
and Ferns Cambridge University Press.
")73
Medicinal uses
British
London
'973
Brooker, S G and Cooper, R C New
Zealand Medicinal Plants Unit) Press.
Auckland 1961
(
AT
Struik.
Burlage. H
Index of Plants with Reputed
Medicinal and Poisonous Properties Austin
Press. Austin. Texas 1968
Chopra, R N Indigenous Drugs of India
Croizier,
R C
New
Delhi 1973
Traditional Medicine in
Modern
1972
"7 he origin and
Arts Press,
Society in the
Sixteenth
Brook,
Press
New York
Bryant,
Press,
1977
The Concise
Polunin,
Flowers of Europe Oxford
Lniversity Press, 1969
Roberts.
B Biology: A Functional Approach
Nelson, London 97
Ronald Press.
Smith,
1961
Meal
1965)
Kreig,
1965;
Press
AbelardYork, Toronto
and Spices
Singer,
Allen Lane.
C Of Herbs
Macdonald
Cambridge Universitv
1938)
Clair,
Sanecki,
'975
Martin,
London 1577
'97*
HefFern,
Huxley.
236*,
Evolution
Clarkson.
American, vol.
1977
Arber,
Scientific
Kingdom
Herbarium'
19291
Colour
History
London
Press, 1973
Encyclopedia of the Plant
Huxley,
Ebury
London 1969
Oxford, 1969
Hutchinson, Sir J The Families of Flowering
Plants - 2 volumes Oxford University
Lea
&
their
Febiger.
New York
Keys. J
1968
Charles
Nairobi 1975)
Krochmal,
and
CA
Guide
to the
Africa
Dover Publications.
Quadrangle 1975,
Harper
distrib.
& Row.
Scanton, Penn.)
and Elvin-Lewis,
Lewis,
Medical Botany Wiley-Interscience,
Chichester, Sussex 1977; John Wiley
1
Sons,
&
New York
1976)
The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
Martindale.
26th edition - ed.
The
\V Blacow
distrib.
Philadelphia. Penn.)
Millspaugh,
F and Jirasek,
Stary,
London
Herbs
et
Food
in
London
Jane's,
MPF
WH
Hartley,
New York
New York
and
1953)
L To
London
the Queen's
Sass,
Conn.
Taste
David
Arlott.
Oklahoma
Wallis,
Britain
in
l.dmburgh [962
Webb. L
Guide
Bulletin
and Industrial
HO
1968
Wren, R C
Potter's .Sen
Buchman,
London
I
I) I)
Munch
1973; Harper
1972
Culinary uses
Apicius: I he Roman Cooker Hook.vth.
Flower, B and Rosenbaum, E (Harrap,
London 1974; British Book Center,
\
'(7",
the Renaissance
to
Spires. Salt
and Aramalics
in the
Harmondsworth.
Middx. [970]
he Complete
Book
0/ Gurries
'
Kaye &
Preservation (Cassell,
Grieve,
Sante"
Opera
Ritchie,
A
3
Co..
Chapman &
Hall,
London
oj
Home hood
London 1949)
KN
&
Bell
Practical
Sons,
London
969)
Hunter, B
Sanecki,
N Discovering Herbs (Shire
Publications, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire
973
A B
Profitable
(Country
Collecting
Life,
London
1916)
Periodicals
ACTA PHYTOTHERAPEUTICA,
ten
ECONOMIC
HIS LORY,
horticultural
quarterly; historical,
Studies,
University, Reading, Berkshire,
lie
England.
quarterly; some
on domestic and
NY 1225, USA
(QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF CRUDE
DRUG RESEARCH, quarterly; scientific
aspects of crude drugs, both animal and
and
plant,
since-
&
London 1867
Candle Making
Hodder &
Cultivation
Aichele, I) Wild Flowers Octopus Hooks,
London 1975,
L H Manual of Cultivated Plants
(Macmillan, London 1949)
Brownlow, M E Herbs and the Fragrant
Garden (Darton, Longman & Todd.
London 1^78
Bailey,
and Sanecki,
DG
Herb Growing
Severi,
Siena, Italv.
quarterly; mainly
Grower,
'974
David, E
Day,
1936
Hewer
1974)
on Herbier de
S A. Paris i<)7")
Science Press,
Duckworth.
New York
Mcssegue,
Pouc her,
Cyclopaedia of
(stoking
1973
Feed four Pace
Delights
1977)
GARDEN
volumes
Beautepar
i<)~3
iteau,
Health
Holsworthy, North Devon
NYv\ York
et
New York
Gardens
Barber,
Sante
Surrey 1975
Huson, P Mastering Herbalism Abacus,
Tunbridge Wells, Kent [977; Stein & Day,
Medicinal and
to the
Michael Joseph.
Longman,
1969
(.
and Brcyer-Brandwijk,
Watt, J
Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 0) Southern
and Eastern A/rita Churchill Livingstone,
Snuff Shop
London 197
Audy, J and Fondin, J
Its
& A
New York
1970)
E Textbook of Pharmacogv
Churchill, London 1962;
I he
Twentieth Century
the
1977)
191 7)
Gardening for
John Murray,
Tschirch,
Teetgen.
Stobart,
London
Eley,
distrib.
1)
1976)
&
1975)
Society. Greenwich,
R E
Clarkson.
Vertus
Hamlyn.
197
England (Macdonald
Falls Village,
Herb
quarterly; all
herbs and herbalism. Available
from: The Herb Society, 34 Boscobcl Place,
at
pe<
tS ol
THE HERBARIST,
annually; non-medical
of herbalism. Available from: The
Herb Sex iety ol America, 300 Massachusetts
Avenue, Boston, Mass. 021 15. I'.S.A.
aspei
ts
2 93
General index
bronchodilators 61
bruises, herbs to treat 66
digitalis
dioecious plants 36
Dioscorides 18, 18, 21, 49
bulb 35
Burgundy
Vole
numbers
Page
in
Italia
refer
bold type
illustrations. Entries in
to
distillation
pitch 238
refer to
calyx 36
recipes.
cambium 41
Candied Angelica 88
12
candle-making 94
adaptogens 56
adrenergic drugs 63
Adrianople Red 254
Canon Medicinae
aerial roots 35
cardenolides 56
cardiotonic glycosides 56
cardiotonics 56
95
Cardamom Cake
87
108
Almond water 248
American medicine ji
anabolism 53
anaemia, herbs to mat
<>
17.
cell,
48
powder 166
China, medicine
Chin Nong
11.
18,
pi
hlorophyll 29,
angina pectoris 56
Anglo-Saxon herbals >i
Angostura bitters tg
animal medicine 103
animal repellents and traps
enflcurage
cholelithiasis
m/\ mes
choleretic
61
>
hromatograph)
i~,.
1
138
chutne
\ s.
herbs
in
c(ei.
11
Cinnamon Spinach
Circa m\tan\
anther 36
anti-asthmatic agents 61
antibacterial agents 6a
anti-bilious herbs 76
1
84
plan)
lass,
Clove oranges 97
Cocoa-butter neck smoother 109
Cold cream 108. 109
enlds. herbs to treat 67, 76
Arab world,
compound
medicine
hi.
pi
aromatherapists 104
Aromatic beads 98
56
aspirin 190
asthma 61
atropine 42, 59
81
41)
infei
Barilla 257
crgotamine 63
ergotism 176
serine 63
Herball by
nuns
1.2
herb, definition of 7
indoors 122
Inns herbes
,7
herbicides 128
Cruydboeck 2
Franco's Dip 84
Frangipani aroma 106
herb pillows 97
Cucumber
freezing herbs 74
cultivar 34
cultivation of herbs 132-9
garlic
Garlic Bread 88
powder 90
garlic salt 90
Garlic Soup 78
22
Botanic Beer 89
Dandelion Wine 89
De A rboribus coniferis 42
1
De Caum Planlarum
Gazpacho
-'/
77
Genera Plantarum 24
generic name 34. 141
Gerald of Cremona 20
Gerard, John 21, 22. 50
Simplicibw 19
I),
diabetes
bronchitis
2 94
Botanologia 24
f>i
~)8
55,
7;.
germination 41
-,8
60,
58
Gill
Tea iq8
Herb Omelette
Herb Rice
face
cytoplasm 40
bitter tonics
herb honeys 88
oil 108
Culpeper, Nicholas 22. sj
19
soil-conditions 120, 32 -9
stocking a garden 1 19
window -boxes 121. 122
fragrant herbs 76
counter-irritants 63
Critica Botanica 24
siting 115
bitters
\ature 2
selecting plants
Forcemeat 85
gall-bladder disorders 60
gargles, herbs in 68
of
Cynar 89
Book
90. 91
95
biosynthesis 42
151 39
-1,
corolla 36
cosmetic herbs 76. 103-1 13
cotyledons 36
coughs, herbs to treat 61, 67. 76
84
herb gardens
1
103
fever-allaying herbs
flavonoids 42.
Herb Dredge
birdlime 102
59
blackhead removers 107
101
Black ink
43
herb bouquets 75
Herb butter 84
fixatives
fertilizers
ferns 32
leaf 36
88, 90, 91
to
mj
compost accelerators
to
facultative parasn
59
411
06
reams 108
face masks 107
corm 35
bacteria 31
baking, herbs used in 82. 83. 86, 90, 91
bath
nllc
heart diseases 56 58
hedge plants 20
herbal baths 04
face cleansers
harmine 63
harmol 63
Coles, William 22
c
arrhythmia 57
arteriosclerosis
hair rinses
antispasmodics gg
anti-tussive agents tu
Anti-wrinkle lotion 109
apothecaries 22, 50
appetite, lack of, herbs to Ileal 66
earls
i,
halitosis,
12
essential oils
211
71
61
plants
42, 102
hair dyes
cleaning agents 93
leansing lotions 107
anti-cough agents
67, 76
antidepressants 63
anti-emetics 59
antiseptic herbs 66, 76
( >
cirrhosis 60
e
108
epiphytes 39
Guild of Grocers 71
Guild of Pepperers 23.
herbs to treat 68
hallucinogens 47. 63
halophytes 38
Hager-Handbuch 259
Hahnemann. Samuel 51
ephedrine 61, 63
ephemerals 39
epigeal germination 36
6c
in
23. 50.
guayacan 199
haemolysis 42
80. 82. 83. 90. gt
mask
48
15.
Company, The
endocarp 36
|.o
37,
Grocer's
gynoecium 36
emetics 59
je>.
Grand Herbier 1 6
Grappa con ruta 257
Greece, medicine 11,
gums
113
Elderflower Wine 89
11, 13
3c),
'17
.)<>
cholagogues 60
holcc \siitis 60
246
sail ejn
hloroplasts
emphesyma
hive
Gooseberry Fool 86
Goulash 79
21,
13
annuals, herbs
antagonists 63
_fo
chili
til,
Dodoens, R.
Eau de Portugal
76
90
anaesthetics 63
analgesics 63
glues 102
>
8.
81
12
diuretics 57, 76
division, classification of plants 34
Doctrine of Signatures 19. 22
'
oil
Gingerbread 87
Ginger Jelly 86
Globe Artichokes
druids 49, 49
dr\ ins; herbs 43, 74 I2 9- 3- '3> '33- '35.
'37- '39
dy es 93 99. lo
:
dyspepsia, herbs to treat 68
cardiovascular system 56
carpel 36
catabolism 53
celery salt
ale 90, 91
Almond
20
Capillaire 143
16
15, 16,
19,
drugs, administration of 54
drugs, effect of 54
Abulcasi* ig
Aesculapius
25
Diodes Carystius
mask
108
herbs
80
81
see also
herb gardens
15-39
drying 43, 74. 129. 130. 130. 132-9
dyeing 93. 99. 100
fragrant herbs 76
1
freezing 74
harvesting 129, 132-9
pests and diseases 128
pot-pourris 95
Herb Sauce
85
herb sugars 88
herb teas 44. 75. 82. 83. 90. 91
Herb Vinegars 82. 83. 86. 90. 91
Herb wines
89. 90. 91
Herophilus 17
Hippocrates 16. 16. 48
Hippocratic Oath 16
Historia .Vaturalis 18
by Ray 223
Plantarum, by Theophrastus
Hisloria
17
monoecious plants 36
mordants 99
morphine 25, 42, 51. 233
Huang-ti 13
112. 113
mosses 32
moth bags 99
moulds 32
Mrs Tritton's Dandelion Beer 89
mucilages 42
hypogeal germination 36
Mushrooms
hypotensives 57
Mustard
Ibn Baitar 49
Mycophyta 32
myrica wax 226
mushrooms 32
a la Grecque 84
Dressing 85
Mss. Appolonius 17
identification of plants 44
Ignis sancti Antonii 76
1
mhotep 14, 14
ndia. medicine 13
ndigestion, herbs to treat 59. 68
nflammauons. herbs
to treat
68
Jarmo
Oatmeal
10
jaundice 60
H'orlde 24
olivette
234
<>il
lamina
herbs
lar\ ngitis,
ureal
t<>
me
Big
48
..1
.1
parasites 30
Lemon Verbena
scented ink
pedii
lichens 42.
Linden
n in
; j.
10
2 1.
liqueurs, berbi
31
4.
.'
el
Ii
pei fumes,
5I)
liverworts 32
pi 111
;li
London Pharmacopoeia 50
peristalsii
Lonitzer'l Kreuterbufh
Pesto 85
/',
.11 |i
and
pests
12
Magnus. Alberius
-"
'
<
u-
petioli
it-
j6,
38
ation
"i
113
aweeds
(
sessile leal
")
ph\
)i|
in'
11
em
|ilnitns\ nthesis
6l
{
pilin
.ilisin
ilii
.Hies
'.i"
7
Pi
|.|..
;'
(5
mile 40
mm
|6
shellfish,
simple
vir.il inlci
.11
herbs to go with 9
leal
|)
/,
cell
plan)
plant
}o
1.
and
plan
i"
1
1
-,
lion
I12
niilii
11
press
lodium algjnati
ation
.n
69
ai
Warburg's Fevei
ture
soil-conditions
on
3
foi
window -boxes
\\ in
ini
London
14
121.
estershire saui e
Worshipful
<i
Society
23. 2
\,
22
1
90
ol
Apothecaries
ol
31
138
1'
ion
I111 lis
i"
ation
laasifii
i'l'
omiting,
11 1.
plan)
181
plant null
of
(13.
.11
valepotriotes 63
Vanilla sugar 88
shampoos 109
30
pisti
ii
mildi
Ministry
Pimpernel water
di<
m
lati
mi tabolism
Pickled Mackerel 80
mid. 11
sedatives
(8
ulcers 59
unorthodox medicine 48
41
methyl sain
-in -1111
Piccalilli
mcvii arp
mesoph ytes 38
M> lopotamia mi
inii.ilx.il
(7,
tussie-mussiea
jo,
phloem
let
-,
oikI.im meristem
65
I>2
opolamini
si
20
iropane alkaloids 59
tuber 33
iirkc\ Red 254
Turkish lamb 79
iirner, William 2
sepal
rrie<li(
histor) of 24
transpiration 35
savour) butters 75
si aids, herbs to treat 69
si ented notepapei
109
>
sjiii is.
Trattato de Prestilentia
ti
Philosophiea Botanica 24
uana
toxic dose 57
trade of herbs and
()l
)2.
saproph)
teed dispi
Tooth powder
g6
tranquillizers 63
tii
waters I 13
tonics 56, 59, 69, 76
toilet
Marigold Wine 89
iikini
pharmai olog)
tincture 44
tisanes 44. 75
.1
phai
materia
238
Anthony's Fire 7*1
s.ilr of food .Hid Drugs Act 1873
Salmon. William 2 1. 32
si
31
thorn 35
Tinctura antiperiodica 191
herbs in 82. 8
\t
111.11
Thompson, Samuel
Tragus, Hieronymus 21
Mai-Bowl<
Manilas 7
1
35
petal
17, 31. 71
therapeutic dose 37
the rouge 231
238
mis
in-
laasifii
pi n. mill
^>
11 11 1.1
11
'1
Al,
1.
36
thalamus 36
Theophrastus
Si
ii
(ration 44,
50
<>
liver diseases 58
111.11
pen olation 44
H
Is. berbi
2
perfumer)
Linnaeus. Carl
ea 273
hi
'
13.
rii.i
testa
257
Sage
in
t;
pedum
simplui medinnn 20
I.iher dr
Pea Soup 77
101
ushlights
s.l,
Ii
lepra
P.lfsll
terminal bud 54
Rome
lent
Irdicinae 2
passiflorini
tendril 35
/
Rosehip Soup 86
rosella hemp 201
Rosemary herb pillow 97
101
pancakes 270
teas,
Ant
s.n In Is 113,
tansies,
|g
tee
37
Para< elsus 22
33.
tannins 43
root-gatherers 15
Rosa Angina 2
lavender bags 97
lavendei doiliei 97
nergism
tahini 263
root, structure of
paper-making
v.it
eda
Rome
(Ii
lateral root 34
l.i
s\
rhizotomists
quinine 25. 51
bud 34
lateral
\<,
<>
union
o\.ir\
34, 35
Queen
36
suppressants, herbs 67
sweat-inducing herbs 76
74
Onion Kuchen 87
sail
style 36,
reserpinc 37, 63
respiration 4
ovules 36
Lacnunga
strewing herbs 95
strychnine 51
137. 139
receptor theory 54
Regimen Samtatis Salerno 20
reproductive organs of plants
facial 108
orthodox media
89, 167
radicle 36
receptacle 36
40
ell
Krtuterbueh
stolon 35
Oregano Flan 80
Organs Tea 22
stipule 34, 35
stigma 36
stimulants 63. 76
77
khcllinbi
knot gardens 123, 124. 125
stem, structure of 35
steroids 42
oil
juleps 88
stamen 36
steam distillation 44
Pun-tsao-kang-muh
purgatives 59
obligate parasites jo
of Serpolei 27 2
21
pomanders 95
Poppyseed Sauce 84
Porgy with Fennel 80
pot-pourris 95-6
Potted Shrimps 79
Poudre a la Mousseline 106
Pulque 14b
nucleus,
kummel
13
Nettle Beer 89
by William Turner 21
nicotine 63
Night cream 109
Nikander 7
node 34
nomenclature 31, 141
nosegays 95
spice sugars 88
polypharmacy 49
1 ,
Jackson, Lewis 32
jams, herbs in 90, 91
kr. M ins
pollution 128
Plantarum 3
psychotherap) 47
internode 34
Meat Founde
Species
plumule 36
pneumatophores 38
81
34
34
prothallus 33
Pseudo-Apuleius herbal 48
.\'ew Herball
John of Gaddcsden
species, classification
Near
Rosmarino
Spaghetti
Pliny 18. 71
pomade
Malthaeus 20
Platearius.
homeopathy 51
Horehound candy 219
Horseradish Sauce 84
Hungary Water
Cflcktail 84
Mithridates 7. 48
modern medicine, history of 25
Modern washballs 105
Monardes, Nicholas 24
Historia plantarum.
1.M..
11
herb
Sorrel Soup 78
Soused Fish 80
to
ti
eai '",
Yeast face
\\
l(
in
;</.
mask
57,
108
41
295
Index of plants
Page
illustrations.
Amadou
142
Abies alba cv. Columnar
xlba c\
Compacta
Amber
42
abrotonon 260
Absinthe 158
Acacia see Acacia Senegal
Willd. 112. 142. 212
Acacia catechu
L.
Gum
142
Acacia
Acacia Senegal
L.
acchannum
Acet
;/
Achillea millejolium L.
107.
104.
103,
132. 143
10.
102,
ackeley 154
Aconite 143
Acomlum
I
napellus
143. 154
2(1
Acorus calamus
[02,
13a,
43
Actaea racemis longtssimw
1,
143
<
Aethusa nnapium
AJramomum
144.
I..
{6
Agai
156
Armeria maritime
Willd. 156
Mill.
Centaurv
=,q
Cranesbill 196
Ginseng 233
Linden 273
Liverwort 152
Mandrake 242
Pennvroval 221,
Sea Lavender 5b
Sloe 280
L'pland Cotton <j8
Valerian 63. 181
\\ hite Hellebore 278
White Pond Lil\ 228
Artemisia dracunculus
Wormseed
Asaraban
Acanthus
Artist's
Arum
agno ast<
Agnus ( a^tu* 282
Agnmonia 60
Agrimoma eupaloria
c
189
a 160
Beile Pepper
asaro;
Betonica
Maton 285
Ash
160
52.
6b.
officinalis
Asparagus
officinalis
subsp.
Asparagus
officinalis
161
06
151
Beauv
L.
Ailanthus alli^ima
A)uga replc
188
146
Seingle 146
Mill.
I03.
akalyphe 276
161
<jb.
see /satis
tmctoria
~
1
2i>.
Anise
I20.
iq.
122.
/->/.
132.
22,
}.
anisoi
Birthwort 156
Bishops-weed 144
Bistort 66,
roi us
177
172
Cavara
L.
Hoffm.
rusticutn 144
10.
5<-|.
162
13
Balsamodendron opobalsamum
BaKam Poplar
Bamboo 93
Band Plant
see
Kunth 244
Populus candicans
Vine a major
set
banillen 278
Banjawi 267
barbe de bout 273
Barberrv 60. 162. 218
Barlev 10. 101 202
Barnacle Tree, fabled
Barometre 167
.
tree 52
Bladderwrack 192
Blazing Star 214
Blessed Thistle 120. 176. 264
aquilinae 154
Arabian Coffee 177
Bav Laurel 39
Bav Tree 71. 73.
Arbutus 185
Arbutus unedo L. 155
255
22
Alnus glutinosa
see
araruta 219
Balsam
Alder
229
basilikon phuton 229
Bavberrv 67. b9. 226
(entaurea nanus
let
Blai k
68. 69, J
76, 82. 88. H
120. 122. 123. 127. 136, 197, 222. 22^
Gaerm. 153
L.
Orange 175
22C1
1
243
haris
Ballola
29.
166
Fennel 191
Bitter Milkwort
Balm
apiastrum 222
apium 236
Apium crispum Mill. 236
Apium graitolens L. 154
Apium petroselinum L. 236
apium
<
Ballota nigra
triphylla Brill
90
239
anvsum 239
& Grande
bat
Almond 248
Ash 238
Bitter
ae lauri 21
bachbung.
Bitter
Bitter
Bitterc res*
ballot'
Anthriscus cerejolium
47
Allium ascalomcum L. 148
bak
bai
123,
Bitter
.,,,.
126,
Anise
Antennaria dioica
algae 31. 32
Alkanet 111,1 20. 147
Alkanna tmctoria Tausch. 147
Al Kenna 2 12
al-kharsuf 181
Bieb.
see
107, 161
162
anisum 230
anneson 239
Annual Marjoram 230
2i,U
12=,.
Aniseed
147
jirr,x
123.
277
Autumn
Bachelor's Button
Alliaria petiolata
(17.
161
angiosperms 33
Angostura 194
Alecost 82. o
Bilberrv
trill'
49
<-> 153
127,
Angelica archangelica L. 88. 103. 132. 153
2=,(i
Alchemilla
Aloe
11
rose' 150
Mace 172
tripartita L 163
Alrupa belladonna
.146
161
258
atrix
bevondsea
Bidens
officinalis
266
Bible-leaf
jrbata Ib2
(17.
Agroprron reptns
akte
160
9V
266
102. 138.
R Dahlgr
Burm.hl.
Asperula odorala L.
\sp-ol-)i rusalem
L.
officinalis
192. 238
7. (17.
nthus linearis
L. 89, 146
Piper belle
see
Amnmum
nsnaga 61
cardamon L 185
r,um compadum Soland ex
Amomum Zerumbeih 28^
Amomum zingiber I. 285
Ampelos agria z6g
catechu
betODJca 266
Amm
Agnmonv
263
Anemone
145
Bethroot 274
Agaricus 191
Agathosma betultna
1.
244
AgOVt ameruana
L. 159. 244
athanasia
145
Bergamot
Acanthus mollis
see
A ndropogon
,7
Bere 202
Asa dulci*
\-al< tida
197
159
Arum maculatum
171
Herb
04
Benzui 267
219
10.
Benedict's
Atropa belladonna
set
1
tripartita
Benjamin 267
Benne 263
Benzoin 108. 109. 267
Arrowroot
Pillans
Scherb.
Bittersweet 168
Agar-Agar 195
Agaru 191
Berg
&
Hypericum prforalum
Agave 145
Belladonna
Beilis perennis
Aloe 145
Aristolochia serpentana L.
armoracia 157
Armor acta rusticana Gaertn. Mev
57
Arnica 66. 102. 115. 120. 15-
Beetroot 82. 83
Beggar's Buttons 155
Beggar Ticks see Bidens
Belene 203
emails L. 144
Aegopodium podagraria L. 144
indium podagraria variegalum 144
Adonis
Argentaria 245
Argentina 245
151
see
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
American
bechion 275
beckpunge 279
Bedstraw 67. 100. 194. 256
Bee Balm 225
191
Amaranth
'
136. 169.
13.
20.
21. 123.
27
Gum
Lungwort
Pulmonana
see
Cactus 226
Cajuput Tree 220
Calabar Bean 237
Calahualae 244
Calamint 120. 132. 164
Centranthus
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Calamus
Ceratonia siliqua
officinalis
Rocket 143
Sailors see Cichorium intybus
Weed
Calluna vulgaris
Caltha palustris
19. 120.
officinalis
Bosuellia serrata 63
Bottlebrush 186
Buxus sempenirens
Bra'sica nigra
Koch
L.
75,
163
Capsicum 166
Capsicum annuum L
Braunella 247
Brauneria anguslijolia 184
Breakstone see Aphanes anensis
Agai
M\rrh 227
Cardamtne
.iidamom 68.
Cardoon 181
^8. 93,
Cardttui sanctus
22.
196. 256.
103
Brunei!
11-' ii-
<
ommune
Bin
hinese
at
\\
32.
Herb
\\
<
ai rot
.1
Sagrada
.1
Bean
01
astoi
Im
asuarina 37
Bull's Ears
an
Bunny
Calharanlhus roseus
278
Bars 278
76, 8
11
;6
246
'
ai
ao
Ill
henhrnma COtOO
G Don
'
'
'
281
dai
../"/
95,
1,
<,H.
228
Mi< hx
|.
Celei
i'
tntaun
,1
77
27.
h Sii
166
pies
172. 195
146
154
103
I.
136
|6
168
169
8<|.
Basil
Ocimum
set
Bearberry
set
Bittersweet
basilicum
Arctostaphylos
.-
Bonesel
Common
ommon
Common
Common
ommon
Common
Calamint 164
(
lommi
lelandine 170
lentaury 169
Ihen
Laurel 248
Chicory
(.ilastms scandens
Eupatorium perfoliatum
Buckthorn set lihamuus catharticus
><<
in
ommon
Common
loflee
<
lomfi ey
177
1
Dandelion
Cichorium intybus
set
38
wi
aiaxtuum
n/ficinalt
Fig 190
I.
21,2
Common
1
hi
10^.
st
n nu
Horse Chestnui
set
ruhjnn
lesculus hippo-
Common
ommon
Common
(
Is
|
200
unipei 209
Mallow 218
Nutt
134, 173
'
Cinnamomum
c innamomum
i|8.
29,
Cinnamon
1(18
165
90
74
( in, bona "Jin ninhs L.
174
Cinnamomum camphora Nees
168
'1".
hi
120,
275
20,
im
Endl. 177
lira
32. 149
"ii.
Common
Common
Common
Cimicifuga racemosa
I.
84,
103,
|i
as ed Parsley
tana
168
sinndrns
7''.
hoisya term
Celery
138.
Common
Com im >n
171
I.
el
38. 268
Commiphora molmol Engler tot, 106, 178
Common Alder 149
( lommon Alkanet
147
( ommon Anise see Pimpinella anisum
Common Asparagus set Asparagus officinalis
( lommon Balm 222
Common Barberry set Berberis vulgaris
Schotl
57
Columbine 154
Comfrey 66. 67,
olate 27
(at rls
Ht
22.
122,
173
<|8.
1
.iiiliniim
',
11
Ihoisya 93
Chun
'53
aiula equina
In
228
36,
(.rntaurrn munliiriii
'/
I.
(.auliiphyllum Ihalutintiiis
Cabbs
60
142. 2
2.
34.
Chrysanthemum anemifolium 63
(.hnsanthemum halsamita I. 99, 172
inthemum cincrarii/ohum Vis 99, 103,
172
Chrysanthemum parthenium I.
Bernh. 173
Beinh
inthemum vulgart I.
69
nip 228
in
Broom 256
Butterbur 235
Butterfly Milk Weed 160
Butterfly \\>>d .. \sclepias tuberosa
Butternut 208
Button Snakeroot 2 \
BUXUS srmperi irrns I. 164
'
>ai
'
Basil 22<i
Butt In
Catnep 104
Bush
Illl
Catmint 68.
Saxilra^c 240
Bui rage 163
Burr ( iar\
Bui
laatoi Oil
cassia
mi. 253
Plant
ill
Rieinus communis
see
23,
144, 168
2-,o
75,
173
Colombo 208
Colombo Root
Vahl 167
In'
Cinnamomum
Barl
06
Cole
Rhubarb 252
74,
34. 168.
niton ui8
til.
20.
anguilijolia
Ihinghai
jl>
'17
Ihinese
122,
pi
a acutifolia
Ins es
Chionanthus virginicus
251
2 18.
m Nul 151
lassia /
|g 60 95
120,
linnamon 174
Radish
(
(
('Ins.-
in
.1
'
Meliliilus nlha
inn. 182
{.
167
(2.
60
.'
H2. H
8<i.
I.
17
\juga replant
<>8.
,-
'/1
-.1
146
see
at
eed 143
Bugle "
rageen 172
lai |
2~,2
20
(.mum inn
Bugbane 173
Bugle
Bugle
mi
pentei
j.
2311
'1
Ihinese
<
102
himalati 200
Ihinese Anise 206.
Ihinese
145
183
166
<to.
177
Ink
Cohosh
20,
buboniou 19a
69, Hj,
ii)(.
151
267
66, 68.
Coffee 177
(-'
aroiella
2 \~
82. 83
o j. 163
(\
Pea
Chili Peppers
13.
02
Agrimonia eupaloria
cocum 237
coca
dioica Ja<
Im
see
Coflea arabica L.
.'-,li
Brunch Sprouts
Gum
arob
Cocklebur
76
Cochlospermum gossypium
Cockscomb
Chickweed
264
Cocaine-Plant see Erythroxxlum
Coca Leaf 187
Cochlearia armoraaa 75, 157
96
Chicken-Claws
71.
I.
69, 167
Carlinc
histle 167
( arnation
95, 96, 97, 10a, 105,
260
274
Brown Muitard
185. 283
<|o.
'
166
I.
89
(arlinn maulis
120.
16.
8k
Chelbenah 190
Chenopodium bonus-henricui
167
32.
Carduus benedutus
Cloves 49. 68. 69. 82. 85. 86. 88. 89. 90.
I2
'3- a6 9
95- 9 6 97- 9 8 '5- lo6
see also Sy-ygium aromaticum
Clo\ e-Tree 269
'67
25,
pratensis
<
27.
119.
7"
79, 82.
76
25,
( laraway Seed
can out 179
Brombn m
Brunelle
23.
Broom
66. 68
ill.
Chenopodium 20
Chenopodium album L. 128. 54. 171
fodium ambrostoidis var. anthilmintium
166
13
166
I.
DC
Carawa\
110.
109.
Capsicum microcarpum
(.apsuum minimum 166
Briar 253
brionia ni^ra 269
British
Medic. 166
166
urn fruteSCCni
British
Cheiranthus 95.
107.
104.
brahmi 203
Brake Root 244
Bramble 255
Brank Ursine 142
103.
Charitx 243
Charlock 250. 264
10,
see
134.
Boxwood
102.
175
12.
Clivers 194
chamaimelon 220
Chamomile 18. 67.
89.
170. 220
Borago
Link 175
L.
amara
Brot.
Camphor 49
Camphor Tree 174
Canada Balsam 244
00
Calumba 66. 208
Boldu 236
Burm.
Cilrus limon
02
106
c.17.
Cereus 170
L.
DC. 169
L.
83
am milium
Citrus
Century 169
Century Plant 145
Gay 236
Boldoa fragrans
Citrus 82,
officinalis
108
Citrullus lanatus
5
Centranthus ruber
132. 143
Calendula
Boldo 236
Br
Centaury 59,
Centella 203
Eucalyptus globulus
see
184
Bocksbohnen 224
Bog Bean 66. 224
Bog Myrtle 226
Brow
cacauatl 271
cacho 142
Ginseng 168
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
Blue
cassia
Blumi
el
95,
Eberm
106, 174
3.
Im
go 95 96
174
96
175
18,
>if;
^5,81,82,84,87,^,
102,
1
1
3.
175
Common
(
lommon
lommon
)al
lommon
>x
Common
cum thapsus
227
Nettle 276
1
Common
(
Mullein
Ii
tie
[01
p 247
lYons 232
;<)7
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Common
Pigweed 171
Plantain
see
Plantago major
Polypody 244
Rue
see
Ruta graveolens
Snowdrop
see
Tansy
101
conferva 268
conifers 33
113,
34,
178
79
123. '34-
sativum L. 88.
<-,.
dents
Dei
<1<
lion
83
Duns
-'.
malaccensii 103
Parsnip 201
Cowslip 61. 66, 67.
Digitalis lanala
76. 82. 89.
120.
B26,
Digitalis lutea
Mate 20
Mandrake 163
1
Oak 250
Equisetum
103, 105,
97
183
(|t>.
57
'
Fagopyrum esculentum 57
Fall Crocus see Colchicum autumnale
False Bittersweet 168
False Chamomile 220
False Hellebore 144
Fat Hen 28. 134. 171
Featherfew 173
February Daphne see Daphne mezereum
Felon Herb 159
Female Regulator 262
Fennel 60. 67. 68. 69. 77. 74. 76. 79. 80.
82. 84. 88. 90.
104.
10.
120.
122. 123.
Buhse 190
Slapl 185
Fevcrbush 205
Feverfew 115. 120. 122. 123. 173
Ficaria major 261
7,110, 186
Balm 197
Equisetum hyemale 93
Equisetum sylvaticum 100
Ergot 176
Ergot of Rye 176
erigeron 262
Field
Field
Poppy 233
Figwort
Erigeron canadensis
57
Everma 00
Everma purpuracea
Eionymus europaea 187
Eionymus europaeus 187
Eyebright 67. 102. 105. 189
103
Dianthus barbatus 96
Dianthus caryophyllus L.
Cow
Bn Scabious 268
Dewberr) ut Rubusjruh
Basil 169
Ephedra gerardiana
Devil's
67. 146
73
cnulc-campane 206
Ephedra 39. 61. 63. 185
103
is
270
liplica
Cow
42. 161
Couch Grass
ajacis
276
67.
English
English
English
Everlasting 198
Everlasting Thorn 249
elifagus 258
Elm
Delphinium
elelisphakon 258
Endive
Corn 109
270
Dead-Nettie 210
Deer's Tongue 214
120.258.259
206
10. 111.
185
67. 68. 69
101
Deadk Nightshade
officinalis
Coreopsis 100
Datura
Daucus
Daucus
Daucus
cardamomum 88
Elettana cardamomum var. mimscula Maton
Daphne 120
Daphne mezereum L. 182
Daphne mezereum var. alba West. 182
daphnoides 182
Date 67
Achillea millejolium
62. 184
#<?.
Elettaria
Danube Weed
iff
Elettari 185
Danewort 258
Artemisia
absinthium
Cone Flower
Chrysanthemum
><
cinerarifolium
Common Yarrow
Flower
Insert
Arctium lappa
see
Elecampane
Daisv 104
272
Tormentil 246
Valerian 277
Conundrum
Dalmatian
Wormwood
182
Cypripedium pubescens Willd. 63. 181
Cytisus scopanus L. Link 260
Daikon 250
officinalis
Thvme
Wheat
Edible Burdock
Eglantine 253
Galanlhus nivalis
see
Scrophulana nodosa
186
I.
Ftlipendula
Cowslop 246
Eruscus 256
Fir
Cranberry 277
Cranberry Bush set Viburnum opulus
Cranberry Tree 280
Ervatamia dichotoma 63
Eryngium maritimum L 187
Firelhorn 249
Flag 66, 67. 68. 95. 97. 98. 102. 132. 143
Eryngo 187
see also
Dill
129. 246.
249
",7.
Dill 18. 60. 68. 6q. 73. 74. 75, 76. 79, 82, 86.
90. tig, 120. 121. 123. 127. 132. 152
Seed 152
Thvme
Honk 268
I.
272
Cress 122. 166. 79. 275
Crithmum maritimum L. 179. 257
Crocus 134. 177. 179
crocus indicus 180
Erylhrnxylum coca
Di\inr Flower
Km
Creeping
set
Dianthus caryophyllus
Crowfoot 154
Drosera rotundifolia 61
Cubeb 241
Cubeb Pepper
Dryobalanops aromatica
74
Dryopteris filix-mas L. Schott 33. 184
Dryopteris spinulosa O. Kuntze 184
Dulcis amara 265
Cuckoo-flower 166
Cuckoopint 66. 159
Cucumber
103.
105.
107.
108. 109
Cudweed
153
see also Gnaphalium uligmosum
Culver's Physic see Veronicastrum iirgimcum
Culver's Root 280
Cumin
134. 180
Cuminum cyminum L.
Curacao Aloe 149
120. 123.
Dver's
\<
ads 33
Weed 208
Woad see lsatis
123. 136.
Echinacea 66
rvperus
298
i8r>
L. 181
Echinacea angusltjolia
DC.
Hayne
223
184
62. 184
see
Sambucus nigra
see
Solidago viragaurea
Fluellen 279
Foemculum vulgare Mill.
74.
88.
103.
105. 189
Centaury 66. 69
Crowfoot 154
Elder
110.
Foenugreek 274
Fomes Jomentanus L. Fries. 191
Fomes officinalis Vittadini Bresadola 191
Fool's Parsley 144. 236
Forking Larkspur 183
Fountain tree of water, fabled tree 52
Foxglove 25. 26. 42. 52. 56. 57. 119. 120.
Goldenrod
see
'34- >9
ebulus 258
officinale
L 187
euphrosinum 163
Plantago psyllium
European
European
European
European
European
European
226
see
Fleur-de-Lis
104. 187
46
europaeus
Wood
Fleawort
europaea 187
Euphrasia rostkoviana
tinctoria
Cjmoglossum
Euonymus
Euonymus
Euonymus
Euonymus
Euonymus
Flea
63. 187
Nut 237
Euphorbia 189
Euphorbia heplagona L. i8q
Euphorbia hirta L. 61. 189
Dyer's
curcuma 180
Lam.
Cubebs 241
ir
Piper cubeba
186
see
II
esob 204
Esparto 101
Croton 180
Croton Seed 180
Tin
rr\simon 264
Erysimum officinale 264
Erwhrodanon 254
Dioscora tnllosa yi
Dipsacus tativus
Mill.
Aesculus
hippocaslanum
Frankincense 267
Fraxinus excelsior
10.
192
Fumaria
L. 193
officinalis
Fumitory
67. 193
fungi 30. 32
Galanga 150
Gooseberry 82. 83
Goosefoot 128. 171
Goosegrass 194
Goose Grass see Potentilla
Galbanum
190
Gale 226
Galega
L. 193
Galega officinalis var. albiflora Boiss. 193
Galega officinalis var. Harllandu Hon. 194
officinalis
galion 194
Galipea cuspana St Hilaire 194
Chervil 153
Heliotrope see Valeriana
officinalis
Gourds 10
Goutweed 144
Gractlaria confenoides 195
Herba chamaedryos
Herba erysini 264
Herba fullonis 260
Ground
Gelidium 195
Gelidium amansn Kutz. 195
Gelidium carlilagmeum Gaill
Ground-nui 154
Mustard 147
Gaullhena procumbens L. 63. 195
Garlic
Km/
Bi uni
Sond 195
mn An
Gelsemium semper,
Gemeini
195
195
Genista 260
Genliana lului
y,
I.
96
Geranium maculatum
102.
<|t>.
I.
robertianum
I.
196
.1
in. in
mini urbanum
Ghatti (linn
I
(,ill
Ovei
\1\
1
'i".
<
//
Haruthorn
283
Parsley
I.
127.
i.
11
'
ulirpnrn
ii
.in
llr al
hoke 60,
illhin
I.
I98
1112
lull/lull/,
I
Gnaphalium ditricum
Gnaphalium mutticeps Wall
III
]i,V.
Hedge
Garlic
Hi dgi
II
'.niiiiii
1
Soldi
11
Marjoram
10
raa,
2 <,
124
105,
tuckli
216
ill -.hi
hmi
op
hi
<
leel
12,
ut,
II nliarii
u< 67
68 6g
lo\
Hik kleben
I.
200
h 202
22
Hi bin
11
I.
Join! In
202
Hayne
201
I.
Warb. 270
iilrnr,
myi
I,
202
203
;(,
y
208
209
03,
ea Mustard 163
Junius conglomerate 9
Julian
king
208
I.
1 1,
ii<
Junipi
//,
,201
Altifotius
) li
'1
II
officinalis
Ephedra gerardiana
sii
Juglans nigra
//,</, int/ui
Hydrocotyli asialica
soi
20, 181
11
120
277
i.in
104,
Hya< null 95
Hydniu injur
102,
96, 97,
122. 123
so,
Jessamine 195
Jesuits' Tea 305
Jew \ Myrtle 256
Jimsonweed 182
Ji ii-c hen 232
Joe-pye Weed 188
Helltborus foetidus
In)
In.
11 3,
hussopos 204
199
264
69,
is,
Juglans cintrea
I tumulus lupultti
,7,
j<
Hydrastis canadensis
III
1
68
mm ao
ope 277
Hellebore J3, 103, 144. 201. 278
Id
'
66, 67,
hrute 257
147
Hedge Mustard
Hilu
Housi
21MP
Helianthus armuus
153
Hound's
1.
98
50
["histli
150
'
1.1
Ann
10
officinal*
Lonicera caprifolium
see
200
Jamaica
J.
247
Globe
all
208
103, 205,
-I
Hoik
Hoiehound
179. 373
201
Hordeum ipontaneum Km
Hordeum ulgan I. 202
Hazclworl 160
Woodbine
35. 123,
Jaborandi
(17
236
\grimonia eupatorie
ft,
L.
Hoyw ceil
Hoh
hole
201
207
L.
L. 207
ixus 259
Lici
Lamk. 207
207
).u
199
2 r,i
spuria
k-ln-lhe-hedge 147
Jacob's Ladder 243
Jamaican Quassia 238
Jamaica Pepper 90, 239
I /milium
pallida
[vy
95 96 97, 33,
Bine 202
Hops yi 68, 69, 76, 83, 89, 90, 97, 103, 123.
Iris
Iris
Iris virginica
201
Dvkcs 207
Iris versicolor
Hambuig
Haw kweed
Haw llioi
Irish
Hop
23
Iround 197
B7, 88,
Irish
202
183
Iris
18(1
Honey
279
nica officinalis
206
L.
Italian
Holy
link
L. 207
Heidra 273
Holyoke
io
maloxylum tamptchianum
II
59,
02.
Hamamelis virginiana
li
195
Gingelli 263
89, 90,
Iris florenlina
Iris
178
agai anth
11
61, 169
Iris florenlina
Iris foet.dissima
142
anthinum
.ic
llamamihs
112
Ik
at ac iae
208
Ipecacuanha 59,
Iris 127. 206
pilosella L.
206
caulis 52
Ispaghula 242
Italian Ryegrass 274
Holly hot
>
is
[satis Imcloria
habrotanun
197
I.
1
llala
iti
Gill) flowei
Ginger
'
Gummi
Gummi
Io\
Hera biennis
Kliul1.11 b
Gigartina
Gum
Gum
German Rampioi
<
187
ennel 191
mclegueta
lovis glans
hipposelinon 265
memum
G\ mnospei n
G\ ps\ 'j Rllllllal
d\ ps\ weed 217
197
280
hiltil
Gum
(mm
Gum
mi
Rom
111, 112
la pastora 275
High-dried Rhubarb 252
Hitili Mallow cm Malta Tftoestris
2I11
Tobacco 215
Water Navel Wort 203
Hervea 205
Hteracium
\i .ilin
una punctata y,
Genliana purpurea y.
199
196
169,
Genliana macrnphi'
urn
199.
H mid
urn
hi. 11. 11
Pink 266
Spice 282
199
Guinea Gi
100, 196
I.
Geranium
Guaiacum Resin
Gueldei
Genista linilonn
Gentian
I.
Pennywort 203
campana 206
inula
claialum
Paint 259
lndigojera tincloria
hierba de
Groundsel 262
Guaiacum officinale
(
lli
271
Dreamer 165
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indian
Indigo
Ginger 158
206
Siebold 206
tllicium reium Hook.f. 206. 239
Indian Corn 01
Indian Cress 275
lllicium religiosum
Gean 248
103. 120.
205
Grav 205
L.
tllicium anisatum L.
Buckwheat 75
lien verticillata
Hex paraguar
203
39. 63,
Ili\
Henbell 203
Grandilla 235
Grass 67. 101, 146. 274
Gratia 199
Gratia Dei 199
204
204
officinalis
188
Green
Green
Green
Green
Hyssopus
144, 178
Henbane
anserina
Aconilum napellus
sec
Hollyhock 150
Gardenia 13
Gelidium elegant
Hemlock
Asparagus 161
Burnet 246
Gelidium po/ycladium
Helmet Flower
Garden
Garden
Garden
Garden
Garden
effuSUS
1
,
120, 134,
<i
65 66,
Juniperus communis
I.
82. 89, 91
1,
95,
209
I.
,7.
89, 95,
111,
134,
209
I.
I,
r.
2O3
hibernica
Gard.
2011
90
299
Beard
jusquiamus 203
Jupiter'^
kalumb 208
1
Lythrum
kababe 241
Kami
Lemon Balm
Centranlhiti ruber
see
42
Kapparis 165
Mace
217
salicaria L.
10. 120.
Madder
100. 120.
Magnolia
Maguey
254
Mahonia aqutfolium
Ma-Huang
Gum
Katira
102
Kelp
kerasos J48
Hemlock 144
Lesser
kestron 266
Heaven
Khamaidrys 27
Ke\^
.'47
ill
koamu
lie
I
Km/
iimii
.11
198
also I
Set
.':
22
213
54.
<i
lilium
<
I.il\
I.
22.
t>8.
I.inum usitatissimum
Lippia citriodora
Liquidambei
Liquorice 59.
Larch
Liver-leal
i<n
Li\ er
DC
Larix europata
tibirica
Lolium
102.
l(.
Ma\
198
20.
Latherwon 93
11
<h
I.
215
mulliflorum
Lam.
multifiorum
^-.p.
174
Loosestrife
see
104,
Lorucera marilandua L.
216
266
-,<<
220
Podophyllum peltatum
sit
20.
22.
gale
104.
61
103,
12,
Melnsa
Laiandula
13. 21
sloechas L.
Laiandula iera
DC.
Lovage
123. I2
212
134. 21
Lavender
98.
12
1.
122.
I23.
125.
68.
I20.
I27.
128.
I34.
7-
'34. 2I 3- 2I 4
lucerna 220
Lucerne 103,
Lungwort 67.
Leek 69.
<i
I.crrion 97.
75
3OO
/.
212
213
lupus
1117.
1118.
10.
112. 113.
68.
220
202
-.alictarius
107
216
officinalis
L.
84
127. 136.
221
222
melissophyllon 222
Melist see Melilotus officinalis
Melon 108
menastrum 222
Mauspermum palmatum 208
15.
159
225
32. 91
Myrica
cordijolia L.
Mynca
gale L.
264
226
226
Msriophyllon 245
Myristicajragrans Houtt. 89. 95. 96. 98. 106.
1
13.
226
Myroxylon 13
Mvrrh Myrrhis odorata
1
Msrrha 178
rsicon esculenlum
lilotus officinalis
221
112. 212.
dium clavatum L.
97.
26 5
'<
Coe
249
134.
9(1.
120.
119.
Love-lies-bleeding 151
Love Parslev 213
104.
Mscophyta 32
Mynca cerifera L. 226
12
57
2711
Mustard
Lavandula
dioica
mushrooms
220
latijolia Yill. 2
Arclostaphylos uia-ursi
saliva L.
143. 154
morarius 225
Morello 248
moron 227
morsus gallinae
Iba L. 227
Minus nigra L. 225
Moss 216
Mm- Beauty 187
mosses 32
Mother Die 178
Mother <il Herbs 159
Mother of Th\ mi a -
Mucor
Passtflora mcarnata
see
190
set
L.
Mugwort
225
227
13. 136.
216
216
Mouth Smart
216
164. 222.
Mulberrv
Medicago
117.
120. 121.
136.
Mealberry
Lonicera caprifolium L.
119.
128.
mazariyun 182
Lylbrum
salicaria
113.
6g, 150
hamumilln 22"
Meadowsweet
Husnot 274
Camphor
<>H.
2711
95
219
89.
I.
179
May-apple
{2
230
Matl/n
207
110. III.
95
98.
(17.
Logwood
Led. 191
Lathyrus odoratus
Laurel
\nemone hepatica
Lobelia inflata
Larkspur 183
HBK
Lobelia nicotianaefotia 61
191
Moeni
205
76.
Matricaria
Lobelia 215
pubescens
Benth 230
Main Herbarum
215
ioi, n>8.
I.
orientalis
set
liverworts
127.
1>8
Marrow 1117
Mamibium tntlgart
Male
ool 147
I.il\
104.
Mastic h 25
123.
anis 18
lingua
Lion's
maronev
limun 177
Linden
Ling 93, 165
lingua
122.
i20,
",t>
Lam
76, 91,
77
humana 278
Linseed 66, 67, t>8. 108. 215
Linum biennt Mill. 2 5
Lau\
77.
69,
Laminaria digitala ;#
Lamium album L. 210
'
120.
272
in.
hum
113,
178
\
tig,
97.
7/5.
127.
106.
34,
219
20. i2i,
83, 84, 85, 86, 91, 97. 107. lib.
122. 123. 124. 127. 136. 230. 231
95,
210
H.
una onites
Lime Tree
111.
tog,
Marjoram
42,
113.
125.
occidental
10.
105.
123.
Monkshood
95
Lily-of-the-Valley
I..
104.
122.
i>rnus
Amuardium
set
102.
marchalan
Marian Thistle 263
Marigold 66. 67. 68.
78
242
163. 164
on\ allium
218
Monarda Jistulosa
officinalt
163.
108.
104
officinalt
Fraxtnus
see
Maranle: urundinacea
[10
>'.
{2,
Ligusticum
17(1
Labradoi Tea
Laburnum
hen-.
262
lignum floridum 26
Lignum \itae see Guaiacum
74
Lactuca
Maple ;;
Maranmi
>i
kustumburu
Kutch 142
1
Achillea millejolium
55
see
122. 136
Milk-thistle 263
Manna 192
Manna .Vh
kunoglosson 181
kwei
mani
4
Willd. 214
Liatris spuata Willd. 214
Liatris spuata var. alba 214
7 j
Krameria triandra
Milfoil
108
Mandrake
Lialris odoratissima
Kola 177
Korean Ginseng; 232
Malm
Liatris iliamparui 2
Nutt. 218
Pursh.
185
Lettuce 61 210
Lettuce Opium 2
Levant Cotton jet Gossypium herbat
cum officinal) Koch 134. 213
Lialris uillilepis 214
.
see
kostos
185
192
10,
Cardamom
Lesser
Agave americana
kaukali> 240
ka\ u-puti 220
281
101
karavviya 167
Kat 142
226
106.
Madagascan Periwinkle
27- '49
Myrrhis odorata
Nard 160
Nardus celticus 277
Narrow -leaved Sage
123.
278
Nasturtium
120.
122. 128.
Panetaria
275
Neroli
235
Sims 235
Passiflora edulis
Nettle 66. 73. 76. 89. 91. ioi. 103. 104, 109.
10. 123. 210. 276
1
New
236
105. 106
0,7.
Pimento
234
83. 84. 85, 91, 95. 103. I20. 121, 122. I23.
officinale
L.
officinalis
Pimento dwica
234
Parsley 39. 68. 69. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
Xasturtium
& Koch
Mert.
Parietaria diffusa
234
Passiflora ligulans Juss. 235
Passion Flower 63, 69. 234
Paslinaca saliva L. 235
Nutmeg
226
Ximphaea alba
205. 250
1.
229
L.
22<i
I.
Oil-Nut 208
Pistaaa
Olive
60
rec
",
omnimorbia 2
in
m 66, 68,
229
Peppermn
Popp)
)|iiiiin
Oi.iiil
25,
",
83
6,
28.
100, 103,
230
I.
;.
97,
15,
223
Perfoliate Honeysui klc 216
Periwinkle 120, 127. 138.281
/'. rsea americana
08
Pei sian \\ alnui 209
36,
Pei a\
175
13.
1.
in Bat k
Pel u\
91
S, In
Mahonia aquifolium
<
rat
Ma)
rtn
11
230, 231
(8,
Polemnmum
39 179
03,
\\ man
Mill
7",
10,
i-iin
Mtmarda didyma
i.i
118.225
linum horten
hnum
Owlei 149
0\ah<
acelosella
Peh
231
I.
\elinum
lloilm
\o
Klip
\ativum
Polygonum
tuberosum
vai
17
273
I.
232
forma Alba plena 21,2
forma Rosea plena 233
forma Rubra plena 2 \i
inalii
offii
officinalis
Paeonia
officinalis
officinalis
l.i
mum
.'
Phyllostachj
I'lnm
Pin
van
"
insert
Me)
'
idoginseng \\
Panax quinauejolium
I'lnm
"
Pans)
Papal
Papax
rhoeai
li
232
Rom
Phytolacca americana
Phytolacca
Picea
'li"'
dei
I.
andra
bistorta
km/
um alaguala
1
243
60,
I.
109 233
Mulbet
I.
101
>
papillari
63
88,
233
Picrasma
237
69,
238
r
i
''
11111I11
11ns
10.
Populu
it'll 11
Populus
tin
ilai
l'\
1 1
Pyrus
mm
11I,
Quassia
63.7". 83,84,
Gra)
.'
1
amain
Ojiassia
Portulaca quadrifida
I'm ill, I' ,1 ,ih
L.
xcelsa
Mill
III.
III.!
.'||
,,
.111/
238
I;
{6,
lilnlil
1I1111,
Qui
1,
us
robm
in,
11
11
robm
\ .11
<
245
lalioa
145
lot,
iliflora
I.
IOI
Matt
'>
2J\
Micha 244
238
1 1,
IO3
i7i
Qjll
238
Soland
03, 172
08
no,
03,
Roem. 249
I
11,1
Qjiassia
I"
I.
136,
tandicans
Rouleau 244
Portulaca oleracea
127.
123,
123.233
I.
11
omniums
101
122,
120,
inea
J
I'loU II 99,
(till lllll
I'vius
120.
Pigeonberr) 237
k iniii.il 1. -,-,
Pig
39, 83.
111-
Portutaca lutea
Pyracantha
Populus Iremuloides
port
-1.
245
An 244
iimnhiiii
Populus trtmula
SW
Papaoet \omniferum
1
I.
Populus
I'm
244
I.
Populus fileadensis
K.iim
Pap*
in
249
in-
68. 82. 83
11
243
I.
>
Populus balsamifera
280
233
I.
Viola tricolm
dubium
allii
Phyaii
Nees 233
ichinseng
233
237
I.
=^
alkekengi
satis
220
Pui ging Ag.u
191
frutu
'
249
136,
Schrank.
Punk
Popp) 15,25,35
87.88.91. 109,
237
|llllls,llls
Pumpkin
243
I.
H eatherglass 151
Pool \l
Poplai IOI, 244
Poplai Budi 244
mi
officinalis L.
Pulsatilla alpina
Pomegranate 249
Pond I. il\ 68. 228
Phu 277
Palm. ( 'hriiti
Palmetto 69, 263
lnna\ ion
223
ass
'i
<
iae
.11
Pulmonaria
Polypod) 244
Pol) pod) Rom 244
Phragmile\ communis
Paiglc 246
I
Bernh
95
-'vi
242
puliol ro) ale 223
Pulmonaria 22
amara
DC:.
dulcis
Puccoon
Pudding
Polypodium vulgari
Pl.ini
ticolot
um Hollm
sain
Ox-eye 144
Oystei
ala
107. 108.
Pol) gala
/'
Schubl. and
Polygala tenega
L.
Prunus virginiana 61
Schubl. and
terotina 61
I'liiiius
Pulii
Polianthes tuberosa
polugalon
236
Oswego
Pale
236
36,
L.
248
343
/ emonium caeruleum vai lacteum Benth
Ludu.
nuni caeruleum
,m
230
Focke
C.
F.
Webb
D. A.
Mill.
dulcis
oil.
Oak 273
polemonion
b 235
207
&
oulgart
,"
Pi
1 (li
hybridm
p. troselinoi
in Rli.il.un
Its
oreoselinum
Organ) Origanum
um majorana I.
Origanum 01
Orris 68,
1.
DC.
Martens 248
273
v \
sativa
Clarke 243
160
j2,
Martens 248
I.
242
Blanco Benth. 242
Pogostetnon comosus Miq. .'4.'
Pogoslemon hcyeanui Benth 242
I'lignstcmon patchouli Pellet 1)7. 106, 242
Poison
247
Poison
205
Prune 67
174
verticillata
Prunus
Poison
lag let Ins mi
Poison lb inli k k 178
233
(.
1
91, 241
var. hleynii
veils
Rom
246
L. 61. 89.
Hon. 247
Primula vulgaris Huds. 247
Prince's Feather see Amaranlhus hypochonPrimula
Focke 248
lemon cablin
8<>.
mis
Hill 247
Hance 247
L.
elatior
Primula obcomca
Primula
Pleuris)
106,
1
Primula
Plectranthus patchouli
232
( )i
122,123,
107. 108.
Ophit>glo*\um vulgatum
(
111.
'<'>
Peon) 10,
Pepper 18.
148
2.
234
Pellitorv of the Wall 234
Pemcillium 32
Pennyroyal 7, 69, 76, 9;
27,
36, 223
Pennywort
Pensee 281
Pensee Sain age 281
230
18
120.
Penlaglollis sempi
248
rirginieus
Prickh Lettuce 6
2 10
Primrose 76. 129. 247
Primula 42
Plantago 60
15.
Piper ribesioides 24
Okra 68
Old \I.iu tee Artemisia abrottaum
Old Man's Beard >" Chiotumthui
23
230
Pi urns verticillatus
Marjoram
Pot
Prunella vulgaris L.
Piper muncalum 24
Oamum minimum
Oamum fOJlCtum
24
crassipc.s
Rausch. 246
L.
driacus
240
12. 156.
Pellitory
ansenna L. 245
Prinos r //
Oamum
10",
60
Potcntilla
Piper
250
101.
235
104.
Potentilla
Potentilla erecta
239
239
90.
Piper belle
96. 102.
Lindl. 239
peganon 257
Pelargonium 235
0.5.
Oak
Merr.
L.
officinalis
Pimento
10
pin-lang 56
pinones de Maluco 180
228
L.
Pilocarpus jaborandi 63
Pilocarpus microphallus
DC
245
(juilll
Quinine
L e blei n
1, 250
i
1 1
fastigiata
150
101
aponaria 109
Mil
,
m, bona
o/fii itialis
3<
Rosmarinus
radicula 25
102.
101,
Radish 250
officinalis
104.
109.
Ragwort 262
Rampion
129
ficaria L. 250
Raphanus raphamstrum L. 250
Raphanus rusticanus 157
Raphanus satioul L. 250
Ranunculus
Bergamot 225
Bryony 163
Bush Tea 160
Cockscomb
Cole
set
Cow
Ba-.il
F.lm 276
256
Tea 150
Schlusselblumen 247
-cilia 276
Scorzonera 273
;.
H ilk
en
variegata 277
Lavender
Si
,1
I.d\ ay.
Si
.1
Sabal 263
Sea Squill 52
seaweeds j
32
Rheum rhabtnbtiium
89,
I.
|>i.
11-
(8.
l>t>.
28.
I
rixus 230
Rocket-salad 186
Rock Parsley ol Alexandria 265
>
Borrer ex Sm. 25
rubiginosa agg. 253
/?oja micrantha
53
Thunb.
95,
254
102,
7.
106,
235
V' 2
104,
81).
109.
73,
76,
74,
101,
1
19.
Oak
Seville
Orange 175
111.
21,
258
259
L. 258
10,
Starchwon
shunis
2 14
Silybum
Sapaharia 260
L.
officinalis
7.
61.
113.
138.
109,
L.
.1
Wimmer
ex
Koch
260
273
Nutt.
Stillingia syluatica
;;
260
Stinking
Horehound 162
Stinking
Iris
Gaertn. 263
L.
Simsim 263
264
Sisymbrium
officinale
L.
Slippery
Sloe 280
Elm
67. 68,
206
<te
Miliaria media
Stock o^
sioechas arabica 2 2
Stonecrop 262
Storax 95
Strawberry 35, 75, 76. 107. 108. 127. 191
Strawberry Tree 155
Struthion 260
1
Hellebo;
Stitchwort
Scop. 264
276
cor data
Nees 260
Gard. 267
Benjamin 274
Gladdon 206
Sinapis alba L.
138.
Nettie 276
Stinging
Stinking
Stinking
Stinking
mananum
^2. 8i|.
L Trevisan
266
Stall Vine set t elasln
_inish 280
Horn Moss 216
Star Anise 206
Maple
184
Slachys officinalis
23, 148
Silver
243. 260
Cucumber
Siberian Ginseng
Sicklewort 247
Silver Birch 162
2 76
-,2-
Squirting
257
138.
Shamrock
Squill
101, 250
Silverweed 245
<il\ bon 263
Sassefrii
2h<\
Sessile
Shallot 85.
Sassafras albidum
263
88. 263
tm mdicum L.
102,
Serpentaria 24 \
Serpentaria rubra 24
Serpentar\ 156
Sesame
Roselle 201
68,
Small 263
Michx. Hook 203
Bartr.
tea
167
a serrulata
257
23.
Spinus
Serenoa repens
Sarothamnm
42.
Saponaria
262
262
I.
Sarothamnm
<
lis
Serpvllum 272
Senna
13
20
Hurt
Sambucus ebului
Sambucus nigra L. 89. 95. too. 104. 107.
linearis
tectorum 52
Sesamun
a sclarea L.
Rooibosch 160
Rooitea see Aspalathus
UWIH
Semperinum
&
Sambucus
Nettle 277
39,
27.
257
Fennel 191
Rosemary
Saltwort 257
Salvia 258
I
a marilandica L. 266
Spiked Loosestrife 217
Spike Lavender q6. q8. 105
Spina cervatis 25
Spina Ccrvina 251
273
Salsola soda L.
/c&sa rugosa
Salsola Kali
I.
1.
265
Parill.i
Salsify 2
|6
143. 186
/foia rubtginosa
Salsa
I.
Sperat;
262
Semsem 263
Sahx 10!
/cVmo
Salicornia herbacea
204
Si Mary's rhistle set Silybum mariattum
ih. 246
Salad Burnet 7b. 83. go, 120,
76
15, 121
Semsemi
nigrum L. 252
communis L. 60, 104, 253
River Tea Tree r Melaleuca leucadendron
Roman
Roman
122,
257
Ricinti)
-/.
ee 282
/ctoej
Rocket
M-lba 258
toxicodendron L. 275
Rock Celer\
20.
acre L.
cereale L. tot.
S.dum
Srdum
177. 179
34. 179
iit>.
38. 2411.
1,
8-,.
III,
10,
100,
255. 252
I",.",.
Rhus radicans L. 27
Mm
101
St John's
18. 42.
Ill, 120,
JO,
5,
79, 83.
St
Rhododendron 100
Rhubarb
S.itlion
Sage
-'",.'
Sa-fa-lang 180
'ticum
)nion 276
Sowberry 162
Sow
at Strawberry see Fragaria
Spanish Buglo" 147
Spanish ( Ihestnui 168
Spanish Lavender 212
Spanish Psv Ilium set Plantago psyllium
Spanish Si orzonera
Sparrow ( rrass 161
Spearmint 69, 23. 224
dwell 279
I
KM
'
/ igk
..
Southernwood
j6
Ryegrass 274
Sabatia angularu
R, seda lulea
101,
Saffron
261
I.
Inngium marilimum
Holm
R\e
Maxim
266
266
93
hulana nodosa
Sea
diiaruiilti
Ru-.li
vulgaris
l.iguslicum scoticum
see
Scullcap 68. 69
Si \ thian Lambc \2
Sc \ thian Root 198
Sea Fennel 179
Sea Hollv 187
\2
Lovage
Scouring
Lycopodium elaiatum
set
Rutu
I.
DC
Solidago nrgaurea L.
Siottish
256
256
obtusifolius I. 256
scutatus L 231. 255, 256
Kim
var. tangulicum
Solidago microglossa
crispui L. 89,
Sc.i
-'.V-'
alpinus L.
Rhtum palmatum
Soft
Son-before-lather 275
Sorrel 38. 76. 78. 83. 91, Q3. 120. 122. 123.
127, 231. 255. 256
120. 138.
I.
ea 201
in).
255
0,3.
I.
acelosella
Rush
260
Schloss
256
Running Pine
fli
Snowdrop.Tree 171
Snow flake see Lamium album
Soapbark 109
Soapwort 7. 61. 67. 93. <y.i.
268
Scabious 268
2^=,
bistorta
Snowdrop 193
69. 263
Pimpinella saxijraga
see
Scabiosa succisa L.
Saxifrage
Saw Palmetto
Rue
acetosa
19.
ruchetta 186
Rumex
Rumex
Rumex
Rumex
Rumex
Rumex
169
Scented-leaved Geranium*
Schin-seng 232
Rumex
Armoracia rusticana
Smyrnion 265
Smyrmum olusatrum L. 95. 265
Smyrmum perjoliatum L. 265
Snake Root 61. 156. 159. 173. 214. 243
Savon
151
258
Savin 209
Savin Tops 209
138.
Clover 274
saulje
254
Rosmarinus prostratus Hort. 254
Round Buchu 145
Round Cardamom 283
radix 25
radix dulcis 198
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
Red
136.254
Lime
set
Tilia
Sirxehnon 161
Slrychni's niis-romica 51
Thymus
Thymus
Thymus
Strsgium 161
Tiglio 273
Veratrum eschscholtzii A.
Summer Savon
Tilia
amencana L. 273
Tilia cordata Mill. 272
Tilia x europaea L. 57. 104. 106. 107. 110.
Dryander
benzoin
Stjrrax
106.
267
Moench. 268
Succisa pratensis
261
Sundew 67
Sunflower 83. 108. 110. 120. 134. 200
Surinam Quassia 238
Swamp Cypress 38, /jo
Swedish Myrtle see Myrtus communis
Sweet Almond see Prunus dulcis
Sweet Basil 229
Sweet Bav 211
Sweet Briar 253
Sweet Cherrv 248
Sweet Chestnut 144. 168
Sweet Cicely 76. 83. 90. 120. 122. 123. 127.
36. 227
Sweet Clover 221
Sweet False Chamomile see Matricaria
Verbena
Verbena
Tobacco
vermicularis 262
108
230
Roman
Sweet-scented
Geranium
Toxicodendron toxicaria
Salisb.
38. 281
\\mphaea alba
let
Hemp
08.
Symphytum
268
112. 113,
88.
269
nnacelum vulgart
lum
l.lll-s
I tnnera
IOO,
lulgan sar
crilpum
taragonii
76
J'.
95
'1!
.1
Taraxacum
1
oo,
/'/
King 270
Willd.
122.
191,
270
Webei
15
60, 89.
,7
aphrndisiaca
var.
Bo,
123.
'<',
86 91,
19,
$2. 158 159
1
127.
I
/
I
.'/.
89.
1112.
138.
276
H.iki
I.
,2.
6|,
276
89.
101,
H'l-
In).
109. IMP.
I r lira
I.
is
>H
Pi
271
I
I
Hi
cacae
I.
09, 271
hi
hoi
horoughwon 188
hrifi
1(17
Appli
11
'/I
176.
263
182
(2.
156
193
272
tnlira 272
-hi 16 66
n
iti\
1
78.
8...
i"|
1
(.
73, 7
'
127
melaea 182
ih\
mum
ui
Si
1.
j
1,0.
19,
|3f,
272
mum
cilriodom
A-
Korn
I.
Pei
Schreb
277
illillnna irltu
ah liana
iln,n a I.
277
277
Valeriana
officinali
I.
122.
11
I.
I.
63,
\.i\
w
W
W
169.277
[8,
203
Hydi
hi* asialica
279
Andrews 95,
\\
Melaleuca leucaJenaron
Vanilla 278
nili. hi
heal in.
lnii
mi,
Bisons
io8.
09,
inn
>,.
278
\\
Inn
\\
hiu
Inn
\\
\\
-Man
s-iooi
278
Ycss 33
Ylang-Ylang
Planlago majot
Si|iiill
White Swe<
223
68 228
276
(
m./,
96, 106
,~aiitliu\\lum
I.
283
65
Zarza-Parrilla 26
141
in in
I. .Is
103.
officinalis
An zapai ills
102.
127.219
Mustard 264
'
lnii
\et
.~anlli
hiu Pi |i|h
Inn Peppei
Meliloi 221
White Pond
10,
roosefooi 171
in
103, 163
\\
li"
',8
277
214
anil a pnmpima 278
\ ariegated Sage 258
Varnish
ree 146
'
247
Vaw-rool 267
251
143.
Y(
Myrtle 226
ad 241
as broad 19
l"ea
158
-,9
107,
222
Won
20.
108
Pirn pei in
228
36,
32.
138. 271
Wermul
277
278
272
\\ .hi
\\ as llinl n
m)rlilliis
\ anilla Pl.nn
tapilalus l.k
Mini
\\
Vanilla planifolia
272
heigg
277
155
86 88,91, 95.97
16,
138, 271.
ili\
-1.
;;-,
",
\\ .in
76. 83. 91
75
\\ a\ lni
urens
ursi
Valeriana i>hu
83 K,
I"',
277
.",
.111
Weeping
rakrion 27
nm
I.
271
208.
112.
\\ .i\
I'rtica piluli/na
etterwon 259
nm hnmatili
'in ehamaedn
\\
73
Wata Pennywort
L
III.
188
I.iK 38,
Wrai k 103
Wurstkraul 230
Vain
Hemp
\lrliill
19
tee
Woundwort
228
(i).
mi
42
dunta
66 68
11
Wati
Watei
1
11I1
IO3,
192,
276
.1
11
anthelminticum
Wormwood
in 66
'17.
1112.
209
an AgiiniiiMN 163
Lonicera periclymenum
Sorrel 231
Wormseed
\\
11
Woodbine see
Woodruff 68.
W oods
Tree 253
Avens 197
Betony 38
Strawberrs 191
Nightshade 265
Woolls Foxglove .57
W 01 in ( .r.iss 266
282
52,
1.
\\
officinalis
mantimn
rgiiua
Ireine
-Rnhlli 27
\\ ,iki
275
11
mhiluaiia
agnus-caslus
Wallflowei g
lmu\ iampcstrn 60
Imus fuli
M11 ti
Trtliei
268
I
ilex
Wood
Wood
Wood
Wood
'ngulwa
Wiesb.
Wonder
.'7",
M11I1I1
>
Vogelmien
ui
llmus rubra
22.
Vollm 282
82. 83
7 ussilagn /ar/ara I.
I win h Crass 146
/
Rodm
270
).
ragon 66
I20,
sr urn
\\ .in
officinali
03,
.'7"
)(
napellus
59
Taraktogenoi kurgit
:n
269
(8.
282
Urb 275
I.
282
(usilago 27',
Taraxacum kok-sagkyt
IV 269
(8. 2
Turnip
269
I.
consolida
Murr. 281
Whitethorn 179
White Walnut 208
White Water Lily 228
Whortleberrv 277
Wild Artichoke 263
Wild Bergamot 225
Wild Carrot 57, 182
Wild Celery 154. 265
Wild Chamomile 220
Wild Charlock 250. 264
Wild Cherry 61. 248
Wild Clematis 35
Wild Delphinium see Delphinium
Wild Fennel 191
Wild Geranium 196
Wild Ginger 159
Wild Iris see Iris versicolor
Wild Laburnum 221
Wild Lettuce 61. 210
Wild Madder 254
Wild Marjoram 91. 120. 231
Wild Nard 160
Wild Pansy 281
Wild Parsnip 235
Wild Pepper 282
Wild Purslane 245
Wild Radish 250
Wild Strawberrs 76, 191
Wild Succory 173
Wild Tanss 245
Wild Thyme 138. 272
Wild Yarn 59
Willow 67. 101
Windflosser 152
Winterberrv 205
281
-,.
diffusa
Ward
<fi
7(
1'iirum
I urnera ulmi/olia
12
(,i
amu mmmunis
turmcrackc 180
Turmrrii
83. 91. 111. 180
Turmem hizome 180
Turmerii Rum 180
Turnera 67 68. (19. 275
officinalis
09.
|\
I.
int).
<|8.
61.269
Null
I.
280
280
purpurea 281
viola
Quercus robur
see
Tunhool k, 7
TurkcMan Rum 254
Turkey Rhubarb 252
Turk
\11n1tum
Simplorarpus fncttdus
DC
sterile
Tuberose
lyriacan 251
urn arumatiium
opulus var.
t (.annabis satna
Oak
Truffle
}8.
Syi a
262
flore flavo
prumfolium L 280
rufidulum Raf. 280
Vmca major L. 138. 281
Vmca minor L. 281
Vinca peruinca 281
viola blaucia 281
279
triphyllon 274
Trilicum ulgare 101.
True
officinale L.
o.
Weed
150
William 96
143
Water Lih
Tangles
273
Viburnum 280
Tamarind
Gillis
graieolens
04.
Pelargonium
see
279
Veronica officinalis L. 279
Veronica virginica L. 280
166
Fennel 191
73,
L. 95. 96.
Veronica beccabunga L.
Tragacanth 98
officinalis
Vermicularis
Gray 278
Laurel 21
273
Marjoram 105.
Orange 75
Violei
Gale 226
Sweet
Sweel
Sweet
Sweel
Sweel
Sweel
102.
272
Sued Sedge
recutita
Pea 95
Pepper
272
38.
273
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweet
Sweel
Sweel
serpyllum L.
Succory 173
pulegioides L. 271
Ins ei
221
:}<>a
Library; 151
Acknowledgments
APPaterson;
(left)
right
151
AP
We
Mark
are grateful to
Day
Constantine, Ivan
We
Iris
11 A-Z Collection
13 Wellcome
Snark International: 15 Mansell
Collection; 16 (topi Mary Evans Picture
Library; 16 below left) Mary Evans Picture
Library; 16 (below right) Mary Evans Picture
Library; 17 Ronald Sheridan; 18 top Bodleian
Library; 18 (below) Mary Evans Picture
Library; 19 Snark International; 20 (top
Mansell Collection; 20 'bottom) Prague
International:
_>
Institute; 14
-,
71 Mike Leale/Orbis;
Mansell Collection; 72 right
Mansell Collection; 73 Leslie Johns; 71 Zefa;
75 Syndication International; 77 Ann Ronan
Picture Librarv; 78 IGDA; 7c) IGDA ; 80 Orbis
81 IGDA; 85 left IGDA; 85 right A P
Paterson; 86 Bernard Allien: 87 IGDA; 88
right Mansell
(left) Mansell Collection; 88
Collection; 89 Brian Eurner; 92 93 Orbis; 9
left
A P Paterson 94 oilier 4 National
Museum of Wales; 96 Angelo Hornak; 97 Leslie
Johns and Associates 98 3 Leslie Johns and
Associates; 99 top) Mansell Collection 99
bottom; Ann and Bury Peerless; tot Michael
Hardwick Library 70
;
72
Hardwick
left
A P
A P
G E
Hyde: 164
left top
Pat Brindley:
1(34
right APPaterson: 165 centre
Paterson; 165 right A P Paterson; 166 left
A P Paterson; 166 centre A P Paterson: 167
Bavestrelli; 167 centre A P Paterson:
left
Paterson; 163
Paterson; 164
right
left
bottom
AP
168
A P
left
Paterson: 169
AP
top
P Paterson;
left
ltnj
Paterson; 169 (left bottom A
centre A P Paterson; 70 G E Hyde: 171 left
A P Paterson; 171 centre A P Paterson: 171
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