بناء العقلية البحثية PDF

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www.Pathways.cu.edu.eg
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>4 =4 '4G` '54 4 = 9; * 4 #4; #4 4D' %4 4 = 4- =4 ]'4 #
)4' =D D' = < #; % # A - 9 < 9; *; D' ,L D
= #4 '54 =4 =4 R'4G & 4 (
#4 AT(9 " (
D * " #
=44 <44 L] 44 D T44 G <44 44 44 (44
D &'H44 G 44 44 44 5 =44 <44 ( =44
G ' D # < <
D % ' ' = ) D' A = '
44"" 44 44 441 44I > 44 >44 #44 D 44 44) =44 '44X '441 #44 <44'I =44
N4 .>'4 ' 4Y >4L '4 4 54 4D 4-'" '4 D ' N <D'
44 D
K'4 4 ,- ?44 44 ' A 44 9 F544
,'4 4I) 44 D' ' 544 A44 =W44 ? =44 <44 ZD
4D " = < ? % ,' ,' %
= (& 'H =)
44 ) "44'; 44" '?44 (Leong & Spfltzgraff, 1996) %44 P 44 44-' &T?44
9 , & 9 D "Ucla" " D ' I < ; ' (6 - D ('*? :'5
44 =44 =44 ,44 44- 9 44 <44" 44' 44D 44* 441 44" 244 ( =44 "44 " 44"
*4 *4D ' = = ='
* D ( *?I ='L) , W V' 5

=4 ,4 4
,'4 & " 85 9 *
'] &' G = X
.(10 2002'; ) 3I
44D N44'I A44 = N44 ) 4 44 =44 44 <44W 44 %44 >44
'44
244 ( 44- =44
FG?4 4 4" 4 4D' 4I )4 4 4 N545G 4 " 4 G & 55G
:C4 ' 4 A4 =Z4D > 4 4( 45 4) & " > =W E] A = 5
44* ),44 ,44" 44 &9 44" ^44G =44 %44 =44 :44 44D' >44 =44 A44 44;
W =-' > " ' 2 (" A6
"9
: L ) *" ( L 1 ^ D >TG = G'9) & `
<44 544 44 <44 2 44( =44 P'44G9 =44D (,'44 & 44 =44 44 44I &'L 44( 44)
23
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1
:1/40 D
546) R'4G 4 &9 4" 41 34 >4 = ' I '] P) > W '( D E'(
.( N >
:(" 1, *$" 4" D,
4D =)4 '54 <4 4) ; : =) = >) ) = 7' ; '1 ; :S"
,'4 5 44 3L 44I 44*D #4 >544 544G ' 544 =44 44- =44 44 44 #4 ; >44
=4 >4" 4D 4 <' : %' & ( ; > > D . H I
N44 %44 44 & 44- "9 '44\ 44" %44 '4 ; 44* 44 %44 N44 44* ' 544
, 44 R44 =44 )44" <44 Z ! 44L)"! 449 44" &' 44* 44 44' K'4 544
P'4G = " >G % P'G 3 ,'*? I N >I = K ' * '
:*D ='- ? " D - <
.N I 9 &" &" =ZD =W = NW :
D
. :>
D
=44 &44 ,'49 R'44G ='44 & 44D '44G '44? >44"' -44; 44 = 44) " : 44I
='D = C - : >I *9 D & D )
* = I'D : = .*WD
.9 : I
:' 5 = :> I
.9 : I
" = :> I
.9 : I
= > I
.= = : I
." I :> I
. ( "9 ''Ia *"' < :.(199274 :" )
P'44 = =44 44 44"9 N 44 >44 G44H 44 44I 44 =44 VT445 =Z44D N44
?44 -44 '?44 44 " '44 =44 '44-) >44 %44 44 "9 44 44* > 44" 44D =Y
44; :'544 344" 44 >44 <44 =44 TH44D T446 44 44D 44 44C 2'44 44;
4( ' 4D N4 '?4 -4? 4 "& 4
G " N4 4D = 4 ?4 = 9 -
24
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1
:1/40 D
( 44 p =44 )44 ,'- 44I 44*" &445 ' H44 44- 44D 44'-" & 44 " )'44 44I > 44
.=( < ((G # T6 D - ATI 'H R; ?
<W44? =44 <44"L 44( 44 & 44( 44 44 %44 AT44( =; :(FF%=) FF *FF$ !
& 4 =4 ^' # 4 4 4 =4 ,4 N 4*D 4 % E' <L R =
44 44C "= 446 44 = 44 44 44 =;" > 44
<44 #4 R'44G & 44L =4 44" = 44
,4 R'4G '-41 4 ."'?4 >4 4 * D > , &' =; :<
- >)
= 4; *I( '? " '5
" ,'- 1 >I = '5 - I5 - " = ?
,44? 344 44'( 44 44 44' E44- = <44 44' R44
44] 44 44' 44D '44 44"
'-4 1 =44 44 '44 =44 44 <44 "44 44( = 44
N44 44D '441 44 N'44
" &
( #; =H k" >? =' = ^ '' ,'- 1 :> "9
24 ( 4 4- =-'4 4"9 34H 34 4 9 4 4

'( '5 D #
<44 P'44 '44D ''44 " 44 N44 >W44 =' H44 ='4 " "'44 44] ,'- 441 <44
'' =" D <LT) * ?
'( < =( ( G 3 > D =" =
*'4I 34 >4 4D '54
>4( 4I , ( , <D I '] = ' = =L
.N - < = : &
44 =44 44
< ?44 <44" ' 41 45 G 44- 44 44 44D %44 ' 4; =; :) A
& 4IT 4( >4G = H'D 3H % # D > G
* D
'4 4I '4] 4 2 G = > - '-1 = =Y ,'1 '] I
. 3I = )' ,'5
:">
>" A ' ?
'5 N 8H
- D E' =
."' = ' &
'D = ' "?"
.' )'6 ,' N = r " = > (

<44H'D 2
44? 44D 44; =4 %44 E44 = =44 44 R4 )'44 ,44 R'44G P 44 N 4-
44 "V'44" ,'*?44 " ?4 44
" ,544I >4I =44 44 44 ,4 I 44 =44 '4
>4 =4 > 4 =4 =4 <4 =4 4IT( < "; = 6 = = *D %
.9 N & ' & ='GY N' =
25
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1
:1/40 D
, E- D < = O' &

< D = - > :/ A
>4 4
N 4 ` =4 4 9 ,'G4 4) <ZD 2 ( - = (Hisrich Et Al,2007)
= 46 &T?4 =W4 >4
4 <4 4 #4 4 4; 46 & '5 &T? F

44* ^44 44 & 44' _ 44 44
=44 E 44 344 '( 44 44 44I , 44 E44- 44D
('44 &'44 > 44 =44 A 449 445 G p '44 44 G =44 K44 44I > 44 >44 44 D =44
N 44*D N44 . 44 N44 <44) > 44 44D 44* :W44 E'44
= 44 44 ''4H =44 44 44D '44
>4I =4 4
( '4 (4H 4* =W4? =4 4 &9 " D = -'( ,) &
4*D 34
&T? = N *D
>99 D <
>5 & *;
4 :' 4 4 4D <4' G >4 3H4 =4) >99 & G , ; ; R) I '?
44 L9 <44I ( 44I' 44( =44 !445' & ' H44 44D %44 44 <44' G 441 44 44
.(< =(D -
D ,)L " >5 &'9 5'

=44 44I '4 =; >44 4D' F544G 34 ^' 44 9 4D' A44 = 4- ,'4G FF F"
4 4D' F5G *
, I D' A = ^' % G ?
44 H' ' =44 H44 ' ,44 I 44 44
(544 5G 44 D') 44 44 ( P'44 = 44
& 44 ' #4; 54 D 44 4 <4 'D4 #4 (545G 4D' 44G 4 4 ' 4)
' 44 ^44 446 >T44 G =44 44
D 344 = %44 #4 4 <44W >44
44 44- =44 O
- 44?
4 44 544 44 7' 44 =44 44 44
44 44 44 44 44
44 :,44
9 44; 44 44D' 44 G N44 =44 44IT( <44 > 44" 4 D 44' >?44 F544G
44
44 D' A 44 D 44 ' 44 44 5 =44 =44 = 9 N44 ) 4 4 544 5G =44
:4- 9 4I 4- = ,'
N ' 2 - D .D' F5G
.<55G ' = <55G = P'G =
)"" 5A2A2
44* '544
44* 44 = <44 44 ' 44 44- 44 =W?44 ''4 I 44G =44 %44 =44 44
* ?44 '445 544 44* L 544; 44 44- 44 >44 4 =44 , 449 E'44

44 '445 >44 ' 544 44* >44 =44 44G & 44LD 44; 44 ' 44 544 <44" 44
4 N 44- = >44
'44
244 ( 44- =44 :'44 44*" 44D 544I9 44 =44 44IT( 44*
=44 R'44G 44LD N 44- 44LD >44 <44
>445 %44 K- 44 244( :>44I =44 '44 (H44 44
44 44 44 7' 44 :>44I =44 =)44 >544 '44 = 446 44 44 >44 ' 44
26
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1
:1/40 D
<4D ,'4
4* T4 <45 4LD >4 >4G 4 N4 4 4G 4 4- A 4"9 D'\"
4) 4- <4D P'4 :4 (4L) >4 4 ? -' > \ <
] 45 4D *4 4 4 ' 4 4
4 4 4; >4 ' = '
; > =
44- 44* & 449 44 44
44- 44D ''44H 441T 44
.,)4 44 44
( 44

4* 4 4* ''4H ('4? 4* ( 6 D' : )9 "
44 44- 44 44 > 44 ''44 44 %44 2 44( 44; 54 = =449 44 ' 44 D
f 449 W44 344 >44 = D4
^'44 44 44 9 AT44(9 = '?44 44
'44

.' =I ' =
" 6A2A2
4D' '4GY 4(
#4; '41 4 :'4 <4 9; * 49 4 D' - = ]' #
= F G? = = - = #; *
*; =H * 5 = - 9
' D = <'( H D E'I I =ZD > ( '? G *(
44D' 44
=44 ` =44 <44ZD 44 =44 O=44 = 44 =44 *L?44 =44 KL 44 =44 <44; >544
3445 44D <44 =44
:44 '44 44- ' 44
44 >44- =44 * 44" 44* I 44D' 44 >T44";
' >- 'I = N O 5G? D -' ,' H
=4D 4* 4 -'I4 4* " =4 ,' 54 4D' '4 4 %4 ('? ( '9 9 ;
4G' 3L 4I 4 .4 =4 , 49 4" 4D 4 "; 4 4 4- 4 =4 <

N44jC 441 N44; :-44 <W44 =44 "44
'449" <44 I 44 44* W44 E44- 44I )'44 ,44
=4) 4I 4 C = :> I N N1 = ' ((')
"44" 44 " >44
44 44 '4 / V44H 44 = 44; 44 44 44- (5201985 T44
1989 '' 4" =4") 4" 4*' 4*L = *D =) = 'G` ? : >I =
9; 4" '54 4D &')4 4C' 4 =Y '4 =4 4 =4 >4
D N D ']9 (830
.(188 2003 >) ) " = I 1 =
44 4D "=`" 44 <4 44 <4 "=44 2 4;" E'4 4 44* 34I N44 4" ,44 3L 4I 4
T"' *D > I 1 E- &? * > 9 , '? ; :< & I "'"
1705
2006d'44 :'445) 44- ; <44
44' = 44 :44 44- O =44 2 44 '44 N44 441
); =44* > 44 >4 :<44 4 #4 ] 4- 44 /- : <44I "'D4-" 44' L'4 =44 :'4 .(120
44
='4 44I' E 44 44
= 3(449 44; .'44 <44 > 44 44- >44 .> 44"' 9C44- >44
27
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1
:1/40 D
=44 > 44
= 44 .(373 2 44 344"' 44) ",'44 44 44 G 44D N44 V 44' >44 ,' H44
.(2007 P'D ) (' P D ,'-" ] < '?
44
44 441 = H44 ''44H ('44? 44 44D' 44 >44- '4 =W4 >44
44 <44 :
<4 4 :4 %4 = 4
4- 4D E'4 '4" 4 .'4 =4- 4D 4 &4 TG4 D'
=44 '44 :44 44 >44( <44' * 44 =44D =44 <44 44 <44 44 >H44 <44 =44 44
4 4 * 54 4H 4T L?4 4D " = , P .= '
:)4" =4 4
=4 4 ,' H D (' =(TD) ='
' 6 ,' H 7'
244 44H 44D O(44 44'\ ,' H44 44D :'44 :' 44 :'44 :'44- T446 ,' H44 44D
.7' ' *L *' :
"' = "6 IT N *D >*
-4*" 4* 4 = 4 :'4 <4 4- 9 4* <4; '41 " AH R'G )
T4" 2TG 1 = " 3D #; '1 p <" \ < ( =
>I 9 .< D'? D'? # T( >
D * "6 ,'5 N G'
<4 :4 4 '4I =4 4 :4 4ITG '54 N4 4; ,' 4?6 4* 4L)" N4 ,' \
)4 :4 ( > 8 & ' & 5 % ":' :' "1
:44 > 4 &44 34' 44 :' 4 44* & 4 4 ?44- =4' 445 4I P' 44G 4D '4
44 4? 44 4) '44 4G` '44 4
D :44 4 44 4 ( , 44 4 44 4D G44 4 44 4 *'G44 4 =44 4 44 4* 844 4
.(372004
*9 3A2
:44- '44 44 >44 44* =44 I445 44 :44"

"= =
"I!"
=4 =4D 4

(
* * ''H
E 9 = ; 6 D' =I '?
* 5 # F' D' = ; ,' ?6 :' <*
= <; < *
28
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1
:1/40 D
= &' 4* =4 4" 4 ' N ( * **D = * % = ; 9; < C
& '.(3!2) >? *H D
! *9= $= 9 :(3A2) 3

. N ) "; D 2 '5 > ' ( T5 ' H' D
Data Categorization 0=" 1A3A2
> #4 4) 4 " & LD D *5 > D D' *D ' # # ,(G
*> > * ; ?'
# D' >
* &
>TG = ,
" D' & L = ) D >
)'; = < - * = ; %
=544G? =44 44L' 2' 44 = '44 44 44* 44D & 44IT N'; =44 =4 44* (44 G
& 4LD ' 4 #4 <4'I 4D >4 4* *4 >4 >4 4 & 4 4 4D =4 9 I =C
>4 'G` L "- ' < ' 9 5 >G = * > > < 8 5
4I 4 E H' & ]' '
' >( I > N * = 3I = ON

& 44LD 44D <44 544 44D 844" :44 =44 >H44D 344I 44D 344
'44 <445 = 344 - 44; E44
%44 44- .<44 44 > 44I; =44 44) 44 '44 44' 44 #44; >445 <44 '44 44 #44 ,44

29
C

1
:1/40 D
,) > > # N &D G'] H & LD D <D' 5 = <
44 44) & 44 44L =H44 9 , 44' H44 <44 E44 D 44 44 <
44 # 44D <44I =44
44*D 44 ^'4 44LD &4 44 4L( >44 & 4 3H44 = T4 =44 T4D 44*' <H4

441 ' 44 44D 4 " 44* "44 =)'44 44 =44 44 , 44 '44 F44 =44 N44 44
(Mendleev) 44 :>44 44 7' 44 44D -'4 &44 G '-41 =44 <44 44 44 544
44 44 L '44 5 44 ' 544 944 " (1871) 44 44 D 44 :44 '*?44 44 44
4 V'4I :4 Furkinge ""'4D" > 4" 4- 4D 4 >?4 %4 '4( 4 *5L 5G
= 4D 4) 4* '4 = '" D = = 3 5 & 5 5 1 (1823)
D ,'( 2
D' '*? :'? <5 V'I : ":" &5 3L (1985=
., ' G ' # = AT( ;
44 544 & 44LD ' 44 44 <44 I 44 &T?44 ^44 <44" 44I %44 = E'4 '44" 44
: *I , ' * > # & & = < ^' < >5
*4' :4 4 '4] &'4\ 4' k4 4 4- 4*; 4 9 4LD 4D F =
' 44 4D 44 4" 44 4) "( 44 4 44 4" " >44 4 & 44 4 %44 4 P'44 4 =W44 4 >44 4
> 4" 4D '4 & 4 =H4 (( 4 =4 AH > ' - &'5
'-4 4 41 '44 4 <44 4 : 44 4 *D >G44 4 9 44 4 44 4 L 44 4 D >44 4 G 44 4 I =44 4 44 4 - =44 4 ( 44 4
.(( > - &'5) > *' ' '] (( & ):'G
>4 >4 & 4 %4 4
=W4 : 4*D 4"' = = " LD D & P'; 3,>"
9 44 44 : 544I9 44 44 & 44 44' 544 44- : 544I9 GH44
4- 4 45
<4 = = O *' " & =H *H
.
.&I D =LD D &' ^ -
.&' ^ & L N = : )"2 *$
. & LD D *" = 6 < 3 >I : & L N
=4 '4 '] L = 85 OL - &' >I = % "2 /
.2I >? * H
.& L N D P' ,'5 * > <
& LD * -
4; & 4 =4 <4 >4 4 5 & LD ' = % )" :C = 3I =
44*1 <44 544 44 44 44
R44 44 ,''44 '44] 44' > 44? 44D 344" =
30
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1
:1/40 D
>4 &9 4 ^4 4D 4 'W4 & =4 4I >4 * =
* >99
. *; '5 &I "9 = H E
02 R 2A3A2
(42004 ' 4 =4) 4 "6 =4 4- ' >C = :"='-" # ' ? > I

44H 44 =44 44I 44'D 44' 44
=44; 44

#44D 44- 44 >C44 44
; = N44 R)44
=44 44 ) #44 >544 #44 ; &9 44 >44 44 D :C44 44 * 44 (22197944 44 " #44 ))
44 L44 =44 44 V'44( 44" %44 #44 44 O44 #44D '441 , 44; ,44" & 44
D 4H; D 8D *W? = # & "6 = ' # >5 = = # D' *D
%4 34 ( =4 > 4 >4 #4 D %4 4I A4H =4 4* 4 4" # AT(T
E'4 < 44 44L
N44 & 445 #44 )' <44 44" <44 44 44L
,'- 441 ^'44 %44 #44
4 N4 ' 4` =4 4 : ''4H *4 9C4 V'( = < D # > , 1
N44 #44D 44 = %44 ( 44 #44 44*'( 44" 44* 44) #44- <44 44L
FG44? #44 44L)
44 244 T4 D H44 8445 44 *44? ,'- 441 N44 ' 44-) >44 44 "6 44*" #D' 44Y
44 T44( <44 '44 L 44 R'44 <44 #44 <44 #44D F44 G 44L
344 >4 #44; '441
. #D - F\
=44 ,'- 441 >44 544 & 44 =44 44) #44 >544 #44; 44* 44I L44 E44- =Z4D N44
44 >W44 =44 , 449 '44
=44 44) 44 44* 4D '44] 44 & 44 V'44( 44 44

k44 * FG?44 '44 5 =44 < ?44 44 R'6 44 ,'- 44 1 44 44 ,'- 44 1 > 44 R44
>544 ! 44G' 44 "9 2 44 544 R'6 441 44 44'6 44 L 44
<44 ( ,'- 441 >44 & 4 =4 44) #44 44I 244 4 '544 >44 FL 544G 44D >4

.- **D >* # H ] (
8H
*,= " 3A3A2

= >44
>H44D =44 4 ( ?44 R 44 44(
#44*D 44 '44 44 44* #44D - 44 44- =44
'GY " # .<- 2I ' % I # I > " #D "*
)';
<4"L d?4 #4D (4 G #4; RC4 4 ( 4 # '"6 N
= %
=ZD
31
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1
:1/40 D
'*44? = #44; & 5446 '?44 - 44 ^44\ ?44 44" 44'1 44 ?44 #44 .44
(28) (4 " ' (14) * ) "9 \ G9 #D ? -' (500)
N4 = > 2( = # (28)> = 5
:WD = O '
* ,' > #
"44 44I 44' 44I 44 = 44
44- #44D <44I '4 " 44 (186 199444 ( ?44-) & 44
: D -)" = = &T? = *
24D %4 '4b ; > 4 >4 #4 D *4' 54
#4 '4] R'G '-1 3 >
,'- 441 =44 44 44 " 344 >44 44 "44D '44GY '44( 344 < ?44 <44 #44 4")
.= G =* ? =
D = G =
D < ? '" = 3 2D D
=44 G =44 #44 44 * & N'44 = : :44 =44 'W44 44 * 44 G44
,4
4* #4 ,4
4* '4D * =W = 'D =- #D # = ' #; '?
" 41 " 14 G4 = = 46 ,I * # % ,
* # 'G`
= >44 44 '44G` 2 44 44D 44 44 44C 2 44 44D "44I" 44 <44 44
&44 44* 44 544 = 44 %44 44 544 %44 = 44 =44 > 44 >445
44- 44D 449 .44 44 <445 =44 = 44 =44 9 ,44 &'4 44D 44
'(
4I P)4 G9 - '" = & I &T? ^ ; < 5
- '? = G = * 85 % "5 " % <? N >
'44" 44; , 4 : 44 44; '4GY '?44 =44 4D <44
>445 4 44D F544G 4;
.T6
"44 '
" "' 44 9" 44 * G44 =W44 :44 44 44 44 9 - 44 ,44 G44
!& 4D' A4? ?4 <4 " 4 4- A46 4 4; ,' 4?a " ?9" "A6"
'4 44 844H = =44 944 44" 44 44 44 44D ! 44 44 '44]
4 =4 O4* 4 &9 4 , ) I ( = * :( *6 ?
44" =44 <44 &9 44 N44 >44 44D 44
( '544 = =44 ]'44 44 244( 44(G
. - = \9 " ( ,' ") = D' = 1
"4 4* 4
I 2'4D 4 .= * ?4 4* 34 =
4( *45 = 4* N'c I
3D4 >G4 =4 34 3D4 D )D 4 3D4 4* >4 4 G 4
4D 4* > G
.<4] 4; '4 #4 '] 4? : 4I 34I 4" P' G = 3D % .2 ;
; Emperical 4I 3 ( Research % D ' % * = 2'
4 E'4 :4( :4 4 K*4 (4 4-' G 4 ^'4D 4 4 =4 = )
44 44* >544 44H 44
'( 544 44 & 44* 244( 44 44" ,''44H
32
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1
:1/40 D
44 ^'44 N44 =44 44 44 L 544 44 * 44 44 * 244
=44 & 44
>I = "* &'"Z
) 9 :'1 3 ( & *D Study '
>44 ^'44 >T44G =4 44 :'44 4 >44 44 4I' 44 44 4
=
44 D 44 I & 44 #4 4 44 %44 '4 4"; 44 ; 44 " 44 > 44 " 44 D 44 &'4 4
.=
4IT * IT = 3 ('
) =T
* # =* % N' I
-
= 2L R - '
D >5 # =
*D 5
.L) >(
44D >44 G =44 A4 <44 44' 44* 44 %44 44'G` 44D 44* '445 44 > 44G;
44 44 * =44 (44 G =44 > 44 >44 44 D 44 *D G44 44 44
( &9 44 "
<ZD ='GY ' ? = ' '5 =H * = =
<44 344 '44 244 D , 44 ) 44 "; 44 <44 5 44 44 K 44 ' '4 4"; =W44 ? =44
.(Rakos,1979) 3( ]' '] " - = <' < =(
4 <45 4 4 =4 %4 =4 F 4G 4* &4 4 4* ^4 P' =
= (44
D <44 44 <44 44 44D 44]' =44 =Z44D 44 =44 O44 & 44 , 44) '445
= ,44"' ' 44Y kC44 =44 44 44- 445 G < L 44 44 <44 44 44 44; W44"
44 > 449 R'44G '445 N 44- = (44
D 44 & 44 '4 '44" 44)9 44
44" 44 441 44D 44*" 44 ,'44
44* 44 & 44 44*D R44 : 44*
. \ N e ' ; * )9
4G 4
4*W , 4 %4 '4 =W :* = 3 ' R = =
, N " L : 3I 3 * ( = = 5 I D FG?
44 ' 446 44 244( <44 %44 44* 44 <44 44 344 44' 44- = 344
=4 4 ( = =4 54 4I 4D =
=H *D > = % ,
, 44 44 44L 344I =44 44 ( 44 44 =44 44
= 44( 44.44L 344I '44
.L 3I 3 ( D
"Concept" * 4D 4' 4* =4 2'4 4 4 4" 4* 4' 4D A'? >I
44' 44 .'445 =44 <H44 44 ,'- 441 44 =44 %44 <H44 44H'D =44 =44 ,' 44
44 44* 44* =44 44 '445 44" : O44* : 44 44" 44*D "Definition"
:& ' = A T N - * I
33
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1
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4* = 4 'D N'; :(Common Sense Definition)

"
>W44 =44D) >44 =44 '44 44 N'44 44 44* = %44 , 44 44I 44 9 4-
.(31D < < <* T N >
,' " D <' = 5G?
44 4* ,W?44 4 44 4 = 44 4 =H44 4 :(Conceptual Definition) 5(FFFF" FFFF"
. * I > < = THD <"

& 44 '445 44 44; '?44 :(Operational Definition)
FFF0># FFF"
=H4 (1973 = 4 p4) 4* 4I 4; 4 >54 = *W4? =4 4 ''H
. * I * '5 : (
D :'5 ' "
(44 = R''H44 =44 44 O44L'"6 & 44' G44 '44 ,'544 44 44 %44 = ' 41
:Y %T L' &(G #D > # L'"6 ' #; >5 & l %
4* 4D 2 49 <4" # '5 # I *
& ' ( 6
.* >* L #
4' > 49 4'-" D 4H 4* *4; 4 *4 = 4 *4I '45 = ?
.*
= ]' # ='GY = >I = * ]; <
'5 = % E' D H;
.' '5 > 9 *-
44) 44 %44 = #44; <44 44 =44 G44 44* 244I 44' #44; %44 >544 44
8445 44* = 44 (44
D 44* = 44 #44 44
D %T44 &4 (G E44* 44 " >?44 N44
= 4 4 4' #4 4 = 4 #D ' = IT( = N * 1 #D T
.
I * =

= 44L'"; 44L' <44- 44' 44
44 %44 44 44" <44 44
44- 44D E'4 '44" 44
> # D "
( \ ! ' 85 - = * >G I -)
4 L4? 4 4*D 4 4* =4 E)4 / 4L'"; '4 , 4 4* '4 = 4 < >
44 544 G? R44 44 ,)4 4 &'44 I & 44 '44 344 44 Efficiency , 44 = N44
> 44" 44D <44D >44 :44 2 44 44D 44 '44 'W44 44; '?44D Effectiveness 44
>4I =4 4* 4( 4- 2
# < = % L
,'I T ,

9 ,'4 * ''H ('? , =; >
)" - = *D = 1
34
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1
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4 4 > 4D >4 = : 24 4D R'4G >4 #4 4I 4* N % =H
4D ='54 = 4 ^4 )4 ,'- 41 4*D 4 4 > - > ,''H 5
>44 44* 44-T 44D & 44 (
^44 44D = 44D '44] =44 44I =44 44 44* %44 P' 44G
*44 '44\ 44D 44 D =44 =44 & I 44 N44 = 44 = 44D 544 = = 44 44
. H = D = = -'
T" / 6 ? 4A3A2
('4 4 & 4IT ,L 4 ( 4 46 4 '4I # I *( ' '-1 *D =;
=4 . 4 C4 '4 45' : 4* >4 ,''H < ' : *
44 44*" 44D '(44H9 =44 & '44I 2 44; 44; :C44 ( 44 N44 =44 (44 G = ^'44
'-41 =4 ('4 4* = 4 ^'4 4 & 4IT A ^' = :' H ' )
:Y &9 9 #D L > # *D
=44 4 44 4IT 44 4*" 44 4" 44 4 %44 4 44 4
44 4*" :(Correlation) 44 4( ' & 44 4IT
N44 >41 44D 54 <4 44 4 4 "; 44H 4I :4- >44- (='4\) ='- 41
244 =44 =44 44IT 44( 44D > 44 44 44" 44* 44 44* 44 44IT
44 44 "; 44IT E44- =44 44
D :44 '44 4") 44 &944 44'
,4? )4 %4 N4 4 =4 4I ,? % = H I *" % =
'4 ) 4 ^ 4G9 #4D 4 4 E4 =4 R4 #4; '4 '4 34'
>L 44 #44 D N 44 *9 > 44 9 (44 H 44 N 44 *6 >44 R'44 G >44 >G44 'Q 4 41
4 4 4 4*; 4 4 4

D (' I % = ,''H = .R'G
44
= .(Weston, 1987, 41) 44 :44 G 44 44- 44 = 449 44- =
- = IT " L
'( " ) :' - >G = (
9 4* 4IT = =4 4D 2 4G6 4- 4 4- :)4 4- = : .4 "6 D < ?D :)
. * IT > ? = A : # :( 9 ( ' )
'4G` 4D 'C4 '4
\ = #4; '?4 :One Way Causality 4*" 4 4 & 4IT
%4 4 4
( 4D >)4 ' 4* >)4) % " 'GY = - = %
=44 (44 N44 44' 44- >44 .'44GY :'4 <44
'44 :'44 44 A 44' 44*D
>
4 " " '4\ = : .4 & 4' 41 4 * >? < D & IT
E'4 4 44 ' 44 =44 ( A 44 I;) 3 44 "" '44 \ %44 #44 ; :C44 ( 544 9 ,' 44 *)
35
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1
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3 44 :#44- 44T ' 44 44 44IT E44- & 446 %44 =44 44 ( 44 44- (Q L 445
44 R'44G &'44 >44 44 44* 44'-" 44IT 44" ='4\ =44 #44)
.(NeUendorf, 2002, 47 )
=44 44 &'W44 Interaction >44 44" 44 :(44 ) 44 44 & 44IT
%44 = 44 6 D 8 544 >44 = 44 6 44 =` 44 D 44" 44 44 * >44 D ='- 441
= 44 6 =44 44 ) E'44 8 544 >44 44' 8 544 >44 = 44; #4 4 44
=C44
9 44 '44 '44
."544 F
44 44 ( 44) = 446 :'4 44' >44
I544
"" '44 \ 44 D ((\H44 44 *" 44 ) "" '44 \ = :E 44 44 > 44 " =44 '44 G`
""'44\ 44D 'W44 <W44? =44(44 T544) "" '44\ =Z44D N44 (44 T544)
< <T5 # "6 L ' N'; =W? = < % ((\H <*" )
.(\H = < ^' *" D H; #
: - 9 *; < :' = (
#

>44 44 :C44 & 44IT N44 =44 445 44 44 ^ 44G =44 K 44 (44 G =;
=44 44 44 #4 44* & 44IT :44( '-4 1 344 %44 >44 = #4 ; > 44
KL 4 = <; >5 , E "9 & IT '1
,'GW4 '54 4D 4*
R4 ^ 4G :)4 = < , 3I *T R
> 44 'W44 44IT 44* 44IT = 44 (44) 9449 *'44I 44H 44; (44")
4D *H G #; R *'
*
1 F'D = > I *"9 2 ] = N
'44 :'44 >44G 44- >441 44D
44 ,'544 L ?44 H44
:544 8445 >44

= . , 44 >44I <44 445 44 #4 &'44
N44 >44( 44 =44 244 44 445
=4 4 <4 (4 34I *D D 2G D = O" < 3 >
= =4 4D 4 &'C4 #4; R)4 4 =4- = >4
=W < > D Q
)'
)4 = >4
=4 4* &'C4 K4 #4 4 3"? R - = I =* -
4I :'4 4 4 = 34 :'4 *4 ^ 4G =4 K 4 ' ? = ?
>44 N 44- =44 44I 44* 44 44 44 ' ?44 =44 )44 44( 44" =4
=4 4IT = %4 '4G` QT4? ( G GW I . ^'6 N = L #- R'G
%44 344H '-4 1 =44 44"' G (44 R'44G &'4 \ #44; R)44 44I &'4 \ E44N4 > 4 854 <4" #4 4**D <4 #4 = 4 D *"'; % #
36
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1
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"" '44\ %44 4

Q 4 44 ('4
Q 4? 44 (& 44 F44
) " "'44\ =44 44IT =
4Q 4D 44 Q ''44H Q ('44? 44 ('44

) "" '44\ = ( 44 '44D 44H 4 D)" 44 )
44" *544
4IT N44 = N4 (L 44( 4 44 '4() ""'44\ %4
'44( 44H L 44? = '4 44 F44
>44I =44 %44 44 44* " R'44G &'4 \
>4 #4; <4 4 4 %4 <4' 4 4 4- 4"9 =\ 4 '?4 *
.,'- 1 3 LT'] >?
= . * ? L 56 &'\ = IT ( = ^'
9 44IT D 44* L?44 &44 44IT 44 5446 = 844H 44 :'44 544a 2'44(
#4 4W #4; 4 - IT ( 56 ' G 56 3
>C44 =44 44 "6 44* 44

D %44 ''44
44 " 5446 44 D" <44 = =44 44 44-
4 G4 4 4 : *G L 56 2
L 5;
44 =44 *44 44 44 ' 44
&'4 4\ =44 & 44 IT A4 4 (1!2) >44 " 844 H
.L 56
9"2 2 0( : )2 T" / 6 :(1A2) 3>
$="
9> 2
"
T" / 6

9"2 *06 )2
' 44 4 >44 4 =44 4 4 4 2'44 4 4 4 44 4 4 49 "&"' 44 4 4 4G &T 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
"P A"
& 4IT >
"T"test & (
"LISREL"
37
( '
."ANOVA" = > >44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4L 44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ' \ >44 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
(
'

."MANOVA"=

C

1
:1/40 D
"RA "'9 >

44D 44 44-' 5446 = 44D9 44D ^44 ('4 D; = 44; 44
44- 44D ,' 44?6 44 9
=C 44 4 * 44 44D D44- &44 <44 , %44 44 5446 = *44 44 "9 %4
4
'] ,'(4 2 4 4- 4D 24 (,'4GY )<4 " 24 Gqc 4 ( 4) <4 24 Gqc 4 >\?4 :4
4 ( >4 ' ' 2'( ' I E''
")" = % ") ''" ,'*?
>4( 34 4 4 , ) '
3(I '' = >( 4( '4\ = =44 94 E''4
44
( '44 >44 44- 44 N44 '44\ = =44 944 L 5446 < 44 344 44 <44H'D
* > D = = ,''H )' - = O<H'D 3 "*
Erceg- Hurn & Mirosevich, ) I544 44I '44 L 544 KL 44 44; 544 #4 44
.(2008
"" / 7 5A3A2
4- : # * ? D * - (&) *
> ,'- 1 > = ' =
4' 4 &'4\ =4 ,'- 41 24 4 =4 ( G :C (& ') * ' ' ` <
%
(
>C H = OKL = ) 5 ; ' ` = *
44"' A 44' 344 >44 =44 445 '44] 44*" & 44I ( <44" 44
I '44] FG?44 44 =
44"' 344'D *H44G E44*" >44" '544D <44 ( <44 :44 ^'44 44 44* 44 >44( ,'' 4
=44 .^'44 44 &44 44" >44G #4 44 '44 44" 44 44* ' 4 1 ,'' 4
& I 4 > D < >D 5 <5 I ] 'D " ; '1
4 & 4 ( &'54 4 >4I =4 '4G` " " - = ' 1 < * >
&'54 N4 '4\ 4 4 =4 = 4 <4 54 I = <W? = '"6 - =ZD O*
' 44 4) 44I) 44I '44 &''44 <44 44
544 44L '44 44I :44 >44 N44 >44I 9
34 &'9 = ; ; :) *W ' ? = ? ) W ' = (9 ?
3D44 44 * 2H44 ' ?44 > 44 " V 44 D; 44 = %44 )44 N44 44 " =44 44 I 4 4*
."&'9 = 6 ( ?
9>2" 3(=" *",: 6A3A2
38
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1
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#44 44? 44D 44

I >445 N' #44; E 449 #44 '44 ,'44I 44 44D' &'4 ?C =44
>?4 4* >4 34 >4 4*" 4
#4 * ? '-1 = LH 2' 5' *'
=44 <44' = 2I44 %44 #44 >L44H 2' 44D 44 > 44 >44 #44 D .44 *544L 5G 44 '44
"49 4 * 4 4(9 = %4 ('?4 ( 4'9 4'1 4D '" G (9 *
>44 "44T &44IC 44G9 #44D 44G 44 44 344 9 244' k4 ( 44 >44 >?44
<44
=(44 = %44 44 44" 44 O'441 N44 &44) 44 ( 44
9 '44*1 44 44 44 '441
#44D < ?44D <44 " =44 44
D 44* 44( 2'44 44?X 44
I >445 N44 >44 E 449 #44
)' ?44" =4 E'4 4 '544 N44 44 44 N4 #44D <44 R44 44
( 44 '-4 1 344 >44
=4 *4 =4 4 4* 45 9 4- 4 4(
*D 5 = '" :> I % "='
34I 4D 4 Q 4L)" 'Q 4 9; 4* =4
9 Q 4'
Q - -' = = * =' >
-'4 ' 44 44) " 44* 44 4 *544
#44 '44 44* E44- &44 44I 2T44(6 #44 'Q 44
=
D =; :'W >
>
D ,' KL Q ] * ,'\5 D N D '] 9 (1985
44) ' 44 A 44H = 544 =44

D = 544 A 44H ,44 =44
D = 544 ,44 A 44H ' 44
.(45 1987 = = #' p
> 44 44D 344
44 >"44 %44 ' 44 ,''44H 4- 9 ' H44 44- 44D 44* R'44G 44(
4
5 544I #4 44* 4 #44 4 44-' #4 44 4
I ,'\544 >45 N44 =4 <4' ;
E' 44DW 445 G & 44 #44; 44*
<44) #44; >544 #44 &T445 44 44' ,'44 ,44'"
44- >44 44D %44 #44 <T"44 *4 = #44; <44
44D 44* 144 =; - 44 9 4 44
R4 H *? = NL ' " :Gotockalk "N "" *
N ' I
'41 Aq'4 4 E "4 4 )4" R4 =)4 34 24 4 E'4 4 )4" R " < )"
<4*D =4 4 2 45 =G'C4 '41 #'4 4 (4
D )" =) 3
)" R =G'C
.(1982 >I 'G D) "<' E' f'C = *D (
D )" 2 5 - (
D )" =
>
544 44 441T #4 <44'I :'44 44 %44 !'44 R44 >445 44-9 , 44 44 =;
41 &T?4 =4 <4' ' 4D =4 <4 ^'4 4D &'\ ? # ,'
I E'
4 %4 > 4" 4D 4 E4 4 4- ," ' DW P'G C' R 3 # E
'4 & '" 2I 5 = N ; H . H 5G? < D > (
D
%44 544 =44 > 44 >44 #4 4 D .44 I 44
44 *D 44 ,'44 I '44 '4 4( >44 >44 "
44 %4 (4 44 >4- 4" 44'D 24( = 4 >44- :4 %4 44I <4 &'4";
39
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1
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4 & 41T 4- 4 %4 &4*" 4 & 5 - <I'\ : &I - ='G`
% D 5 G ,' "' *D .% <D R'" : 7' - = * #
.) -' (; D >HD >? * ,'- 1 > =
9";( 4$ 22 ! Q67"2 7A3A2
44 #44 *] 445 , 44 ' 44 =44 %44 <44 344 ( 44 44L' ' 44D FTG44 ,' 44* 44
&'4I Q 4 4 #4 >4
9" 4" >4 >4
4D 4' %4 4L' &' * = 8H )"
> 'D > >I # >W 9 *D '] = ,'

= N "&*D 'Q ( # >I =
= 4D ,' 4* N4 4- #4 " .(43 1987 =4 = 4 ' p ) H- '] =
\ ( * D 1 = = * 5 ' D = ' =H

44*; >445 =44 =44 ; %44 '44
#44 44' ' 44D =44 >44I 44 44D 44 >44
= < > OQ H ='Gm H ,'5 <
>HD <" # > *D *
,'4 D >44I 44D 44' '445 N44 ( 44

#44 '44 %44 R'44 E44*" 44?' =44 =44 <44*"
>44 *H44 #44 44L' ' 44D N44 = Q 4 '44 = 44 R'44G 44*" =4 44 4)
=4 2 4 4D 4" R4 -4 4G ( ) D' > R -
= < >5

? = = <?" I 3 Q " '? 3 <5TG D V " =W?
44D 44L' ' 44D ( 44
FTG44 #44 ,'44
%44 4 :''H44 =44 <44ZD 244 ( 44 4Q 1 '4 %4 4
>4" &' 4* E4- # ' = ' '" .< 3 ( R >
*H44 =44 9 44I #44 ,'4 >445 44D 44\9 44 44? '-44" 344 >44 #44 ,'44I
9 #44 ' 44D =44 <44'( 44 r44 )"44 '44 #44L'
E44*" <44I ,44?' ,'6 Q ''44H
.cE
b 'j 4I 2-'
4A2
4D ' 9 = '\ D ' >"

"< '\
"5"2" "
40
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1
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44 >9449 &' 44* =44 344' '44

'44 44j 44; Critical Thinking FF FF!=" '?44
>54 4 & 4( 4 4 4 4LD &'4 4 4 4 '45;) '
49 :=4 -'4 =
; 4 #4 *L4H 4D 4 4 <4 4
3L 4I =4 & 4IT 4D') ( 49 ( * = *
W(G 5 > & "' = )) P 9 (9 3L I E- =
? " &
4H 4D %4 4 C4 #4 <4'I 4 4 (<4
3L I *( ' "' "
44 44 '445 %44 >4 44I 44 & " 44 #44; >445 344I &'4 ?C '
44
'-41 =44 & 44IT F44D <44 ='44GY <44

44D Î 44 44" #44 44I 44I
3 4?) ' 45 4 =) K4" 4
>4 4'
L4 ,' &
. (Slife Etal, 2005 O33!310 1998 ))
=H4 H4 ' F54G %4 : 4'-" ,' * <5 I ' = E' '"
: '5

' 4I 54 4- 4D =4 " >4
*I5 = 2
> FD ' D A HG;
44 44* '44*1 & 44H N44 )44 9 >44" T44 44 2544 9 ^44 44
9
4 4" 4)) "24 ; >5 \ > =) ' =) ' I > d
D N'I
.(160 1979
.& = H D
' D = )
4* =4 > 4I =4 4* 4 D 4* 4 ' 4D F4D 4D 4 > 'W
."> I
.&'\ = 5 & IT N';
. -'] = * ) 5 K"
.' D 2 R = ? & ( \ # '
%44 =44 #44 44 G4
Q 4' 8445 '544 ] 445 =44 &44 44 & 44L* = '44 :'44
44" >44 '?44 > 4 >44 #44 D *D44- 24
#44 , 44 44D' 4
44 N44 '4"; =4
(44 44I' Q 44) Q 44 QT44 F44 =44 <44 #44; %44 44
(APA) 44 44 44'
: L >W
:'-" % >C >- !
>5 * > >- !
" >? &5 & >- !
41
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1
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> -9 3H &'\

>- !
<H'D 3 % 5 >- !
< '*" >- !
< 3 % & ITG % #' >- !
KL *D D ?I & >- !
.(Campion, 2002; Oleson & Arki, 1996)
44 4 &H44 4 %44 4 544 4 ' 44 4 AERA 44 4' %44 4 44 4'9 44 4" &'44 45 44 4I
44 '44 >44 544 44
& 44 ' 544 44' 244( 544 :&9 44"
.( APA2008) L' = FG = & ITG
' : FG? = #; ='? I ' > " D = =
- D E' '"
:<W 5 ,I
'(
A4H >4 & 4 P 4 #4 '4 4D & 4 <4 '49 L4? dI 9 >
8
4 >4 4 G &'54 *4 4 = ' 5 5TG = '
'449 4 >W44 E'4 4 L ?44 4 9449 4(G 4" #4 ! & 4 4
.VH ='GY <* I <' G T
9 ' = )
44
=44 2'44 ^44 44; LFF": FF= 44 :'44 44' E'45 44I '44 44' 44H 4D
:>I = ^ = - D L ? - ^
44
>44 44D ,44
44 H44 <44" 44 44I 44 44
= 344 :VFF FF
4
'( <4*" =4
(4
D 4 4 " 4 E'54
^4 = 9; <4
'9 *
<4 <4 > 4
4 854 4- < = 9 <* > = ^
D ]' :(
N44 < 445 544 %44 ."44 " 44"' 44\ 44* : .^
44 >44I =44 44- 44

.5\ , ; > '( <1

= O( ")
44D 44"- 44 1T <44" 44 '*?44 44
=44 :'-44" 2' 44 >44 :9 FF" FF
44 44D 44 T
44 44*DT <44 '544I <44" 44" 44 44D <44 >44 #4; #4 44
<4 '*?4 4LD 4D 4"* 4- P'4 4 =4 O<4 %4 4 4"- 54 ZD
4 4
9 4* H N = , D % T >I =D
42
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1
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& '45; >4I T

4 4
I & 4 =4 4) 4 >54 , 4' ,4 E*D D
> '] ) N < & I ; D H ' < 85 E-
44 44 44 44- 44 E'44I =44 &44 I <44 >44 &'44- <44 &'*44? 44
D 44H
< *
.> (
& P'9 - 4 4 I D' N = # X R'G
"* - TG = )" D' <
& #; H9 9 " "6
44*D Î 44 ^44\ '- 441 44* <44H' <441 <44" 44 44*" =44 QTH44D
& 44 44 8544 44 O 44* ''H44 &T44 > 44G; 44 44* 44 =44 O 44*
#44; 44
. <
D' K
)'4 4 4D ^' D OD'
& * D >? '5 , N - = %
.(4!2) >? *H & N
! 9 :(4A2) 3

43
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1
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.D'
&' * >5 = '
^'
?T *,= ! 1A4A2
=4 -4 4 4 4D' 4D G4 - 4 4 #L'"6 ' )' -X 'Q 1
N4 4 %4 #4 ' 4( 4I #4 >4 G (4 G <4" =4 4 N 4- = %4 3( 4 '
4* 49 (A46 ' 49) #4 # 9 * = ' G >I =
^4 R4 =H4 9 4' = (4 4 =4 4I (\H4) # = ' #
'4 =4 >4 >?4 4
b Q 5 4 4Q L)" Q 5 85 = O<' ' * '5
>4
4D N'6 4I ,' , R'G '5 =H < 3 &T? > ' <W
>44 = N4 #44 4' 44I T4
Q D E' 4(; 44D P'4 #44 N4 =4 '44 '45 44' =H4 4I
45 #4 ,'4
" 4* #4 ,' 4 '4 =4 <4' 54
R4 '4] '4G` * 3 %
< 1 E- # 2I ' - " * 6 ' **" # 5 = Q ]' *
<4 ' ' 'G` 'Q 5 H I = * * \ ,' #; W" = H
4 4" N4 #4 4 ,' 4 =4 > 4 ( G #- 6 5 * *" D
#44 - 44 <] 445 = 4 ; N44 #44' >44 G <44" #44 44I 44"* 44
445 %44
=44-' 44 4* #44; >45 D , 44 44

T 4 <44 * 4
=44 =44 #4 44* >4
' 4I 4* - >
9 : I >
= ^' = 85 E "9 D '
O4 >4 4 4* %4 - 4 N4 4L' "6 4' >T4G =4 ?4 E4- 3 >
. 85
2=" /$ &0 %" 2A4A2
4 4 4I 4 :4(D '4 4 ,'- 41 84T 4 4 45 = < =
=4 4H '4 Fact I 5 : 5 =ZD O * = *L ^'
#4 2 *D ' R % FG? <]5 R * ='
Interpretation '
('?44 ('4 4 #44 ; = 44 ='4 4 ^44 44 " 44 44 D 44 D' & 44 I' =44 .44 I
I54 4I = %4 4
Q Q L4? 4* ^
# ' I = Q #
44* 44
D -544 V'44( '44 D =; O(=44 44 =44 #44 44 44 44D & 44 44)
#44 R44( 44I '44 = 344 (=44 =44 44 '44 & 44 =) 44"' 44 Q H44 2544 '544
= N4 =4 =4 4 '4 =4* 34I '4 4- 54 Q I ' & = # D ( \
44
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1
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,'4 = >4I =4 4 '4] 2 4 #4 '4 4* ] R'4G >4 #4; R)4 4I ,'- 41 E'* ,' P' G "9 & L =
' ' '5
>44I & 44 '44 44D >544 44D & 44 ( 44 44D = ' 44T F544G *44I =44 )44"
#44 44 "9 44
'Q 4 1 & 44 = 44' 44D '44 44*D #44D '44 445'D =44* 844 44
,''H44 44 =*I44 #44; RC44 44 =*44' >544 '44 445'D =*44 >)44 P' 44G =* 44'
=44 )44 44I' N44 44 =44 %44 =44 =W44? =44 .'44 4 '
=*L 44 A 44' W44
44 " 44 3L 44 I 44 "' >44
44 &'44 ' '4 4"9 =44 <44 RW44 = -'44 44 I
44 44LD 44 344 P)4 44" >44I =44 544 N 44 '- 441 445 =Z44D N44 .2544
<4 G 4 3D4 '4 4 = 4 =4 E45' 4 2 49 >*4 4* 4 *I 5
4 3L 4I 45 =4 4I )4 = %4 4 4" - O* TG ' =
D
#W4 4I 4 4'
N?4 =4 >4I ' 4I > # D *W? V'( &' * >
4I' N4 4
=4 )4" #4; &' H4 4 7' 4 4*D 4D 4
& 4DTG =4 4 '
.(7'W 7' ) -' G' I = ( G %
V" ( / 3A4A2

9 44 44' 44L' ' 44D =44 44 #44 %44 <44 344 ( 4 D' >44 >44 R44
' 4D Î 4 >4I = > Î , '5 " Q9 N - = ,I
# \
=W44? =44 <44ZD 44 =44 O44G' %44 344 #"' 44G 344I 344 *H44I <44 G 44* 44D
44 44 , 44 =44 , 449 =44 = 44H *544 #44; 44 '544 N44 #44 44I
44 44D ^'44 '445 %T44 44D '44*1 44I Î 44 = E'4 44" 44 .>H44D >?44 -' 44
: T" ' ) # & HI N = P
^' 4 4I > 4 > # D * D Î I , = : :
7 V" !
#4( > #D ('G9 #D ]' = #; > > #D C '? % * D F ' D
=4( = #4; '4G` 34H D '? ='GY (TG9 "9 #; ' > *"'
.
( '] ^' L = " ., " & IT R G & " #D
4 3 T 2 = * :": ]" >
:>7 & 3 37 ! / V" !
Î 4 4I
4 & 4' KL 4 '4 4I %4 = : .34I 34 4T 24 = 4* =4 >4I
#"' 4G 34I 4* > -C 9 ' D '` = ' N ,' ?6 3L I 3
45
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1
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, 4 '4 = = ]' # * A6 #D ' F'D = >

& * ' = # C =W
) *
(? O* 55G = , & - =' * ,' = #; '? =
.6 *L # "; - *'
<?4 4 F'4 %4 '4 4
D :F F7" &0F QF 3F7 F! /F V" !
44 44* #44 <44 344 N44 =44 44 >44 " 544 >44 44I <44 O44?' =' 44- 44 G ,'445
<4
('
4 4
45 > = .=) =
< D # G D '5
.(=(TD ) E = "('
" = 3 (' < : -
<
4 4 @ " - > %- 4A4A2
4 'C4 4
A4H 4 , 4 <4 1 4D &4 4 2 4 FL 54G 4 >- " =;
& 44 44H 44D 44 & 44 44
44I ^44 = %44 44*
, 44 N44 #44 44 44( 44D
44 44- =Y 44" 44* 44 44 H44I ='44 44-' 44
44D 44* '44 44 44 44I KL 44
>44 #44 D 9 <44 " 44D 44 & 44*" 44 344 ( 44I >44- ::''44H >C4 V'44( 44; 44
4( 4D ('D6 4 4 & 4 >4 4- >4 45' 4 I' % I >
! T (' =W Aversion Therapy ' PT "T >TG = =G
:4c I ) L '* 5 ,' " =G , C & 5
'? ( * =
54 4D &4'( ' 4D N4 = %4 =Y '4"6 N4 4 D R4 #4 4I & H' ^
^4\ '- 41 N 4 34 >4 #4 4 4 4' ' 4-) 4 ='? ='
= >

N =ZD = OD' " & &'G 3D = < 5 <
'1
44 &'44( N44 >441 44D =Y 44 44
N44 44D &44'( 44 ; 44"6 >44 #144 &44
%44 %44 N44 44 ( = 44 D 44D' 44 44*" #44H :44 44 44 44D 44
T
& 4" '4 4 9; 4- 4 N 4 = %4 :'- 41 4 '41 N4 ) " <
44 ( 44*" 44D 44]' '44] N 44 N44 44D 44 * 44 44 44)' ; 44 W44 44D'
."N D '\ N =H N' D '\ =H ">L
" E'\
,> ; )2 4
,> )>" 5A4A2
44D 44'-" ( 44
=44 44 44 #44 44*" 44-9 )44' ,)4 44 44
& 44 =44
244
#44 E 44 44 E44*" >44 441 G449 =44 %44 =44 #44 44 >44
" = > % & ; 2 ,'5 -9 (
=ZD ' - D >HD KL
46
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1
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N44 44D 44"' 44* '44] 44- >44I ( 44

44" > 44 , 44) =44 TH44D 44* 44
I 44

*" N # 3 ( # " O% *" * (
= ( L

4'-" '4] ( 4
=4 < )' R'" # N '-" (
= < - " # I
'54 4 "6 54G? 4 > 4" 4D 4 > 4G 4I > 4 > # D T
N #DT #
,' ) 5 ,'I ' (? ' >I = & ' #; < - 1
>4I =4 N 6 '-" (
)' >\
& I I5 >-
44 4 4 24 4" 4( ' ?4 4ITG )49 4D
' 54 A4
.5G? A6 &I ,'; &' *
4,N /$ 02 )2W
2 /% " 6A4A2
'4
*4 4* 4 >4 = ,'- 41 4 %4 =4 C4 4 = " ^' =
<44D %44 :44 2 44 244 &'4 \ : 44 = 44 *446 N44 = O%44 44- 44D & 44
>4
4D '4 4
4 4 =4 O=) N4 4
=4 %4 ,'4
N4 = ,'- 1
'?4 <4 GD <4 - 34H '-41 2I * = < RW I % R ,'
N ^ G =ZD
'4 >4\ =4 4D N4 &4 4* 34 ,'- 41 ' D - ' *5 * &'\ #;
=4 > 4 > # D ,'- 1 " , ^ G > ( N ' > -
>?44 ^'44 445a 44 44- 44- 44 44( > 44 = 44; 44( 44 44D %44 F44 G
'4\ N4 45 4L '54 4L I 4"T 4*" =Z4D 4
'] E '? :
44
'44] E 44 G44 4D =44 44- = ^'44 '?44 <4 44' 44 44 ,'54
4 .= = RW ? ' = ON D 'H9 *( >\
*5 * &'\ #; T6 ,5 ,'- 1 ' 5 = - '5 %
R'44G 44 >44- " 44 ( 446 : 44 = 44' '?44 >44I =44 *L?44 44 44- =44
:' H4 I , #; 2 :' H : '? :> L
> D *H '-"
,'- 1 3 > ; :C * , D ]' &
6 >C H
: 8( 44I =44 R'4G 44 44; E'4 R)44 Î 44 4- = 344 *44
Î 4 44; 44 ] 4 I
4* & F
] ; N R) I : &
N = " *D
.&T? N > >5 F'D < > H 5 ' 5 >TG =
47
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1
:1/40 D
*! ( /% 7A4A2

, E H' : I ,C = DTG >L R5 = , C V'(
4I %4 #4 4" 4 O34
'4] 24I '4] *H4 =4 I > ( H I
4 #4 4I = THD N =) # ' = N <" - ''I G >I
4 *H4D' 4*
4; ' ' I G W # * 8"' 'GY ' D , H
9 4
4 4
> 5G " - .T ' ," V'( ( L)"
=4 4* ^'4 4 I54 4I R4 4 4' * 45 <4" >4 4 &9 4* ' A 5
> 4(X 4"' 4"' L4 ,'- 41 4' = 4 R54 4I > 4 > # D ' D
%4 >54 4D 4* ) V'( # > ( 9C- 3"? ,''H > R' L9 ' D
T)44 44
*44? '44 44I 44* =44 TH44D 44* Q' & 44 =44 44) 44
44 %44 44*
L44 N44 V'44( #44 >44( 3"?44 =44 44- = 44 %44 R'44 =44 44D 44* -'44 ' 44a
N - = =; = % # <'I * & "; = Q % # <' D >
X4 #4 4* '4*" = =4 =; '4 #4 N = = **" # *
'4 4( G4 #; T)
< D ' = = O 1 ' I
44 N44 =44 44LD >44 =) =44( 44
#44 44" 44 O44I 44- >44 44D *44 344H 44"
r54 4 >4 ''4I 4G9 4* 4) D 4H; 4* >4 = >HD = 3" - W
= N4 ,' & * N = ' . D ' "' L N * 1 D 85
= >44 44 949 44' &)4 ^44 4 44 N44 4
<44 54 44I ^4
: * N D < "
q < R' *GH ,'q E

R' = *
<4I 4 4- 4* =4* ,'\5
c
c
.<L (G = =* ='GY (G = >* N'? D
44 ,'4 ? <44 A 44 & 44 '544 =44 244
4 44D & 44 =44 44 '445; *
." < 39 FG? = 3 " >
O.
I >I =9
D < >
9
",'*? <
D " = " *H ='5 D W I D A' =; : D A' *
<4 4
25 N ( >5 HI = < 2
= T =;
4D A'4 = : .(5 1989 4 4 4) " <D 3
9 2'G = A 2 >
4"* 4"' = ^'4 =4 >4 =4 4 D A' 9; W(G D <9 > = & 6
<4 N'4 9 &4 4"' 45' E4
A'4 D 4 N4
D <' I %
)44 >4 ^
4 4H' '4 <4 >44" E'' 45 <4 D 4D '4 = 9; 34"' 4
48
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1
:1/40 D
4D ,4 F54

=4 . -'45; 4D A'4 4D 4 4D 3(
5 G (' = I
4 4 :<W4 = " :> I % "= <(" -' I N 2 =44 <44() . L44? =44
9 =' 44 44
G : 44L( 44L - 44"WD "' 4 ( 44
G" 44 p >44I
.(87 1P 1999
4 <4C' 4 54; ''4
=4 E'W4 =4 >
- '] &I D ''
G *
4*
( = 4 =4 >H4D 4- <4") = ''4
= R'G C ; <
&'"; * =
.'G` = P)
@ W 4 "" E" 8A4A2
% '? < % I & ' = ( C % ,'I =;
= ,'4
N4 4" = * > R ( & "' = O

> 44 'a '44 ? L H44 %44 ,'- 44 1 ' ?44 44 %44 44 44 ' 44 I 44 V'44 ( 44

N4 4 '4? =4 )4 E' ?4 = ^' % ' ? < '\ )
N44 *44 -)4 '44 44 4- (1 44I' 44I ) *4- 44( *44
4I &9 44 ?4
4I ) %4 =L 4
4 4L & 4- "9 * ^ R :\ (2 I' I ) &9
(4 4I' 4I ) 4* 24 '(G :5 " N ; I - :C I (3 I'
N44 44 44* & 44L* 144 > 44 44'D 441 , H44 & 44 ,'445 44D 44- "'44 44I
'*1 ; '? % :C = 3I & ' = N 2D : .(5 I' I ) ,)*"
,'6 =Y =4 (4(G = 4" 4 OT
4 < < =L
= ,' )' > , H &
:44 44 44-' ` '544
%44 44 "6 44*" 44**" 44* 44L & 44) N44 (44H
.' H 3I , H* > N (?
- 5A2
"'
D & = NC(G < '
D = NW(G "
" "> 3"
49
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1
:1/40 D

4" 24 ( 4- =4 6 ,' H <
: D' '6 " ,
,'4 '4 4 H4 ='4Gm -'54 *54 = 4 > D' NT* '
9

R4; 4" 4 4D' '46 =; . 46 '4H <4 24 ( = =4 4 4- :'?4 4
=44L' ='544 =44 =44 44' =Z44D '44 44- 44 44' 44- 9 44 FL 544G 44-
44( 3( 44 44D 44 44 44 <44; 445 44 #4; D 44H6 = 44 '44 >445 : 44 > %4 = 4L 4I >4I 854 4 4(

=ZD D' '; = <ZD

(' ") = * 4 4D' '46 =W4 '49 4 . 4* C4 =4 N4- .
> 4 4( ,4" 4 , 4 4D '4 <4D' 4" 4 4 4" D 7H :
<4" = 4 =4 . 4* 4 H4 =4 & D 4H6 N4 4" (4
D 4 9 4D' =ZD
D' :' : .N % :C N = "6
( O 44 44 ; '44 44 * " 44 * &T44 > 44 G; *(44 #44 44 >L44 =44 44 V'44
?4 4* N4 24
*" % = , &' N - > ( D' :'b
* ?> ).(5!2
! - 9 :(5A2) 3
50
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1
:1/40 D
.D' '; " = " > >5 = ? D ^'
"2 *,= 1A5A2
4 %'4 D G - ,
<" # I % I > D 3I =
44 >L44 V'44( = 544I 44D' 44 G H44 ] ,44 '44] =44 44I 44
- 44 #44 &T44 >G44 = ' H44 44- 44D 44 44*" )'44 =44 =-'4 44I 44

4 - 4 '4 45 ' - = H I ' >? *]5D
3H
<4 24 ( = =4 4 &4 P'4 4 4- F54G 4- 4D ' 4 =4 <4 34 ( 4 >" =
4 2'4( =4 4D' '46 4 4D * '5 R; * A6
: , N
D *
'*?4 A46 4 = 4
4
D 4 :4 %4 %4 4* #4; >45 =* = 3" !
'4GY K4" ) " = 3" >I = ," ' D e) ; :C : & ? = 3"
." 4" A46 " 8 (54 4 (,4 ,'4 ,4" ' 4D V'4I) A6 (N"" < I
- 44 e)44 :'44 G ,44 44 N 44 - ."44 44
" 8 (544 &44 44 44
=44 44 ")
, 4 * = K = 3 '( D *
- = &"
44' 44L
44 "9 & 44IT 44D , 44 44* =44 P)44 =44 ' 446 44* H44
,'L 44( K44 ,'4D '44*1 844 44 44- ,'L 44( 44' =44 ('4 44"9 44I6 44*
' 44 '44*1 844 44 44 44
44' 44' =44 ('4 .'L 44( 44' 44L '
,'54 T4( 4 & 4 ^'4 .4' 4' G4 > 4(
&' G
.'
' GW D & , = = * = ZD :* '5 =H ,'5G 2
? !
44 D G449 '44 44D >*44 44" 44* =44 44 >44 =44 '44G (4 >
344" = "=44C' ,'; &' 44* 44" >44 44' 8 (544 '44 '44 44 '44
> 44 >44
854D "=4 T4( N 4 >" 8 (5 '5G = " " 85D E'5 '
Who What Where - When - :,'*?4 *9 & >
'( ."3("
854 (4 ! 4 !4 !=4 ! 4 !=4) ' D *
(5 W & H) ; Why-How
.(N ) :
51
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1
:1/40 D
=
4 =4* '4 =4 )4" =4 4' 34" *I R'G \5 * A6 GW I !
45 4* =4 %4 E H4
34" :4 ",' 45 " * >I = ' * P'G
.('
:'? * = P) >TG = "('I'?" * ; >5 .,'5
4> N 8" 8R 2A5A2
*L?4 4 4'1 4* '4 = 9 4 " W N D >
>5 D A'? >I
'4( 35 % = ( =
'" ^' *IT *
'
> 4" 4D 4I' 4 KL 4 =4 34" >4I 4 4 ' N4 4D 4* =4 '1 ^\ '1
.
4' 4 3I D - ; (=
& '1) 1 & > = <D N? 9 D
> 44? :' 44D 44*" =44 =44 8544 ,'\54 & 441T ?44 '4 44 &44I 44D 4ITG
4 4 4" & 4 #4 H4c = 3(4 I ' >
<H ( 2 1
'544 44' =44 44'1 44U 44 = > 44
44- =44 O(2422001=44 >?44 = 44 44")
4 4 4D' :'4 4 - ' = = ]' # < #; ,' ?6 5 - D
44 :'441 ' 44(6 = N44 445 '44 44 44 ,44" 44'1 '44( V'44( = 9; 4
Q 4 445
44D 144 44 44* 44D >4 '544 ,44 \445 H44 =4 - 44 =44 44 (44
D =H4
44* 4D >4 Theory FN 4- = '4 :'44 .4' 4 '-41 '4 4(' ^'4D
'4 4 4 ^'4 =4 4(' 4 *45 N 4 '
% #(G <"
44 59 ' 44 ' 44 >44 I 44 44 & 44 '1 = '44 '44 " L44 >?44 44 ,'- 44 1
54G & 4'1 4] =Z4D 4 = O(Eysenk,1974,4) " 5G = W(G 5
Emmerts
&
) 3L 44 4 I =44 4 & 44 4 ('44 4 44 4

& 44 4 =44 4 44 4 &44 4 44 4 >44 4 "
<4; >45 ' D < " E'-1 > % ' = >" (Brooks,1970,4
,44 %44 =44 344" 44 & 44 = 144T =44 .44' 2 44D` 44; 44* 449 KL 44 =44
= . **" '1 '( H ]
( 9

C & '5; = <H K* 2(
(
'1 =ZD .(Reber,2005)
=44 44'1 44 44'1 =44 44'" D 44'" '441 := 44 " 44 = 44; = 44 '?44

= = ^' = '" '1 = H IT N - = = " O '"
52
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1
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>4 = 4 %4 4 > = ^' = ' (

D '"
= '1
<44ZD 44 944? '44 '44 44C' =44 '44 '44
P 44 44 D 44 ,''H44 44 %44
&' 44* >
544 44 44 ; 44 :44 44; 44I' = 44D' 44
'9 44 44 %44 '44

: *I " % & = ' V'( = Z - = . * = (
." % = (," '1 '( V'() A; + 5G? &' * +
( '
4'" '1 2 I '1 D '" '1 = IT =ZD > (
4 ,4
>54 %4 '
49 4 <4 4'" = <4; <4 " .R'G D E I
2'( = &" I 2( % ( 9 <D '1 , &' '5 '
>4 4 ); 4 : .( 4 4
'( 3I D * > ,' &9 '
9
44G <449 44D 44 <44 544 :44 44L
) 44 44I 44; >445 44'" 44 44I %44
( 4 4
'( 4 4 4D 4*
4 4 ( 4 &9 4 4 4*
( (L 45 '] &'' I
.(L 54 '4] &'' 4
= < '5 D <9 D < 5 L
- )
<4 854 4"9 >4
> 49 4D 4 4* = 3" % '
> > # D
,'4I >I '
='GY = " 9I ' < D # ,'I ' = :E H'D
, 4
4"9 'W4 '4 4'1 4 854 2 4 4- 4D ^'4D =4 '4 = (' = 6
'44 = 44 " 944I '44 <44 44D 44 '44 44L
= : 44 44 #44 *] 445 =44
<4'I =4 ) "9 & IT N = ' " & IT < " 9I
.='GY D ' W ' 85D "9 <'G <' * >
5 #
>44 #44 D >H44D >?44 44 > 44" 44*D =44 <44 44'1 '44( V'44( #44 '44 ,'44I = ^'44 =44
^'4 :4 '4 = % "' =)G ^D" '1
D ,' >G ,'- 1 *D = >
8544 3'4 >44 544G? E'44 =)4G X44 :44 44 #44 44 G 44"' G >44 =44 44
" '5c = O=)G - > ?9 (,'") H' > 'D D H' '
> 44 .<'4 '4 D 44 44 *544D ,'4 P' 44G ='4 Gm 44**" =44 44 '441 >44 44I
44"9 44 >44I =44 44* 44 "9 '-41 ^44 '44 44D 44'1 '44 '44G` 44H
'44 '44 :44 =44 344D' = L?44 44 44D 44 I6 =W44? =44 : 44 :'441 ' 44(6 V'44( 44
<4 = <* ^ G * " I & ( ; = <*" & 5 = < ' 1
<4 4 4I 4 O>4 N4 34I >D ' "9 (G '? < -
.L' *(? "9 = P "9 & " HT
53
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1
: &'
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' < ,' '1 '( ; >5 = % =
'544 =44 44* ('4 :44 44D %44 44 ='4 GY = 44 KL 44 44*(' 8<44"L ?44I
=5445G >44
) 4 N44 = 44; 4 44
' 4 = <44 > 44 4( =44 :'41
FG?44 =44 %44 D 44 44 " 44* 44 44L
'44 = &' ; :, 44
> 44" 44D
.(< ' Z > A'D >? =' < V " D >? L > :
'44D 544 =W44 :='44GY = 44 <4 ; <44 44 44 G '441 =44 44H' KL 44 '44
= 4 845 4* =

G' =L *W 'G` *5 5 " & *W ,
>544 = >G44 =44 44 P' 44G =44 *445 > = 44D >44 44* 44L' 2'44
,44 '4 &'' 4
44D 44' '544 44' ,'4 ' ?44 R44 <44' 44D %44
%44 = #4; *4 "L =4 T44G R)4 4I 4 D ' ?4 N44 = 4; '4G` %4 '?4
44 (, 44
44D <44]' 44H'6 >44"' ,'4 44*' 44I 44 )(44 &'' 4
44 )44' >
. *D ' ? D *
D (' 9 ,' 5 '-" &''
'
D
=4 ('4 >T4G =4 T4 4I9 4 ,'- 41 * :'1 ' (; V'I % = (bc =
4 > 54G 4D < :
:
= < ? : ,'
* >5 KL ^
(44 44"9 2 44 44I9 A44H FL 544G :44
44( '441 44(
=44 244
44 ; :44 544 G ' 44 44 H 44 D ' 44 (6 44 - 44
44 44 N44
>44 44D 44I H44 44 44L N44 44 %44 !'44 ( 44 <44 ,44 ^'44
.,'
N , ";
M 3>

2 ": 3A5A2
> 4" 4D 4' '4( %4; 4*" =4 4 4
4
& 4 R; D H6 =
<4" 4 *W4? =4 4 4 >L4 V'4( 4
4 = 34I <4 N4 4
3H D'
44'1'( - 44 =44 44 V'4I >T44G =44 ,44
44D' , 44 '44( 44 =44 O44
4D' 4' 49 84 4 4- 41 4 D 4 ; '4 4* " 4 #4 , ' D
H4 =-'4 4*I 4 ,' H4 7' 4 4D ,4 4 4 4 4
= ) 2

#4; >54 #4 4-'( D * ' G Y = ' = > > # D

E- ?
&9 44" =44 44 44D '44 N44 "=44 P'44" " 44-' 44 44 '?44 44 44-' 44*
4) > G D H6 # = 2I % '" <ZD = OD' PT ,'5
= #4 9 % <
'H
# < " D , # '( =
54
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1
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=4 4 ' - > .'( &) "6 ? % <
' : 5 - '
= "4 T 4 4
)'4 4 4 N4 >
-'] = # > &
I >
4T ^4 = %4 4 4D 4
)'4 4 4
D A 9 & D' &9 "
2T44(9 44(
44; 44 44 44I ,44" &'544 =44'( >44 *
44 =44 44*" 44 =44 9 =44
T
'4]9 !L4 !4' :>4I =4 &T?4 4 =4' 4T 4" %4)
D'
( *W4? 4D 4D' 4IT(9 = >4 4 F54G 4*
4 & '( 2 9
44 44 = '44 :'44 .' H44 44- 44D 441 & 44 " 4
44
D 44( 44 >44- 44
44
44 )
44 <44 " 44 D 44 ' 44 T #44 9 :44 %44 D H44 = 44 '44 ( 44
<4; 4H = : 4 4 :( ?4 : 4D A'?4 4 <4 >W4 = < - = . H 5G?
=44 44I >44 <D 44H 44 .''44
= 44 ' 44 44H 44D <44 ,'4 D 44 44HW 44
.
"9 5G? R D H6
4> :> 8R" 8/ &> 4A5A2
44 44 >?44 44 * 44 D 344 > 44 44 ,44 ,'"?44 A'44 D 44 44 ' 44 44
(' ? #; % " 2( - = -' = 1
= 4Z > 4 >4 #4 D 4 D 4 ' 4DW P'4G 4D & 4IT E- ' > " = ' =
K 4' 54 D
Y K' = , 9 > > 59 ,'- 1 ' %
#4 4
<4(G 4 =4 4L
= "Word" Y K ' 3 <" '5
44 44D '44 =44 44 44' 44\ 44 ' 4 1 ' W44 '44 <44T 8544 44 44\ 8445 44
%44 KL 44 441 44( & 44" 441 44 44D F544G %44 =44 =44 N44
'4\ ' ?4 #4 -)4 4" =4( 4"9 4 (4(G 4' 4D 4 " &
#4 4 4 24
45 *45 *4; '41 4G 4( = *'5 * - "
,4 " &9 44" V'44
= N44 44"* %44 =44 <44 44 ( <44 44 (c 4 I ( 344"
4' 4 "# ?4 4" '*?4 >G > I '] & # D'
" >44G 44 Sociometry 44 "9 & 44IT 44

<44 '
"44'" 44I 44 & 44'(
.( L ) #; * ">)
3 5A5A2
#4 <4ZD N4 4- = *4 <4 4
24X <4
9; E 54 8
A') #
9
24I 4L' "; >?4 - 4 =4 <G4 4 ' = < 3 ( 5 =
%
55
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1
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=4 <4*D 4 4 F4G F G4 <4 34H &'4\ =4 & IT = < > (H
= 4 ='4Gm ' 4 N4 >4
< " ' = <; 3 E'I L' ' D
44 44L' 44- 44 244
44 O 44 544G? R44 =44 >44 #44 44- ; -' 44 44
44( E'44( <44
E44
44 *44G <441 #4 ='4 Gm <44D' 44 >44
'44 =44D
= " 'H &' * % 3 = ( D' >
=ZD - .>
: # >5 &' * = E)
4? #4; 4 (
D ' #; < '? % .' , H E' D = =
.R'G
V'44 ( #44 44 N44 = 44 ; *"?44 = <44 =44
44 T '44 44 G44 =
( = Q = = Q H * 1 *
*' *9C
. *" *T *5 D * , T '( G
.4 4
&'4( =4 > 4" #4 ' 4( 4 "4 4D' <4
4 = > =
4' ,' #
= - ,' # >1 = QT '5 TD
^' 44 ) 44*" #44 449 :''44H >?44 44 ( 4 , 44
446 &'44
44 44D
.< =' , > # N < ? & #Y
4 G 4 4 ( 4* >4 = 545G '4] R'4G 545G ' N - =W
.='Gm , *
= = O ;
'44 #4 (44
D '544
9 ( 44I' '44 #4 44) 44I' 44 >?44 E' 44D =44 '4
. H -) < ' 'W :
'5 = *D :\
'44"! 44 :,'4 ^'44 ,44 & 44 44" 44 44- 44D .F 44G >44I 44 44
.N >5 9 % :' = O !>5

.>
'
*D ^ < (qc
. <'1 * 'H D < >"
.2 <5 &' A
.< # ,'( >TG = <L' I >

. G # 3 > <* 9 # , & 1 =
4I' = # >G 9 ,'5I >" I & % I' < >"
. * , ) " )" >?
56
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1
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*! N" 6A2

44 4D' G44 4 44 4 =' 44 4I 44 4 " 44 4 ,44 4
44 4- 44 4"
"='GY ,L D L
"/2" .. ""
4 #4 4 \ & 4` #; * -' # % ! ' ,'I #D D' ,' >
9 <44" , 44 <44 44 =44 =44 R44 44 #44 44 445 G &T?44 =44 <44*"
4 4" #4D (4
D =4 9 4 4 '4D =4 :'-4" 2' 4 = #4; ,' 4?6 4
- #D
=4 O* 4 4 4
'9 #D * , 9 #D * " R #D > ' & = <)
# ' ,'I < = ' * = *
= = ) 2 ( .85 E "9 #D > D >? ' 1 =
R44 =44 >44 #44 44D' 44 441 44* 44
44 #44 544 ,'4 1 4
/ >44I
#D ) '" *5 * = ,'5G ,
:' " * 5G?
.1 4 L 4 #4 )4' = 4\ 4 e'4D =4 W 9 = #; '1 & " ') CD"
4
I H E* F G # L E- = = = 9
'4 = )" & D .= a - ( ? = = = #D

'" = =
'44 "44- ""= '544 44- 344 244 44 (243 1975 44') C4 D) <44D
=44 )44" #44- >44
" 446 = 44
6" 44* :"#44('
" >44
44 R'44G 44\ ">44 >44
#44D 4456" 44*W 44
''4H ' 54 "4 =4 =4" 46 V'4
"<4H #4D #? 3H " *W " "'"" *5
:- I %T "&' " .(2004 1D '?) "A'" *W *D' % 'G`
<4 9 <4 = )4 4 4D' 4\ <4" =4 #4 <4
G4 #4 ' > =
., '1 > #D
=44 <*44? <D'544 = = <44
<44; E44?' 44 ) 44"6 ''4
44G #44 ,'44
<44 =44 =
.N
57
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1
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% < &? = # #; E " = D <
< < >D ; <ZD =
.(152001R R)D ) W(G < D
44*; H44 '445 =44 244 44 =H44 R44 44 '445 44L' "6 44 44' 44
:*D ' N - H
> ''H R'G '5
& 44 \ >L 44 ' 5449 44* (44(G 44*'; >44 44 , 44 44W ,'4 G 44D'
4 <4 ,'?4 854 4 '4GY 4* '?4 ( *D # ,'
*D V " C
TH4D ='4GY '4 > 4 = D' N 1 , # D' 5G? D'
44? >44 L 544 44 '445 =)4 &44 (44H >
44 '?44 #44 ,'44
=44
.(2006 #I? '()
Arlin "='4"'?44 44 44* "44 44 *H44 44 44' '445 44 ,'41 '441 =4
: D >
.& "6 L > \?9
'D & *" >H
.'1 & *" = > " = %

.=) 2 9 =H > *" D ' " ?
. = , 6 9 '\ # V 9
. - & &T? '?
(Sternberg, 1990, 3-9).
#44 4* 44 <4 4D' 44D 24 4 =Z44D 4 44D' =4 4IT >544 4D 4
'44 = <44 44 '44 '44 9 44 '44 '44 44 '44 44D <44D' 44 44 44*
.(Ibid,142-155) <D' <D' : ' = = 9
' 4D 4 %4 =4 4
4IT 4 I; % /' ,'I D D' 1 W >
= *D ' - = E- &'"; ; * ' D > : 3I
<44 '44 = #4 %44 %44 44; 44 44 44- 44 >44I =44 44" &T?44 >44 44*TG
R N 1 :," 3 ( 9C >W = #
<' 3I
58
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1
:1/40 D
" = 4 N4 =4 ,W4( 4? =4 4I D 4H; &T?4 9 # 1 -
'] &I D , = ^G '
=W 1 , ;
D . * \ #
44 O44H '4 ?; >441 44D ,44 (44(G 44] >441 44D =5445G '44] F G44? :44 44
" = .(6!2) >? *; '? _
D 1
! *! N" X :(6A2) 3

44
44* '4 9 , 44 : =44 F544G >44- '4 \ V 44 44" 9 %44 :Q(FF7" A
F54G '4] FG?4 V 4 \ 9 > > # D ,' \ KL W" 9 & 1 N
(4" 545G = 4 = >4 '(H9 L & = ? 5G?
2
= = ' 4D & 4H 4G ' >
# 'W & '5 9
> F5G >- =W? = <LT6
'\ = E W E* 'G` " . *I5 R
'= = \ 9 > )" "'
' D *' ? F
'Thinkers Tank 5445G % 44 )44' :' 44 >544 #4 ; =44 ='4 44C
44D 44 I6 & '544 '44 'C44 44G 44*'( 44 T44 (44(G ,44 & -' 44 344H
'544 =44 1979 44 "44D 44 " 44I 44D %44 44 44 44D >44 44W 44* 44
'.>L

59
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1
:1/40 D
&4I 45 R4 4 4I 4 , 4 41 D R =; :)2 "

N" A)
L4 V'4( 4 ,'; '\5 >( ' =W? = > > # D 1 44' <44 =4 & 44 =44 44 '44
44 >544 =44 44
T &'4 >4 ( <'44
#4 4D' ? ?4* =4 4"' 'W4 2( = ? < #; :C -
. ? '5 ,' * N < >
5 E' ; ); 5 I
=4 = " " D &
( ^ >?D > = :E 367 / N" A
&4 L 4 4L' ( & 4) 4 " &' 4 " &W? ,' ' D 2( I E
44 (44(G <44" 44 I 8544 544 #4 >44* 44 *" H44; 44 44 44 ( RC' 44"
4 <4 4 ,'4D 4 2D D -' R' & " '( ) " >I = ? > > # D
,)4 4*" &44 ' 44 - '544 ^' 44 44 ) &44 " = #4 4; 44 **" I 44 9 (44 (G 344 H
W4 4I & 4) P 4 N 4- %4 = >4I 4*'; 4" = 4 4 4) 34 >4 ?
=4 )4 4"9 '4 4 'H4G & 4 F4
'W4 :>4 4* 4-W D
.- 5G? L % '] "'G R P)
=44 44) 244
44D 44]' 44 44 D 44L'"; 44(G 244D 441 =44 = 44" :FFF0># A
=44 44 9 44 &'4 "6 44 9; 449 441 ' 44D = 449 44- =44 & 44(
44H = : (44(G N44 , 44 R44 #4 &44 -44 &'4"; = ,44" (44(G >?44D ?44
4 O4 =4 (4(G =4 =4 , 4 4D ,4"D N 4- %4 (4(G >H4D ^4*" I &'";
: &(G G ," N = A ( 'I >
# "
.? * 2
R I I , - 3H !
.&I ,'- ,'6 !
. L
' R D R ? !
." *; W" L
R & = , I 'D !
.'D &' * >
5 ' =' 1 'D !
<4 4 >4
4D 4]' 4 <4" %4 R4 =4 = 4" :/F7Y F 3
; AF,
44 44 N44 N'449 =44 44 44*1 44- E44*D 44* * 44 >44 ='4Gm 44D' =44
60
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1
:1/40 D
=4 4 4
9 4* , 49 =4 <4 4- =4 9 4I *T5 ,'D * <D' < D
3( 44 4 4 <4 <4 , 49 =4 <41 44"T <4 4 ' 4 4 ( )4 =4 =4
#4 ,'4 GY 44 4 > 44 <44 = 44
44D *44 <44 44" ; 44 H44 <44 ='4 GY '44
%4 =4 4 O 4 8 54 4 4" = 4" E > ' D =;.- <L G
= <W? = 5 " '(H # ='Gm E' D
=
= '44 = %44 #4 =44 44 44 ( 44 =44 44 446 > 44I 44 !'44 44
D <44(
=44) *44 E)4 '44I =44 44- #4 =)4 44 =Z44D <44' I R44 44 44 44 ] 44 <44I
= 4D 4]' =4 4" :>4) 4 >

- D =L >HD ' 5 H = (="
)44 ,)' 44 #4 =' 44
=44 44" (44 =44 = 44 ,'\445 44' 44D ,'4 4 =44
94 H < I' <LT) #I' = % 5 = < : .(287 2003 >) ) "
.'( > R ^G > = : ' 9 =
54G? A6 # !, <'I > : N"
$ (7 M"2 =?- !
=44 44D =44 44 544 44 F 44G 3 44( <44 44( :44 <44 44 R' 44- :44
>45 =
4 4-9 ,'4G 4' =4 *L(G9 & D " " > " 5D
54' =4 = %4 #4 4" 4- 4D "14 4"" 41 4 & 4 84T
I
. - # 5 G < '5 - 2D H =
*! N" :> 1A6A2
44D <44 4 344H =4 (44
D N4 44 44 9" 4 L
44 > 4; 44' %4 #4 4"
N44 4
E'44
(161 1966 :'"4) "<44D 4]' 4 44 54 >44D ='4GY 4G
4D 24 ( 4- =4 O34I <44"L =4 4
( 4(' 4 44"; 4 >T4G =4 4
R44 =44 >44 #4 ' 44 =44 44 <44; >445 44 %44 441 44 44
44- 44D 44
44T & 44 N44 =44 44 44IT N 44- =Z44D > 44 44( .44" 44* 544G?
44" 44* E44 44
' #4 44 44 N44 44 = >44 =44 544G? 44 =44D
44 .E'4 D &' 44* >
544 &'4 "6 =44 44) G44 44 344" =Z44D >44
44D H44
.(7!2) >? *
%T 1 " = " > >5 = '
^'
61
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1
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(7
">
9
*! N" :> :(7A2) 3!

:
(7 H"2 $ *! N" A
'41 =4 .4" >?4 <G4 = - > " T
N = = # 9 :"&' <'" >

*4 ,'4(
46 &'4G =4 4" =4 ,' 4 * G4 4D' '4" >?4 4C' N4
'4 *'4G 45TG *45 '54 '4 #4 '?4 4 = =) = 5 * ? #D
<4 4" ' = <ZD = O*- ? * = , ' *' " = ,

<44 <44" (44(G < 44 <44" #44D 2T44G 446 %'4 44- '44 = '544 44- 244D
&' 4* %4 KL 4 #4 34 ( %4 '
> > # D < 1 < G
# R > 9 <1 <T >" % 59 < #D * = 59
='44
E4 44 )'44 4 ' 445TG <44* <44I :44 44 >44 44 F44G <44 44 , 4
=44 44 #44 44I' ^44 <44T 3445' '4 #44 :44
<44 344 <44" H44 & 44'
=4 :4
4 O4 ( #4 4" #4 <4 ' 45 4' 4I6 < 4? I'4 '4 'W
4D' <4 =4 '
N .E D ' < #D T I \ <T >" #
#D E'W
,' 44 4 - 44*D < 44 4 D 44* * 544G 44- #44 44
= E'4 D ' 44 44- 441 >544
' 4G 84" = 4; <4"L 24
4 4 #4 4*D '4 <4' " R'" kD R , "=;"
44 #4 '4 >4"' &4' 44" :>4
R4 "#4' =4" 44T
R4
= <4 .E'4 r4 = #4D
=4 #4 ."4" >4" 4' 9 41 ,'4
."<I54 T4D T = ' =9 = N > I
4* =4 ) 2
N 1 = FL 5G ? > 5G 2 D'\" ' <
= <4 <4' > 49 4 #4; T4 -4 =4D <4 - & D'54 C4 <4 4 N
- " 3 = > #D :'Y " 2 # C ,
D 'W
,44?' ,'6 #44D 44* 44 = 44") 244D > 44" =44 & 44 #44 >544 =44 #44 .*44
62
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1
:1/40 D
-'?4 <4 '4 4D 4* = <4 D <4

45 4* " #4 F'4 =W4 N4 <4") <IT
>T4G6 -'4I = ( " >
#D < L 5 & *'? ) < 55G #D
=4 I45 <4 54 =4 '4*
3 4G FG?4 D * - * = # "6 **
.& #D < 9 L? #D <; =' = 9 D <
:
9 H"2 $ *! N" A)
R44 #44 44 D' =44 %44 '44 E 44
44 , 44 9 44
44 44 (
F44 G 44
4 #4 54
- D - =ZD "9 < IT #D >HD ; #H 5G?
P4 4-' =4 2 4 4- #4D ,4 -4? 4 4* <4Ll
'9 #D D' N 1
E' 4D e54 =W4 546 4 #4 <4T( =4 T4 4 % = * 1 *
'4 34 =L 546 >4 4 & D5 >? #D
<"' <((G
4 K 4' 4' ' ; > > # D **D *H' < >* ' (; #D * 'I
=4 % 4; '4) =4 > 54G <D54 45 #D 3H = < = &T? >
44) 44* = 44 44 > ?44 44( =H44D *44 44 (>44' =")44 =44 '44]
4- TG =4 4 G >4 #4D 3H4 = <4 >*4 4 O( D' "
44 4 9 &T?44 4 &T44 4 ' & 44 4 44 4 9 &T?44 4 ) & 44 4 H N44 4 =44 4 44 4 H
& 44 - " C 44 44 5 G 44 %44 KL 44 3 44 : 544 I9 %44 (44 .(=44
4 4 4 4 4 & 4- "9 #4D &94 '4 '4
#4D 4D' N4 '4 = '? N
4' & 4" ' (
) 2 D < " NT* > #D 'G`
-''4 4 HW *44 4 44 4) ' 4 4 1 44 4) \ E 44 4 =44 4 NT*44 4 FI 44 4 >L'4 4 6 244 4 ( *44 4
'
54 '4 4 #4 <4T( =4 4" <4 41 :4' %4 '4
.(54
<4T( 4 =4 4* &T4 ^4 > 4G; 4 <4 #4 2'( = FTG #D
. D' &' * ^
:"> H"2 $ *! N" A
=4 (Nsamenang, 2008) '?4 =4 2T4G A4 N4 =4 L4 4D
= >4
>H4D =4
%44 44
& 44" & 44 )'44 =44 <4 "44 & 44DTG9 N44 '- 441 ^44 44D '441 =44
4 ='4GY 4 4 * 4 4D 4D
4 4D' = * 2( -'D '
4D N'4 4 4* 4
'T 4D' -4H 4*L ' 4 ,4I =4 34 ,' H4 ,4
D N4 >D
,4
'54
<5 2'D D > > 2'D * #
& D
F' '5 - >1
63
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1
:1/40 D
'? " O,' *" >5 = W ' = >
T ' 5D > D

4* 4 <4" =4 E'4 4I >4 4 <( ?4 4 4
>45W 2'D D > D

54 .<4 4" 4 " ' 4Y ^4 =4 '4 '4 24' >4 =4 4" 4) D .A)
84H ,4 4 4 <4" 4
'9 #4D <4D' ' 1 #
- #D -
: * N % >
<'4 '4D ' #D I ' &' * 5 G <D' ' #; % !
445 &9 44
44 44 &44 544G? '4 >T44G =44 44 344" '4 D
=4 4" >4I =4 4

'-41 ^4 4
?4I 4*D dI 4 4T; & 4
#4D ' ?
<44T( 3"?44 P' 44 445 G 44 ' ?44 544G? &T?44 >44 ,?44 >"44 >444
& 4 "; 4
4* *'?4 4 & 4H >4 L4 =4 4) V'4( #4 = =;
&' 44* =44 *445 (124 1999 44 44 ' 44") L44 ,'; &' 44* *44 #44 44 44*
44 ,44
#"'449 =)44G =44 =44 =44' 9C44* 44 44
44 #44D 44)'
.3" ^* )T
&44I 44 ,'a44 K'4 544 44D &44I ,'Z44 544 <44D' 41 = %44 =44 N44 !
4 N4
L' _ *D 8H 59 >L D <" *

E 44 " '44 4 4 : 44 *I &44 I 44 " 44 ' 44 ) #44 D ^L 44 D %44 844 #44 , 44
H' * (
E'' & , W <5 &I :'5
#4D 4-) "Z 4
#4 4* =4 <4 4 4 4 4 4 & 4 *LW
*
.>I *" &I
' * )9 # 3" % #D < ' = H % = !
14 & 4 '4 #4D '4 =4 _ G =W >HD ,'5 E' <
(
*44 44 & 44 '44 \ =44 , 44 44 L =44 <44 1 #44 D =]'4 4 '4 4 ='4 4

> 9 # ,'()
*" #; * (> #D # 9 &T9)
#44 44 %44 4 D' 44 44 > 44" #44D N 44 >44 _ 44 #44 44 (>44 #44D
& D'544 , 44?6 L44 A 44H #44 <44H' =44 V 544D6 <44 >*44 %44 44' 44L

44 &' 44* 44 K'4 *H44' >T44G =44 >44"G >44" = ='4 G` =44 &'445 44
.-
%44 =Z44D N44 = 44" 9; '44(9 'L 44( = 44 : 44*
( =(4 %44 =44 ('44 44 !
4 4-'( W4 #4 -' ` '" <)" 2( D '" "Z 9; E' > =
<44" = = 44 >44 &'4 ?C 44
= 44 :'44 44 =44 O & 44
( N44 =44 K 44 44L
64
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1
:1/40 D
44 L : 44 =(4 4 ' 44 ?; =44 TH44 D ''4 4

:44 G A 44 I; >*44 #4 4 -44 *" =44 344 "
>4- 4
= 54 4- D <; < " . % '( = < ,'?
4 84H 4 %4 >4- ,' 4 ; L)" R) I % 9 =
KL 44? & & 44H = 44 = 44 9C44- = 44
( 544 #4 *44 KL 44 449
F'4D '4 4 >- (G 3 T (G \ ( = -)" 3I -
A (45 =4 &9 4 ^4 4D 4
=4 4I 4
( &9 4" % = 5 D * IT
:4 %4 N4 4 >4- =4 54 N4 4" F54G >- # 9; **D 2 \ %
>*4 =4 > ( L ( > = E' = > # 3? 5 = ; '?
4* '4 =4 =
( - = < :( " N R)\ T6 ' > "' #
N 4 (4H ') 4 > 4" 4D 54 N 4 =4 C4 = 46 <4 #4; 4*D '?4 4LT \
4I 4* 4D 54 >4
= 4 54 =4 *45 ( 4) '4G` > 4" D 5
,44 44LD 44D H44 '445 >44G '44 '44 > 44
>44 '44GY 44D >44 ^44G 44; :C44
.L G " = ' =ZD ( > *")
F544G >44- =44 <4 =44 , 44D6 ' 44 =44 E) 44 441 #4 %44 F'44 = 44" !
'44 '4; = '44 <44 44* 44
'9 9C44- & 44" A 44?Z ('4 44* <4
D 44G 44(
' 44D =44 <4 744H ='4 GY '44D E'44D 344 #4 >44 = <4 44 O,' H44 '4 44; :C44
= ^'4 4"9
% D
'-) = O< = >
D
='? D ,"
=4 W4 4I ,'4 ' '4 3" 4 4* '4 =4 '4\ W4 = * = , &' N
.- ' ,' #; 9) 3"
& 3"

67 M>" 7A2
"* &I " = NZD

& ;"
"% " *"
65
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1
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*D * , < >' D' <'; = ; % ITG )9 =;
* &" > > G : H' ,' ( :" T\ 1 '
% 5 - 2TG =; .'-) # ,'"? )" > <5 R
:' O E' D '-" <D- <9 " <' (H <' <"
T\ ( * ' > D D' <' > 1 ' = " ) = %
1 ' *
- ; T * *L
&''H -) ^' :"
>L -9 = % D #ITG )9 - = ? R '5 -
" 1 # -'
#D ) I % D ITG
= THD = 'D *L H ) #ITG 2 ] 5 (APA) '
5 G 2
N * '( : I = > # ITG
E- G A'
O108 2002' = ) 'H 3" * &'?C = - ='Gm
. (Aguinis etal, 2002; Lefkowitz 2003
& D H6 N 'G 9 R' = ITG <) >1 D D' '6 R5 = % #
TD 3" 8 5 3 * 5 ^' 8 5 & " , 1 G
('
'] '] 1 G D < 3H = & - "9 '\ > " D % = '5
.,''H = = & 3 < D H; 5 9 # 5' = = . *H' >
T
: 2 - D % " >? ITG )9 =ZD D' 1 2'( =
TD * = = ^' '? & \ <1 ) = # 5' < "
= A D ' * ^' " &' * -'( K' N 1
,T5 W )9 I N #; < ' = D; D L 5 *
<L'` <

E
= G E = )*9 & I 5 = 9 * I D
= = ) > OT < >
=W * #; - > ,'9 &T5
< 1 ' = < . >( ? 5'D N' *) D " D > - :
( . ' *
<D' ( & " <" G , ' =
* , &
D *6 & )9 E* % N =W? = <ZD >
=C ( I '? ,' H G 6 D' '; D -' * ' *
.<W? ) p <" #'I 9; - D' D * *" ,'(I > =W G' ;
66
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1
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.2TG = '5 = 9 < D' 2TG - >
= 5 ) 85 < O2TG T 5'I #; W L >
' = ) ) .3" ' = " = " < 2TG
> =; .< <'I <" ) D' ' 85
D ITG <" ) =
(H , ' = >
3D = < 'G D' ' ; > 2TG = D'
* I ' .P) ' (; P' G & , D ^*" : ( " ITG
*G *D = L
& = ? ' 5 = "9 6 ''
9
2TG = 1 =*T > =*L' = ]' & ? " = ?
D T) &5 &
= Y ,'G ))9 = > ? '*1
.*D >
* 5 2
1 ITG (H 2D 9; D' # >5 9 " <W >
- =
('? *D 'D = ' & *D * ( 2
& " = *'
= 2 ( * *; * ( = 2 *D D' ' TD * >5 & (
= % > D' H * D ='G` 'D N <
? = F
= G
.<D D 2 D'
* 'G # & ITG
= " D' % = E' '"
% # " > > # D > <L = 5 ''H ('?
= ' 5 >? & ITGW ) = -' 5 = >* * 9 # D' =
G' ; =C = 6 ,' H #D *TG = * ITG ' :C < '?
) = '? 9; *; >5 9 '? \ D '' 9 \ =W
'G` % W(G = =* q GH 9 < -
>H 'G` % = >

< = '1 ^\ <

R *H #D & *; 3H = E ; < <H\
<) =ZD D' = < 5 * 2 D .D' 3 < 5 O5G? < *"
& *" 3 2L
2 # ^'] G * N ' > ITG
= T A' TD < ] G '-1 # & IT = ( G * "
> &
D 
#; ,'L ( % #D ] ( &
. H
'(
67
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1
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TD 8'*? #;
> 9 # < 5 ITG <) 3H = D'
= <
=; = -' > G R' - (
D > G ' V'( < 5G? " *
= < 8H > ' D <W <* 9 C' W (' = =W >
=D N =
= ? T6 ,' H ' -) = ; G' 3L I D D #
9 R' >I =ZD >
#D =-' &I #D -' # = *
L =
KL D ^' <" = # F' = < .C' : : . 'D ' -
.TD N 2 & <H' '` ' = = < ='
' D
68
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=(@ 3
!
C
:V " 2
=( @6
.='GY = ' $
.='GY = ' 3$
"& .='GY < >5 >I >5
"* !"2

= ^'4 #; >
* >? '5 (
-9
"44(
44 44 44
N44 44 G44 & 44Y 44( 44- 44 :44- 9 >44 44* 44 )44
( & 44 Y (1!3) >44 ? 844 H ,' H44 44 ? &44 = 44 4 4 44 D 44 ]' 44 : ,' H44 2T44
.
D G

! Z :(1A3) 3

70
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"1 " *" >" "2 [" 1A3
N44 4 4 44 4 4 <44 4 4 >9 N44 4 4 44 4 4 )44 4 4 44 4 4 9"
">I : = >HD &5
"
"
Likert& ) , D' 5 ' D > " ='C ,I '5 (
44 44 44 & "'44 #4 %44 '44 44D' 44 =Z44D 44 O(Araki, 1986
*
( < : 5G?
2
H 9 : = -
E'54 =4 4 4 24D N4 4 = ('4? 4 =4 '4I '4 4 =4 'I >IW =
: * < > D *H *
"1 5 " 4- 1A1A3
=4 TH4D )4 24
<4- ' & I ( ? = 5 & >
L* =W? =
(?44 ,' H44 44 = 446 D 544 44* 44
>T44G =44 >H44D >?44 '44 '44
44 4
<4 =W4 49 < ' = % # " O: >1 D <'I '-) <D
>4 4*] 4 ( 45 '4 4- >4I >T4G =4 N4 <4 #W (
D "' G > N #
#4 <4 ^'4 4 & 4D ); ^'X4 >4I 9 4 ( &'4 45 ,'5 *"
T44 )4" =44 4L <44 4
44 ' 4- #4; R'4 44- _)4" = <44 ( 46 4"
. *
"1 2 3N
>
"1 !" 2A1A3
44 ' -44 44 44 44(G ' 44(; 44D ,44 & 44" <44 '44 44 #4 44 44- :44(
<44 4 = '54
^4 4*D 4 4 &'44
^4 4 >4I =4 4 4- 24

44
44 44 A (445 44 ( 44- 44 44
F44G 44 ,'4
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