01

Seminar

WINTER
Template

QUANG HNH HC
(Geometrical Optics)

Cc nh lut c bn (fundamental laws)

Quang l (Optical path)

Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)

Ngi thc hin
L Xun Dng
Nguyn Tin Dng
Nguyn Tin Mnh
o Hu Thun

I. Cc nh lut c bn
Quang hnh hc da trn khi nim tia sng
Tia sng l ng thng, v theo ng truyn ca nh sng. y l mt
khi nim l tng ha, v: ta khng th to ra mt l c ng knh bng
0 ch cho mt tia sng i qua v ngay c khi to c l c ng knh
bng 0 hin tng nhiu x nh hng r rt, lm cho nh lut truyn
thng khng cn ng na

Cc nh lut c bn
nh lut v s truyn thng ca nh sng
Nguyn l tc dng c lp
Hai nh lut Decartes v s phn x v khc x

I. Cc nh lut c bn
nh lut v s truyn thng ca nh sng
Trong mi trng trong sut v ng tnh, nh sng truyn theo
ng thng
Cho php ta gii thch hin tng nht thc v nguyt thc

I. Cc nh lut c bn

Ngi ta cng thy rng khi nh sng truyn qua nhng l c kch thc
rt nh, hoc gp nhng vt cn c kch thc rt nh (vo c bc sng
nh sng) th nh lut truyn thng khng cn ng na

Khng ng vi hin tng nhiu x

II

I. Cc nh lut c bn
nh lut v tc dng c lp ca tia sng
Tc dng ca cc chm sng khc nhau th c lp vi nhau,
ngha l tc dng ca mt chm sng ny khng ph thuc vo s
c mt ca cc chm sng khc
Khng ng vi hin tng giao thoa

II

I. Cc nh lut c bn
nh lut Descartes

Khi tia sng chiu ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng (trong sut
v ng tnh) b tch thnh 2 tia : phn x v khc x
Law
Lawof
ofrefraction
reflection :: Tia
Tia khc
phnx
xnm
nmtrong
trong

Tia ti

Tia phn x

mt
mtphng
phngti
tiv
vts
so
gia
casin
gc
gc
phn
ti x
v S
gc
(angle
khc
of x
reflection)
l mt s
bng
khng
gci
ti (angle
of indicence)

i=i r
sin
n21
sin t

R1

i r
O

t
R2
Tia khc x

II

I. Cc nh lut c bn
Tia ti

nh lut Descartes

sin i
n
n21 2
sin t
n1
n21 > 1 t < i : mi trng 2 c
chit quang hn mi trng 1
n21 < 1 t > i : mi trng 2 c
chit quang km mi trng 1

Tia phn x

R1

i r
O

t
R2
Tia khc x

Chit sut t i : bng t s ca vn tc truyn nh sng trong hai mi

trng
Chit sut tuyt i : bng chit sut t i ca mi trng vi
chn khng

II

I. Mt s nh lut c bn
Hin tng phn x ton phn: tia sng i t mi trng 1 n mi trng 2
Xt 2 mi trng c chit sut n1 n2 v n1 > n2 . Khi r > i, ngha l khng phi
mi tia ti u cho tia khc x. Khi gc ti i t mt gi tr igh no th gc khc x
r = 90 , khi tia khc x nm trng vi mt phn cch hai mi trng. Khi i> igh
th ton b tia sng b phn x. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn x ton
phn.

ng dng ca hin tng phn x ton phn:

Kim cng sng lng lnh do phn x ton phn:

Hnh 27.4: kim cng sng lng lnh

(kim cng tn x tt vi nh
sng thng)

nh sng ban ngy c th phn x ton phn nhiu ln qua cc mt

trong tinh th kim cng ri mi l ra ngoi to lp lnh. Lc do hin
tng tn sc cc mu ca quang ph nh sng trng c phn tn, v
th trng kim cng ta thy c nhiu mu sc.

Hin tng o nh:

A
n1

n2
n3
n4
n5

II

II. Quang l (Optical path)

Khi nim quang l

Quang l gia hai im A, B l qung ng nh sng truyn c
trong chn khng trong khong thi gian t, vi t l thi gian m nh
sng i c on AB trong mi trng.
t = d/v

L : quang l gia A, B : L = c.t

L = n.d

c = n.v

Khi nh sng truyn qua cc mi trng c b dy di khc nhau

v chit sut ni khc nhau : L = n1d1 + n2d2 + n3d3 + =

n d
i

i=1

Chit sut n

d
A

d1

n3

d2

ds

d3
n1

n2

L n.ds
A

III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)

Nguyn l Fermat
Gia hai im A v B, nh sng s truyn theo ng no m quang l
t cc tr (cc i, cc tiu hoc khng i)
Ta cng c th pht biu nh sau: Gia hai im A,B nh sng s
truyn theo con ng no hoc t thi gian nht hoc mt nhiu thi
gian nht hoc s theo nhng con ng no m thi gian truyn
bng nhau

II. Fermats Principle

III. Fermats principle

Gng kim loi, hnh tr, c tit din thng l mt elip, vi ngun sng l mt
n ng, song song vi hnh tr, v vt c ri sng l mt hnh tr bng thy
tinh, hoc mt ng thy tinh cha cht lng hoc cht kh, ln lt t ti tiu
im c dng trong k thut phn tch ph Raman, v trong k thut laze.

Vm trn ca mt s ga tu in ngm Pari cng c dng elip, nn hai ngi

tiu im, tuy ng kh xa nhau, m vn c th nghe c ting ni ca
nhau do cc tia sng m pht i t ming ngi ny c vm trn hi t gn
nh ng vo tai ngi kia.

II

III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)

ng dng nguyn l Fermat : nh lut phn x nh sng

Ngun sng

i r

R1

Theo nh lut phn x :

LSOM = SO + OM = SO + ON = SN = 2SO
Gi s as c th truyn theo ng SIM
bt k LSIM = SI + IM = SI + IN

SIN c SN < SI + IN

LSOM < LSIM

Hay nh sng truyn theo ng m quang l

N
nh

cc tiu

III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)

ng dng nguyn l Fermat : nh lut khc x nh sng
Quang l : LSIN = n.SI + n.IN

Ngun sng

n1

h1

Nguyn l Fermat :

N
x

I
h2

n2

LSIN n1 x 2 h12 n2

r
nh

n1

x
x h
2

2
1

n2

S'N' x h22
2

dL
0
dx
S 'N' x

S'N' x

Hay n1.sin i = n2.sin r

nh lut Descartes

2
2

1. Cc nh lut c bn (Fundamental laws)

nh lut v s truyn thng

nh lut tc dng c lp ca tia sng

nh lut Descartes

2. Quang l (optical path)

3. Nguyn L Fermat (Fermats principle)

II

Mt s cu hi th v v quang hc

1..Nhng m h quang my khng Trng ngi hng mt ngoi sn,

chng ta thng say m ngm bu tri, vi mun vng ngi sao lp
lnh. Nu qua st k, chng ta s thy rng, nhng ngi sao thp
gn chn tri lp lnh mnh hn, cn nhng ngi sao cao, gia
vm tri, th khng lp lnh. Hy gii thch ti sao?

Mt s cu hi th v v quang hc
Cc tia sng t sao n mt ta cng qua mt lp kh quyn dy. Ban ngy
mt t b Mt Tri nung nng nn trong kh quyn lun lun c dng kh i
lu nh, chic sut khc nhau. Tia sng t v sao ti mt ta, khi i qua nhng
dng kh y, b khc x thnh hi cong, lc cong v pha ny, lc cong v pha
khc. Do mt mt v tr ca ngi sao hnh nh b thay i lin tc, mt
khc s tia sng ri vo mt cng khng u, lc nhiu, lc t khin ta thy
sao c lc sng hn, c lc ti hn, tc l thy n lp lnh.

Sao cng gn chn tri, lp khng kh m tia sng phi i qua cng dy,
sao cng lp lnh mnh. Khi sao gia nh u, lp khng kh m nh
sng i qua mng hn, tia sng li i cng phng vi dng kh, nn tia
sng khng b cong v hu nh khng lp lnh.

Ti sao x lnh, trn cc ng c hay i dng ta c th thy

hin tng nh o ca nhng vt pha di ng chn tri?

Ti v vng lnh chit sut ca khng kh gim theo cao