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Clouds For Pilots PDF
Clouds For Pilots PDF
Ed Williams
http://williams.best.vwh.net/
? Cloud meteorology
s are
impor
tant to
pilots
Ed Williams SMX2002
Cloud physics
Cloud Physics
Ed Williams SMX2002
Steam bubbles at
atmospheric pressure*
Relative humidity =
x 100%
Ed Williams SMX2002
Cloud droplets actually form on condensation nuclei dust, smoke, salt crystals etc. floating in the atmosphere.
Atmospheric haze and smog can occur when the air is less than
saturated when the air contains hygroscopic nuclei from natural or
man made pollution.
Ed Williams SMX2002
0.1
10
100
500
1200
3000
6000
micron
micron
micron
(1000 microns
= 1 mm)
micron
micron
micron
micron
Droplets less than ~< 500 micron in diameter fall too slowly
to reach the ground.
Clouds only generate precipitation when processes leading to
droplet growth increase their size by a million times or more!
How does this happen?
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
However, especially in the tropics, substantial rain can fall from warm
clouds - that top out below the freezing level.
In addition to WBF, theres a secondary mechanism for
droplet growth- coalescence.
Heavier drops overtake and collide with smaller ones.
Not more than about 5x smaller or the small drop
will get swept around the larger one.
Ed Williams SMX2002
Cloud meteorology
Ed Williams SMX2002
When air is lifted it expands and cools - increasing its relative humidity.
Adiabatic lapse rates:
? Unsaturated air cools 5.5F/1000ft when lifted, but the dewpoint only
drops 1.5F/1000ft. => ceilings at: (spread/4F) *1000ft
? Saturated air cools slower: 1-3F/1000ft, because of the release of
latent heat as the moisture condenses out into clouds.
The air is unstable if the ambient lapse rate exceeds the adiabatic
lapse rate. Rising air finds itself warmer than its surroundings and
thus continues to rise.
Up and down drafts - vertical mixing - gusty winds cumulus type clouds - showery precipitation
Ed Williams SMX2002
stratus
altostratus
nimbostratus
Ed Williams SMX2002
Fair weather Cu
Cumulonimbus (Cb)
Cumulonimbus
Mammatus
Ed Williams SMX2002
Convergence
L
Force balance
Friction
Pressure
gradient
Coriolis force
Cold Front
Unstable behind:
cumulus, gusty winds
showers
Warm Front
Stable ahead:
stratus, steady precip
lowering ceilings
Ed Williams SMX2002
Visible satellite image shows radiation (Tule) fog in the Central Valley
Long winter nights give
maximum cooling.
The cooled saturated air
rolls down into the lowest
terrain.
Ed Williams SMX2002
Mixing cold and warm moist (but unsaturated!) air can make clouds.
Steam fog
Temperature (C)
Precip-induced fog
and stratus
Ed Williams SMX2002
70F
60F
Advection fog
60F
California
coast
Cold California current
Banner cloud
Cap cloud
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Over-shooting top
back-shearing against the wind
Severe storm
Ed Williams SMX2002
Weaker if:
diffuse edge
CORE
Large, solid, boiling cloud mass
cloud top overshoots anvil
rear of cloud almost vertical
RAIN CURTAIN
dark and smooth
strong outward spreading near the surface
rain becomes progressively heavier
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Ed Williams SMX2002
Cirrus
Ed Williams SMX2002
Kelvin-Helmholtz clouds
Warm air
Cool cloud
Ed Williams SMX2002
Try to make sense of what you see and how your flights actually unfold,
so that you can learn from them.
Ed Williams SMX2002