CHAPTER I

BEAM AND GIRDER FLOOR

1.1. Data and specifications
A concrete floor slab type beam and girder is considered as a part of a building
(Fig. 1.1), with two transversal spans L = 9.0 m and longitudinal spans l = 6.0 m.
The resistant structure is realized of columns and girders, that are part of the floor.

Fig. 1.1
The floor is realized of o monolith slab that support on beams that transmit the load
to girders (Fig. 1.1).
The ratio =
direction:

l
is considered bigger than 2, the slab being reinforced on one
a

6.0
2.67 2 .
2.25

Concrete quality is chosen function the exposure class of the building in

environment conditions. The design building is a textile production hall and there is not
excessive humidity. According to Table I.1 and Fig. I.2a, Appendix I, the construction is
included in class XC1 without corrosion risk or chemical attack. For this class the
minimum concrete grade is C20/25.
The floor will have a minimum resistance to fire of 60 minutes (R60).
For concrete C20/25 the design strength in compression, using relation 2.11 and
Table 2.1:
f cd cc

f ck
20
1
13.33 N/mm2
c
1.5

Tensile strength is obtained with the relation:

f
1.5
f ctd ct ctk 0.05 1
1 N/mm2
c
1.5
f ctm 2.2 N/mm2
Steel reinforcement type S500 and welded mesh type STNB is used for the slab
and beams.
f yk 500 N/mm2
For S500
f yd

For STNB

500
435 N/mm2
1.15

(for d 7.1 mm)

f yd

440
383 N/mm2
1.15

The finish is realized of mosaic (30 mm depth) on a layer of cement plaster of 30

mm depth.
The service load is: pun = 5000 N/m2.

1.2. Design of Slab

1.2.1. Preliminary sizing of the slab
Flexural design will ordinarily consist in selecting a slab depth which will permit to
use of an economical low steel ratio and which will not allow unsightly or damaging
deflections.
For slabs elastically fixed on perimeter, the rigidity condition is:
hp

1
a, where a is the opening parallel with the short side, a = 2.25 m.
35
1
2250 = 64.3 mm
hp =
35

And the minimum depth from technological condition to monolith slab, is 50 mm,
the depth from the above conditions will be:
hp = 70 mm
From the fire condition the minimum depth is hp = 80 mm.
1.2.2. Widths for beams and girders

Fig. 1.2
From technological conditions the width of beams (bb) can be between 150 mm and
250 mm, and the width of girders (bg) and edge beams (beb) between 200 mm and 350
mm. From fire resistance condition b> 120 mm.
One chooses:
bg = 300 mm
beb = 300 mm
bb = 200 mm

1.2.3. Clear spans

Fig. 1.3

l c1 a

0.3 0.20
beb bb
= 2.0 m
2.25
2
2

lc2 = a bb = 2.25 0.20 = 2.05 m

1.2.4. Loads (according to STAS 10101/OA-77 [3] and 10101/1-78 [4])
A. Unfactored value
Permanent load
- from own-weight of slab (hp = 70 mm)
n
g slab
= 0.07 1.0 1.0 25000 = 1750 N/m2
- from plaster weight (hplaster = 30 mm)
g nplaster = 0.03 1.0 1.0 21000 = 630 N/m2
- from mosaic weight (hmosaic = 30 mm)
n
g mosaic
= 1000 N/m2 (according to STAS ...)
Total: gn = 3380 N/m2
Temporary load
- service load given in project data:
p un = 5000 N/m2
Total load: q n g n pun = 3380 + 5000 = 8380 N/m2
B. Design Load
The design loads are determined by multiplying the unfactored loads by loading
coefficients, ni, tht are given in STAS ... function the load type.
Permanent load
- from own weight of slab
- from plaster weight
- from mosaic weight

1750 1.1
630 1.3
1000 1.3
Total:

= 1925 N/m2
= 820 N/m2
= 1300 N/m2
g = 4050 N/m2

Temporary load
pu = 5000 1.3 = 6500 N/m2
Total load: q = g + pu = 4050 + 6500 = 10550 N/m2
Loads on linear meter (for a strip of slab of 1 m width, Fig. 1.2):
qn = 8380 N/m2 1.0 m = 8380 N/m
q = 10550 N/m2 1.0 m = 10550 N/m
1.2.5. Statical Computation

For determining the bending moment it considers a strip of 1.0 m width, that has as
support the beams (points A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I).
Plastic analysis may be used to determine the bending moments because the
permanent loads are important [5].

Fig. 1.4.
- in the first span:

M1

g pu l c21 4050 6500 2.02 = 3863 Nm

11

11

- in the first support:

MB

g pu l c21 4050 6500 2.02 = -3014 Nm

14

14

- in the interior spans and interior supports:

M2 MC

g pu l c22 4050 6500 2.052

=
...

16

16

Nm
1.2.6. Steel design
Welded mesh
Materials characteristics
fyd= 383 N/mm2
fcd = 13.33 N/mm2

for STNB
for C 20/25

Section data

b = 1000 mm
hp = 70 mm
= 5 mm

Fig. 1.5

2771

d h p c nom

s
2

c nom c min c tol 10 10 20mm

d 70 20 5 / 2 47.5mm

The value cmin is obtaining from Table 5.2 function of exposure class (XC1) and
structure class. For establishing the structure class the life of the building was considered
50 years (class 4) and provisions from Table 5.4 that consider a reduced class for
members type flat (4-1=3)
cmin=10 mm
According to Table 6.6 the minimum distance to the centroid of resistant steel is a =
20 mm. For a reinforcement with diameter of 5 mm, effective distance to the centroid is:
aeff= 20+5/2=22.5 mm>20 mm
The section of tensioned steel will be:
First span:
-Reduced moment is:
M1 = 3836 103 Nmm
M1
3.836 10 6

0.127 lim 0.383

b d 2 f cd 10 3 47.5 2 13.33
It results singly reinforced for which from Table 3.5a for the value of =0.127 it
results s=0.1369
Asl s b d

f cd
0.1369 10 3 47.5 13.33 226.3.175mm 2 2.26cm 2
f yd
383

One chooses from Annex XIV: welded mesh 113 GQ 246:5.6/100-5.6/100

(Asleff= 246 mm2).
First support
MB = -3014 103 Nmm

MB
3.014 10 6

0.100 lim 0.383

b d 2 f cd 10 3 47.5 2 13.33

s=0.1056 and

=0.1320

13.33
Asl 0.1056 10 3 47.5
174 mm2 = 1.74 cm2
383

welded mesh 111GQ 196 5/100-5/100 (Asleff= 196 mm2).

One chooses:

Interior spans and interior supports

M2 = -MC = M3 = -MD = ... = 2771 Nm

M2
2.771 10 6

0.092 lim 0.383

b d 2 f cd 10 3 47.5 2 13.33

s=0.0972
Asl 0.0972 10 3 47.5

13.33
160.7 mm2= 1.607 cm2
383

welded mesh 111GQ 196 5/100-5/100 (Asleff= 196 mm2).

One chooses:

The arrangements of bars for both reinforcing type are presented in schedules 1 and
2.
For constructive provisions for slabs see Chapter III (point 1).
The effective area of tensioned longitudinal reinforcement must be between the
limits:

f
2.2

0 .26 ctm b d 0.26 103 47.5 61.75

440
Asl min max f yk
61.75 mm2
0.0013 b d 0.0013 103 47.5 61.75

Asl max 0.04 b d 0.04 10 3 47.5 1900 mm2

Asl , min 61.75 Asl ,eff , min 196

mm2 < Asl ,max 1900 mm2

The maximum distance between resistant steel is limited to:

3hp 3 70 210

smax min

200mm

200 mm> s

eff

100 mm

For the slab reinforced on one direction, there are reinforcements on the other
direction at least:
0.2 Asl ,eff 0.2 246 49.2 mm2 < Aeff 10 19.6 196 mm2 (5/100)
For taking over the local moments on continuous supports from the short direction
and on edge supports in the long direction, constructive welded meshes are provided type
112 GQ 196 5/100- 5/100, which are extended on both sides of support with 0.25 ln.

1.2.7. Designing of ties (centura)

The ties are reinforced according to standard provisions because the computation is made
only for a current floor, not for the entire structure.
bc bz 300 mm > bc , min 250 mm
hc 200mm hc , min 200

mm

Ac ,eff 300 200 60000 mm2 > Ac , min 50000 mm2

Fig. 1.6
As 0.08 10 2 Ac ,eff 0.08 10 2 60000 480 mm2

610 with As , min 471 mm2 (Fig. 1.6)

The value of minimum cover with concrete depends on the type of external finish.
The value of minimum cover is given function the structure class (4):
c min 25 mm > sl=10 mm
c nom c min c 25 10 35 mm

If the external wall is with plaster and lime, the cover layer can be reduced with

C dur , add 5 mm.

For transversal stirrups (having sw=6 mm) the concrete cover is:
cv c nom , sl sw 35 6 29

mm

Finally, the concrete cover will be considered c sl 35 mm for longitudinal steel

and c sw 30 mm for stirrups.

1.2.8. Anchoring of reinforcement

1.3. Beam Design

1.3.1. Preliminary sizing of the beam

For secondary beam the depth of the cross-section can be considered with the
following value:
The rigidity condition:
hb

l
6000

= 500..600 mm
10..12 10..12

It is adopted

hb = 500 mm
hb
2..3 it results that:
From the condition:
bb
h
500
bb b
= 200..250 mm
2..3 2..3
It is adopted
bb = 200 mm.

From technological condition: the depth must be a multiple of 50 mm

From the condition of fire resistance:

hb >120 mm

For the beam the following sizes are adopted:

hb = 500 mm and bb = 200 mm
1.3.2. Statical model
The beam can be considered as a continuous beam with equal opening, that
supports on the girders (Fig. 1.7).

Fig. 1.7.

1.3. Spans

Fig. 1.8.
The design spans are function of clear spans, (Fig. 1.8) which are determined as it
follows:
l=6m

l c1 1

beb b g
2

lc1 = 5.70 m

lc1 = l06

lc2 = 1 bg
lc2 = 5.70 m lc2 = l03 = l04 = l05
lc1,lc2,..- clear spans
beb width of the edge beam (300 mm)
bg width of the girder (300 mm)
The design spans are computed taking into account the provisions given in Annex
II.
0.3 0.4
;
6,0 m
2 2

l eff 1 l c1 a1 a 2 5.70 2 min

0.3 0.4
;
6,0 m
2 2

l eff 2 l c 2 a1 a 2 5.70 2 min

1.3.4. Loads
The loads from the slab are transmitted to the beam from a strip equal to a as
uniform load, Fig.1.9.

Fig. 1.9
A. Unfactored load
Permanent load (gn)
- transmitted by the slab and finish
a = 2.25 m
n
n
( g slab
g mosaic
g nplaster ) a = (1750 + 630 + 1000) 2.25 = 7605 N/m
- self weight of the beam
(hb hp) bb b = (0.500 0.07) 0.20 1.0 25000 = 2150 N/m
Total permanent load: gn = 7605 + 2150 = 9755 N/m
Temporary load (pn)
pn = pun a = 5000 2.25 = 11250 N/m
Total load: qn = gn + pn = 9755 + 11250 = 21005 N/m.
B. Design load
Permanent load (g)
- transmitted by the slab and finish
(gslab + gmosaic + gplaster) a = (1930 + 820 + 1300) 2.25 = 9112.5 N/m
- self weight of the beam
(hb hp) bb b 1.1 = (0.5 0.07) 0.2 25000 1.1 = 2365 N/m
Total permanent load: g = 9112.5 + 2365 = 11477.5 N/m
Temporary load
p = pu a = 6500 2.25 = 14625 N/m
Total load: q = g + p = 11477.5 + 14625 = 26202.5 N/m.
1.3.5. Stress Computation

1.3.5.1. Bending moments for service stage

For computing to limit state of cracking and to limit state of deflection is necessary
to determine the values of bending moments for second stage of working (service loads).
Because of that the bending moments are computed in elastic domain, as for a continuous
beam with constant moment of inertia.

Fig. 1.10.
For determining the bending moments one can use the values given in Appendix 8.
The values and the coefficients for the continuous beam with five spans, and the
maximum and minimum bending moments are given in Table. 1.1.
Table 1.1.
Sec
tio
n

Coefficient of influence
a

0,072

-0,105

Span
(Teff)
(m)

Permanent Temporary Mmax(+) Mmax(-)

load
load
(ag+bp)l (ag+cp)l
g
p
l
l
(kN/m)
(kN/m)

0,099 -0,026

6.0

11,478

14,625

73,8917

14,496

0,014

-0,12

6.0

11,478

14,625 -32,5043

17,8633

0,033

0,079 -0,046

6.0

11,478

14,625

-9,5513

-0,079

0,032 -0,111

6.0

11,478

14,625 -14,2554 -82,2042

0,046

0,085 -0,039

6.0

11,478

14,625

For the limit state of cracking:

49,8445
57,5435

-1,3772

Fig. 1.11.
1.3.5.2. Bending moments for design loads
These moments are used for designing the ultimate limit state in normal section.
The bending moments are computed in plastic domain, with the following relations:
According to STAS 10107/2-92, current floors of slab and beams realized of
reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete when the ratio between long and
temporary loads and total is smaller than 0.75 is sufficiently the computation of stresses
in plastic domain.
In the case of beams the ratio is

14625
= 0.56
26102.5

- First span:
M1

2
q l eff
1
11

26102.5 6.0 2
11

= 85426.4 Nm

26102.5 6.0 2
14

= 67120.7 Nm

- First support:
MB

2
q l eff
1
14

- Other interior spans and supports:

M 2 M C M 3 M D

2
q l eff
2 26102.5 6.0 2 =58730

16
16

Nm

1.3.5.3. Shear forces

Shear forces are used in computation at ultimate limit state in inclined sections. The
values of shear forces are determined in plastic domain with the following relations (Fig.
1.11):
- in adjacent sections of edge support:
VA = 0.45 q leff1 = 0.45 26102.5 6.0
VA = 70477 N
- in first span, adjacent to first interior support:
VBleft = 0.65 q leff1 = 0.65 26102.5 6.0
VBleft = 101799 N
- other sections adjacent to interior supports:
VBright = 0.55 q leff2 = 0.55 26102.5 6.0
VBright = 86138 N

Fig. 1.11.
1.3.6. Computation at the ultimate limit state in normal section
Characteristics of materials:
fyd= 435 N/mm2
for S500
2
fcd = 13.33 N/mm
for C 20/25
The depth of the cross-section is:
d hg c nom

s
2

c nom c min ctol 20 10 30mm

d 500 30 20 / 2 460mm

1.3.7. Steel Design

The beam has flanged section in spans and rectangular section in support.

First span

Effective width of the slab must be established from the conditions given in the
Appendix II.

Fig. 1.12.

beff ,i bb 2 612.5 200 1425 mm

beff min b1 b2 bb 2250 mm

beff 1425 mm

a bb 2250 200
where b1 b2 1025mm
2 2 2 2

1025
0.1 0.85 6000
2
612.5 mm 0.2 0.85 6000 1020 mm

beff 1, 2 0.2b1, 2 0.1 T0 0.2

Where:

The effective width of the slab is adopted with the smallest value. So:
beff = 1425 m
Section data
bb = 200 mm
d = 460 mm
beff = 1425 mm
M1=85426.4 nm

hb = 500 mm
hp = 70 mm

Positions of the neutral axis

The position of neutral axis is verified:
beff
bb

1425
7.125 5
200

beff h p
hp
M max
85426.4 10 3

0
.
151

0
.
5
bb d
d
bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 13.33
1425 70
70

1
0.919
200 460
460

The neutral axis is in the flange (x<hp)

The section is computed as a rectangular cross-section having the width beff and the
depth d.

Fig.

beff

M1
85426.4 10 3

0.0212
d 2 f cd 1425 460 2 13.33

=0.0212
Asl beff d

f cd
13.33
0.0212 1425 460
425 mm2
f yd
435

One chooses 314

Aa.eff = 462 mm2

Interior Spans
The width of the flange is:
1025
0.1 0.7 6000
2
522.5 mm 0.2 0.7 6000 840 mm

beff 1, 2 0.2

beff 2 beff 1, 2 bb 2 522.5 200 1245mm 2250mm

Because

beff
bb

1245
6.22 5 it results that neutral axis passes through the
200

flange and the section is considered as rectangular cross section having the width equal to
beff.

beff

M2
58730 10 3

0.0167 from Table ......it results:

d 2 f cd 1245 460 2 13.33

=0.0175
Asl beff d

f cd
13.33
0.0175 1245 460
307 mm2
f yd
435

One chooses 214

Aa.eff = 308 mm2

Steel design in first support B

MB
67120.7 10 3

0.119 lim 0.372

bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 13.33

=0.1276
Asl bb d

f cd
13.33
0.1276 200 460
359.7 mm2
f yd
435

One chooses 216

Aa.eff = 402 mm2

Steel design in interior supports

MC
58730 10 3

0.104 lim 0.372

bb d 2 f cd 200 460 2 13.33

=0.1111
Asl bb d

f cd
13.33
0.1111 200 460
323.2 mm2
f yd
435

One chooses 114+116

Aa.eff = 354 mm2

The reinforcement is use as straight bars in the supports.

It must verify if the bars places in one row in the cross section of the beam respect
the provisions regarding the minimum distance between bars. If the concrete is with the
maximum size of the aggregate dg>16 mm, the minimum distance between bars can be
determined according to Table 5.5.....

max 16mm

snh max

d g 5 31 5 36mm

The cover layer is 30 mm, the distance among bars is:

s nh ,eff

200 2 30 3 14
49mm s nh 36mm
2

1.3.8. Design for shear

The minimum coefficient of transversal reinforcing is determined with the

relation:
w, min 0.08

f ck
f yk

0.08

20
0.00082
435

The maximum quantity of transversal reinforcement is:

f
13.33
Asw
0.5 cw v1 b cd 0.5 1 0.54 200
1.65

f ywd
435
s max
Where: cw=1 for reinforced concrete
f ck
20

0.6 1
0.54
v1 =0.6 1
200
200

The maximum distance among stirrups on longitudinal and transversal direction

is:

0.75d 1 ctg 0.75 460 345mm

300mm

S l ,max

S t ,max 0.75d 0.75 460 345mm S t ,eff 200

Support B left
The design shear force is:
left
V Bleft
q d 101799 26102.5 460 89792 N
, red V B

The capable shear force of the member without specifically shear reinforcement is
computed with relation:
1/ 3
V Rd ,c C Rd ,c 1 100 1 f ck k1 cp b d

Where cp 0 axial force is neglected

0.18 0.18

0.12
c
1.5
1 1.0 for ordinary concrete
C Rd ,c

k 1

200
1
d

200
1.434 2
460

Asl
402

0,00437 0.02
b d 200 460

The longitudinal steel Asl is anchored with the length lbd in section I-I is
considered 216 (Asl=402 mm2).

VRd ,c 0.12 1 1.434100 0.00437 20 3 0 200 460 32610 N

1

32.610 KN

The minimum value of capable shear force without specific reinforcement can be
determined with relation:
VRd ,c min v min k1 cp b d

Where: v min 0.035 k

f ck 0.035 1.43 2 20 0.267

V Rd ,c min 0.267 200 460 24564 N

=24.564 KN

V Rd ,c 32.610 KN V Rdc , min 24.564 KN

Because the design shear is bigger than the capacity of the beam without reinforcement
for shear:
V Bleft
, red 89.792 KN V Rd ,c 32.610 KN

The shear reinforcement is

necessary.
The capacity of compressed struts VRd, max is determined for the maximum value of
ctg=2.5

VRd ,max cw b z v1 f cd

1
1 200 414 0.54 13.33
ctg tg

1
1
2.5
2.5

205.5 10 3 N

where z=0.9d
It can observe that VBredleft is between the two values but closer to the inferior
limit, so in this case the shear force is reduced to medium, the minimum quantity of
transversal steel can be obtained for high value of ctg.
It can adopt for ctg=1.75
The distance among stirrups for a diameter of 6mm and z=0.9d=0.9460=414
is given by:
As , w 2 28.3 56.6mm 2 (two legs)

Asw z f ywd ctg

V

left
Bred

56.67 414 435 1.75

198.9 200mm
89792

The capacity of compressed struts for ctg=2 is:

V Rd , max cw b z v1 f cd

1
1 200 414 0.54 13.33
ctg tg

1
1
2.0
2.0

238.4 10 3 N

left
V Rd , max V Bred

The transversal steel percentage is:

A
56.6
w,eff sw
0.001415 min 0.00082
s b 200 200
The basic anchoring length lb,rqd for the resisting steel 16 used at superior fiber
is obtained from TableXVI.5.
lb,rdq =1270 mm

The design anchoring length is:

l bd 1 2 3 4 5 l b ,rdq l b ,min

Where coefficients are obtained from Table 5.9

1 =1 for straight bars
30 16
2 1 0.15 c d / 1 0.15
0.87
16

Where cd =min(a/2, c1, c)=min(54,30)

a=200-230-216=108 mm
3= 4=1.0
5 1 without transversal pressure
l bd 1 0.87 1 1 1 1270 1105 mm

0.3 lbrdq 0.3 1270 381mm

lbd ,min max 10 10 16 160mm

100mm

lb,min 381mm lbd

The length of bars from the superior part of the beam can be determined using the
Fig. 5.43.