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Presentation On Offshore Platform Design
Presentation On Offshore Platform Design
PRESENTATION ON
OFFSHORE PLATFORM DESIGN
JIGNESH SHAH
07/30/2003
RAHUL BHATTACHARYA
OFFSHORE
07/30/2003
OFFSHORE
OVERVIEW
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OFFSHORE
OVERVIEW
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OFFSHORE
OVERVIEW
Offshore platforms can broadly categorized in two types
Steel Jacket
Concrete gravity Structure
Compliant Tower
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OFFSHORE
OVERVIEW
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OFFSHORE
JACKETED PLATFORM
Space framed structure with tubular
members supported on piled foundations.
Used for moderate water depths up to 400
M.
Jackets provides protective layer around
the pipes.
Typical offshore structure will have a deck
structure containing a Main Deck, a Cellar
Deck, and a Helideck.
The deck structure is supported by deck
legs connected to the top of the piles. The
piles extend from above the Mean Low
Water through the seabed and into the soil.
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COMPLIANT TOWER
Narrow, flexible framed structures
supported by piled foundations.
Has no oil storage capacity. Production is
through tensioned rigid risers and export
by flexible or catenary steel pipe.
Undergo large lateral deflections (up to 10
ft) under wave loading. Used for
moderate water depths up to 600 M.
Natural period (usually 30 second) is kept
above wave period (14 to 20 seconds) to
avoid amplification of wave loads.
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SEMISUB PLATFORM
Due to small water plane area , they are
weight sensitive. Flood warning systems are
required to be in-place.
Topside facilities , no. of risers etc. have to
fixed at pre-design stage.
Used for Ultra deep water.
Semi-submersibles are held in place by
anchors connected to a catenary mooring
system.
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SEMISUB PLATFORM
Column pontoon junctions and bracing
attract large loads.
Due to possibility of fatigue cracking of
braces , periodic inspection/
maintenance is prerequisite
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SPAR:
Concept of a large diameter single vertical cylinder
supporting deck.
These are a very new and emerging concept: the
first spar platform, Neptune, was installed off the
USA coast in 1997.
1997
Spar platforms have taut catenary moorings and
deep draught, hence heave natural period is about
30 seconds.
Used for Ultra deep water depth of 2300 M.
The center of buoyancy is considerably above
center of gravity , making Spar quite stable.
Due to space restrictions in the core, number of
risers has to be predetermined.
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PLATFORM PARTS
TOPSIDE:
Facilities are tailored to achieve weight
and space saving
Incorporates process and utility
equipment
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Drilling Rig
Injection Compressors
Gas Compressors
Gas Turbine Generators
Piping
HVAC
Instrumentation
PLATFORM PARTS
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PLATFORM PARTS
RISER:
Pipes used for production, drilling,
and export of Oil and Gas from
Seabed.
Riser system is a key component
for offshore drilling or floating
production projects.
The cost and technical challenges
of the riser system increase
significantly with water depth.
Design of riser system depends on
filed layout, vessel interfaces, fluid
properties and environmental
condition.
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PLATFORM PARTS
RISER:
Remains in tension due to self
weight
Profiles are designed to reduce load
on topside. Types of risers
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Rigid
Flexible - Allows vessel motion due
to wave loading and compensates
heave motion
Simple Catenary risers:
Flexible pipe is freely
suspended between surface
vessel and the seabed.
Other catenary variants
possible
PLATFORM
INSTALLATION
BARGE LOADOUT:
Various methods are deployed based
on availability of resources and size of
structure.
Barge Crane
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CORROSION PROTECTION
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PLATFORM
FOUNDATION
FOUNDATION:
The loads generated by environmental
conditions plus by onboard equipment
must be resisted by the piles at the
seabed and below.
The soil investigation is vital to the
design of any offshore structure.
Geotech report is developed by doing
soil borings at the desired location, and
performing in-situ and laboratory tests.
Pile penetrations depends on platform
size and loads, and soil characteristics,
but normally range from 30 meters to
about 100 meters.
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NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
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NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
HYDROSTATICS AND
STABILITY:
Intact stability requires righting
moment adequate to withstand
wind moments.
Damage stability requires vessel
withstands flooding of
designated volume with wind
moments.
CoG of partially filled vessel
changes, due to heeling. This
results in reduction in stability.
This phenomena is called Free
surface correction (FSC).
HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE:
Rigid body response
There are six rigid body motions:
Translational - Surge, sway and heave
Rotational - Roll, pitch and yaw
Structural response - Involving structural deformations
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Loads:
Wind load
Wave load
Earthquake load
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Permanent Loads:
Weight of the structure in air,
including the weight of ballast.
Weights of equipment, and
associated structures permanently
mounted on the platform.
Hydrostatic forces on the members
below the waterline. These forces
include buoyancy and hydrostatic
pressures.
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Wind Loads:
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Wave load:
The wave loading of an offshore structure is usually the most important of all environmental
loadings.
The forces on the structure are caused by the motion of the water due to the waves
a) Sea state using an idealization of the wave surface profile and the wave kinematics by wave
theory.
b) Computation of the wave forces on individual members and on the total structure, from the
fluid motion.
Design wave concept is used, where a regular wave of given height and period is defined and
the forces due to this wave are calculated using a high-order wave theory. Usually the
maximum wave with a return period of 100 years, is chosen. No dynamic behavior of the
structure is considered. This static analysis is appropriate when the dominant wave periods are
well above the period of the structure. This is the case of extreme storm waves acting on
shallow water structures.
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Wave theories: (Contd.)
Wave forces on structural members
Structures exposed to waves experience forces much higher than wind loadings. The forces
result from the dynamic pressure and the water particle motions. Two different cases can be
distinguished:
Large volume bodies, termed hydrodynamic compact structures, influence the wave field by
diffraction and reflection. The forces on these bodies have to be determined by calculations
based on diffraction theory.
As a rule, Morison's equation may be applied when D/L < 0.2, where D is the member
diameter and L is the wave length.
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Earthquake load:
Offshore structures are designed for
two levels of earthquake intensity.
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Ice and Snow Loads:
Ice is a primary problem for marine structures in the arctic and sub-arctic zones. Ice
formation and expansion can generate large pressures that give rise to horizontal as well as
vertical forces. In addition, large blocks of ice driven by current, winds and waves with
speeds up to 0,5 to 1,0 m/s, may hit the structure and produce impact loads.
Temperature Load:
Temperature gradients produce thermal stresses. To cater such stresses, extreme values of
sea and air temperatures which are likely to occur during the life of the structure shall be
estimated. In addition to the environmental sources , accidental release of cryogenic
material can result in temperature increase, which must be taken into account as accidental
loads. The temperature of the oil and gas produced must also be considered.
Marine Growth:
Marine growth is accumulated on submerged members. Its main effect is to increase the
wave forces on the members by increasing exposed areas and drag coefficient due to higher
surface roughness. It is accounted for in design through appropriate increases in the
diameters and masses of the submerged members.
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Installation Load :
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Accidental Load :
According to the DNV rules , accidental
loads are loads, which may occur as a result
of accident or exceptional circumstances.
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Load Combinations :
The load combinations depend upon the design method used, i.e. whether limit
state or allowable stress design is employed.
The load combinations recommended for use with allowable stress procedures are:
Normal operations
Dead loads plus operating environmental loads plus maximum live loads.
Dead loads plus operating environmental loads plus minimum live loads.
Extreme operations
Dead loads plus extreme environmental loads plus maximum live loads.
Dead loads plus extreme environmental loads plus minimum live loads
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OFFSHORE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
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ANALYSIS MODEL:
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:
Integrated decks and hulls of floating platforms
involving large bulkheads are described by plate
elements.
Deck shall be able to resist cranes maximum
overturning moments coupled with corresponding
maximum thrust loads for at least 8 positions of the
crane boom around a full 360 path.
The structural analysis will be a static linear analysis
of the structure above the seabed combined with a
static non-linear analysis of the soil with the piles.
Transportation and installation of the structure may
require additional analyses
Detailed fatigue analysis should be performed to
assess cumulative fatigue damage
The offshore platform designs normally use pipe or
wide flange beams for all primary structural
members.
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Acceptance Criteria:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Design Conditions:
Operation
Survival
Transit.
The design criteria for strength should relate to both intact and
damaged conditions.
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OFFSHORE
CODES
Recommended Practices(RP):
Provides proven technology and sound engineering
practice as well as guidance for the higher level
publications eg. API-RP-WSD
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REFERENCES
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