HYDROPOWER

Shivam Nagar

CONTENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Howhydropowerworks
Generatingtechnologies
Pumpedstorage
Kadamparai pumpedstorage
ThreeGorgesDam
Benefits
Disadvantages
Generationworldwide

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

HOWHYDROPOWERWORKS
Hydrologiccycle

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER
3

HOWHYDROPOWERWORKS
1. Waterfromthereservoir
flowsduetogravityto
drivetheturbine
2. Turbineisconnectedtoa
generator
3. Powergeneratedis
transmitted

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

GENERATINGTECHNOLOGIES
TypesofHydroTurbines:
Impulseturbines
Pelton Wheel
CrossFlowTurbines

Reactionturbines
PropellerTurbines:Bulbturbine,Straflo,TubeTurbine,
KaplanTurbine
FrancisTurbines
KineticTurbines

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

IMPULSETURBINES
Usesthevelocityofthewatertomovetherunnerand
dischargestoatmosphericpressure.
Thewaterstreamhitseachbucketontherunner.
Nosuctiondownside,waterflowsoutthroughturbine
housingafterhitting.
Highhead,lowflowapplications.
Types:Pelton wheel,CrossFlow

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

PELTONWHEEL
1. Nozzlesdirectforceful
streamsofwateragainst
aseriesofspoonshaped
bucketsmountedaround
theedgeofawheel.
2. Eachbucketreversesthe
flowofwaterandthis
impulsespinsthe
turbine.
7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

PELTONWHEEL
3. Suitedforhighhead,low
flowsites.
4. Thelargestunitscanbe
upto200MW.
5. Canoperatewithheads
assmallas15meters
andashighas1,800
meters.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

CROSSFLOWTURBINES
1. Drumshaped
2. Elongated,rectangular
sectionnozzledirected
againstcurvedvanesona
cylindricallyshapedrunner
3. squirrelcageblower
4. Waterflowsradially
5. Largerwaterflowsand
lowerheadsthanthe
Pelton.
7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

REACTIONTURBINE
1.

2.

Reactionturbinesare
actedonbywater,which
changespressureasit
movesthroughthe
turbineandgivesupits
energy.
Lowerheadandhigher
flowsthancomparedwith
theimpulseturbines.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

10

PROPELLERHYDROTURBINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7Sep2013

Runnerwiththreetosix
blades.
Watercontactsallofthe
bladesconstantly.
Throughthepipe,the
pressureisconstant
Pitchoftheblades fixedor
adjustable
Scrollcase,wicketgates,and
adrafttube
Types:Bulbturbine,Straflo,
Tubeturbine,Kaplan
HYDROPOWER

11

BULBTURBINE
Theturbineand
generatorareasealed
unitplaceddirectlyinthe
waterstream.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

12

KAPLANTURBINE
1.
2.

3.

7Sep2013

Theinletisascrollshaped
tubethatwrapsaroundthe
turbine'swicketgate.
Waterisdirectedtangentially,
throughthewicketgate,and
spiralsontoapropeller
shapedrunner,causingitto
spin.
Theoutletisaspecially
shapeddrafttubethathelps
deceleratethewaterand
recoverkineticenergy.
HYDROPOWER

13

FRANCISTURBINE
1.
2.
3.

4.

7Sep2013

Theinletisspiralshaped.
Guidevanesdirectthewater
tangentiallytotherunner.
Thisradialflowactsonthe
runnervanes,causingthe
runnertospin.
Theguidevanes(orwicket
gate)maybeadjustableto
allowefficientturbine
operationforarangeofwater
flowconditions.
HYDROPOWER

14

FRANCISTURBINE
5.

6.
7.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

Bestsuitedforsiteswithhigh
flowsandlowtomedium
head.
Efficiencyof90%.
expensivetodesign,
manufactureandinstall,but
operatefordecades.

15

OTHERS
Straflo : The generator is attached directly to the perimeter of
the turbine.
Tube Turbine : The penstock bends just before or after the
runner, allowing a straight line connection to the generator
Kaplan : Both the blades and the wicket gates are adjustable,
allowing for a wider range of operation

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

16

KINETICENERGYTURBINES
Alsocalledfreeflowturbines.
Kineticenergyofflowingwaterusedratherthanpotential
fromthehead.
Operateinrivers,manmadechannels,tidalwaters,orocean
currents.
Donotrequirethediversionofwater.
Kineticsystemsdonotrequirelargecivilworks.
Canuseexistingstructuressuchasbridges,tailracesand
channels.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

17

KINETICENERGYTURBINES

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

18

PUMPEDSTORAGE
DuringStorage,water
pumpedfromlower
reservoirtohigherone.
Waterreleasedbackto
lowerreservoirto
generateelectricity.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

19

PUMPEDSTORAGE

Operation:TwopoolsofWater
Upperpool impoundment
Lowerpool naturallake,river
orstoragereservoir
Advantages:
Productionofpeakpower
Canbebuiltanywherewith
reliablesupplyofwater

The Raccoon Mountain project

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

20

PUMPTURBINES
Operatingbothasaturbineforenergy
generationandinreversedirectionasapump.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

21

PUMPTURBINES

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

22

MOTORGENERATORS
Asynchronousmotorgeneratorstherotational
speedofpumpturbinecanbevaried.Thus,
thepumpcapacitycanbeadjustedtousing
justthecurrentlyavailableamountofenergy.

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

23

KADAMPARAIPOWERHOUSETNEB
Source Kadamparai reservoir/UpperAliyar Dam
Salientfeatures:
Location

Kadamparai/Coimbatore

Elevation

El.710

InstalledCapacity

4x100=400MW

No.ofunits

Modeofoperation:
GenerationMode:Themachinewillbeoperatedtocaterthepeakhour
demandforfullload
PumpMode:
Themachineswillbeoperatedaspumpmodetopumpthewaterfrom
upperAliyar damtoKadamparai reservoirduringnighthours
7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

24

THREEGORGESDAM

TheThreeGorgesDamisahydroelectricdamthatspanstheYangtzeRiverbythe
townofSandouping ,locatedinYiling District, Yichang,Hubeiprovince,China.The
ThreeGorgesDamistheworld'slargestpowerstationintermsofinstalled
capacity(22,500 MW)

BENEFITSOFHYDROPOWER
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

EnvironmentalBenefits
Nooperationalgreenhousegasemissions
SavingsinFuel
NoSoxNox
NonEnvironmentalBenefits
Floodcontrol,irrigation,transportation,
fisheries
7. Tourism
7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

26

DISADVANTAGES
1. Thelossoflandunderthereservoir
2. Interferencewiththetransportofsedimentbythedam
3. Problemsassociatedwiththereservoir

Climaticandseismiceffects
Impactonaquaticecosystems,floraandfauna

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

27

7Sep2013

HYDROPOWER

28