Hvac Text

Pressure Loss in Schedule 40 Steel Pipes
The tables below indicates friction loss for water flow through ASME/ANSI B36.10/19 schedule
40 steel pipe.
The pressure drop calculations are made with the D'Arcy-Weisbach Equation.
Fluid : Water
Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40
Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF)
Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3)
Kinematic Viscosity : 1.004 10-6 m2/s (0.01 stokes) (1.08 10-5 ft2/s)
Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5
Nominal Pipe Size: 3/8"
Inside Diameter: 0.0125 m (0.49 inches)
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.03
0.48
0.24
0.8
11455
1168
0.51
1.
E-5
0.04
0.63
0.33
1.07
19091
1947
0.84
1.
E-5
0.05
0.79
0.41
1.34
28504
2907
1.26
E-5
0.06
0.95
0.49
1.6
39137
3991
1.73
E-5
0.07
1.11
0.57
1.87
51971
5299
2.3
E-5
0.08
1.27
0.65
2.1
66183
6749
2.9
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.09
1.43
0.73
2.4
81615
8322
3.6
E-4
0.1
1.59
0.81
2.7
98108
10004
4.3
10
E-4
0.11
1.74
0.9
2.9
118710
12105
5.2
12
E-4
0.12
1.9
0.98
3.2
137457
14016
6.1
14
E-4
0.13
2.1
1.06
3.5
161321
16450
7.1
16
E-4
0.14
2.2
1.14
3.7
181897
18548
8.0
18
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.03
0.48
0.153
0.5
3698
377
0.163
0.
E-5
0.04
0.63
0.2
0.67
6180
630
0.27
0.
E-5
0.05
0.79
0.26
0.84
9040
922
0.4
0.
E-5
0.06
0.95
0.31
1.0
12426
1267
0.55
1.
E-5
0.07
1.11
0.36
1.17
16510
1684
0.73
1.
E-5
0.08
1.27
0.41
1.34
21038
2145
0.93
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.09
1.43
0.46
1.51
25961
2647
1.15
E-4
0.1
1.59
0.51
1.67
31228
3184
1.38
E-4
0.11
1.74
0.56
1.84
36792
3752
1.63
E-4
0.12
1.9
0.61
2.0
43785
4465
1.94
E-4
0.13
2.1
0.66
2.2
49998
5098
2.2
E-4
0.14
2.2
0.71
2.3
57986
5913
2.6
E-4
0.15
2.4
0.77
2.5
64717
6599
2.9
E-4
0.16
2.5
0.82
2.7
73633
7508
3.3
E-4
0.17
2.7
0.87
2.8
83125
8476
3.7
E-4
0.18
2.9
0.92
3.0
90529
9231
4.0
E-4
0.19
3.0
0.97
3.2
100868
10285
4.5
10
E-4
0.2
3.2
1.02
3.3
111765
11397
4.9
11
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.04
0.63
0.115
0.38
1585
162
0.07
0.1
E-5
0.05
0.79
0.144
0.47
2328
237
0.103
0.
E-5
0.06
0.95
0.173
0.57
3210
327
0.142
0.
E-5
0.07
1.11
0.2
0.66
4175
426
0.185
0.
E-5
0.08
1.27
0.23
0.76
5326
543
0.24
0.
E-5
0.09
1.43
0.26
0.85
6419
655
0.28
0.
E-4
0.1
1.59
0.29
0.95
7727
788
0.34
0.
E-4
0.11
1.74
0.32
1.04
9350
953
0.41
0.
E-4
0.12
1.9
0.35
1.14
10842
1106
0.48
1.
E-4
0.13
2.1
0.38
1.23
12389
1263
0.55
1.
E-4
0.14
2.2
0.4
1.33
14369
1465
0.64
1.
E-4
0.15
2.4
0.43
1.42
16049
1636
0.71
1.
E-4
0.16
2.5
0.46
1.52
18260
1862
0.81
1.
E-4
0.17
2.7
0.49
1.61
20041
2044
0.89
E-4
0.18
2.9
0.52
1.7
22468
2291
0.99
E-4
0.19
3.0
0.55
1.8
25034
2553
1.11
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.2
3.2
0.58
1.89
26946
2748
1.19
E-4
0.3
4.8
0.87
2.8
57062
5819
2.5
E-4
0.4
6.3
1.15
3.8
98274
10021
4.3
10
E-4
0.5
7.9
1.44
4.7
148599
15153
6.6
15
(ftH2O
Nominal Pipe Size: 1"
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-5
0.07
1.11
0.122
0.4
1243
127
0.055
0.1
E-5
0.08
1.27
0.14
0.46
1588
162
0.07
0.1
E-5
0.09
1.43
0.157
0.52
1919
196
0.085
0.1
E-4
0.1
1.59
0.175
0.57
2312
236
0.102
0.
E-4
0.11
1.74
0.192
0.63
2729
278
0.121
0.
E-4
0.12
1.9
0.21
0.69
3248
331
0.144
0.
E-4
0.13
2.1
0.23
0.74
3717
379
0.164
0.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.14
2.2
0.24
0.8
4200
428
0.186
0.
E-4
0.15
2.4
0.26
0.86
4822
492
0.21
0.
E-4
0.16
2.5
0.28
0.92
5342
545
0.24
0.
E-4
0.17
2.7
0.3
0.97
6030
615
0.27
0.
E-4
0.18
2.9
0.31
1.03
6578
671
0.29
0.
E-4
0.19
3.0
0.33
1.09
7329
747
0.32
0.
E-4
0.2
3.2
0.35
1.15
7895
805
0.35
0.
E-4
0.3
4.8
0.52
1.72
16749
1708
0.74
1.
E-4
0.4
6.3
0.7
2.3
27971
2852
1.24
E-4
0.5
7.9
0.87
2.9
42295
4313
1.87
E-4
0.6
9.5
1.05
3.4
58875
6004
2.6
E-4
0.7
11.1
1.22
4.0
80136
8171
3.5
E-4
0.8
12.7
1.4
4.6
101058
10305
4.5
10
E-4
0.9
14.3
1.57
5.2
127901
13042
5.7
13
010
1.0
15.9
1.75
5.7
152264
15526
6.7
15
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
011
1.1
17.4
1.92
6.3
184239
18787
8.1
(ftH2O
18
Nominal Pipe Size: 1 1/4"
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.1
1.59
0.124
0.41
1037
106
0.046
0.1
E-4
0.11
1.74
0.137
0.45
1226
125
0.054
0.1
E-4
0.12
1.9
0.149
0.49
1424
145
0.063
0.1
E-4
0.13
2.1
0.162
0.53
1630
166
0.072
0.1
E-4
0.14
2.2
0.174
0.57
1843
188
0.081
0.1
E-4
0.15
2.4
0.187
0.61
2116
216
0.094
0.
E-4
0.16
2.5
0.199
0.65
2346
239
0.104
0.
E-4
0.17
2.7
0.21
0.69
2648
270
0.117
0.
E-4
0.18
2.9
0.22
0.73
2891
295
0.128
E-4
0.19
3.0
0.24
0.78
3221
328
0.142
0.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.2
3.2
0.25
0.82
3473
354
0.153
0.
E-4
0.3
4.8
0.37
1.22
7162
730
0.32
0.
E-4
0.4
6.3
0.5
1.63
11961
1220
0.53
1.
E-4
0.5
7.9
0.62
2.0
18087
1844
0.8
1.
E-4
0.6
9.5
0.75
2.4
25177
2567
1.11
E-4
0.7
11.1
0.87
2.9
34269
3494
1.51
E-4
0.8
12.7
0.99
3.3
43215
4407
1.91
E-4
0.9
14.3
1.12
3.7
54695
5577
2.4
010
1.0
15.9
1.24
4.1
65113
6640
2.9
011
1.1
17.4
1.37
4.5
78786
8034
3.5
012
1.2
19.0
1.49
4.9
93762
9561
4.1
013
1.3
21
1.62
5.3
105965
10805
4.7
10
014
1.4
22
1.74
5.7
122894
12532
5.4
12
015
1.5
24
1.87
6.1
141077
14386
6.2
14
016
1.6
25
1.99
6.5
160515
16368
7.1
16
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
017
1.7
27
2.1
6.9
181206
18478
8.0
(ftH2O
18
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.2
3.2
0.151
0.5
1062
108
0.047
0.1
E-4
0.3
4.8
0.23
0.75
2200
224
0.097
0.
E-4
0.4
6.3
0.3
0.99
3688
376
0.163
0.
E-4
0.5
7.9
0.38
1.24
5413
552
0.24
0.
E-4
0.6
9.5
0.45
1.49
7543
769
0.33
0.
E-4
0.7
11.1
0.53
1.74
9925
1012
0.44
1.
E-4
0.8
12.7
0.61
1.99
12963
1322
0.57
1.
E-4
0.9
14.3
0.68
2.2
15841
1615
0.7
1.
010
1.0
15.9
0.76
2.5
19556
1994
0.86
011
1.1
17.4
0.83
2.7
22818
2327
1.01
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
012
1.2
19.0
0.91
3.0
27156
2769
1.2
013
1.3
21
0.98
3.2
31870
3250
1.41
014
1.4
22
1.06
3.5
35593
3629
1.57
015
1.5
24
1.14
3.7
40859
4166
1.81
016
1.6
25
1.21
4.0
46488
4740
2.1
017
1.7
27
1.29
4.2
52481
5352
2.3
018
1.8
29
1.36
4.5
56574
5769
2.5
019
1.9
30
1.44
4.7
63035
6428
2.8
020
2.0
32
1.51
5.0
69844
7122
3.1
030
3.0
48
2.3
7.5
150864
15384
6.7
15
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.4
6.3
0.181
0.59
1053
107
0.047
(ftH2O
0.1
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.5
7.9
0.23
0.74
1548
158
0.068
0.1
E-4
0.6
9.5
0.27
0.89
2159
220
0.095
0.
E-4
0.7
11.1
0.32
1.04
2844
290
0.126
0.
E-4
0.8
12.7
0.36
1.19
3591
366
0.159
0.
E-4
0.9
14.3
0.41
1.34
4545
463
0.2
0.
010
1.0
15.9
0.45
1.49
5418
552
0.24
0.
011
1.1
17.4
0.5
1.64
6556
668
0.29
0.
012
1.2
19.0
0.54
1.78
7523
767
0.33
0.
013
1.3
21
0.59
1.93
8829
900
0.39
014
1.4
22
0.63
2.1
10240
1044
0.45
1.
015
1.5
24
0.68
2.2
11320
1154
0.5
1.
016
1.6
25
0.73
2.4
12879
1313
0.57
1.
017
1.7
27
0.77
2.5
14539
1483
0.64
1.
018
1.8
29
0.82
2.7
16300
1662
0.72
1.
019
1.9
30
0.86
2.8
17463
1781
0.77
1.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
020
2.0
32
0.91
3.0
19350
1973
0.86
1.
030
3.0
48
1.36
4.5
41795
4262
1.85
040
4.0
63
1.81
5.9
71207
7261
3.1
050
5.0
79
2.3
7.4
111260
11345
4.9
11
060
6.0
95
2.7
8.9
153249
15627
6.8
15
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
E-4
0.7
11.1
0.22
0.74
1239
126
0.055
0.1
E-4
0.8
12.7
0.26
0.84
1565
160
0.069
0.
E-4
0.9
14.3
0.29
0.95
1915
195
0.085
0.1
010
1.0
15.9
0.32
1.05
2365
241
0.105
0.
011
1.1
17.4
0.35
1.16
2762
282
0.122
0.
012
1.2
19.0
0.38
1.26
3288
335
0.145
0.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
013
1.3
21
0.42
1.37
3720
379
0.164
0.
014
1.4
22
0.45
1.47
4315
440
0.191
0.
015
1.5
24
0.48
1.58
4953
505
0.22
0.
016
1.6
25
0.51
1.68
5427
553
0.24
0.
017
1.7
27
0.55
1.79
6127
625
0.27
0.
018
1.8
29
0.58
1.89
6869
700
0.3
019
1.9
30
0.61
2.0
7653
780
0.34
0.
020
2.0
32
0.64
2.1
8480
865
0.37
0.
030
3.0
48
0.96
3.2
17612
1796
0.78
040
4.0
63
1.28
4.2
30005
3060
1.33
050
5.0
79
1.6
5.3
46883
4781
2.1
060
6.0
95
1.92
6.3
64576
6585
2.9
070
7.0
111
2.2
7.4
87896
8963
3.9
080
8.0
127
2.6
8.4
114802
11706
5.1
11
090
9.0
143
2.9
9.5
138692
14142
6.1
14
(ftH2O
/s)
01
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
10.0
159
3.2
10.5
171225
17460
7.6
(ftH2O
17
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
012
1.2
19.0
0.25
0.82
1170
119
0.052
0.1
013
1.3
21
0.27
0.89
1326
135
0.059
0.1
014
1.4
22
0.29
0.96
1538
157
0.068
0.1
015
1.5
24
0.31
1.03
1766
180
0.078
0.
016
1.6
25
0.33
1.1
1937
198
0.086
0.1
017
1.7
27
0.36
1.17
2187
223
0.097
0.
018
1.8
29
0.38
1.24
2452
250
0.108
0.
019
1.9
30
0.4
1.3
2631
268
0.116
0.
020
2.0
32
0.42
1.37
2915
297
0.129
030
3.0
48
0.63
2.1
6054
617
0.27
0.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
040
4.0
63
0.84
2.7
10314
1052
0.46
1.
050
5.0
79
1.05
3.4
16116
1643
0.71
1.
060
6.0
95
1.26
4.1
22197
2263
0.98
070
7.0
111
1.46
4.8
30213
3081
1.34
080
8.0
127
1.67
5.5
39462
4024
1.74
090
9.0
143
1.88
6.2
47674
4861
2.1
10.0
159
2.1
6.9
58857
6002
2.6
11
11.0
174
2.3
7.6
71217
7262
3.1
12
12.0
190
2.5
8.2
84754
8642
3.7
13
13.0
206
2.7
8.9
99468
10143
4.4
10
14
14.0
222
2.9
9.6
115360
11763
5.1
11
15
15.0
238
3.1
10.3
126122
12861
5.6
12
16
16.0
254
3.3
11.0
143499
14633
6.3
14
17
17.0
269
3.6
11.7
161997
16519
7.2
16
18
18.0
285
3.8
12.4
181616
18519
8.0
18
01
(ftH2O
/s)
Flow
Velocity
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
Pressure Drop
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
020
2.0
32
0.28
0.91
1072
109
0.047
0.1
030
3.0
48
0.41
1.36
2233
228
0.099
0.
040
4.0
63
0.55
1.81
3811
389
0.168
0.
050
5.0
79
0.69
2.3
5706
582
0.25
0.
060
6.0
95
0.83
2.7
7860
801
0.35
070
7.0
111
0.97
3.2
10698
1091
0.47
1.
080
8.0
127
1.11
3.6
13973
1425
0.62
1.
090
9.0
143
1.24
4.1
16881
1721
0.75
1.
10.0
159
1.38
4.5
20841
2125
0.92
11
11.0
174
1.52
5.0
25217
2571
1.11
12
12.0
190
1.66
5.4
30011
3060
1.33
01
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
13
13.0
206
1.8
5.9
33544
3420
1.48
14
14.0
222
1.93
6.3
38903
3967
1.72
15
15.0
238
2.1
6.8
44659
4554
1.97
16
16.0
254
2.2
7.3
50812
5181
2.2
17
17.0
269
2.3
7.7
57362
5849
2.5
18
18.0
285
2.5
8.2
64309
6558
2.8
19
19.0
301
2.6
8.6
71653
7306
3.2
02
20
317
2.8
9.1
79394
8096
3.5
03
30
476
4.1
13.6
169704
17305
7.5
17
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
030
3.0
48
0.37
1.2
1649
168
0.073
0.1
040
4.0
63
0.49
1.61
2814
287
0.124
0.
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
050
5.0
79
0.61
2.0
4214
430
0.186
0.
060
6.0
95
0.73
2.4
5805
592
0.26
0.
070
7.0
111
0.86
2.8
7901
806
0.35
0.
080
8.0
127
0.98
3.2
10319
1052
0.46
1.
090
9.0
143
1.1
3.6
12467
1271
0.55
1.
10.0
159
1.22
4.0
15391
1569
0.68
1.
11
11.0
174
1.35
4.4
18623
1899
0.82
12
12.0
190
1.47
4.8
22163
2260
0.98
13
13.0
206
1.59
5.2
24772
2526
1.09
14
14.0
222
1.71
5.6
28730
2930
1.27
15
15.0
238
1.84
6.0
32981
3363
1.46
16
16.0
254
1.96
6.4
37525
3826
1.66
17
17.0
269
2.1
6.8
42362
4320
1.87
18
18.0
285
2.2
7.2
47493
4843
2.1
19
19.0
301
2.3
7.6
52916
5396
2.3
01
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
02
20
317
2.4
8.0
58633
5979
2.6
03
30
476
3.7
12.0
125328
12780
5.5
12
/s)
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
050
5.0
79
0.39
1.27
1413
144
0.062
0.1
060
6.0
95
0.47
1.53
1950
199
0.086
0.1
070
7.0
111
0.54
1.78
2539
259
0.112
0.
080
8.0
127
0.62
2.0
3316
338
0.147
0.
090
9.0
143
0.7
2.3
4197
428
0.185
0.
10.0
159
0.78
2.5
4946
504
0.22
11
11.0
174
0.85
2.8
5984
610
0.26
0.
12
12.0
190
0.93
3.1
7122
726
0.31
0.
13
13.0
206
1.01
3.3
8358
852
0.37
0.
01
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
14
14.0
222
1.09
3.6
9232
941
0.41
0.
15
15.0
238
1.17
3.8
10598
1081
0.47
1.
16
16.0
254
1.24
4.1
12058
1230
0.53
1.
17
17.0
269
1.32
4.3
13612
1388
0.6
1.
18
18.0
285
1.4
4.6
15261
1556
0.67
1.
19
19.0
301
1.48
4.8
17004
1734
0.75
1.
02
20
317
1.55
5.1
18840
1921
0.83
1.
03
30
476
2.3
7.6
40271
4106
1.78
04
40
634
3.1
10.2
67826
6916
3.0
05
50
793
3.9
12.7
105978
10807
4.7
10
06
60
951
4.7
15.3
152608
15561
6.7
15
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
070
7.0
111
0.38
1.23
1053
107
0.047
0.1
080
8.0
127
0.43
1.41
1315
134
0.058
0.1
090
9.0
143
0.48
1.59
1665
170
0.074
0.
10.0
159
0.54
1.76
2055
210
0.091
0.
11
11.0
174
0.59
1.94
2374
242
0.105
0.
12
12.0
190
0.64
2.1
2825
288
0.125
0.
13
13.0
206
0.7
2.3
3316
338
0.147
0.
14
14.0
222
0.75
2.5
3845
392
0.17
0.
15
15.0
238
0.81
2.6
4204
429
0.186
0.
16
16.0
254
0.86
2.8
4783
488
0.21
0.
17
17.0
269
0.91
3.0
5400
551
0.24
0.
18
18.0
285
0.97
3.2
6054
617
0.27
0.
19
19.0
301
1.02
3.3
6745
688
0.3
0.
02
20
317
1.07
3.5
7474
762
0.33
0.
03
30
476
1.61
5.3
15975
1629
0.71
1.
04
40
634
2.1
7.0
26905
2744
1.19
01
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
05
50
793
2.7
8.8
42040
4287
1.86
06
60
951
3.2
10.6
60537
6173
2.7
07
70
1110
3.8
12.3
82398
8402
3.6
08
80
1268
4.3
14.1
101643
10365
4.5
10
09
90
1427
4.8
15.9
128642
13118
5.7
13
100
1585
5.4
17.6
158817
16195
7.0
16
11
110
1744
5.9
19.4
192168
19595
8.5
19
/s)
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
14
14.0
222
0.45
1.46
1041
106
0.046
0.1
15
15.0
238
0.48
1.57
1195
122
0.053
0.1
16
16.0
254
0.51
1.67
1359
139
0.06
0.1
17
17.0
269
0.54
1.78
1462
149
0.065
0.1
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
18
18.0
285
0.57
1.88
1639
167
0.072
0.1
19
19.0
301
0.6
1.98
1826
186
0.081
0.1
02
20
317
0.64
2.1
2023
206
0.089
0.
03
30
476
0.95
3.1
4324
441
0.191
0.
04
40
634
1.27
4.2
7283
743
0.32
0.
05
50
793
1.59
5.2
11379
1160
0.5
1.
06
60
951
1.91
6.3
16386
1671
0.72
1.
07
70
1110
2.2
7.3
21064
2148
0.93
08
80
1268
2.5
8.4
27513
2805
1.22
09
90
1427
2.9
9.4
34821
3551
1.54
100
1585
3.2
10.4
42988
4384
1.9
11
110
1744
3.5
11.5
52016
5304
2.3
12
120
1902
3.8
12.5
61903
6312
2.7
13
130
2061
4.1
13.6
72650
7408
3.2
14
140
2219
4.5
14.6
84257
8592
3.7
(ftH2O
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100
m)
(psi/100ft)
15
150
2378
4.8
15.7
91034
9283
4.0
16
160
2536
5.1
16.7
103577
10562
4.6
10
17
170
2695
5.4
17.8
116928
11923
5.2
11
18
180
2853
5.7
18.8
131089
13367
5.8
13
19
190
3012
6.0
19.8
146059
14894
6.5
14
200
3170
6.4
21
161838
16503
7.2
16
/s)
(ftH2O
A diagram presentation of the tables above can be found in "Steel Pipe Schedule 40 - Friction
loss and Velocity Diagram".
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.014
14.2
225
0.28
0.91
300
31
0.015
15.0
238
0.30
0.97
300
31
0.016
15.8
251
0.31
1.0
400
41
0.017
16.7
264
0.33
1.1
400
41
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.018
18.3
291
0.36
1.2
500
51
0.020
20.0
317
0.39
1.3
600
61
0.022
21.7
344
0.43
1.4
700
71
0.023
23.3
369
0.46
1.5
800
82
0.025
25.0
396
0.49
1.6
900
92
0.027
26.7
423
0.52
1.7
1000
102
0.028
28.3
449
0.56
1.8
1100
112
0.030
30.0
476
0.59
1.9
1200
122
0.032
31.7
502
0.62
2.0
1400
143
0.033
33.3
528
0.66
2.1
1500
153
0.037
36.7
581
0.72
2.4
1800
184
0.040
40.0
634
0.79
2.6
2100
214
0.043
43.3
687
0.85
2.8
2400
245
0.047
46.7
740
0.92
3.0
2800
286
0.050
50.0
793
0.98
3.2
3200
326
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.058
58.3
924
1.1
3.8
4200
428
0.067
66.7
1057
1.3
4.3
5400
551
0.075
75.0
1189
1.5
4.8
6800
693
0.083
83.3
1320
1.6
5.4
8300
846
0.10
100
1585
2.0
6.4
11700
1193
0.12
117
1850
2.3
7.5
15700
1601
0.13
133
2113
2.6
8.6
20300
2070
0.15
150
2378
2.9
9.7
25500
2600
0.17
167
2643
3.3
10.7
31200
3181
0.20
200
3170
3.9
12.9
44400
4527
0.23
233
3698
4.6
15.0
59900
6108
0.27
267
4228
5.2
17.2
77600
7913
0.30
300
4756
5.9
19.3
97600
9952
0.33
333
5283
6.6
21.5
119900
12226
0.42
417
6606
8.2
26.9
185600
18926
0.50
500
7926
9.8
32.2
265500
27073
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.58
583
9246
11.5
37.6
359600
36668
0.67
667
10569
13.1
43.0
467900
47712
0.75
750
11889
14.7
48.3
590400
60203
0.83
833
13209
16.4
53.7
727000
74132
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.02
20.0
317
0.28
0.91
200
20.4
0.02
21.7
344
0.30
0.98
300
30.6
0.02
23.3
370
0.32
1.1
300
30.6
0.03
25.0
396
0.35
1.1
400
40.8
0.03
26.7
423
0.37
1.2
400
40.8
0.03
28.3
449
0.39
1.3
500
51.0
0.03
30.0
476
0.42
1.4
500
51.0
0.03
31.7
502
0.44
1.4
600
61.2
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.03
33.3
528
0.46
1.5
600
61.2
0.04
36.7
581
0.51
1.7
800
81.6
0.04
40.0
634
0.55
1.8
900
91.8
0.04
43.3
687
0.60
2.0
1000
102
0.05
46.7
740
0.65
2.1
1200
122
0.05
50.0
793
0.69
2.3
1300
133
0.06
58.3
925
0.81
2.6
1800
184
0.07
66.7
1057
0.92
3.0
2300
235
0.08
75.0
1189
1.0
3.4
2800
286
0.08
83.3
1321
1.2
3.8
3500
357
0.10
100
1585
1.4
4.5
4900
500
0.12
117
1850
1.6
5.3
6500
663
0.13
133
2108
1.8
6.1
8400
857
0.15
150
2378
2.1
6.8
10500
1071
0.17
167
2643
2.3
7.6
12900
1315
0.20
200
3170
2.8
9.1
18300
1866
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.23
233
3698
3.2
10.6
24600
2508
0.27
267
4228
3.7
12.1
31800
3243
0.30
300
4756
4.2
13.6
40000
4079
0.33
333
5283
4.6
15.1
49000
4997
0.42
417
6606
5.8
18.9
75700
7719
0.50
500
7926
6.9
22.7
108100
11023
0.58
583
9246
8.1
26.5
149200
15214
0.67
667
10569
9.2
30.3
190000
19374
0.75
750
11889
10.4
34.0
239500
24422
0.83
833
13205
11.5
37.8
294700
30051
0.92
917
14532
12.7
41.6
355600
36261
1.00
1000
15852
13.8
45.4
422200
43052
1.08
1083
17172
15.0
49.2
494500
50424
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.03
30.0
476
0.34
1.1
300
31
0.03
31.7
502
0.36
1.2
400
41
0.03
33.3
528
0.38
1.3
400
41
0.04
36.7
581
0.42
1.4
500
51
0.04
40.0
634
0.46
1.5
600
61
0.04
43.3
687
0.50
1.6
600
61
0.05
46.7
740
0.54
1.8
700
71
0.05
50.0
793
0.57
1.9
800
82
0.06
58.3
925
0.67
2.2
1100
112
0.07
66.7
1057
0.76
2.5
1400
143
0.08
75.0
1189
0.86
2.8
1800
184
0.08
83.3
1321
0.96
3.1
2200
224
0.10
100
1585
1.1
3.8
3100
316
0.12
117
1850
1.3
4.4
4100
418
0.13
133
2108
1.5
5.0
5300
540
0.15
150
2378
1.7
5.6
6600
673
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.17
167
2643
1.9
6.3
8000
816
0.20
200
3170
2.3
7.5
11400
1162
0.23
233
3698
2.7
8.8
15300
1560
0.27
267
4228
3.1
10.0
19200
1958
0.30
300
4756
3.4
11.3
24800
2529
0.33
333
5283
3.8
12.5
30400
3100
0.42
417
6606
4.8
15.7
46800
4772
0.50
500
7926
5.7
18.8
66800
6812
0.58
583
9246
6.7
21.9
90300
9208
0.67
667
10569
7.6
25.1
117200
11951
0.75
750
11889
8.6
28.2
147700
15061
0.83
833
13205
9.6
31.3
181600
18518
0.92
917
14532
10.5
34.5
219100
22342
1.0
1000
15852
11.5
37.6
260000
26512
1.1
1083
17172
12.4
40.7
304400
31040
1.2
1167
18495
13.4
43.9
352300
35924
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
1.3
1250
19815
14.3
47.0
403700
41165
1.3
1333
21135
15.3
50.1
458600
46763
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.05
50.0
793
0.44
1.4
400
41
0.06
58.3
925
0.51
1.7
600
61
0.07
66.7
1057
0.59
1.9
700
71
0.08
75.0
1189
0.66
2.2
900
92
0.08
83.3
1321
0.73
2.4
1100
112
0.10
100
1585
0.9
2.9
1600
163
0.12
117
1850
1.0
3.4
2100
214
0.13
133
2108
1.2
3.8
2700
275
0.15
150
2378
1.3
4.3
3400
347
0.17
167
2643
1.5
4.8
4100
418
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.20
200
3170
1.8
5.8
5800
591
0.23
233
3698
2.0
6.7
7800
795
0.27
267
4228
2.3
7.7
10100
1030
0.30
300
4756
2.6
8.6
12600
1285
0.33
333
5283
2.9
9.6
15400
1570
0.42
417
6606
3.7
12.0
23800
2427
0.50
500
7926
4.4
14.4
33800
3447
0.58
583
9246
5.1
16.8
45600
4650
0.67
667
10569
5.8
19.2
59200
6037
0.75
750
11889
6.6
21.6
74500
7597
0.83
833
13205
7.3
24.0
91600
9340
0.92
917
14532
8.0
26.4
110400
11257
1.0
1000
15852
8.8
28.8
130900
13348
1.1
1083
17172
9.5
31.2
153200
15622
1.2
1167
18495
10.2
33.6
177300
18079
1.3
1250
19815
11.0
35.9
203000
20700
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
1.3
1333
21135
11.7
38.3
230600
23514
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.10
100
1585
0.7
2.3
900
92
0.12
117
1850
0.8
2.7
1200
122
0.13
133
2108
0.9
3.0
1500
153
0.15
150
2378
1.0
3.4
1500
153
0.17
167
2643
1.2
3.8
2300
235
0.20
200
3170
1.4
4.5
3200
326
0.23
233
3698
1.6
5.3
4300
438
0.27
267
4228
1.8
6.1
5600
571
0.30
300
4756
2.1
6.8
7000
714
0.33
333
5283
2.3
7.6
8500
867
0.42
417
6606
2.9
9.5
13100
1336
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.50
500
7926
3.5
11.4
18600
1897
0.58
583
9246
4.0
13.3
25100
2559
0.67
667
10569
4.6
15.1
32500
3314
0.75
750
11889
5.2
17.0
40900
4171
0.83
833
13205
5.8
18.9
50200
5119
0.92
917
14532
6.4
20.8
60400
6159
1.00
1000
15852
6.9
22.7
71600
7301
1.08
1083
17172
7.5
24.6
83800
8545
1.17
1167
18495
8.1
26.5
96900
9881
1.25
1250
19815
8.7
28.4
110900
11308
1.33
1333
21135
9.2
30.3
125900
12838
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.17
167
2643
0.9
3.1
1300
133
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.20
200
3170
1.1
3.7
1900
194
0.23
233
3698
1.3
4.3
2500
255
0.27
267
4228
1.5
4.9
3200
326
0.30
300
4756
1.7
5.5
4100
418
0.33
333
5283
1.9
6.1
5000
510
0.42
417
6606
2.3
7.6
7600
775
0.50
500
7926
2.8
9.1
10800
1101
0.58
583
9246
3.3
10.7
14500
1479
0.67
667
10569
3.7
12.2
18700
1907
0.75
750
11889
4.2
13.7
23600
2406
0.83
833
13205
4.6
15.2
28900
2947
0.92
917
14532
5.1
16.8
34800
3549
1.00
1000
15852
5.6
18.3
41200
4201
1.08
1083
17172
6.0
19.8
48200
4915
1.17
1167
18495
6.5
21.3
55700
5680
1.25
1250
19815
7.0
22.9
63700
6495
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
1.33
1333
21135
7.4
24.4
72300
7372
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.30
300
4756
1.1
3.7
1600
163
0.33
333
5283
1.3
4.2
2000
204
0.42
417
6606
1.6
5.3
3000
306
0.50
500
7926
1.9
6.3
4300
438
0.58
583
9246
2.2
7.4
5700
581
0.67
667
10569
2.6
8.4
7400
755
0.75
750
11889
2.9
9.5
9300
948
0.83
833
13205
3.2
10.5
11400
1162
0.92
917
14532
3.5
11.6
13700
1397
1.00
1000
15852
3.9
12.6
16200
1652
1.08
1083
17172
4.2
13.7
18900
1927
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
1.17
1167
18495
4.5
14.8
21800
2223
1.25
1250
19815
4.8
15.8
24900
2539
1.33
1333
21135
5.1
16.9
28300
2886
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.50
500
7926
1.1
3.5
900
92
0.58
583
9246
1.2
4.0
1300
133
0.67
667
10569
1.4
4.6
1600
163
0.75
750
11889
1.6
5.2
2000
204
0.83
833
13205
1.8
5.8
2500
255
0.92
917
14532
1.9
6.3
3000
306
1.00
1000
15852
2.1
6.9
3500
357
1.08
1083
17172
2.3
7.5
4100
418
1.17
1167
18495
2.5
8.1
4700
479
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
1.25
1250
19815
2.6
8.6
5400
551
1.33
1333
21135
2.8
9.2
6100
622
Flow
Velocity
Pressur
(m3/s)
(liter/s)
(US gpm)
(m/s)
(ft/s)
(Pa/100m)
(mmH2O/100m)
0.75
750
11889
1.2
4.1
1100
112
0.83
833
13205
1.4
4.5
1400
143
0.92
917
14532
1.5
5.0
1600
163
1.00
1000
15852
1.7
5.4
1900
194
1.08
1083
17172
1.8
5.9
2300
235
1.17
1167
18495
1.9
6.3
2600
265
1.25
1250
19815
2.1
6.8
3000
306
1.33
1333
21135
2.2
7.3
3400
347
Main Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure drop

Pipe Size
(in)
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(US gpm)
(liter/s)
(ft/s)
(m/s)
(ftH2O/100 feet)
(Pa/1
140
3.5
1.1
2.2
21
380
24
4.2
1.3
1.9
18
650
41
4.2
1.3
1.4
13
10
1100
69
4.2
1.3
1.2
117
12
1800
114
4.5
1.4
1.2
12
14
2200
139
5.1
1.6
1.1
112
16
3300
208
5.9
1.8
1.2
114
18
4500
284
6.2
1.9
1.2
115
20
6000
379
6.7
2.0
1.2
115
24
11000
694
7.8
2.4
1.2
117
30
19000
1199
8.7
2.6
1.1
10
70
3.0
0.9
2.3
22
Lateral Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure drop

Pipe Size
(in)
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(US gpm)
(liter/s)
(ft/s)
(m/s)
(ftH2O/100 feet)
200
13
5.1
1.5
4.3
(Pa/1
42
Pipe Size
(in)
Flow
Velocity
Pressure Drop
(US gpm)
(liter/s)
(ft/s)
(m/s)
(ftH2O/100 feet)
(Pa/1
500
32
5.6
1.7
3.2
31
900
57
5.8
1.8
2.5
24
10
1500
95
6.1
1.9
2.1
20
12
2400
151
6.8
2.1
2.1
20
14
3100
196
7.2
2.2
2.1
20
16
4500
284
7.9
2.4
2.1
20
18
6000
379
8.3
2.5
2.0
19
100
4.3
1.3
4.5
43
Cooling Tower Tons

A cooling tower ton is defined as:
1 cooling tower ton = 1 TONSevap = 1 TONScond x 1.25 = 15000 Btu/h = 3782 k Calories/h =
15826 kJ/h
The equivalent ton on the cooling tower side actually rejects about 15,000 Btu/h due to the heatequivalent of the energy needed to drive the chiller's compressor. This equivalent ton is defined
as the heat rejection in cooling 3 U.S. gallons/minute (1500 pound/hour) of water 10F, which
amounts to 15000 Btu/hour, or a chiller coefficient-of-performance (COP) of 4.0 - a COP
equivalent to an energy efficiency ratio (EER) of 13.65.
Cooling towers use the evaporative cooling principle to cool the circulated water, and
they can achieve water temperatures below the dry bulb temperature - tdb - of the air
cooling air
they are in general smaller and cheaper for the same cooling loads than other cooling
systems
Cooling towers are rated in terms of approach and range, where
the approach is the difference in temperature between the cooled-water temperature

and the entering-air wet bulb - twb - temperature
the range is the temperature difference between the water inlet and exit states
Since a cooling tower is based on evaporative cooling the maximum cooling tower efficiency is
limited by the wet bulb temperature - twb - of the cooling air.
Cooling Tower Efficiency

The cooling tower efficiency can be expressed as
= (ti - to) 100 / (ti - twb)
(1)
where
= cooling tower efficiency - common range between 70 - 75%
ti = inlet temperature of water to the tower (oC, oF)
to = outlet temperature of water from the tower (oC, oF)
twb = wet bulb temperature of air (oC, oF)
The temperature difference between inlet and outlet water (ti - to) is normally in the range 10 15 oF.
The water consumption - the make up water - of a cooling tower is about 0.2-0.3 liter per
minute and ton of refrigeration. Compared with the use and waste of city water the water
consumption can be reduced with about 90 - 95%.
There are two main types of cooling towers
forced draught (using fans)
natural draught
Both types are based on evaporative cooling.
Natural draught cooling towers are more dependent on temperature gradients between
air and water and the wind forces than forced draught cooling towers.
The efficiency of natural draught towers are more variable over time and in general
lower.
Note! Be aware that medium temperature systems like cooling towers are known sources
of Legionella! Good cleaning and maintenance systems are important to minimize the potential
damage.
Recommended Relative Humidity - RH - in production and process

environments like libraries, breweries, storages and more
To avoid damage of products, or to achieve proper process conditions, it is often important to
keep the environment and the indoor climate within certain temperature and humidity limits.
Low relative humidity may dry up the product, or high relative humidity may increase the water
activity growing mould in the production process lines.
The table below can be used as a guidance to recommended Relative Humidity - RH - in some
common production and process environments.
Production and Process

Environment
Recommended Relative Humidity

- RH (%)
Sugar Storage
20 - 35%
Breweries
35 - 45%
Coffee Powder
30 - 40%
Milk Powder Storage
20 - 35%
Seed Storage
35 - 45%
Unpacked Medicine
20 - 35%
Transformer Winding
15 - 30%
Semiconductors
30 - 50%
Books and Paper Archive
40 - 55%
Paper Storage
35 - 45%
Preventing Rust and Corrosion
below 55%,
< 40% for no rust generation

Environment

- RH (%)
Library
50 - 55%
Spray Paint
30 - 50%
Laboratory electronics
45 - 60%
Plastic Pallets
5 - 30%
Computer Peripherals
50 - 60%
Rust Resistance
Below 40%
Medical Syrups
30 - 40%
Capsule Storage
30 - 45%
Powder Storage
30 - 45%
Wood Drying
25 - 35%
Explosives
35 - 50%
Note! low RH may generate static electricity and
spark ignitions
Normal Storage
50 - 55%
Musical Instrument
45 - 55%
Leather Product
40 - 55%
Cable Wrapping
15 - 25%

Environment

- RH (%)
Chemical Laboratory
30 - 45%
CLOSED SYSTEMS
Design Criteria: 3' Frictional Pressure Drop per 100' Pipe Length with a Maximum Velocity
of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 1
Friction Loss for CLOSED Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel
Source: Carrier Systems Design
OPEN SYSTEMS
of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 2
Friction Loss for OPEN Piping Systems: Schedule 40 Steel
COPPER Physical Dimensions and Sizing

Criteria (ASPE Data Book)
PLASTIC Physical Dimensions and Sizing Criteria (ASPE Data Book)
Copper Pipe Sizing Chart
of 10 ft/sec
Figure - 3
Friction Loss for Copper Piping Systems: Types K, L, & M
CAST IRON Physical Data Hydraulic

Handbook Colt Industries
ALUMINUM , BRASS Handbook for Mechanical Engineers :

Baumeister & Marks
PIPE DESIGN BASED ON HAZEN WILLIAMS

FORM(UfL=A0.2083 x (100/C)^1.85 x
Q^1.85/D^4.8635 )
Source: Cameron Hydraulic Data, 192662
Dynamic Pressure Losses through Fittings

EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter)
Velocity Pressure Factor (K) forWater : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) =
K*VP
Dynamic Pressure Losses through Valves

EL = L/D* D (EL = Equivalent Length. L=Pipe Length, D = Pipe Diameter)
Velocity Pressure Factor (K) forWater : K = C*D**E: Pressure Drop (PD) =
K*VP
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
STEAM PRESSURE CLASSIFICATION AND PIPE

SIZING DESIGN CRITERIA
LOW PRESSURE STEAMPIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam

(lbs/hr)
MEDIUM PRESSURE STEAM PIPE SIZING

CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam (lbs/hr)
HIGH PRESSURE STEAMPIPE SIZING CRITERIA : Flow Rates of Steam

(lbs/hr)
Pressure Drop (psi/100') sizing criteria for open

gravity (sloped pipe) condensate return
CONDENSATE FLOWRATE (lbs/hr) Condensate Return Pressure = 0
psig
PROPERTIES OF STEAM
Example:
6800 lbs per hour of steam flow in a 2 1/2 inch pipe at 100 psig pressure.
What is the pressure (psi) drop per 100 ft length of pipe and the flow velocity?
Answer: psi/100' = 11 velocity = 32,000 fpm
Figure - 17
Steam Flow Rates at Various Pressures and Velocities for Schedule
40 Pipe Source: ASHRAE
Figure 18
Steam
flow at 30
psig
Source:
ASHRAE
Design
Criteria:
0.75 psi
per 100 ft
pipe
Max Vel =
6,000 fpm
Figure 19
Steam
flow at 50
psig
Source:
ASHRAE
Design
Criteria:
1.0 psi per
100 ft pipe
Max Vel =
8,000 fpm
Figure 20
Steam
flow at
100 psig
Source:
ASHRAE
Design
Criteria:
2.0 psi per
100 ft pipe
Max Vel =
10,000
fpm
Figure 21
Steam
flow at
150 psig
Source:
ASHRAE
Design
Criteria:
2.0 psi per
100 ft pipe
Max Vel =
10,000
fpm
Natural Gas Pipe Sizing Tables and Charts

Steel Pipe - Schedule 40
Downstream Pressure
inlet upstream pressure is more than 5 psig (35 kPa)
fittings factor 1.2 - equivalent pipe length = pipe length + 20%
For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In
general it is common to set
1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs
1 CFH 1 MBH
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
Steel Pipe - Schedule 40
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig pressure drop 0.5 inches water column
specific gravity of natural gas energy content in natural gas 10
1 Cubic Foot (CF) = Approx 1,000 BTUs 1 CFH = 1 MBH
common to use fittings factor 1.5 - equivalent pipe length
in table above = pipe length + 50%

For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about
900 to 1100 BTU/cf. In general it is common to set
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig
common to use fittings factor 1.5 -
common to use fittings factor 1.5 -
equivalent pipe lenght
equivalent pipe length
pressure drop 0.5 inches water
column
pressure drop 0.5 inches water

column
specific gravity of natural gas 0.6
energy content in natural gas 1000
Btu/lb
pressure less than 1 1/2 psig
specific gravity of natural gas 0.6

energy content in natural gas 1000
Btu/lb
One MBH is equivalent to 1000

BTU's per hour
One MBH is equivalent to 1000

BTU's per hour
1 Btu/h = 0.293 W
1 lb = 0.4536 kg
1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m
1 in water = 248.8 N/m2 (Pa) = 0.0361 lb/in2 (psi)

= 25.4 kg/m2 = 0.0739 in mercury
1 psi (lb/in2 ) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2 )
The capacity of a low pressure natural gas (less than 1 psi) pipe line can be
calculated with the Spitzglass formula like
q = 3550 k ( h / l SG)1/2 (1)
where
q = natural gas flow capacity (cfh)
h = pressure drop (inWater Column)
l = length of pipe (ft)
k = [d5 /(1 + 3.6/d + 0.03 d)]1/2
d = inside diameter pipe (in)
SG = specific gravity
For natural gas the nominal BTU/cf varies from about 900 to 1100 BTU/cf . In
general it is common to set
1 Cubic Foot (CF) = approx 1,000 BTUs
1 CFH = 1 MBH
The specific gravity of natural gas varies from 0.55 to 1.0 .
The downstream pressure in a houseline after the meter/regulator is in
general in the
range of 7 to 11 inches Water Column, or about 1/4 psi.
Example - Natural Gas Pipe Capacity
The capacity of a 100 ft natural gas pipe with a nominal diameter 0.5
inches (actual ID 0.622 in )
and 0.5 inches WC pressure drop can be calculated as
k = [(0.622 in )5 /(1 + 3.6 / (0.622 in) + 0.03 (0.622 in))]0.117
q = 3550 0.117 ( (0.5 in) / (100 ft) 0.60 ) 1/2 = 37.9 cfh
Specific gravity of natural gas is set to 0.60.
Horizontal Fixture
Branches and Stacks
Building Drains and

Sewers
ROOF DRAIN AND LEADER SIZING
HORIZONTAL
HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING RAINWATER PIPE
SIZING
HORIZONTAL RAINWATER PIPE SIZING
Example of Primary-Secondary Piping Network

System
If you want something to take in the field with you, this is the most costeffective, portable, and robust pipe sizing tool we can find:

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Pressure Loss in Schedule 40 Steel Pipes

Pipe : Steel Pipe - Schedule 40

Temperature : 20.0 oC (68.0 oF)

Density : 998.3 kg/m3 (62.0 lb/ft3)

Pipe Roughness Coefficient : 4.5 10-5

Nominal Pipe Size: 3/8"

Inside Diameter: 0.0125 m (0.49 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 1/2"

Inside Diameter: 0.0158 m (0.62 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 3/4"

Inside Diameter: 0.021 m (0.82 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 1"

Inside Diameter: 0.027 m (1.05 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 1 1/4"

Inside Diameter: 0.032 m (1.28 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 1 1/2"

Inside Diameter: 0.041 m (1.61 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 2"

Inside Diameter: 0.053 m (2.1 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 2 1/2"

Inside Diameter: 0.063 m (2.5 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 3"

Inside Diameter: 0.078 m (3.1 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 3 1/2"

Inside Diameter: 0.096 m (3.8 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 4"

Inside Diameter: 0.102 m (4.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 5"

Inside Diameter: 0.128 m (5.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 6"

Inside Diameter: 0.154 m (6.1 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 8"

Inside Diameter: 0.2 m (8.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 10"

Inside Diameter: 0.25 m (10.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 12"

Inside Diameter: 0.300 m (12.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 14"

Inside Diameter: 0.350 m (14.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 16"

Inside Diameter: 0.400 m (16.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 18"

Inside Diameter: 0.450 m (18.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 20"

Inside Diameter: 0.500 m (20.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 24"

Inside Diameter: 0.600 m (24.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 32"

Inside Diameter: 0.800 m (32.0 inches)

Nominal Pipe Size: 36"

Inside Diameter: 0.900 m (36.0 inches)

Main Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure drop

Lateral Pipes - maximum allowable flow, velocity and pressure drop

Cooling Tower Tons

Cooling towers are rated in terms of approach and range, where

the approach is the difference in temperature between the cooled-water temperature

Cooling Tower Efficiency