Experiment #7 { HOW MUCH HEAT IS RELEASED IN A CHEMICAL REACTION? OBJECTIVE: \. In this experiment you will determine the heat of the neutralization reactions betw sodium hydroxide and two acids: hydrochloric and sulfuric. ‘The neutralization reaction is the reaction between the acid and a base that produces water and a salt.....not the table salt, of course. This term is commonly used to describe an ionic compound formed from an acid anda base; wh ammonium ion and an anion.» Example: 2NaOH(ag) + HsSOs (aq) ----> NaxSOs (ag)+ 2H0() Eq ‘Base Acid, ale 4 The reaction between acid and a base produces heat. Therefore, itis an example of an exothermic reaction, ‘You can calculate the heat of neutralization using the following equation: ane Eq2 where ‘V=eVollini@ of the reaction mixture, mL ( sum of the volumes of acid and base solutions) ‘dedensity of the reaction mixture, g/mL. (the maximum mixture temperature after mixing minus the initial temperature of the acid before the two solutions were mixed, °C) Cpe=sheat capacity of the reaction mixture = energy required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of the solution by 1° For sodium hydroxide/sulfurie acid mixture: Cp =3.76 Wg °C; density =1.04 gimL, HyS04 For sodium hydroxide/hydrochloric acid mixture: Cp= 3.89 S/g °C; density = 1.12 g/mL. The heat absorbed by the Styrofoam cup (calorimeter) is negligible and does not have to be taken into account for the purpose of this lab. SAFETY Be extremely careful when working with 2.0 M solution of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and HCl ( hydrochloric acid) as well as with 1.0 M solution of HS; sulfuric acid). All of these solutions are toxic and corrosive, and may cause permanent bums, Sulfuric acid is also an oxidizer! Use hood to dispense the solutions. PROCEDURE, 1. Prepare a ring stand witha small ring and a clamp. Obtain a 6 oz Styrofoam cup And a thermometer. Support the cup in a ring, but do not suspend the cup in the air- keep it on the table2. Measure 20 ml of 1.0 M sulfuric acid in your 50 ml. graduated cylinder and add the acid to the cuP. Secure a thermometer in a clamp and insert the thermometer in the acid, making sure that the thermometer tip does not touch the bottom or walls of the cup. 3. Let the temperature equilibrate for 5 minutes. During this time wash the graduated oylinder with water, dry it well with a paper towel, and measure 20 ML of the 2.0 M sodium hydroxide solution, 4, Record the temperature of the acid. Without removing the thermometer from the cup, add the sodium hydroxide solution to the acid, all at once. Gently Stir the solution with the thermometer . Record the temperature, starting 0.5 minute after the mixing, then in 1 minute intervals, for additional 5 minutes. 5. REPEAT THE STEPS | THROUGH 4 USING 20 mL. of 2.0 m HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND 20 mL of 2.0 MOLAR SODIUM HYDROXIDE. CALCULATIONS 1. Calculate the volume in mL of the final reaction mixture: 2. Calculate T for each reaction : AT= Thue = Tas set 3. Use Bq. 2 to calculate the enthalpy of the neutralization reaction between the sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide as well for the reaction between the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. = V ase + Vicia Data Sheet 1 4 1. Volume of NaOH 20 mt 2, Volume of H:SO4 20 mL tev 3. Temperature of HoSOx 4, Temperature of the mixture: time after mixing, min temperature ,°C ih x Os 25 35 45 55Calculations/Results I ‘Volume of the reaction mixture NaQH/H»SO, V= Vbase + Vacid = Cp of H,SO,/NaOH oAly Tere density of HySO4/NaOH ‘Tmax g/mL AT = Tmax -Tacid IL VO Buls 2 AH H)SO,/NaOH = -(Vxd xATxCp)= 2206.4) u 1, Volume of NaOH AC 2. Volume of HCI 3. Temperature of HCL 2 4. Temperature of the mixture: time after mixing, minutes temperature ,°C 05 25.4 1S Caleulations/Results II: YO m Volume of the reaction mixture HCVNaOH —V= Vbase + Vacid ana Cp of HCVNaOH 3.84_ip density of HCVNaOH Nghe, ‘Tmax °e AT = Tmax -Tacid Bib °C 26.0~A ( " (we AH HCUNAOH = -(V.xd x ATXCp)= HOMAZR BO R3,04 Low Ao ye 2316.07 a aPOSTLAB LIf you did not ignore the heat absorbed by a calorimeter, but somehow measured. it and used in the calculations, would the caleulated heat of reaction be lower or higher? Hint: will the heat absorbed by the calorimeter have to be added or subtracted from your calculated heat of reaction? Explain. Wight, adding iw 4 + t 2. Glass conducts heat easily and is not as good an insulator as styrofoam. If you performed the neutralization reaction in a glass beaker instead of a styrofoam cup, would you expect to register more or less heat released by the reaction ? Explain, and na 3. How can you tell whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic based on the temperature measurements of the reaction mixture before and after the reaction? exo uf st cedk YW 1 Wer 4. Does the heat of neutralization reaction depend on the number o in_a moleeule of acid or not? Explain using your experimental results. hydrogen atoms