10000

10000 Selected Problems in Sciences

Mathematics
10000

10000
10000
.

(CIP)
10000 /10000 . :
2009
ISBN 978-7-03-024267-9
. 1 . 1
. N49

. - -

O1-49

CIP (2009) 038323

: :
: :

16
: 100717
http://www.sciencep.com

*
2009 5
2009 5
: 13 000

: B5(7201000)
: 35 3/4
: 695 000

: 118.00
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 ii

10000

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 iv

10000

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2008 10

10000

(Vaught) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
(Borel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
r = r ? s = s ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Sacks) (Post)
(Martin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Turing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Turing) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cherlin-Zilber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shelah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3-Calabi-Yau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Artin) Grobner-Shirshov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. Bokut
(Broue) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Brown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Cayley) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Foulkes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Gorenstein) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Kaplansky) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Nakayama) (Nakayama) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Ramras) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Smashing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1)
(3)
(5)
(7)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(13)
(15)
(17)
(19)
(21)
(23)
(24)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(30)
(35)
(37)
(39)
(41)
(43)
(45)
(47)
(49)
(51)

 vi

10000

(Bass-Quillen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brauer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fitting. . . . . .
smash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GrobnerShirshov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L. Bokut
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Bass) (Soule) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lichtenbaum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Reed-Solomon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Schanuel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Goldbach) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Erdos) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Erdos-Turan) . . .
(Abel) Snevily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drinfeld-Vladt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Langlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Riemann)zeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Riemann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BSD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Iwasawa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(53)
(55)
(57)
(59)
(61)
(64)
(66)
(68)
(70)
(72)
(74)
(76)
(78)
(81)
(85)
(87)
(89)
(91)
(93)
(95)
(98)
(101)
(104)
(107)
(109)
(112)
(114)
(122)
(124)
(126)
(129)
(131)
(133)
(136)
(138)

vii

(Abel) Davenport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (141)

Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (143)
Chern-Moser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (144)
CR Bonnet Siu . . . (146)
(Griffiths) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (148)
(Hartshorne) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (149)

(Iitaka) Cn,m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (152)

(Nagata) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (154)
Tate-Oort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (156)
Tate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (158)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (160)
(Grothendieck) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (162)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (164)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (165)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (166)
Calabi-Yau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (168)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (170)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (172)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (174)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (177)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (179)
(Hopf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (181)
(Hopf) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (184)
(Dirac) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (185)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (187)
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (189)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (191)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (192)
3 tight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (193)
4 (Poincare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (195)
(Borel) :
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (196)
11
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (198)
8
Kashaev-Murakami-Murakami . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (200)

 viii

10000

(Thurston) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
Virtual Haken . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Sullivan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Smale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ( )
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
osp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Witt) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Kac-Moody) . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weisfeiler (Kac-Weisfeiler) . . . . . . . . .
(Einstein) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Dirac) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3n + 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Bloch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Bochner-Riesz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Brennan) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Fourier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Julia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Kakeya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Koebe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Poincare) (Schoen) . . .
Sierpi
nski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sierpi
nski . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Smale) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(202)
(203)
(205)
(207)
(209)
(211)
(213)
(215)
(217)
(219)
(220)
(222)
(224)
(226)
(228)
(230)
(232)
(235)
(238)
(241)
(243)
(245)
(249)
(251)
(252)
(255)
(257)
(260)
(262)
(265)
(266)
(268)
(270)
(272)
(274)

ix

(Hilbert) Lp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Borel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Arnold) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dry Ten Martini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(F
urstenberg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Henon) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Hilbert) 16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Palis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Rohlin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Veech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Weinstein) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Seifert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Hamilton) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pinsker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Polya) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Boltzmann) Boltzmann-Grad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Boltzmann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Navier-Stokes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Riemann) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
De Giorgi (Gibbons) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Von Neumann) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Weyl-Berry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(276)
(278)
(280)
(283)
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(287)
(289)
(291)
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(295)
(297)
(299)
(301)
(304)
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(310)
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(315)
(317)
(320)
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(324)
(327)
(330)
(332)
(334)
(336)
(339)
(341)
(344)
(347)
(349)
(352)
(356)
(359)

10000

(Schrodinger) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Green) . . . . . . .
AdS/CFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Donaldson Seiberg-Witten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Einstein) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gromov-Witten Virasoro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
KZB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Yang-Mills) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Penrose) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Yang-Baxter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Hunt) Getoor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Hadamard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hadwiger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Seymour) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Weiss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chvatal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Ramsey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
g- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard P. Stanley

(362)
(366)
(369)
(371)
(373)
(375)
(377)
(379)
(381)
(384)
(386)
(388)
(390)
(393)
(395)
(397)
(399)
(402)
(404)
(406)
(408)
(410)
(413)
(415)
(417)
(419)
(421)
(422)
(424)
(425)
(428)
(430)
(432)
(434)
(436)

xi

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-Szekeres(Erdos-Szekeres) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pfaffian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard P. Stanley
P=NP? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MQ ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Poincare) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alexander Levin
(Rota-Baxter) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(Atiyah) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(438)
(440)
(442)
(444)
(446)
(448)
(450)
(453)
(456)
(457)
(460)
(463)
(466)
(469)
(471)
(473)
(475)
(478)
(480)
(482)
(485)
(487)
(489)
(492)
(494)
(495)
(497)
(499)
(501)
(503)
(505)
(508)
(511)
(513)
(516)

 xii

10000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (518)
d- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (521)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (523)
Lax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (525)
DFP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (527)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (529)
? . . . . . . . . . . . . (532)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (535)
1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (537)
k- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (539)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (541)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (543)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (544)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (546)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (549)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (553)

 (Vaught)

(Vaught)
Vaughts Conjecture and The Topological Vaught Conjecture
(Vaught)
. [1] .
.
.
T , T
,
.
(Burgess) [2]
T , ,
, . ,
, .
. ,
.
(Becker) (Kechris) 20 90
X . G X
. , G X
, X Y .
.
T S ,
,
. S L1
.
,
. , Shelah, Lascar, Harrington, Makkai, Buechler,
Steel, Becker, Kechris Hjorth , .
, - , Shelah, Harrington Makkai [4]
; ,
[5] . [3].

10000

[1] Vaught R L. Denumerable models of complete theories // Infinitistic Methods: Proceedings of the Symposium on Foundations of Mathematics, PWN, Warsaw, 1961, 303-321
[2] Burgess J P. Equivalence generated by families of Borel sets // Proceedings of the
American Mathematical Society, 1978, 69: 323-326
[3] Becker H, Kechris A S. The Descriptive Set Theory of Polish Group Actions. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1996
[4] Shelah S, Harrington L A, Makkai M. A proof of Vaughts conjecture for -stable theories. Isreal Journal of Mathematics, 1984, 49: 259-280
[5] Becker H. Polish group actionsdichotomies and generalized elementary embeddings.
Journal of the American Mathematical Society, 1998, 11(2): 397-449

The Problem of Canonical Inner Models of

Supercompact Cardinals
M ,
, ZF M M ,
ZF .
, (Godel) 1938

ZF L, .
L ,
ZF .
[3,4]

,
. , L , .
(Scott) 1961 [8] ,
L . (Solovay)[9]
U L[U ]. ,
U = U L[U ], L[U ] = L[U ]. L[U ] L
( [9]), (),
, .
, [10]

,
j:V M :
(1) M ; (2) < j(x) ; (3)
f M , f M .

Mitchell 35 (
[2]). , 30 , Mitchell[6,7] , Dodd
Jensen[1] Martin[5] Steel[5,7,11] Neeman Woodin ,

10000

. , ,
.

[1] Dodd A J, Jensen R B. The core model. Ann Math Logic, 1981, 20: 43-75
[2] Foreman, Matthew, Menachem Magidor and Saharon Shelah. Martins Maximum,
saturated ideals and non-regular unltrafilters. Part I, Annals of Mathematics, 1988,
127: 1-47
[3] G
odel Kurt F. The consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized
Continuum-Hypothesis // Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1938,
24: 556-557
[4] G
odel Kurt F. Consistency-proof of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis // Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1939, 25: 220-224
[5] Martin D A, Steel J R. Iteration trees. Journal of American Math Soc, 1994, 7: 1-73
[6] Mitchell W J. Hypermeasurable cardinals. Logic Colloquium78(Boffa M et al, eds)
Stud. Logic Foundations Math. 97 North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam-New
York, 1979, 303-316
[7] Mitchell W J, Steel J R. Fine Structure and Iteration Trees. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1994
[8] Scott D S. Measurable cardinals and constructible sets. Bull Acad Polon Sci Ser Sci
Math Astronom Phy, 1961, 9: 521-524
[9] Silver J H. The consistency of the GCH with the existence of a measurable cardinal.
Axiomatic Set Theory, Proc Sympos Pure Math Vol XIII, Amer Math Soc, Providence,
R I, 1971, 391-395
[10] Solovay R M. Strongly compact cardinals and the GCH. Proceedings of the Tarski
Symposium(Henkin L et al, eds). Proc Sympos Pure Math Vol XXV, Amer Math Soc,
Providence, R I, 1974, 365-372
[11] Steel J R. The Core Model Iterability Problem. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1996

Lattice Embedding Problem and The Decidability Problem of

H2 -Theory in Recursively Enumerable Degrees
20 60 , ,
, .
. ,
.
?
,
, [1][2]. 1966 Lachlan Yates
, . . , Lerman
Thomason , Lachlan 1970 M3
N5 , 1980 , Lachlan Soare S8 . 80
, ,
. Lempp Lerman 1997 L20
.

, ,
.
, ,
. 1982 Harrington Shelah . ,
. 1998 Lempp, Nies Slaman
. 50 ,

?
,
, .

10000

[1] Lempp S, Lerman M and Solomon R. Embedding finite lattices into the computably
enumerable degrees-a status survey // Chatzidakis Z, Keopke P and Pohlers W. Logic
Colloquium02, Lecture Notes in Logic, 27, ASL, Wellesley, MA, 2006
[2] Lerman M. Embeddings into the computably enumerable degrees // Cholak P, Lempp
S, Lerman M and Shore R A, eds. Computability theory and its applications(Boulder,
CO, 1999), Contemp Math, 257: 191-205. AMS, Providence, RI, 2000

 (Borel)

(Borel)
Two Problems Related to Hyperfinite Borel Equivalence Relations
,
.
, Hjorth [1] .
X E
E . E
, ,
X hEn |1 6 n < i
(1) En X ;
(2) E1 E2 En En+1 ;
(3) E = 16n< En .
Dougherty, Jackson Kechris [2]
.
X
? , X
, hEn |1 6 n < i X ,
S
En En+1 , E X , E =
En ,
1<n<

, E ?
. ,
?
(amenable)
?
Weiss ( [2]),
.
, , .
. ,
[3] .

10000

[1] Hjorth G. Classfication and Orbit Equivalence Relations. American Mathematical Society, RI, 2000
[2] Dougherty R, Jackson S and Kechris A S. The structure of hyperfinite Borel equivalence
relations. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, 1994, 341: 193-225
[3] Gao S, Jackson S. Countable Abelian group actions and hyperfinite equivalence relations.
Preprint, 2007

The Minimal Tower Problem

() .
Rothberger 20 40 , [3].
p t ZFC , p , t
,
p = min{|A| : A P (), A ,

a, x A(|a x| < )},

t = min{ |T | : T = {x : < } < |x x | <
a, < (| x | < )}.
,
. , ,
.

[1] Blass A. Combinatorial cardinal characteristics of the continuum // Foreman M, Kanamori A and Magidor M. Handbook of set Theory, to appear
[2] van Douwen E K. The integers and topology // Kunen K and Vaughan J, Handbook of
set Theoretic Topology. North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1984, 111-167
[3] Rothberger F. On some problems of Hausdoff and of sierpinski. Fund Math, 1948, 35:
29-46

10000

10

r = r ? s = s ?
r = r ? and s = s ?
ZFC r = r ?
r = min{|R| : R [] , x , y R(|y x| < |y x| < )},
r = min{|R| : R [] , xn (xn : n ), y R,
n(|y xn | < |y xn | < )}.

r R []
(xn )n , A R (xn )nA . (xn )n 2 ,
r. . Vojtas
[3] . [1] r < r .
s = s ? ,
s = min{|A| : A [] , x [] , a A(|x a| = |x a| = )},
s = min{|A| : A [] , B [[] ] , a A, b B(|b a| = |b a| = )}.

Malyhin , [4][5].

[1] Brendle J, Just W, Laflamme C. On the refinement and countable refinement number.
Questions and Answers in General Topology, 2000, 18: 123-128
[2] Vaughan J. Small uncountable cardinals and topology // Van Mill J, Reed G M. Open
problems in Topology. North-Holland, 1990, 196-218
[3] Vojtas P. More on set-theoretic characteristics of summability of regular (Toeplitz).
Comment Math Univ Carolinae, 1998, 39: 269-279
[4] Kamburelis A, Weglorz B. Splitting. Archive for mathematical Logic, 1996, 35: 265-277
[5] Brendle J. Around Splitting and reaping. Comment Math Univ Carolinas, 1998, 39:
269-279

11

The Problem of The Cardinality of The Continuum

? ,
?
.
() ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
(). 0 ,
. 0 1 ,
2 , 3 , . , +1 ;
( ) .
n 0 . , 0 < 1 < 2 < 3 < ,
.
Cantor 1873 12 ()
1 . ? 1 ? 2 ,
3 , ? Cantor
1 . Cantor . (Hilbert)1900 23
.
(Godel)1938 [3,4] ()
; Cohen 1963 [1,2] ()
. ,
. , ,
.
?
, [5]
2 . Woodin , - ,
. - Woodin - ,
. [6].

10000

12

[1] Cohen Paul J. The independence of the Continuum Hypothesis I. Proceedings of National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 1963, 50: 1143-1148
[2] Cohen Paul J. The independence of the Continuum Hypothesis II. Proceedings of National
Academy of Sciences, USA, 1964, 51: 105-110
[3] G
odel Kurt F. The consistency of the Axiom of Choice and of the Generalized Continuum
Hypothesis. Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1938, 24: 556-557
[4] G
odel Kurt F. Consistency-proof of the Generalized Continuum-Hypothesis. Proceedings
of National Academy of Sciences, USA, 1939, 25: 220-224
[5] Foreman, Matthew, Menachem Magidor and Saharon Shelah. Martins Maximum, saturated ideals and non-regular unltrafilters. Part I, Annals of Mathematics, 1988, 127:
1-47
[6] Woodin Hugh W. The Axiom of Determinacy, Forcing Axioms, and the Nonstationary
Ideal. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1999

13

The Singular Cardinals Problem

. Cantor
1873 . ,
X, X , X P (X) ? Cantor
> + 1. = + 1, ,
.
. ,
, (
,
).
Cohen 1963 , Easton[2]
. Eastom ? ,
?

,
+1 .
,
.
Silver[7]

. , Jensen [1] ,
. Magidor[5] ,
.

. , , Foreman Woodin[3]
. , .
, ?
?

10000

14

.
n n
n+1 , 1 ( 1 )?
Silver [7] , Galvin Hajnal[4]
. , Shelah .
pcf . ,
, Shelah () ,
4 . Shelah pcf
|a| < min(a) a, |pcf (a)| = |a|?
[6].

[1] Devlin K J, Jensen R B. Marginalia to a Theorem of Silver. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1975, 115-142
[2] Easton W B. Powers of regular cardinals. Annals of Mathematical Logic, 1970, 1: 139178
[3] Foreman M, Hugh Woodin W. The generalized continuum hypothesis can fail everywhere. Annals of Mathematics, 1991, 133(2): 1-35
[4] Galvin F, Hajnal A. Inequalities for cardinal powers. Annals of Mathematics, 1975,
101(2): 491-498
[5] Magidor M. On the singular cardinal problem. II, Annals of Mathematics, 1977, 106(2):
514-547
[6] Shelah S. Cardinal Arithmetic. New York: The Clarendon Press, Oxford University
Press, 1994
[7] Silver J H. On the singular cardinal problem // Vancouer B C. Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, 1974, Vol 1, Canad Math Congress, Montreal,
Que, 1975, 265-268

 (Sacks) (Post) (Martin)

15

(Sacks) (Post)
(Martin)
Sacks Problem on Degree Invariant Solution of
Post Problem and Martins Conjecture
, ,
00 . ,
? 1944
. (Friedberg)
(Muchnik) 50 ,
,
.
, .
, , ,
. (Sacks)
.
W : 2 2
A, A <T W (A) <T A0 , W , e
A, W (A) = WeA ; W A B, A T B
W (A) T W (B).
(AD) ,
(Martin) .
, .
ZF + AD + DC,
(1) f : 2 2 , f ,
();
(2) 6 f 6 g f (x) 6
0
T g(x), 6 , f f ,
f 0 (A) = (f (A))0 .
(2) ,
, (Borel) ,

10000

16

; ,
. Lachlan 1975
, . Downey Shore 1997
. ,
Steel(1982), Slaman Steel(1988) Becker(1988) .

[1] Becker H. A characterization of jump operators. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 1988, 53:
708-728
[2] Downey R, Shore R A. There is no degree invariant half-jump. Proc Am Math Soc,
1997, 125: 3033-3037
[3] Friedberg R M. Two recursively enumerable sets of incomparable degrees of unsolvability. Proc Nat Ac Sci, 1957, 43: 236-238
[4] Lachlan A H. Uniform enumeration operators. Journal of Symbolic Logic, 1975, 40:
401-409
[5] Martin D A. The axiom of determinacy and reduction principles in the analytic hierarchy. Bull Am Math Soc, 1968, 74: 687-689
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347-358

 (Turing)

17

(Turing)
The Turing Equivalence Problem
.

x y , x T y, x y
.
(Borel) , T
?
X , X E (Borel)
E X X .
, . X Y
, E F X Y . E
F , E 6B F , E X Y
f : X Y F
x1 , x2 X,

x1 Ex2 f (x1 )F f (x2 ).

, ,
. ,
[1] .

.
F2 , 2F2 ,
. .
. ,
. , Slaman Steel
[2] (hyperfinite) .
, Kechris [3] ,
Martin .

10000

18

[1] Dougherty R, Jackson S and Kechris A S. The structure of hyperfinite Borel equivalence
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Logic, 1991, 56(1): 182-194

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19

(Turing)
The Rigidity Problem in Turing Degrees
1936 (Turing) ,

. ,
. .
, . D , D
. D
, .
, , D ,
. .
. ( [1])
D ?
. , Slaman Woodin
,
[4] D , , p~ d p~
X , X d D
.
D .
. ,
D , D
. ,
, Slaman Woodin
000 .
Slaman Woodin ,
,
. , g, g
, .

[1] Rogers H Jr. Some problems of definability in recursive function theory // J N Crossley,

 20

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ed. Sets, Model and Recursion Theory. Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1967, 183-201
[2] Slaman T A. Global Properties of the Turing Degrees and the Turing Jump // Proceedings of Singapore Workshop Website: http: // math. berkerkey.edu/ slaman/papers
/IMS slaman.pdf
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30(2): 320-334
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// math. berkerkey. edu/ slaman/talks/sw.pdf

21

Does Exist A Stable First Order Theory with Finitely

Many (but more than one) Countable Models?
,
.
1970 Morley 1 - 0 .
1971 Baldwin Lachlan 1 - 0
.
1973 Lachlan .
, Vaught .
, 1 - , - ,
. ,
, , (Q, <, 0, 1)
, 3 , 6 , 7 9 , .
<, .
1988 E.Hrushovski , , . , ,
. Hrushovski Lachlan :
T 0 - , - .
, ,
.
.

[1] Baldwin J. Fundamentals of Stability Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988, 89
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14-18
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36: 79-96

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22

[4] Vaught R L. Denumerable models of complete theories // Proceedings of the Symposium

on Foundations of Mathematics, PWN, Warsaw: Infinitistic Methods, 1961, 303-321
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Algebra and Logic, 1973, 12: 310-326
[6] Pillay A. Number of countable models. The Journal of Symbolic Logic, 1978, 43: 492496

East Sroudsburg University of Pennsylvania, USA

Cherlin-Zilber

23

Cherlin-Zilber
Cherlin-Zilber Conjecture
G.Cherlin[1] Boris Zilber[2] 30
. .
Cherlin-Zilber Morley
.
30 ,
. ,
, .
Borovik Nesin [3] .
. ,
o Cherlin Peterzil, Pillay Starchenko[4] .

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Press, 1994
[4] Peterzil Yaacov, Pillay Anand, Starchenko Sergei. Simple groups definable in o-minimal
structures. Logic Colloquium96 (San Sebastian). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1998, 211218

10000

24

Decidability of The Theory of Reals with Exponentiation

Tarski [2] (

),
(, Tarski ,
. ,
Tarski .). Tarski
. Tarski
. ,
L = {+, , 0, 1} Lexp = {+, , 0, 1, exp}. Tarski
L . Lexp
. , .
,
. Wilkie 1991 [4] , ,
, Th(Rexp ) (
). Khovanski ,
Rexp o . , MacIntyre Wilkie[3]
Shanuel , Rexp .
Th(Rexp ) , . ,
Th(Rexp ) , (2 )
. , , . ,
[1].

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753-759
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441467, A K Peters, Wellesley, MA, 1996

25

[4] Wilkie A. Model completeness results for expansions of the ordered field of real numbers
by restricted Pfaffian functions and the exponential function. J Amer Math Soc, 1996,
9(4): 1051-1094

10000

26

Shelah
Shelah Categoricity Conjecture
Shelah .
Morley
L T , T
( T
), , T .
Shelah
L L1 , (,
, )
T , T i1 (
T ), , T
i1 .
[1] , Shelah
K . K Hanf
Hanf(K) , K Hanf
Hanf(K) .
, [2].

[1] Shelah S. Classification Theory and the Number of Non-isomorphic Models. 2nd edition.
Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1990
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abstract elementary classes. J Symbolic Logic, 2006, 71(2): 553-568

27

Trivial Strongly Minimal Sets in Differentially Closed Fields

(DCF0 ) .
, .
, , .
DCF0 , () .
Hrushovski Sokoloic (, ,
[2]). DCF0 ,
Manin , , .
DCF0 .
X, , X
, X 0 .

0 ? , DCF0
, Hrushovski . , [1] [3].

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2003, 355(11): 4267-4296
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Logic, 2007, 48(1): 99-113
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53-63, Math Sci Res Inst Publ, 39, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press, 2000

 28

10000

3-Calabi-Yau
Classifications of 3-Calabi-Yau Algebras
k , d , A k- . X, Y A,
k- HomA (X, Y ) HomA (Y, X[d]) , k- , [d] d
, X Y , A d-CY .
Kontsevich 1998 [8] , Costello,
Keller, Ginzburg [24,6] .
. , A-mod k- A .
Id
A , A-mod d-CY d+1 =
A-mod .
H Hopf , H-mod d-CY
k d + 1 - . , k G ,
kG-mod d-CY d + 1 - ,
(syzygy) .
k- A d-CY , Db (A-mod) d-CY .

A Ae := A k Aop . A d-CY , A (
A Ae - ), Ae -
(
0, i 6= d,
i
e
HH (A, A ) =
A, i = d,
HHi (A, Ae )
= ExtiAe (A, Ae ) Hochschild .
Keller[5] A d-CY , A d-CY .
d, d-CY . , k[x1 , , xd ] d-CY . A d-CY

, X, Y A-mod ExtiA (X, Y )

= Extdi
A (Y, X) . :
A d-CY d 6= 0, A .
A 0-CY A , A 1-CY A

. Bocklandt[1] : A
2-CY , A Dynkin . 2-CY
. 3-CY , . ,
B-Model n Calabi-Yau X
Db (Coh(X)) : Db (Coh(X)) 3-CY , ,

3-Calabi-Yau

29

3-CY .
A = khx1 , , xn i, Kontsevich[7] /xi : A/[A,
A] A; A/[A, A], U(A, ) = A/h/xi , 1 6 i 6 ni.
A . Ginzburg[3] 3-CY
, Bocklandt[1] 3-CY .
Ginzburg[3] :
3-CY F , A
A/[A, A], F
= U(A, ).
, Bocklandt[1] : 3-CY
. , 3-CY , Ginzburg
, .

[1] Bocklandt R. Graded Calabi Yau algebras of dimension 3, with an appendix The signs
of Serre functor by M Van den Bergh. J Pure Appl Algebra, 2008, 212(1): 14-32
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[7] Kontsevich M. Formal (non)commutative sympletic geometry. The Gelfand Math Seminars, 1990-1992, 173-187. Boston: Birkhauser, 1993

[8] Kontsevich M. Triangulated categories and geometry. Course at the Ecole

Normale

Superieure, Paris, Notes taken by Bellalche J, Dat J F, Marin I, Racinet G, and Randriambololona H, 1998

10000

30

(Artin) Gr
obner-Shirshov
Grobner-Shirshov Bases for The Artin Groups
(braid) . ,
, .
,
. , G = gphX|Ri X R ,
X F R F .
, G (normal form) (word)
(conjugacy) . G ,
() , G
(). G a, b , g G a = g 1 bg.
(
). A.I. Shirshov 1962 Grobner-Shirshov ,
. GrobnerShirshov ()
.
, Grobner-Shirshov .
khXi k X , X X
, . X w, |w| w . X
(well ordered) , f = f + i ui khXi, , i k, f, ui X ,
ui < f. f f . f 1, f 1 . f g
khXi 1 , w X , f g : (i)
a, b X w = fb = a
g |f| + |
g | > |w|, (f, g)w = f b ag
f g w . (ii) a, b X w = f = a
g b,
(f, g)w = f agb f g w .
S khXi S 1 . i k, ai , bi X , si S
P
(f, g)w =
i ai si bi ai si bi < w, (f, g)w S . S
< S , S khXi
Grobner-Shirshov .
X > ,

uv (u > v

 (Artin) Gr
obner-Shirshov

31

w1 w2 (w1 uw2 > w1 vw2 )). X , X

, , .
Grobner-Shirshov .
Composition-Diamond [4,10] k , Id(S) khXi S
, A = khX|Si = khXi/Id(S), < X , :
(i) S khXi Gr
obner-Shirshov ;
(ii) f Id(S), s S, a, b X , f = a
sb;

(iii) Irr(S) = {u X |u 6= a
sb, s S, a, b X } A = khX|Si
.
khXi S Grobner-Shirshov ,
S , khXi S GrobnerShirshov S c . Shirshov .
A = sgphX|Si , S khXi . Shirshov
khXi Grobner-Shirshov S c Irr(S c ) A
. S c A Grobner-Shirshov .
Artin 1926 n 1 : Bn = gph1 , ,
n1 | i j = j i (i 1 > j), i+1 i i+1 = i i+1 i i . Markov
Artin 1945 1947 Artin-Burau si,j , s1
i,j (1 6 i < j 6
1
1
n), i (1 6 i 6 n1) Bn , si,j = j1 i+1 i2 i+1
j1
.
[9]
Artin 1947 . Garside Artin-Garside
, 1 , i (1 6 i 6 n 1, = 1 2 1 n2 1 n1 1 )
Bn . Birman-KoLee 1998 Bn Bn = gphats (1 6 s < t 6 n)|Ri,
1
1
ats = (t1 s+1 )s (s+1
t1
), 1 6 s < t 6 n, R = {ats arq = arq ats , (t
r)(t q)(s r)(s q) > 0, ats asr = atr ats = asr atr , 1 6 r < s < t 6 n}.
Bn , , Bn
.
Bokut-Chainikov-Shum (arXiv:0806.1124) Artin-Burau Bn
Grobner-Shirshov Markov-Artin . Bokut-Fong-Ke-Shiao
(arxiv:0806.1118v1) Artin-Garside Bn+ = sgph1 , ,
n1 |i j = j i (i 1 > j), i+1 i i+1 = i i+1 i i Grobner-Shirshov .
, Bokut (arxiv:0806.1125v1) Bn ArtinGarside
Grobner-Shirshov , Bn Garside . Bokut
(arXiv:0806.1123v1) (Birman-Ko-Lee ) Bn Grobner-Shirshov .

 32

10000

Bn Sn , Tits[11] 1966 Coxeter

Artin . Coxeter Artin A() Coxeter C().
Coxeter M = (mij ), Coxeter ,
mii = 1, 2 6 mij Z + , i 6= j. M = (mij ) n Coxeter ,
Coxeter Artin : C(M ) = gphx1 , , xn | x2i = 1, mij (xi , xj ) =
mij (xj , xi ), 1 6 i 6= j 6 ni, A(M ) = gphx1 , , xn | mij (xi , xj ) = mij (xj , xi ), 1 6
i 6= j 6 ni, mij (xi , xj ) = xi xj xi , mij . Coxeter An , Bn , Dn (
) Dynkin An , Bn , Dn . Briskorn Saito[5] Artin
. Artin Charney Dehornoy-Paris
1995 1999 . Tits 1969 Coxeter
. Bokut-Shiao[3] Coxeter C(An ), C(Bn ), C(Dn ) Grobner-Shirshov
Coxeter Grobner-Shirshov .
V r , GL(V ) V . GL(V )
s , s ( s )
. GL(V ) W .
W , W V , B(W ).
Bn Sn . Brieskorn-Saito[5] Deligne[7]
B(W ) . Broue-Malle-Rouquier[6] B(W )
. Bannai[1] Bessis-Michel[2]
B(W ) .
Baez Birman 1992 1993 SBn = sgphi ,
1
i , xi , 1 6 i 6 n 1| R1 i, R1 = {i+1 i i+1 = i i+1 i , xi+1 i i+1 =
i i+1 xi , i+1 i xi+1 = xi i+1 i , i i1 = i1 i = 1, i j = j i , xi xj =
xj xi , xi j = j xi , |i j| > 1}. SBn , Corran 2000
V.V. Vershinin (arxiv:math.GR/0309339v1)
Birman-Ko-Lee . V.V. Chaynikov 2007
Birman-Ko-Lee .
V Bn Kauffman 1999 , V Bn = gphi , xi ,
1 6 i 6 n 1| R2 i, R2 = {x2i = 1, xi+1 xi xi+1 = xi xi+1 xi , i+1 i i+1 =
i i+1 i , i+1 xi xi+1 = xi xi+1 i , i j = j i , xi xj = xj xi , xi j = j xi , |i j| >
1}. FennRimanyiRourke 1997 Welded W Bn , V Bn
V Bn i+1 i xi+1 = xi i+1 i , 1 6 i 6 n 2,
W Bn = gphi , xi , 1 6 i 6 n 1| R2 , i+1 i xi+1 = xi i+1 i , 1 6 i 6 n 2i
(i , xi , 1 6 i 6 n 1 ). W Bn V Bn
(knot) (link) . , W Bn V Bn . Bardakov

 (Artin) Gr
obner-Shirshov

33

2008 .
EasdownLavers[8] IBn = sgphx, i , i1 , 1 6 i 6
n1| R3 i, R3 = {x = x2 = x12 = 12 x, x1 x = x1 x1 = 1 x1 x, i+1 i i+1 =
i i+1 i , i i1 = i1 i = 1, xi = i x (i > 1), i j = j i (|i j| > 1)}.

. Vershinin (arxiv:0704.3002v1) IBn Markov-Artin

Garside ( Markov-Artin Garside
). Bokut (arXiv.org/abs/0804.0959) Polyakova-Schein 2005
Grobner-Shirshov .
,
(1) Coxeter Grobner-Shirshov ( Bokut-Shiao [3]

);
(2) Artin Bn , Dn , G2 , F4 , E6 , E7 , E8 Artin-Burau

Grobner-Shirshov ;
(3) Artin Artin-Garside Grobner-Shirshov ;
(4) Artin Birman-Ko-Lee Grobner-Shirshov ;
(5) (1)-(3) Artin ;
(6) SBn Artin-Garside Birman-Ko-Lee

Grobner-Shirshov ;
(7) V Bn , welded W Bn , IBn
B(W ) Grobner-Shirshov .

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obner-Shirshov bases for Coxeter groups. Comm Algebra,
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obner and Gr
obner-Shirshov bases in algebra: an elmentary
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 (Broue)

35

(Broue)
Broues Abelian Defect Group Conjecture
Broue .

, ,
. G. Frobenius, W. Burnside
I. Schur 1896 1910 , Brauer
1935 40 . , Green
, Alperin, Broue Puig ,
, ,
.
20 80 , Broue Rickard
, , ,
.
R p-adic Qp L ,
F. G, B RG , D, b0 B
Brauer , Db (modB) Db (modb0 ).
Broue G, B RG , D
, b0 B Brauer , Db (modB) Db (modb0 )
.
Broue , ,
B b0 ,
Hochschild K- .
Broue
, , .
. Broue
, . Broue
.

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 (Brown)

37

(Brown)
Browns Question
Hopf () ,
. 20 40 H. Hopf Lie ()
Hopf , Hopf 30 . 1969
Sweedler [1] , 20 70 Hopf
. Hopf 20 80 [2,3] .
Hopf . Hopf
, ( PI ). , Hopf
Frobenius , . Brown Goodearl
Hopf () [4] , [5,Question A]
PI Hopf H ( Gorenstein ).
2002 [6,Theorem0.1] . ,
, . [7, Question E] .
Brown Hopf Artin-Schelter Gorenstein
Hopf H Artin-Schelter Gorenstein, H d
ExtiH (k, H)
= i,d k, i,d Kronecker , k H.
Brown , . , Hopf
[8] [9] .
, , Gelfand-Kirillov Hopf . Brown
, Radford S 4 Hopf [8] .
, Hopf , Brown
(1) (polycyclic-by-finite group) ;
(2) Lie g U(g);
(3) Oq (G), G ;
(4) Uq (g);
(5) Hopf PI Hopf ;
(6) Hopf .
, .

10000

38

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1
2

 (Cayley)

39

(Cayley)
Cayley Graphs and Related Problems
Cayley Arthur Cayley 1878 , .
Cayley , ,

, [1]. Cayley . G
S x S , , G S Cayley
Cay(G, S) G, x, y y Sx.
, G Cay(G, S) . ,
Cayley . , A Cay(G, S) , A = GH,
H , A G . , Cayley
, [5][7].
1 G = XY X, Y X
, Y .
, [5][7]. s- ,
s . s- .
Tutte-Weiss , s 7. s- Cayley
. 1 .
2 s- Cayley . , s > 1 Cayley
.
, ,
[5][7]. , G 2p , p = n2 + n + 1
. n > 8, S G n+1 , Cay(p)=Cay(G, S),
Cay(p) 3, 3 Cay(p) n
-Desarguesian , [2][4].
, . ,
3 p = n2 + n + 1 n > 8, Cay(p)
2.

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torics, Vol. 1, 2: 1447-1540, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1995

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 (Foulkes)

41

(Foulkes)
Foulkes Conjecture
20 40 , Littlewood [3] Schur ,

plethysm, .
. , , s , s Schur
X i
i
1
2
, s =
xa , xa , s s = s (xa , xa , ).
i>1

f, g Schur N , f g Schur

N .

p, q , p, q p, q (p, 0, ), (q, 0, ).
Foulkes [1] p, q sp sq Schur ,

Foulkes

p > q , sp sq Schur sq sp

.
Frobenius
,
Schur s . Frobenius ,

Foulkes

, p > q , 1Spq
1Spq
.
p oSq
q oSp

( [5][8]), .
q
p
z
}|
{
z
}|
{
. Yp = Sp Sp , Yq = Sq Sq .
Sp o Sq ,Sq o Sp Young Yp , Yq Spq . LittlewoodS
S
S
Richard 1Yppq , 1Yqpq , 1Yppq
S
S
S
1Yqpq , 1Yppq 1Yqpq
S
,
. 1Spq
p oSq
Young . Young
20 ,
.

10000

42

Foulkes , ( [4][6]
[7]). .
Foulkes [7] n = pq, q 6 p, c, d cd = n, c, d > b,
1SSnp oSq 1SSnd oSc .
Foulkes
(1) (Thrall, 1942) b = 2, a > 2;
(2) (Littlewood, 1944 ) b = 3, a 6 6, b = 4, a 6 5 a = 6, b 6 4;
(3) (M. Brion, 1993) a b ;
(4) (S. Dent, J. Siemons, 2000) b = 3, a > 3;
(5) (T. Mckay, 2008) b = 4, a > 4.

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 (Gorenstein)

43

(Gorenstein)
Gorenstein Symmetric Conjecture
k Artin , A k- . A Artin , k- , A
. A- . A- A M ,
proj.dim A M inj.dim A M . , A- NA , proj.dim NA
inj.dim NA . A , A A AA ,
.
Gorenstein

A Artin . inj.dim A A , inj.dim AA

.
Artin A Gorenstein , inj.dim A A
inj.dim AA . inj.dim A A = inj.dim AA , [1][9]. [2]
13 . Gorenstein ,
, .
Gorenstein .
A-mod A- , P < (A) A-mod

. A fin.dim (A) P < (A)

. Artin A fin.dim (A) < [3] .
P < (A) , A- X, fX : M X
M P < (A) P < (A) X fX .
fX X P < (A)- . Auslander Reiten [1]
inj.dim A A < Artin A, A Gorenstein fin.dim (A)
, P < (A) . , Gorenstein
. , Artin A P < (A) ,
[10]. , [1] Gorenstein Gorenstein ,
Gorenstein [8] .
Gorenstein [9] ,

() Bongartz [7] , A inj.dim A A

6 1, inj.dim AA 6 1; Beligiannis Reiten virtually Gorenstein
, Gorenstein , Cohen-Macaulay- (
Cohen-Macaulay . Cohen-

10000

44

Macaulay Gorenstein ), Morita

[4,6] . Beligiannis[4] virtually Gorenstein Gorenstein

. virtually Gorenstein , [5].
, .

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1
2

 (Kaplansky)

45

(Kaplansky)
Kaplanskys 6th Conjecture
Kaplansky Kaplansky 1975 Hopf

[3] , Hopf . Hopf

20 40 , Hopf Lie
. 20 60 Hochschild-Mostow Lie
, Hopf , Hopf
. 20 80 , Drinfeld Jimbo ,
Hopf . ,

. Hopf
, Kaplansky ,
.
k 0 , G . Frobenius
kG G . Lie
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, , Frobenius
. .
Kaplansky

H Hopf , H
H .
Hopf ,
. H k Hopf . Zhu 1993
Kaplansky [5] , . char(k) = 0H
R(H) H H R(H) H
H , Kaplansky . Nichols Richmond 1996
H Grothendieck [4] H 2 H . 1998 Etingof Gelaki
Hopf [1] H Hopf , D(H) H
Drinfeld double, D(H) H .
H Hopf , H H

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46

. 1999 [2] H Hopf char(k) = 0,

H H . Kaplansky
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 (Nakayama) (Nakayama)

47

(Nakayama) (Nakayama)
Nakayama Conjecture and Generalized Nakayama Conjecture
Nakayama , T.Nakayama

1958 . Nakayama .
1995 , M. Auslander, I. Reiten S. Smal [2]
Nakayama Nakayama 4 .
20 ,
. ,
, ,
.
. Auslander-Reiten
,
,
.
Nakayama [5]

Artin 0 I0 I1 I2
. j > 0, Ij , .
Nakayama . 20 , B.M
uller

H.Tachikawa Nakayama .
Nakayama [6] .
Nakayama ,
, 1975 M. Auslander I. Reiten Nakayama
.

Nakayama [1] Artin , -

.
Nakayama Nakayama . 20 ,

, Nakayama . R. R. Colby
K. R. Fuller Nakayama , M. Auslander I.Reiten
k-Gorenstein Auslander-Reiten . Nakayama ,
( [9]). G. V. Wilson[7] K. R. Fuller
B. Zimmermann-Huisgen[4] Nakayama P.

10000

48

Draxler D. Happel[3] J 2l+1 = 0 /J l

, Nakayama , J Jacobson .
[8,9] , , Nakayama Nakayama
. Nakayama Nakayama
,
.

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 (Ramras)

49

(Ramras)
Ramras Question
1974 Ramras[1] scalar ?

A A scalar Jacobson . A , Auslander-Buchsbaum-Nagata-Seree

[2,p.142] . A 2 , Ramras
. A 3 , Snider [3] .
, [4,p.321] . Stafford Zhang[5]
Teo[6] PI FBN ,
() PI (FBN) Auslander Cohen-Macaulay .
A Auslander , ,
A- M , i > 0 ExtiR (M, A) N ,
j(N ) := inf{j | Extj (N, A) 6= 0} > i. A Cohen-Macaulay , A
Gelfand-Kirillov GKdim A < , A- M , GKdim M +
j(M ) =GKdim A.
, Ramras . , ,
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4 Artin-Schelter , Artin, Tate Van den Bergh
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2

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Smashing
An Open Problem on Smashing Subcategories
T , S . S T
, S . S, S T
, S ( Bousfield ). ,
, S smashing . T X ,
HomT (X, ) : T Z-Mod ; T ,
I, T I T .
T , T smashing
. , T
smashing [2] . T , T
smashing , T smashing .
Ravenel[10] Bousfield[3] .
Neeman[9] noetherian

D(R). Dper (R) thick D(R)

smashing , D(R) smashing
. , Keller[4] noetherian ,
smashing .
Keller D(R) smashing ,
, . , Mahowald[7]
Miller[8] . ,
Mod(), Benson, Iyengar Krause
[1] .
: , smashing
?
Krause Solberg[6] Artin Mod() smashing

: (C, F) Mod() cotorsion . C F filtered

, C = colim(C mod(A)).
T , T . S
, S S

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. Krause[5]
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 (Bass-Quillen)

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-- (Bass-Quillen)
Bass-Quillen Conjecture
. R , R[x1 , x2 , ,
xn ] R n . 1955 , (JPSerre)[7]
K , K[x1 , x2 , , xn ]
?
, . n = 1 , K[x] , K[x]
. n > 1 , , 1976
(D. Quillen)[5] (A. Suslin)[8]
. K[x1 , x2 , , xn ]
.
, . M
R[x1 , x2 , , xn ]- , R- M0 M
= R[x1 , x2 , , xn ] R M0 ,
M R- . , K[x1 , x2 , , xn ]
K- .
-- R (Noether) , R[x1 , x2 , , xn ]
R- (
).
R , R[x]
().
. 1976 ,
K-
. K- ,
. , [3]. ,
R = K[[x1 , x2 , , xd ]] K d ( d
), R[x] .
. , Dedekind ( Dedekind
), ; R
Krull 6 2, R Krull 3 R 2 3,
. , .

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, Pr
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, Br () . 1 6 6 r 1 , Br () .
, Br () .
20 80 , P. Hanlon D. Wales
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Brauer .
. r! , Br ()
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. , Dipper, Doty [3] Brauer
Schur-Weyl . , Brauer
, .

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Artins Program on The Classification of Noncommutative Surfaces

Artin Serre
X , X coh X qgrB,
B = n>0 (X, Ln ) , L X , qgrB
B- . ,
() X , coh X. ,
A, qgrA. , k- Abel C
O C C , , Serre
B. , , qgrA
A()[1] .
. qgrA , proj A. A proj
A [1] . A (Artin-Schelter ), proj A
() .

,
. ()
[2] . . 20 ,
Artin, Schelter, Tate Van den Bergh[35] ()P2 . ,
Artin , proj A ,
A Gelfand-Kirillov 3 . 2001
Stafford Van den Bergh [6] ,
. , Van den Bergh
Blowing-up Blowing-down[7] . ,
. Artin
2 PI() ruled() Sklyanin
, . , Chan, Ingalls Kulkarni
PI [811] Artin de Jong (). PI
, Keeler, Rogalski Stafford[1214]
.
. , ,

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1
2

59

On The Conjecture for Every Code to Be Commutatively

Equivalent to A Prefix Code
C.E.Shannon 1948 ,
, M.P.Schutzenberger 1955
() ( [1]), ()
. (
1, 1977 ) ( [2]), , J.Brzozowski 1979
( [3]).
X , X X . X () X
() (); X 1 X ; X
C X () ,
x1 , x2 , xm , y1 , y2 , yn C,
x1 x2 xm = y1 y2 yn m = n,

xi = y i ,

i = 1, 2, , m;

X X + = X \{1} P X ,
x, y P, z X ,

y = xz z = 1.

, . X x X a, x/a
a x . X x, y , x y,
a X,

x/a = y/a;

X A, B , A B, : A B
x A,

x (x).

1 ()[2] .
1[4] .
, , , [3]
.

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60

, 1 , 1 ,
, , 1 , 1
.
2[5] :
(i) ;
(ii) ;
(iii) n X C K1 (C), , Kn (C)
n
X

Ki (C)(n i)! 6 n!,

i=1

,Ki (C) C X i . , C:
x C, a X,

x/a 6 1.

, 1, [6]
, .
2 ()[6]
.
2,
2, 2 ?

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61

A Model of Systematic Generalizations for An Important

Kind of Congruences on Semigroups
Rees .
. H.Prodinger 1980
.
S , T S. S P(T )(R(T )) S (
), S T () x, y S,
xP(T )y FT (x, y) = S 1 S 1

(xR(T )y GT (x, y) = S 1 ),

,
FT (x, y) = {(u, v) S 1 S 1 |uxv T uyv T }
(GT (x, y) = {u S 1 |xu T yu T }).

T , R(T ) S . S 1 L S 1
(), ()
(i), S 1 L,

(i0 ), S 1 L,

(ii), A, B L A B L,

(ii0 ), A, B L A B L,

(iii), A L, A B B L,

(iii0 ), A L, z S 1 Dz A L.

(iv), A L, z S 1 Dz A L.

, Dz A = {x S 1 |zx A}, A B A B ,
A B = [(A B c ) (Ac B)]c .

, .
1[1] S , T S, L S 1 . R(T, L)
S x, y S,
xR(T, L)y GT (x, y) L.

10000

62

(1) R(T, L) S
(2) {S 1 } , R(T ) = R(T, {S 1 }). ,
L, R(T, L) R(T )
(3) CS 1 = {A S 1 |Ac } S 1 , .

, CS 1 = {A S 1 |Ac }. , S 0
, A = S 1 \{0} , D0 A = {x S 1 |0x A} ,
.
1 S . S 1 () LDFS 1
(LDSFS 1 ), L LDSFS 1 , RL = {T S 1 |R(T, L) }.
1[1] X , X X ( X
X ), CX LDFX . R{X } = RCX ? ().
1 1, ( [2])
Schreier .
1[3]

R{X } = RCX .

1 CX
. .
2

L LDFX (LDSFX ), R{X } = RL .

,
3

L1 , L2 LDFX (LDSFX ). RL1 = RL2

S 1, 2, 3 .

.
, . S 1 S 1 (
), i, ii, iii, iv1 , iv2 [i0 , ii0 , iv1 , iv2 ] S 1 S 1 ,
(iv1 ) A L, z S 1 Dz A L,

(iv2 ) A L, z S 1 z DA L,

, z DA = {(x, v) S 1 S 1 |(xz, v) A}, Dz A = {(u, x) S 1 S 1 |(u, zx) A}.

2 DF[DSF] S 1 S 1 () .
L DF(DSF), RL = {T S 1 | P(T, L) }, ,
x, y S 1 ,
xP(T, L)y FT (x, y) L.

5 ()
1, 2, 3 .

63

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64

The Decision Problem for A Finite Code Having

A Finite Completion
M.P.Schutzenberger 1955 [1] ,
( [2][3],
),
. ,
, , ; ,
[3] .
X , X X . X ()
X () (); X 1 X ; X
C X () ,
x1 , x2 , , xm , y1 , y2 , , yn C,
x1 x2 xm = y1 y2 yn m = n,

xi = yi ,

i = 1, 2, m;

X X + = X \{1} P X ,
x, y P,

z X ,

y = xz z = 1.

, , . X x
X a, x/a a x . X x, y
, x y,
a X, x/a = y/a.
X A, B , A B, : A B
x A,

x (x).

X C ,
w X ,

X wX C 6= .

X C , . X
L , X L x, y X ,
x L y

u, v X , uxv L uyv L.

65

, .
, , .
[1] (, ) .
[3,4]
(1) () () ;
(2) {a, b} {aa, ba} ;
(3) {a, b} {aaaaa, aab, ba, b} .
{a, b}
[3,5]
C = b{1, a, a7 , a13 , a14 } {a3 , a8 }b{1, a2 , a4 , a6 } a11 b{1, a, a2 }.

1[3] C ( 1, ) ?
,
1 ,
.
2[3] ?

[1] Schutzenberger M P. Une theorie algebrique du codage, Seminaire Dubreil-Pisot 195556. expose No. 15 (1955)
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110-112

10000

66

Two Embedding Problems for Regular Semigroups

, ()
(, )
. 2002 .
S , a S. S , S ; a S
, S V (a) , , V (a) = {x S|axa = a, xax = x}, V (a)
a ; S () , a S, V (a)
(V (a) ). S E(S) . E(S) ,
E(S) S ; S , E(S) ; E(S)
(),
e, f E(S),

ef = f e;

e, f, g E(S),

ef ege = ef ge;

e, f, g E(S),

ef ge = egf e;

e E(S),

eE(S)e .

, E(S) , ; S
f , e, ef = f e = e e = f.
, , ;
S , e, eSe ; S E-
,
e E(S),

a S,

e 6 a a E(S).

, 6 S , a, b S,
a 6 b e, f E(S),

a = eb = bf.

S r- , e E(S), eSe E(eSe)

() . S T ,
e, f E(S),

(e) = (f ) e = f.

67

1[1,2] E-
.
1[2] E- r-

2[25]
.
2[2] 2 .

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Scientific, 1998

10000

68

Two Conjectures in Generalized Tilting Modules

Bernstein-Gelfand-Ponomarev, Auslander-PlatzeckReiten, Brenner-Butler, Happel-Ringel ,

(cluster) . , Happel
Artin ; Rickard
Morita . , [8].
A . A- T (generalized tilting
module)[9] , (i) proj.dimA T = r, r < ; (ii) ExtiA (T, T ) = 0, i > 0; (iii)
0 AA T0 T1 Tm 0, Ti add(T ), add(T )
T . . M
(i) (ii), M (partial tilting module).
r = m = 1, T M .
[4] .
(M ) A- M . n =
(A), n A- . , T (T ) = n;

M (M ) 6 n. (M ) = n 1 M
(almost complete tilting module). M ,
add(X) add(M ) = 0 A- X, M X , X M
. .
1
2
.

M (M ) = n, M .

, 1 .
; , [10] . ,
, [10] . 1 ,
1 . [1] M
M , M ; [6]
; M , M M .
[2]

, [5] M

69

2; M M .
2 . [3] C = {X modA | ExtiA (X, M ) =
0 i > 0, proj.dimA X < } , 2 ;
(Finitistic dimension conjecture) , 2 . [7] ,
2 Nakayama (Generalized Nakayama Conjecture)
A- A .
, ,
. ,
,
.

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1
2

10000

70

Cells in Coxeter Groups

1979 , Kazhdan Lusztig W

: [4] . W Weyl , W
() Verma
( Kazhdan-Lusztig ); W Weyl ,
W Weyl
( Lusztig ). ,
W , ,
.
W ( AB C D ) Weyl , Barbasch, Vogan, Garfinkle
[2,3]

W . Joseph Weyl W
. Barbasch Vogan[2]
W . W
. ,
. Lusztig : Weyl .
Weyl Wa () .
Weyl Wa (Aen1 ) n tabloid
[9] ; Lusztig Wa (Aen1 ) n
e C
e D
e )
[5,9] . : ( B
Weyl ? .
Lusztig : Weyl Wa
G [7] . G
, Wa ( Wa a, ).
(: ).
Lusztig : Weyl Wa [6] . Wa
n() ,
() [1] . ,
, , .
, n() Weyl , .

71

Lusztig : Weyl Wa (

d())[6] . Wa ,
, .
d() [10] , ,
.
Wa (alcove) . Wa K
, K K
. Lusztig : Weyl [1] .
. ( Wa (Aen1 )) [9] ,
.
, ,
. Bedard 3 ,
. , LusztigBremke [8] .
, , .

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Math, 1990, 3: 79-98

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10000

Fitting
Is The Fitting Subgroup of A Soluble Group with Minimal
Condition on Normal Subgroups Nilpotent?
, Fitting
, Fitting G G
Fitting , FitG. FitG , .
p, , T r1(nA#, p) p 1 n
, n 1 p .
T r1(n, p) G, G Fitting FitG G, G .
, Fitting , ,
, , [1][2]. G, FitG
G , FitG G
. Bender Fitting G
, G
Fitting . , [3].
, , ,
.
, Cernikov ,
Cernikov Abel ,

. Olsanskii [4] Tarski

. ,
. ,
, [5].
Cernikov ,
, , Fitting .
, , . Baer
[6] ,
. Fitting

 Fitting

73

. , ,
, Fitting
. , .

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14: 385-406

10000

74

smash
Primeness of Smash Product of Module Algebras

Hopf 20 40 Hopf . Hopf

, ().
Hopf
. Hopf ,
. Hopf
. Hopf
, smash . Smash .
1978 , Fisher Montgomery[1] : G |G|

R , RG . , .
, Montgomery[2] 1992
smash H Hopf , A
H- . smash A#H
. .
H , Montgomery Schneider[3] : H
(semisolvable), ; A H , Lomp[4] : A
H , ; H A , Chin[5]
H , .

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339-355

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75

[5] Chin W. Crossed products and generalized inner actions of Hopf algebras. Pacific J
Math, 1991, 150: 241-259

10000

76

Pieri
Pieri-type Raising Operator Formula for Zonal
Symmetric Functions
20 50 , ,

(zonal spherical function). V f (A)

, GLn V f (A) f (g Ag),

(g1 g2 ) = (g1 ) (g2 ), GLn .
, .
GLn , .
X
, V =
V (2), V (2) (1 + + l = m)

. V (2) Un ,
A , (zonal spherical polynomial) Z (t1 , , tn ).
, A. T. James S2n {1}n Sn ,
Z . Jack Jack J (t1 , , tn ; ) =
t1 1 t22 tnn + ( [1]),
X
J = J1 J2 Jl +
c J1 J2 Jl
(1)

hpm , pn i = mmn . =1 , (1)

Y
Vandermonde
(xi xj ) ( [2]).
i<j

1 qm
mn
1 tm
, Macdonald P (q, t). Macdonald

. hpm , pn i = m

.
, Macdonald , [3]
. (1) .
, P (q, t) 4 3 ( [4]).
,
. q = 0 , ( [5]).
Macdonald P (q, t) .

 Pieri

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87: 226-248

10000

78

Stable Equivalence Conjecture

.
Auslander-Reiten ,
, AR- .
,
. , mod ,
mod.
0 , mod mod0 , 0 .
,
!
,
k 0
2
0
, = k[x]/(x ) =
k k
, k , , .
.
Auslander-Reiten[2]

. 1995 [1] 5 ,
.
, J.Green ,
. . Auslander Reiten[2]
: , ,
, .
: () ,
. rad2 () = 0, ,
.
1977 , Reiten[3] Brauer

. , ,
. 1978 Reiten[4] Nakayama ,
.
Bretscher, Laser Riedtmann[5] :

, .

79

, Martinez-Villa . [6]
l- ,
, ; [7] : , ;
[8] : .
Tang[9] . ,

,
AR- , .
Broue Morita , Morita . A
B Morita , A-B- M B-A- N ,
A-A- P B-B- Q, A-A- , M B N ' A P ,

B-B- , N A M ' B Q. Selvakumaran[10]

, 3 Morita ,
.
, .
, .

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Trans Amer Math Soc, 1977, 233: 125-136
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1978, 71(2): 157-163
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2793-2809

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10000

[10] Selvakumaran T. Morita stable equivalence of certain algebras. Ph D Dissertation,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005

 Gr
obnerShirshov

81

Gr
obnerShirshov
GrobnerShirshov Bases for Some Algebras
Grobner-Shirshov

.
Drinfeld 1985
. Jimbo 1985 . Hopf ,
Hopf ,
. .
g k , g Cartan A = (a )
, , a = 2(, )/(, ), , , (, ) g Killing , g
Cartan . g g = Lie(x , y , h , |R),
R = {[h , h ] = 0, [x , y ] = h , [h , x ] = a x , [h , y ] = a y (,
); (adx )1a x = 0, (ady )1a y = 0 ( 6= , , )}, R Serre
( [3]).
g Uq (g)() k ,
(, )
{1, 2, 3}.
g Serre , q k q := q d 6= 1, d =
2
DrinfeldJimbo Uq (g) : Uq (g) = khE , F , K , K1 , | R1 i,
R1 = {K K1 = K1 K = 1, K K = K K , K E K1 = q a E , K F K1 =

!
1 1a
X
1

a
K

1a

q a F , E F F E =
,
(1)
E
q q 1

=0
q

!
1a
X
1 a
1a
E E = 0,
(1)
F F F = 0, , }, ,

=0
q

!
m
Kronecker , m > n > 0 q,
Z[q, q 1 ]
n
q
:

m
n

!
q

n mi+1
Yq
q m+i1

,
q i q i
=
i=1

0,

m > n > 0,
n = 0 m = n.

M. Rosso I. Yamane 1989 Uq (An ) PBW , An

10000

82

Cartan An ( [3]). L , X
, L U (L ) Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt( PBW)
xi1 xi2 xin , xij X, i1 6 i2 6 6 in .
G. Lusztig[7] M. Kashiwara[5] g, Uq (g)
Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt .
, Cartan . Hopf
, V. K. Kharchenko 1999 Uq (g) ,
. 1996 , BokutMalcolmson Uq (An ) Grobner
Shirshov , , , , (arXiv.org/abs/0804.0954)
.
1 Uq (g) GrobnerShirshov , g Cartan
Bn , Dn , G2 , F4 , E6 , E7 , E8 ( [3]) .
Yang-Baxter , Sklyanin[10]
( [8]). C F =
Chx0 , x1 , x2 | R2 i, R2 = {x0 x1 qx1 x0 = px22 , x1 x2 qx2 x1 = px20 , x2 x0
qx0 x2 = px21 }, p, q C. F - , F
l
xn0 xm
1 x2 , n, m, l . ,
GrobnerShirshov .
C Qn,m (E, ), n > 3
, m n , 1 6 m < n. X = {xi ; i Zn }, Qn,m (E, ) =
X ji+r(m1) (0)
xjr xi+r = 0, i, j Zn i, E ,
ChX |
mr ()jir ()
rZ
n

E, (x) - ( [6]), Zn n . Qn,m (E, )

C[X] , .
2

F Qn,m (E, ) GrobnerShirshov .

k , k. RotaBaxter R k
RotaBaxter P : R R : P (x)P (y) = P (P (x)y) +
P (xP (y)) + P (xy), x, y R. 20 80 , Belavin, Drinfeld SemenovTian-Shansky RotaBaxter . RotaBaxter
operad .
Rota[9] Cartier RotaBaxter ,

Ebrahimi-FardGuo[1] . RotaBaxter -
, - . DrenskyHoltkamp
- GrobnerShirshov , Bokut

 Gr
obnerShirshov

83

(arXiv.org/abs/0805.0640) . RotaBaxter GrobnerShirshov , RotaBaxter

.
Dendriform dialgebra k- D,
: x, y, z D, (x y) z = x (y z + y z), (x y) z = x
(y z), (x y + x y) z = x (y z).
Dendriform trialgebra , k- T ,
: x, y, z T , (x y) z = x (y ? z), (x y) z = x (y
z), (x ? y) z = x (y z), (x y) z = x (y z), (x y) z = x (y z), (x y)
z = x (y z), (x y) z = x (y z), x ? y = x y + x y + x y.
Dendriform dialgebras trialgebras Loday ,
. Dendriform - .
dendriform dialgebra trialgebra, RotaBaxter , EbrahimiFardGuo[2] PBW .
3 dendriform dialgebra trialgebra GrobnerShirshov
.
4 RotaBaxter GrobnerShirshov , dendriform RotaBaxter PBW .

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[10] Sklyanin E K. Some algebraic structures connected with the Yang-Baxter equation.
Funktsional Anal i Prilozhen, 1982, 16: 27-34; English transl in Funct Anal Appl, 1983,
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L. Bokut

85

Quantum Groups and Their Canonical Bases

Arising from Derived Categories
quiver Hall ( [8]), G. Lusztig[5]
, . M. Kashiwara[4]
, .
() . ,
(derived category) (triangulated category)
Hall [7,9,10] , Hall
.
Cartan C = (cij )i,jI , KacMoody g(C). R() Uv (g(C)),

{Ei , Fi : i I} {K : Z[I]} :
K0 = 1, K K = K+ , , Z[I];
K Ei = v (,i) Ei K , K Fi = v (,i) Fi K , i I, Z[I];
Ki Ki
, i, j I, vi = v (i,i)/2 ;
vi vi1
"
#
1cij
X
1 cij
1c t
t
(1)
Eit Ej Ei ij = 0;
t
t=0

Ei Fj Fj Ei = ij

"

1cij

X
t=0

(1)t

1 cij
t

#
1cij t

Fit Fj Fi

= 0.

Hopf , (
). [1] [3].
, Lusztig[5] Kashiwara[4]
20 . Lusztig quiver
Hall [8] . , Nakajima[6] quiver variety
. ,

10000

86

U + U , .
U = U U 0 U + () (
) .
. [7], [9] [10] .
Grothendieck Verdier
. (
). (
[2] ) . , Beilinson
. quiver ,
Grothendieck Kac-Moody
(). ,
. ,
.

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Finitistic Dimension Conjecture

20 50 , Cartan-Eilenberg, Nakayama, Auslander, Buchsbaum Serre , ,
() . Auslander, Buchsbaum
Serre 1955/56 V
R . , V
, R V , R
. , .
, . , ,
,
. ,
(finitistic dimension).
k . - M , pd M M
. fin.dim = sup{pd M | M -
pd M < }. Bass 1960 , fin.dim
[3] . ,
(()Nakayama Gorenstein )
, [10] .
J() Jacobson . Mochizuki 1965 J()2 = 0,
fin.dim < [7] . Small 1968 pdop J()2 < , fin.dim < .
Green Zimmermann-Huisgen 1991 J()3 = 0(
pd J()3 < ), fin.dim < [6] . 1994 Wang J()2n+1 = 0
/J()n , fin.dim < [8] . 1991 Auslander Reiten
- ,
[2] . Igusa, Smal Todorov ,
. Green, Kirkman Kuzmanovich 1994

(monomial) [5] . Agoston,

Happel, Lukacs Unger
1994 (standardly stratified)
[1] . Igusa Todorov 2002 3

10000

88

. ,
[9] . Erdmann, Holm, Iyama Schroer
J() = J(), fin.dim < . ,
(special biserial) (string) [4] .
, ,
.

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501-517

ABC

89

ABC
ABC Conjecture
ABC (D. Goldfeld) ,

, a + b = c, gcd(a, b) = 1 a, b, c
c abc .
ABC , .
n, n , rad(n)
n . n = 216 , rad(n) = 2; n =
28 35 1111 17, rad(n) = 2 3 11 17 = 1122.
ABC (Joseph Oesterle David Masser, 1985) > 0,

C() a + b = c, gcd(a, b) = 1 a, b, c,
c 6 C()(rad(abc))1+ .
Oesterle 1985 Szpiro(1981)

, , Masser Z[x] Mason

Z . ABC , ABC Z
a + b = c a, b, c , .
ABC , ABC

. ABC ,
a + b = c, gcd(a, b) = 1, max(|a|, |b|, |c|) 6 (rad(abc))2 . Fermat
xn + y n = z n n > 6 , Wiles(1995) Fermat
. ( [1]). ,
ABC ABC ,
Roth(1955) (1958 Fields ) Baker(1966) (1970
Fields ), ABC ,
[1] [2]. , ABC
. , , Moret Bailey Szpiro ,
y 2 = x5 x (
) ABC .

10000

90

ABC , Baker ,
ABC , C.L.Stewart (1996) Baker
c < exp{C(rad(abc))1/3+ }. , K. Gyory (2007)
S- , ABC
. , a + b = c, gcd(a, b) = 1 a, b, c,
L = L(a, b, c) =

log max(|a|, |b|, |c|)

.
log(rad(abc))

L . De Weger 112 +32 56 73 +(221 23) = 0

L > 1.629912 .
ABC Z[x]
PQR (Hurwitz, Stothers, Mason) P, Q, R P + Q = R
. deg(R) > deg(P ), deg(Q), deg(R) < deg(rad(P QR)).
L > 2 a + b = c, gcd(a, b) = 1 a, b, c.
, ABC .

[1] Granville A. Its as easy as the abc conjecture. Notices of AMS, 2002, 47: 1224-1231
[2] Abderrahmane Nitaj. The ABC Conjecture Home Page. http://www.math.unicaen.
fr/nitaj/abc.html

 (Bass) (Soule)

91

(Bass) (Soule)
Bass Conjecture and Soule Conjecture
, 20 90 , Wiles
, .
Quillen K- , ,
, K- . X
, Quillen K- Ki (X) Ki0 (X), H.
Bass
(a) X SpecZ (Z ) , Ki0 (X)
;
(b) X SpecZ , Ki (X) .
Quillen dim X 6 1 , Bass . Bass ,
Beilinson-Soule ( X , H 1 (X, Z(n)) = 0, n > 0, i < 0) .
, E , spl(E) E p
p , K2 (E) Beilinson-Bloch
rank(K2 (E)) = 1 + spl(E).

X , Serre X Zeta (X, s), X K

Zeta (X, s) Soule
X
ords=n (X, s) =
(1)i+1 dimQ Ki0 (X)(n) .
iZ

n > d = dim(X) , Soule ; n = d 1 X

, Soule BSD . X , Soule
Lichtebaum .

[1] Alexander Beilinson. Higher regulators and values of L-functions (in Russian). In

 92

10000

Current problems in mathematics, Vol. 24, Itogi Naukii Tekhniki, 181-238. Akad. Nauk
SSSR Vsesoyuz Inst Nauchn I Tekhn Inform, Moscow, 1984
[2] Spencer Bloch. Algebraic cycles and values of L-functions. J Reine Angew Math, 1984,
350: 94-108
[3] Kahn B. Algebraic K-theory, Algebraic Cycles and Arithmetic Geometry.

Berlin:

Springer-Verlag, 2005, 351-428

[4] Stephen Lichtenbaum. Values of zeta-functions, etale cohomology, and algebraic Ktheory // Algebraic K-theory, II: Classical algebraic K-theory and connections with
arithmetic (Pro Conf, Battelle Memorial Inst, Seattle, Wash, 1972). Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1973, 489-501
[5] Daniel Quillen. Higher algebraic K-theory // Algebraic K-theory, I: Higher K-theories
(Proc Conf, Battelle Memorial Inst, Seattle, Wash, 1972). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1973,
85147

Lichtenbaum

93

Lichtenbaum
Lichtenbaum Conjecture
Lichtenbaum K- .
F - 1 ,
F . K0 , 0, 1, 2, 3, K- .

1970 , Birch Tate F, - 1

(1)r |K2 (OF )|/w2 (F ), w2 (F ) H 0 (F, Q/Z(2)) .
Wiles 1990 Birch-Tate .
, Wiles . , Birch-Tate
.
1972 , Lichtenbaum Lichtenbaum

K n > 2, K 1 n

|K2n2 (OF )|
RnB (F )
|K2n1 (OF )tors |

2 .
Lichtenbaum Motivic
Lichtenbaum Motivic K n > 2, K
1 n

2
|HM
(F, Z(n))|
RnM (F ), RnM (F ) Borel Regulator.
1
|HM (F, Z(n))tors |

Lichtenbaum .
, Lichtenbaum .

[1] Kahn B. Algebraic K-theory, Algebraic Cycles and Arithmetic Geometry. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2005, 351-428
[2] Stephen Lichtenbaum. Values of zeta-functions, etale cohomology, and algebraic Ktheory // Algebraic K-theory, II: Classical algebraic K-theory and connections with

 94

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arithmetic (Pro Conf, Battelle Memorial Inst, Seattle, Wash, 1972). Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1973, 489-501
[3] Tate J. Symbols in arithmetic. Actes du Congr`es International des Mathematiciens
(Nice, 1970), Tome 1, 201-211. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1971
[4] Wiles A. The Iwasawa Conjecture for totally real fields. Annals of Math, 1990, 131:
493-540

 (Reed-Solomon)

95

-- (Reed-Solomon)
The Decoding Problem for Reed-Solomon Codes
Fq q . Fq D = {x1 , , xn } Fq ,
. k n, 1 6 k 6 n 6 q, Fqn
Cq (D, k) = {(f (x1 ), , f (xn )) Fnq |f (x) Fq [x], degf (x) 6 k 1}

Fq n, k Reed-Solomon .
Cq (D, k) . D = Fq Fq .
, Cq (Fq , k) Reed-Solomon , RSq [q, k].
Fnq u = (u1 , , un ) v = (v1 , , vn ),
(Hamming)
d(u, v) = #{1 6 i 6 n|ui 6= vi }.

Fq n C u Fnq , u C
d(u, C) = min d(u, v).
vC

d(u, C) = 0 u . C u C

d(C) = min d(u, v) = min d(0, v).

u6=vC

06=vC

Reed-Solomon Cq (D, k) nk+1, Singleton

. .
(MLD) u
n
Fq , v C d(u, v) = d(u, C). MLD
( n log q ).
, [8]. , Reed-Solomon Cq (D, k), deep
hole , D, d(u, Cq (D, k))[2] ( MLD
) NP- .
, Reed-Solomon RSq [q, k] ,
. RSq [q, k] .

10000

96

1 Reed-Solomon RSq [q, k] MLD

? , ? , MLD
?
Reed-Solomon C = RSq [q, k], d(u, C) ,
. , d(u, C) 6 (q k)/2 , Berlekamp

[1] MLD . d(u, C) 6 q qk , Sudan[9]

Guruswami-Sudan[7] List MLD .
Sudan 2002 .

q qk , MLD

? , Guruswami-Sudan q qk ?
. , . , Cheng-Wan[3,4]
, RSq [q, k] MLD
Fqh , h 6 q 1/4 . ,
, .
.
MLD ? RSq [q, k],
MLD NP- . MLD
.
2 d(u, RSq [q, k])?
d(u, RSq [q, k]) ?
, . , d(u, RSq [q, k])
. , Riemann
d(u, RSq [q, k]) , [2] [6].
Reed-Solomon , .

, .
.

[1] Berlekamp E R. Algebraic Coding Theory. McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1968
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Notes in Computer Sciences, Vol 4484, 2007, 296-305
[3] Cheng Q, Wan D. On the list and bounded distance decodibility of Reed-Solomon codes.
SIAM J Comput, 2007, 37(1): 195-209
[4] Cheng Q, Wan D. Complexity of decoding positive rate Reed-Solomon codes. 35th
International Colloquium on Automata, Languages and Programming(ICALP08), to

 (Reed-Solomon)

97

appear
[5] Stichtenoth H. Algebraic Function Fields and Codes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1993
[6] Li Y-J, Wan D. On error distance of Reed-Solomon codes, Sciences Sinica, to appear
[7] Guruswami V, Sudan M. Improved decoding of Reed-Solomon and algebraic geometry
codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 1999, 45(6): 1757-1767
[8] Guruswami V, Vardy A. Maximum-likelihood decoding of Reed-Solomon codes is NPhard. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 2005, 51(7): 2249-2256
[9] Sudan M. Decoding of Reed-Solomon codes beyond the error correction bound. J Complexity, 1997, 13: 180-193

Irvine

10000

98

(Schanuel)
Schanuels Conjecture
Schanuel ,

() .
,
. ,
. ,
Liouville 1844 . Hermite
1873 e Lindemman 1882 ,
. Hilbert 23 7
,
0, 1 , ?

, 2 2 , e = (1)i ? Hilbert ,
, .
Gelfond Schneider 1934 .
Q , , .
Gelfond-Schneider x1 , x2 log x1 , log x2
Q , log x1 , log x2 Q . Gelfond
. Baker 1966 ,
x1 , , xn log x1 , , log xn Q ,
1, log x1 , , log xn Q .
,
x1 , , xn log x1 , , log xn
Q , log x1 , , log xn .
, y1 , , yn ,
n P , P (y1 , , yn ) 6= 0. Baker
n = 1 , Hermite-Lindemann . n > 2 ,

x1 , x2 log x1 , log x2 !

 (Schanuel)

99

, Hermite-Lindemann
, , e . Cartier , Lang 20
60 . Cartier Hermite-Lindemann
. Lang
Cartier , , .
x1 , , xd Q , y1 , , yl Q
, dl > d + l , exi yj (1 6 i 6 d, 1 6 j 6 l) dl .
1966 Lang Ramachandra . ,
d > l, dl > d + l d > 3, l > 2. d = 3, l = 2
. , . dl = 6,
. ,
x1 , , xd Q , y1 , , yl Q
, dl > d + l , exi yj (1 6 i 6 d, 1 6 j 6 l) dl
.
, d = l = 2 . ,
, .
20 , .
,
x1 , , xn Q , x1 , , xn , ex1 , ,
2n n .
Schanuel

exn

x1 , , xn , Schanuel Lindemann-Weierstrass
. ex1 , , exn
. Schanuel , ,
. ,
, . Schanuel . ,
x1 = 1, x2 = 2i Schanuel , e, . , e,
.

[1] Baker A. Transcendental Number Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1975
[2] Lang S. Introduction to Transcendental Numbers. Addison-Wesley Publishing Co, 1966
[3] Liouville J. Sur des classes tr`es etendues de quantites dont la valeur nest ni rationnelle
ni meme reductible `
a des irrationnelles algebriques. C R, 1844, 18: 883-885, 910-911

 100

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[4] Waldschmidt M. Diophantine Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups.

Berlin:

Springer-Verlag, 2000
[5] Waldschmidt M. Un demi-si`ecle de transcendance. Development of mathematics, 19502000, 1121-1186, Birkh
auser, Basel, 2000

 (Goldbach)

101

(Goldbach)
Goldbach Conjecture
, 1742
. ,
,
I. 9
II. 6 .

II , 3 , I
. , II . ,
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
1900 , 20 ,

23 . ,
8 , ,
. , .
1920 , Hardy Littlewood I,

Ramanujan . ,
I Fourier ,
1 , . Hardy Littlewood
I, ,
. , ,
, ,
.
1937 , Vinogradov

. Fourier ,
, .

 102

10000

, I .
Vinogradov , ,
, , ,
.
II. I , ,
, ,
. II I , .
II , 200
Eratosthenes , .
, II , .
, , II,
. 1920 , Brun ,
, 9,
(9+9). Brun II ,
, .
II ,
. (1+2),
, (1+2) Vinogradov
. Bombieri
(1+3), ,
.
, (1+2) II , ,
. , II . ,
Vinogradov ,
II . , II
. , ,
.
, . ,
p, p + 2 ?
. , II , (1+2)
p, p + 2 2.
x, x2 + 1 ,
, x2 + 1 p + 2 , , x2 + 1 .
, x, x2 + 1 2.
,

 (Goldbach)

103

, ,
.

[1] , . . : , 1981
[2] , . . : , 1997

10000

104

(Erd
os)
Erdos Problem on Covering Systems with Distinct Moduli

A = {a1 (modn1 ), , ak (modnk )} (n1 6 6 nk ),

A , A () (
). Paul Erdos
c > 0 {a1 (mod n1 ), , ak (mod nk )} (n1 < < nk )
n1 c? Erdos (This
is my favorite problem of all.).
Erdos 20 30 , .
,
Z. A
NP P (L. J. Stockmeyer A. R.
Meyer, 1973). ,
.
Erdos
{0(mod 2), 0(mod 3), 1(mod 4), 3(mod 8), 7(mod 12), 23(mod 24)}

, 2n + p , n
, p . Erdos ,
r = 1, 2, 3, 2n + r ,
r r . ,
n1 = 40 (P. Nielsen, 2008).
Erdos-Selfridge 1 .
A 1/n1 + + 1/nk 1, A
1. Erdos A {0(1)} A
. 20 60 H. Davenport, L. Mirsky, D. Newman R. Rado
.

 (Erd
os)

105

, Erdos ,
{0(1)}. Erdos
M >1, M 1986 R. J.
Simpson N. Burshtein , .
{a1 (mod n1 ), , ak (mod nk )} (1 < n1 < < nk ), Erdos
J. L. Selfridge n1 1/n1 + + 1/nk
, 2007 M. Filaseta, K. Ford, S. Konyagin, C. Pomerance G. Yu
, 2008 S. Kim
.
() . Fibonacci
, R. L. Graham 1964
a b
w0 = a,

w1 = b,

wn+1 = wn + wn1

(n = 1, 2, 3, )

w0 , w1 , w2 , ; 80
a M x a (mod M ) x2 F3n /2 .
Selfridge 78557 2n + 1 , 78557
k k2n + 1 . 1975 F. Cohen Selfridge
2a pb ( p , a b ) 94 , 2000

47867742232066880047611079 (mod 66483084961588510124010691590)

pa q b ( p q , a b ); 2008
T. Tao Selberg a > 1,
a (a = 2
Cohen-Selfridge ).
a(mod n) Z n nZ a+nZ,
.
Neumann-Tomkinson G a1 G1 , ,
ak Gk ( a1 , , ak G , G1 , , Gk G ) G (
), n1 =[G:G1 ], , nk =[G:Gk ] . 1974 Herzog
Schonheim G a1 G1 , , ak Gk (k > 1)
G , n1 =[G:G1 ], , nk =[G:Gk ] . M.
A. Berger, A. Felzenbaum A. S. Fraenkel G
; G1 , , Gk G ,

10000

106

n1 =[G:G1 ], , nk =[G:Gk ] M

(e /ln2)M ln2 M +O(M lnM lnlnM ),

O . G
a1 G1 , , ak Gk [G:G1 ], , [G:Gk ] ,
1 6 i < j 6 k [G:Gi ] [G:Gj ] k.

[1] Berger M A, Felzenbaum A, Fraenkel A S. Ther Herzog-Sch
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J Number Theory, 2008, to appear,

http://dx. doi.org/10.1016/j.jnt.2008.05.013
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197-206

 (Erd
os-Tur
an)

107

--
(Erd
os-Tur
an)
Erdos-Turan Conjecture on Sequence with The
Sum of Reciprocals Divergent
1936 Erdos Tur
an a1 < a2 < a3 <
X

1/ai , (
i>1

). , Erdos-Turan
.
1927 , van der Waerden

, . van der Waerden

. , Erdos Turan A
A .
rk (n)=max{|A| : A {1, , n} A k },

n rk (n)/n 0.
Erdos-Turan , A
X
1/a .
aA

1953 , Roth Erd

os-Tur
an . r3 (n) =
O(n/ log log n). Roth Hardy-Littlewood . 1975

, Szemeredi Erdos-Turan ,
Szemeredi . Szemeredi , Szemeredi
. Szemeredi . 1970 ,
Furstenberg , Szemeredi .
Szemeredi . ,
rk (n)/n 0, rk (n) . Szemeredi
rk (n) , . 1998 , Gowers
Roth , Freiman Balog-Szemeredi
, Szemeredi rk (n) . Gowers

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108

Gowers . , Rodl Gowers

Szemeredi , Szemeredi .
2005 , Green Tao Furstenberg , GoldstonPintz
Yildirim ,
. Green Tao ,
, Szemeredi .
Green-Tao ,
Erdos-Turan .
. , Tao > 0
rk (n) = O(n/(log n)1+ ), . , Erdos rk (n) =
O(n/(log n)A ) A > 0 . rk (n) , r3 (n)
. Behrend r3 (n) > exp(C(log n)1/2 )n, C .
, Bourgain r3 (n) = O(n(log log n)2 /(log n)2/3 ). k > 3 rk (n)
, Green Tao r4 (n) = O(n/(log n)c ) c > 0
.

[1] Erd
os P, Tur
an P. On certain sequences of integers. J London Math Soc, 1936, 11:
261-264
[2] Furstenberg H. Ergodic behavior of diagonal measures and a theorem of Szemeredi on
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 (Abel) Snevily

109

(Abel) Snevily
Snevilys Conjecture on Abelian Groups of Odd Orde
1999 H. S. Snevily ()Abel G k

A = {a1 , , ak } B = {b1 , , bk }, {1, , k}

a1 b(1) , , ak b(k) .
Abel , Abel
. Snevily ,
.
.
1952 M. Hall G. Cramer Zn = Z/nZ ,

Abel G = {a1 , , an } n Abel , b1 , , bn

() , {1, , n} a1 b(1) , , an b(n)
( G = {a1 b(1) , , an b(n) }) b1 bn G e. Snevily
Abel .
Abel G , Abel
, (
). , G g, A=B={e,g}.
n G = {a1 , , an }, Cayley n M , i
j ai aj , M n (,
). n n ,
n . Snevily Abel
k .
2000 Noga Alon Snevily

. , Alon p , A = {a1 , , ak }
Zp k , b1 , , bk Zp , k < p, {1, , k}
a1 + b(1) , , ak + b(k) . 2001 Dasgupta, Karolyi, Serra Szegedy
Snevily Alon
Abel , DKSS : G Abel
|G| > 1 , G k A = {a1 , , ak }( k |G|
p(G)) G () b1 , , bk , {1, , k} a1 b(1) , ,

10000

110

ak b(k) . 2003 Abel G k

A={a1 , , ak } B={b1 , , bk }, B ( G

) {1, , k} a1 b(1) , , ak b(k) . 2004

Abel p- G DKSS k2 < 2p ,
Abel G Snevily k 2 < p(G) . 2008
Abel Abel G DKSS
G p- , |G| k!, A {a, a2 , , ak }(
a 6= e).
2006 Snevily G

Abel ( G ), A={a1 , , ak }, B={b1 , , bk }, C=

{c1 , , ck } G k , {1, , k} a1 b(1) c (1) , ,
ak b(k) c (k) . , n k
. Abel , Klein
C2 C2 .
Snevily .

, Snevily .
.
, Snevily a1 , , ak
k < n, {1, , k} a1 + (1), , ak + (k) n .
2002 Kezdy Snevily k 6 (n + 1)/2 ,
.

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[8] Snevily H S. The Cayley addition table of Zn. Amer Math Monthly, 1999, 106: 584-585
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0610981

10000

112

Drinfeld-Vladt
The Drinfeld-Vladt Bound on Numbers of Points of
Algebraic Curves over Finite Fields
Fq q , q . Fq [x, y]

f (x, y), () C : f (x, y) = 0. Nq (C)

C Fq ( C Fq ). 1941 , A.

Weil C , |Nq (C) (q + 1)| 6 2g q,

g = g(C) C (genus). Weil 1948 ,
,
. , A.Weil , Weil
P.Deligne 1973 , 1978 .
,
. 1970 , Goppa Riemann-Roch ,
, . 1982 , Tsfasman,Vladut Zink
, 1952 Gilbert-Varshamov
, . Garcia, Stichtenoth
Artin-Schreier ,
.
C, , Nq (C)
. g > 0,
A(q, g) Nq (C)/g(C) , C g Fq .
A(q) = lim A(q, g). A(q) =?
g

. Ihara 1981

, Weil A(q) 6 2 q. 1983 , Drinfeld(

) Vladut Ihara , A(q) 6 q 1. Tsfasman,Vladut

Zink( Ihara) q ( q = p2n

), A(q) = q 1. q = p2n+1 , p ,

Gilbert-Varshamov A(q) 6 q 1, A(q) . , J.-P.Serre

1983 A(q) > c log q, c . , Serre
() .

 Drinfeld-Vladt

113

Gilbert-Varshamov , Fq C,

Nq (C) Weil Nq (C) = 1 + q + 2g(C) q ( C

) .

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Cambridge Univ Press, 2001
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fini. C R Acad Sci Paris, 1983, 296 397-402
[5] Tsfaman V G, Vladut S G and Zink T. Modular curves, Shimura cueves and Goppa
codes better than the Varshamov-Gilbert bound. Math Nachr, 1982, 109: 21-28
[6] Garcia A and Stichtenoth H ed. Topics in Geometry. Coding Theory and Cryptography.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2007

10000

114

(Langlands)
Langlands Program

Riemann(1859) Riemann
(s) =

X
1
,
s
n
n=1

Res > 1

, 1/2[39] . [45]
n Riemann ,
Riemann . Deligne[6] Weil Riemann
[21] .
Weil Deligne , Riemann
, . Weil Langlands Riemann
Artin L- Hecke L- , L
( [31][33]). L , Langlands HarishChandra(1923-1983) , Borel(1923-2003) Harish-Chandra
, [17] Whittaker [32] . Langlands
L , Eisenstein (1965).
L . Langlands L
, . ,
, L .
,
, .
Langlands GL2
[18] .
Artin , Artin
Galois GL2 .
Artin [2] Galois Artin L . Langlands
Artin L L . , [10]
L , Artin L .

 (Langlands)

115

E Q , E Hasse-Weil L
L(s, E). Birch Swinnerton-Dyer E(Q) Mordell-Weil L(s, E)
s = 1 . Shimura-Taniyama-Weil L(s, E) L
(1950s). Taylor-Wiles[43] Breuil-Conrad-Diamond-Taylor[5]
. Taylor-Weil[43] Wiles[46] Fermat
.
Langlands L , L
GLn L , L
L . , L Q GLm
L . .
, X
, 1 (X) etale . Langlands 1 (X) n
` GLn . Langlands
GL2 Drinfeld[7] , Lafforgue[28] .
Langlands 1 (X) n ` Hecke
[29,35] .

F , v F Archimedes Archimedes , Fv F
. F FA = 0v Fv . G
, G(FA ) G(F). G Z.

..
. w F FA
G = GLn , Z =
.

z
, F , w Z(F)\Z(FA ) .
L2 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w), f (g) =
f (g), G(F), g G(FA ) w f (zg) = w(z)f (g), z Z(FA ), g
G(FA )
Z
|f (g)|2 dg < .
Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA )

L2 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w) N
Z
f (ng)dn = 0, g G(FA )
N (F)\N (FA )

f L20 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w). G = GLn ,

10000

116

GLn1

P =

..

*
.
GLnr

In1

, N =

..

*
.
Inr

G(FA ) L2 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w)

: G(FA ) End(L2 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w)), ((g)f )(h) = f (hg).
L20 (Z(FA )G(F)\G(FA ), w) , L20

. L20 Eisenstein
.
= v v , v G(Fv )
, . v Weil Weil-Deligne
v Fv , Fur Fv , Gal(Fur /Fv )
. F

Gal(F
v /Fv )
v Fv . Z
p Zp = Z.
Gal(Fur /Fv ) F

Z
= Gal(Fur /Fv ) Frobenius Fr , Weil WFv Z
, Weil-Deligne WF0 v WF C . G
, G L L G[4] . L L G0 Galois

L G = L (G/F) = L G0 o F , F = Gal(F/F).
L (GLn /F) = GLn (C) o F .
Langlands G(Fv )
L , L WFv WF0 v L G
. GL2 Langlands Kutzko[27] . GLn Langlands
Harris-Taylor[13] Henniart[14] . ,
.
Langlands Langlands L L(s, v ),
L
L(s, ) = v L(s, v ), (s, ) = v L(s, v ).
Langlands[33] , L(s, ) (s, )
Res .
Godement-Jacquet[10] L LGJ GJ ,

Langlands . LGJ GJ .
Langlands GLn , L(s, )(s, ) .
Langlands Artin Langlands

Gal(F/F) Weil L G . G

 (Langlands)

117

, L L(s, ) = LGJ (s, )[4] . G = GLn ,

Langlands n = 1 . n = 2 , Galois
, Langlands[30] Tunnell[44] .
, G GL1 , GL2 , Langlands
.
L , Langlands . G H F
, G . : L H L G L .
: L H L G L , |L H 0
L H 0 L G0 . F v, v L (H(Fv )) L (G(Fv ))
. Langlands , (v ) H(Fv ) G(Fv )
. = v v H(FA ) . Langlands
v (v ) (v ) G(FA ) = v v .
,
, H = {1}, G = GLn , L H = {1} o F , L G = GLn (C) o F .
F n , : F GLn (C). L (1, ) = ((), ), F .
L , Langlands .
, E F m Galois , H F . G = RE/F H,
G H E F , G(F) = H(E). L H = L H 0 o F ,
L

G = (L H 0 L H 0 ) o F .
|
{z
}
m

L : L H L G, (x, ) = (x, , x, ), x L H 0 , F , L H 0
. .
E F Galois , H = GL2 Saito[40] Langlands[30]
, H = GLn Arthur-Clozel[1] . E F , GLn
L s = 1 ,
. , Jacquet et.
al(1986-2005) . E/F , H GLn ,
.
, H = GL2 , G = GLm+1 , L H = GL2 (C) o F , L G = GLm+1 (C) o F .
Symm : GL2 (C) GLm+1 (C) GL2 (C) m , m
. L : L H L G, (x, ) = (Symm x, ) GL2
GLm+1 Symm , , Symm
, L(s, Symm ) .
Sym2 , Shimura[42] L(s, Sym2 ) . Gelbart-Jacquet[9]

10000

118

Sym2 Sym2 .
Sym3 , Kim-Shahidi[25] . Sym4
Kim[22] , Kim-Shahidi[24] .
Sym4 , Kim-Sarnak[23] GL2 (QA ) ,
p , | (j, p)| 6 p7/64 , |Re (j)| 6 7/64.
(j, p), (j), j = 1, 2, L
(s, ) = L(s, )L(s, ),

2
Y

L(s, ) =

R (s + (j)),

j=1

R (s) = s/2 (s/2),

L(s, ) =

L(s, p ),

L(s, p ) =

2
Y

(1 (j, p)ps )1 .

j=1

SL2 (Z), H Laplace

1 > 1/4 (7/64)2 .
GLn Ramanujan | (j, p)| = 1, Re (j) = 0, j = 1, , n,
p . m, Symm , GL2
Ramanujan . Selberg 1 > 1/4,
1 > 1/4 (7/64)2 .
m, Symm GLn Lindelof
L(1/2 + it, ) c(, t) ,

[16]
c(, t) = N

n Y
Y

(1 + | (j, v) + it|d(v) )

j=1 v=

L(s, ) , N L(s, ) (1 s, ) = Ns1/2 (s, )

, , | | = 1, d(v) = 1 Fv = R, d(v) = 2 Fv = C.
L(1/2 + it, ) Phragmen-Lindelof ,

L(1/2 + it, ) c(, t)1/4+ .

. GL2 , L(1/2 + it, )
t Good[11] Meuramn[36] , (j) Ivic[15]
Peng[38] , t (j) Jutila-Motohashi[19] , N
Duke-Friedlander-Iwaniec[8] . 1/3 + .
GL4 L Rankin-Selberg L L(s, f g), f
g , g . f (j) Sarnak[41] Lau [34]

 (Langlands)

119

, t f (j) Jutila-Motohashi[20] , Nf , KowalskiMichel-VanderKam[26] , Michel[37] , Harcos-Michel[12] . f (j)

1/3 + . Nf Q Shimura
Heegner [47] .
GL8 L L L(s, f g h), f, g, h

. f , L(1/2 + it, f f h)
Sarnak[41] Lau [34] . |f (z)|2 dxdy/y 2 \H
, . g h , L(1/2 + it, f g h)
f (j) Bernstein-Reznikov[3] .
L , .

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[2] Artin E. Uber

die Zetafunktionen gewisser algebraischer Zahlk
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Ann Sci Ecole

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[14] Henniart G. Une preuve simple des conjectures de Langlands pour GLn sur un corps
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1 The University of Iowa

2

 122

10000

1
Gauss Conjecture on Real Quadratic Number Fields
with Class Number One
1801 (Disquisitions Arithmeticae)
, a, b, c,
ax2 + bxy + cy 2 = n n (x, y).
(Fermat) 17 4 1 p
, x2 +y 2 = p . p = (x+iy)(xiy)(i =

1), a + ib , a b (
). Z[i] () ,
( Z ). Z
Z[i] , = a + ib ,

0, 1 i, || = a2 + b2 .
, 4 1 p
( p ). Z[i] ,
(|| > 2) ,
. Z[i] , ,
n, x2 + y 2 = n , (x, y)
.

Z[i] Q[i] = Q[ 1], Q ,

. ax2 +bxy +cy 2 = n ,

K = Q[ d], d , d 6= 1 d p
.
"
#
1+ d
K OK = Z[d]( d 2, 3(mod4) ), Z
2

( d 1(mod4) ). K = Q[ d], OK

d > 0 , K = Q[ d] ( K ), d < 0
, K . d = 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 19, 43, 67 163 ,
OK , .
K, OK .
(I) 9 K, OK ;

123

(II) K, OK .

.
(, ) () OK .
K I(K) P (K), , C(K) =
I(K)/P (K) K (), . C(K)
h(K) = |C(K)| K (). h(K) = 1
OK , OK .
,
(I0 ) 1 9 ;
(II00 ) 1 .
(I0 ) 1967 Baker Stark
. , .
(II00 ) .
. 1983 , H.Cohen
H.W.Lenstra ,
G, D(K) 6 x , G
x + , .

. K = Q[ d] , D(K) = 4d(
d 2, 3(mod4) ), D(K) = d( d 1(mod4) ). D(K)
, K , h(K) > 2. Cohen-Lenstra , D(K)
, D(K) 6 x 1 ( x +
) 76%. H.Cohen H.W.Lenstra ,
. ,
[2] , .

[1] Cohen H. Advanced Topics in Computational Number Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
2000
[2] Cohen H. Constructing and counting number fields. Proceeding of the ICM(Beijing,
2002), Vol.II: Invited lectures. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002, 129-138
[3] Cohen H and Lenstra Jr H W. Heuristics on class groups of number fields. Number
theory. Noordwijkerhout(1983). Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1984, 33-62

10000

124

(Riemann)zeta
Transcendence of Values of Riemann Zeta Function
at Odd Positive Integers

zeta
.
.
, .
, Liouville 1844
. Hermite 1873 e
Lindemman 1882 ,
, Hilbert 23 7 .
, ,
,
, zeta .
s > 1,
(s) =

+
X
1
.
ms
m=1

zeta . Euler 18
. Riemann 1859
. ,
n > 1, (2n) = bn 2n , bn . (2n)
.
n > 1, (2n + 1) .
Apery 1978 (3) , 2000 , Rivoal

(2n + 1) . (5), (7), , (21) 9

, Zudilin .
, ,
, .

 (Riemann)zeta

125

[1] Baker A. Transcendental Number Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1975
[2] Liouville J. Sur des classes tr`es etendues de quantites dont la valeur nest ni rationnelle
ni meme reductible `
a des irrationnelles algebriques. C R, 1844, 18: 883-885, 910-911
[3] Rivoal T. La fonction zeta de Riemann prend une infinite de valeurs irrationnelles aux
entiers impairs. C R Acad Sci Paris Ser I Math, 2000, 331: 267-270
[4] Waldschmidt M. Diophantine Approximation on Linear Algebraic Groups.

Berlin:

Springer-Verlag, 2000
[5] Waldschmidt M. Un demi-si`ecle de transcendance. Development of mathematics, 19502000, 1121-1186, Birkh
auser, Basel, 2000

10000

126

(Riemann)
Riemann Conjecture
,
zeta ,
.
,
, ,
. , ,
,
. , .

,
, , . ,
(x), x . x , (x)
.
(x) , Legendre .
, x , (x) x/ ln x, 1, ln x
x . , .
, x , (x) .
, , , ,
. , .
x > 1 ,
1

X
Y
1
1
=
1

,
nx
px
p
n=1
p .
, .
1850 , Chebyshev (x)
. c1 (< 1) c2 (> 1), c1 x/ ln x 6 (x) 6
c2 x/ ln x. Chebyshev ,
c1 c2 , 1, Chebyshev .

 (Riemann)

127

1859 ,

, (x) ,
, . ,
, (x) .
.
, x s. Re(s)
s , Im(s) s . Re(s) > 1 ,

X
1
,
(s) =
ns
n=1
zeta . , Re(s) > 1 ,
s , .
(s) , s = 1 , (s)
. s = 2, 4, 6, (s) , .
06Re(s) 6 1 , , . (s)
, Re(s) = 1/2 , . ,
(s) .
,
. , s = + it,
c
> 1 2/3
ln (|t| + 2) ln ln1/3 (|t| + 10)
, (s) . , , (s)
, , .
, ,
X
X
x
ln p = x
+ ,

p6 x
| Im() |6 T

p , (s) , 26 T 6 x. ,
(s) , (x) .
, Re() , . , (s)
.
, 1896 , Hadamard Vallee Poussin
Re() < 1, . (x),

Z x
dt
x
(x) =
+O
,
lnA x
2 ln t
A , , O(x1 ).

10000

128

,
Z
(x) =
2

dt
+ O x1/2+ .
ln t

, , ,
(s) . ,
.
, ,
. ,
, . ,
(s) , , (s) , (s)
. , (s) ,
.
,
, . ,
21 , .

[1] , . . : , 1997

129

Transcendence of The Eulers Constant

.
1
.
, .
,
Liouville 1844 , Hilbert 23
7 .
, ,

Hermite 1873 e ,
Lindemman 1882 ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
n
X
1
log n.
n > 1, un =
k
k=1
(un )n>1 . 1734 ,

. 0.577215664 . ()
. , Mertens
Y
p6x

1
1
p

e
=
log x

1+O

1
log x

(x > 2),

p > 2 . ,
, .
,
, . ,
. Hilbert
. ,

10000

130

, S. Kondo 20 , T.
Papanikolaou r/s, s > 10242080 .

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1975
[2] Havil J. Gamma: Exploring Eulers Constant. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2003
[3] . . : , 1957
[4] Liouville J. Sur des classes tr`es etendues de quantites dont la valeur nest ni rationnelle
ni meme reductible `
a des irrationnelles algebriques. C. R. 1844, 18: 883-885, 910-911
[5] Waldschmidt M. Un demi-si`ecle de transcendance. Development of mathematics 19502000, 1121-1186, Birkh
auser, Basel, 2000

 BSD

131

BSD
The BSD Conjecture on Alliptic Curves
a b , 4a3 + 27b2 6= 0, E : y 2 = x3 + ax + b
Q . E(Q)
, E(Q) (
). Mordell 1922 E(Q) ,
E(Q) = E(Q)f E(Q)t , E(Q)t E(Q) E(Q)f
, E(Q)f E , r(E). r(E)
, r(E) = 0 y 2 = x3 + ax + b .
, (Taniyama) (Shimura) A.Weil
20 50 70 . A.Wiles
1994 , 20 .
Birch Swinnerton-Dyer 1963-1965 ,
E(Q) ( E L ) .
, 21 .
p, 4a3 +27b2 p , y 2 = x3 +ax+b
Fp , Np Fp (),
Y
E L L(E, s) =
Lp (E, s), p 4a3 + 27b2
p

, Lp (E, s) = (1 (1 + p Np )ps + p12s )1 p 4a3 + 27b2

, Lp (E, s) = (1 ap ps )1 , ap = 0, 1 1( ap E
). Weil L(E, s)
s , . R(E) L(E, s)
s = 1 , BSD
(BSD1) r(E) = R(E);
(BSD2) R(E) = 0( L(E, 1) 6= 0),
L(E, 1)
M |SH(E)|
()
=
2 ,
R(E)
|E(Q)t |
R(E) E () , SH(E) E Tate-Shafarevich , M
E (Tamagawa) (,
).
20 70 , BSD . (BSD1), J. Coates

10000

132

A. Wiles 1977 r(E) > 1, R(E) > 1( L(E, 1) = 0). B. Gross

D. Zagier 1986 R(E) = 1, r(E) > 1. (BSD2), K.

Rubin 1987 , R(E) = 0, ()
, 2a 3b ( a, b Z).
p-adic Kolywagin Euler system .
BSD , (congruent number)
. n , n a, b, c
. n = 6 5 , (a, b, c) (3, 4, 5) (3/2, 20/3, 41/6).
, m, m2 n n ,
n . (
). 11 .
, . n
En : y 2 = x3 n2 x > 1,
. 1983 , Tunnell L L(En , s) ,
N ,
2x2 + y 2 + 8z 2 = N (x, y, z) 2x2 + y 2 + 32z 2 = N
2 . BSD En , . ,
n 5, 6, 7(mod8) . ,
, BSD .
, BSD ,
K- .

[1] Birch B J. Conjecture concerning alliptic curves. Theory of Numbers. Proceeding Symp
Pure Math AMS, Pasadena(1963), 1965, 8: 106-112
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[3] Coates J, Wiles A. On the conjecture of Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer. Invint Math 1997,
39: 223-251
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225-320
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133

Hilbert Ninth Problem: How to Generalize The Gauss Quadratic

Reciprocity Law
p , a a p . a
p , b, a b2 (modp).
, a p . Legendre
a p (a/p) = 1,
(a/p) = 1. 1801
p q, (p/q) (q/p) =
p1 q1
(1) 2 2 . .
, . ,
.
,

,
. , .
p k (k > 3). , 1844 Eisenstein
, Kummer 1850-1859 k .
. ( Lemmermeyer [8]
), ,
Q .

K Q(), Z[x] 1
g(x) = xn + an1 xn1 + + a1 x + a0 (ai Z), g(x) n
K/Q ( K Q ). g(x) Q

. OK K , Dedekind OK
() , , OK
, , . ,
p OK pOK pOK = P1e1 Pses , P1 , , Ps
OK , ei > 1. , OK /Pi Fp = Z/pZ ,
OK /Pi pfi , fi Pi . [e1 , , es ; f1 , , fs ]

 134

10000

p OK .
K, K p OK
p OK
g(x) Fp . g(x) Z[x] , g(x)
p Fp = Z/pZ , Fp [x] g(x) =
g1 (x)e1 gs (x)es (modp), g1 (x), , gs (x) Fp [x] 1 .
gi (x) fi (1 6 i 6 s), e1 f1 + + es fs = n, [e1 , , es ; f1 , , fs ]
g(x)(modp) . , p OK
g(x) Fp [x] .

K = Q( q), q , = q
g(x) = x2 q. g(x) x2 (modq), q OK qOK = Q2
, q K . p p 6= q,
(q/p) = 1 , q p , q a2 (modp), x2 q (x a)(x +
a)(modp), pOK = P1 P2 , P1 P2 , p K
. (q/p) = 1 , q p , x2 q( mod p) ,
pOK OK , p K . , p(6= q) OK
p1 q1
(q/p) . (q/p) (1) 2 2 = (p/q),
p q( q 1( mod 4) ) p 4q( q 3( mod 4) )

. , p(6= q) K = Q( q)
p D , D = q 4q K . ,

K = Q( d), p OK (
) p D(K) , D(K) K ,
D(K) = |d| ( d 1(mod4) ) D(K) = 4 |d|( d 2, 3(mod4) ).
, L/K, OK
OL , .
, L/K , .
L/K L/K , (
). 1920 , , .
, Artin 1925 L/K ,
Artin . L/K , ,
. Artin , L/K
G = Gal(L/K) . L/K , G , G
( G ). G , G
, GL(n, K) ,
n > 2, GL(n, K) K n .

135

, . Langlands ,
. , Langlands
, Langlands , Langlands
. Hecke
, ,
.

[1] Collison M J. The origins of the cubic and biquadratic reciprocity laws. Arch History
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[8] Lemmermeyer F. Reciprocity laws, from Euler to Eisenstein. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
2000

 136

10000

Hilbert Twelfth Problem: Constructing the Maximal Ablelian

Extension of Number Fields
1900 , ()
,
() K,

K Q , K
Q . L K ,
K L. L K ,
K . L K
, Gal(L/K), L/K
. |Gal(L/K)| 6 [L : K]([L : K] = dimK L L

K , L/K ).
|Gal(L/K)| = [L : K] , L/K . L/K ,
Gal(L/K) () (), L K .
L1 L2 K , L1 L2 ( L1 L2
) K . , K
, K K ab , K .
K, K ab , K
, K ab
19 , 19 . 1893 ,
.
. , 1897 4
.
, , .
, Q Qab ,
.
1853 , Kronecker Q Qab
2i
. Qm = Q(e m ), m . Qm /Q
S
2i
. , Weber , Qab =
Qm = Q(e m ; m > 2).
m>2

Qm Qn Q[m,n] , [m, n] m n

137

, K Q
K , Kronecker-Weber .
, 20
, (Tagaki) 1920 , (class field theory).

, K = Q( d)(d > 1)
K ab , .
K, K ab Kronecker 1880 ,
Kronecker , Dedekind
, . Kronecker
.
Kronecker-Weber 1 e2ix
n
n/m e2i m Q , Q Qab .
Kronecker K ,
n
K .
f (z) f
m
f (z) , , 1 2 (
, 1 = 2 ), z, f (z + 1 ) = f (z + 2 ) = f (z).
n1 n2 , f (z + n1 1 + n2 2 ) = f (z). n1 1 + n2 2 (n1 , n2 Z)
() , , L = L(1 , 2 ).
n, nL L. = a + bi(a b , b 6= 0) L L, L
. Kronecker , K, K,
L L f (z), K ab = K(f (a) : a Q), f (z)
a = n/m K K K ab .
, , K
K . ,
, .

[1] Manin Yu I, Panchishkim A A. Introduction to Modern Number Theory. 2nd edition.
Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2005
[2] Neukirch J. Algebriac Number Theory. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1999
[3] Lang S. Elliptic Functions. Second edition. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1987

10000

138

(Iwasawa)
The Main Conjecture of Iwasawa Theory
p , a, b, px a b, p
|a b|p = px . Q, , p .
Qp , Z p Zp .
Zp = {a0 + a1 p + an pn + : 0 6 ai 6 p 1}.

, 1, 1 + 3, 1 + 3 + 32 , Z 3 , Z3
+
X
1
1

3n =
= ! .
13
2
n=0
. , p
.
X
n, Zp x =
ai pi pn ,
pn

n
X

ai pi , Zp Z/pn Z .

i=0

, Zp Z/pn Z (n > 1) . ,
(An )n>1 (), An+1 An () ,
(An ) .
1950 (
Q ) Zp , Zp Zp
. , n n = e2i/n . 1, n , , nn1 n
, Q(n ) , Z[n ] = {a0 + a1 n + + an1 nn1 :
ai Z}. . ,
Z[n ] ,
. Zp
K = Q(p ) Kn = Q(pn+1 ) K = Q(p ),

Kn /K Gn Z/pn Z: a Z/pn Z, a (pn ) = pan .

, K /K G Gn , p Zp .
Zp [Gn ] , Gn Gn1 ,
, , Zp Zp [[T ]],

 (Iwasawa)

139

, . A B,
A B . ,
M r /(pk ) /(f ) , f
T n p. f ch(M ), M
, Zp .
Zp . Kn , p
An . , p , Zp ; Kn /K
, An Zp [Gn ] . Kn+1 Kn ,
An+1 An , A, .
, Z[pn ], pn 1 pi n /1 pn ( p i)
, . Cn , En ,
En /Cn . p , , (En /Cn )p
E/C, .
(, ) : ch(A) = ch(E/C).
, A , .
X 1
. , (p, s) = (s) (1 ps ) =
, p
ns
p-n

, Zp , Zp [T ]
. p p L ,
. Coates-Wiles Coleman ch(E/C)
.
.
. 1972 , Mazur
, .
, motive . p
(Fontaine, Colmez ) p BSD Serre .
1983 , Mazur Wiles .
Kolyvagin , Rubin ,

.
.

[1] Iwasawa K. On -extensions of algebraic number fields. Bull Amer Math Sco, 1959, 65:
183-226

 140

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[2] Mazur B and Wiles A. Calss fields of abelian extensions of Q. Invent Math, 1984, 76:
179-330
[3] Rubin K. The main conjecture of Iwasawa theory for imaginary quadratic fields. Invent
Math, 1991, 103: 25-68

 (Abel) Davenport

141

(Abel) Davenport
Davenports Constants for Finite Abelian Groups
Abel G Davenport D(G) k
k G a1 , , ak , {1, , k}
X
I
ai =0. Abel G Davenport D(G)
iI

.
G n Abel , a1 , , an G, G n ,

s0 = 0, s1 = a1 , s2 = a1 + a2 , , sn = a1 + + an
, 0 6 i < j 6 n 0 = sj si = ai+1 + + aj . D(G)
D(G)6 |G|.
Davenport H. Davenport 1966
Abel G K,
Davenport D(G).
n Zn =Z/nZ, D(Zn ) = n. Olson D(Zn Zn ) =
2n 1, G r Zn D(G)=1 + r(n 1);
. 1 Abel G
Zn1 Znr , 1 < n1 |n2 | |nr , r(G)=r exp(G)=nr
r
X
G , d*(G)=
(ni 1). Abel p G, 1969
i=1

Olson D(G)=1+d*(G); 1992 A. Geroldinger R. Schneider 4 Abel G D(G)>1+d*(G); 1969 P.

van Emde Boas D. Kruyswijk 1 Abel G
D(G)6exp(G)(1+ln(|G|/exp(G))); 1994 W. R. Alford, A. Granville C. Pomerance Carmichael .

P. Erdos, A. Ginzburgh A. Ziv 1961

EGZ 2n1 Zn a1 , , a2n1
n . Caro Abel G, D(G)+|G| 1
k k G |G| .
D(Zn ) = n, EGZ . 2007 C. Reiher

10000

142

1983 Kemnitz Zn Zn 4n3

n .
EGZ . Olson n G 2n1
a1 , , a2n1 n i1 , ., in ai1 ain
G e, i1 < < in . Grynkiewicz
EGZ a1 , , a2n1 Zn w1 , , wn Zn ,
n i1 , , in w1 ai1 + + wn ain .
EGZ {a1 (mod n1 ), , ak (mod nk )}
2q1 2q, q , c1 , , ck Zq
X
X
{1, , k} I
ci = 0
1/ni = q. k = 2q 1
iI

iI

n1 = = nk = 1 Zq EGZ .

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Ann of Math, 1994, 139: 703-722
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[6] Grynkiewicz D J. A weighted Erd
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1969, 1: 8-10
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Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson

143

Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson
Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson Conjecture
Hodge .
. 1982 , Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson
L2 (intersection cohomology group)
, .
V , V 0 V . V 0
Fubini-Study L2-de Rham V

Cheeger, Hsiang, Pati Nagase , V

2 . Fubini-Study
Kaehler , Kaehler L2
V 0 . Donnelly-Fefferman L2 , T. Ohsawa
, Cheeger-Goresky-MacPherson .
, , .

[1] Cheeger J, Goresky M and MacPherson R. L2-cohomology and intersection homology
for singular varieties. Ann Math Stud 102 Seminar on Differential Geometry, 1982,
303-340
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10000

144

Chern-Moser
Problem of Chen-Moser
Cartan-Chern-Moser [2] , M C n ,
, ,
. n > 3 , Chern-Moser[2]
S , . S 0
M B n ; n = 2 ,
, Cartan P [1] . , M
Chern-Moser S( n = 2 Cartan P ) ,
(CR) (umbilical point)[2] . M .
M CR , M CR ,
. , , , S P 0
, . Cartan-Chern-Moser
. , M
(ellipsoid) . , Webster
, n > 3 C n
. [5], C 2 .
Webster , [4] , C 2
4 .
Hamburger [3] R3

. CR Hamburger . ,

1 C 2 CR
Chern-Moser [2] 2,

2 CR , CR
Cartan-Chern-Moser-Webster ,
, , , .
.
CR , .

Chern-Moser

145

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variables complexes. Ann Mat Pura Appl, 1932, 11(4): 17-90
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[3] Hamburger H. Beweis einer Caratheodoryschen vermutung. Teil I Ann of Math, 1940,
41: 63-86; II. Acta Math, 1941, 73: 175-228; III. Acta Math, 1941, 73: 229-332
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Math. Soc. 2007, 359: 1191-1204
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Math J, 2000, 104(3): 463-475

Rutgers University,

10000

146

CR Bonnet Siu

CR Type Bonnet Rigidity Problem and The Supper Rigidity Problem of

Sius Isolate Sigularity Point
M M 0 R3 , f g U R2
. M M 0 , ,
M M 0 . T , T (M ) = M 0 ,
Bonnet . CR , Levi CR
, . , S. Webster 1977 CR
Bonnet
(M1 , p1 ) (M2 , p2 ) B n 1 CR
, n > 5. (M1 , p1 ) (M2 , p2 ) CR ,
. T Aut(B n ) T (p1 ) = p2 T (M1 ) = M2 .
, C n M p M , M p
CR CRM (p) Tp(1,0) M . CRM (p) p ,
M CR ; M 2CRM +1 , M
CR . CR M1 M2 , pj Mj , (M1 ,
p1 ) CR (M2 , p2 ), (M1 , p1 ) (M2 , p2 ) F ,
F (T (1,0) M1 ) = T (1,0) M2 . M B n CR ,
M CR l, l = n 1 CRM . [1][2] ,
k < (n 1)/2 CR Bonnet .
, k < (n 1)/2[1,2] .
, , k n . ,
k = (n 1)/2 . ,
1 (M1 , p1 ) (M2 , p2 ) B n k CR
. k, (M1 , p1 ) (M2 , p2 )
?
CR ,
(links). ,

CR Bonnet Siu

147

. [3] , CR
, . , ,
, (V1 ,0) (V2 ,0) .
, Kaehler ,
Y. T. Siu ,
2(Y. T. Siu) (Vj , 0) C n , 0
3. Mj, = Vj {|z| = } . V2 \{0}
0 Kaehler , [4] .
M1, M2, , V1 V2

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Comm in Analysis and Geometry, 2004, 12(3): 629-668
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of different dimensions. Annales de LInstitut Fourier, 1994, 44: 433-463
[4] Siu Y T. The complex analyticity of harmonic maps and the strong rigidity of compact
Kaehler manifolds. Ann of Math, 1981, 112: 73-111

Rutgers University,

10000

148

(Griffiths)
Problem of Griffiths
. , K. Kodaira
. Kodaira
, Nakano Griffiths
. Griffiths Chern
. Nakano
.
Nakano Griffiths , , .
1969 , P. Griffiths
(ample) , Griffiths
.
Griffiths Umemura 1973 ,
. B.Berndtsson, Mourougane-Takayama ,
(determinant bundle) Griffiths .

[1] Griffiths P A. Hermitian differential geometry, Chern classes and positive vector bundles,
Global Analysis, papers in honor of K Kodaira. Princeton: Princeton Univ Press, 1969,
181-251
[2] Berndtsson B. Curvature of vector bundles and subharmonicity of the Bergman kernel.
arXiv:math/0505470v1

 (Hartshorne)

149

(Hartshorne)
Hartshornes Conjecture
,
(, , , ) . ,
, .
. . 1
, (). r
r (),
. , Pn , 2
.
Pn (n > 4) 2
. Horrocks Mumford[1] 1973 P4 2
. , 4 2
. Mumford [2] 181 ()
. 1974 , Hartshorne [3,4] .
Hartshorne n > 7 , Pn 2
.
[5] .
n > 7 , Pn n 2 X Pn , X
H1 H2 , X p
, p . , X
I(X) 2 , I(X)
X . Hartshorne X
2
d > n, , X n d
3
Barth Van de Ven[6] n > 1 , Pn 2 En ,
En En+1 Pn Pn+1 , En
Hartshorne . Grauert Schneider[7] n > 5 ,
Pn 2 [8] ,
n > 5 , 2 ,
c21 > 4c2 . , .

10000

150

Horrocks [5] . Pn (n > 2)

E k, H i (Pn , E(k)) = 0, i = 1, , n 1,
E(k) = E OPn (k). , E E P2
Pn . ,
Hartshorne .
Hartshorne . , Hartshorne

, , .
( [9]).
F1 , F2 , F3 C[x0 , , xn ] . 6 P11 ,
P12 , P13 , P21 , P22 , P23 F1 = P12 P23 P13 P22 , F2 = P11 P23 P13 P21 , F3 =
P11 P22 P12 P21 , F1 , F2 , F3 2 3 (Pij ) , F1 , F2 , F3
.
F1 , F2 , F3 , Pij ,
, F1 , F2 , F3 .
Hartshorne n > 7, F1 , F2 , F3 C[x0 , , xn ]
. i, F1 |xi =1 , F2 |xi =1 , F3 |xi =1 ,
F1 , F2 , F3 .

n r , Pn r . , N. Mohan
Kumar 2 5 2 .

[1] Horrocks G and Mumford D. A rank 2 vector bundle on P4 with 15,000 symmetries.
Topology, 1973, 12: 63-81
[2] Mumford D and Fogarty J. Geometric invariant theory. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1982
[3] Hartshorne R. Varieties of small codimension in projective space. Bull Amer Math Soc,
1974, 80: 1017-1032
[4] Hartshorne R. Algebraic vector bundles on projective spaces: a problem list. Topology,
1979, 18: 117-128
[5] Okonek C, Schneider M and Spindler H. Vector bundles on complex projective space.
Progress in Math 3. Birkhauser, 1980
[6] Barth W, van de Ven A De. A decomposability criterion for algebraic 2-bundles on
projective spaces. Invent Math, 1974, 25: 91-106
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 (Hartshorne)

151

1987, 101-107
[8] Grauert H, Schneider M. Komplexe Unterr
aume und holomorphe Vektorraumb
undel
vom Rang zwei. Math Ann, 1977, 230: 75-90
[9] Tan S L. Integral closure of a cubic extension and applications. Proc Amer Math Soc,
2001, 129: 2553-2562

10000

152

(Iitaka) C n, m
Iitaka Conjecture: Cn,m

(Iitaka Shigeru) Cn,m ( [1]), : V W

(proper) , n = dim(V ) m = dim(W ).
Vw := 1 (w) , (V ) > (W ) + (Vw ),
(Kodaira) .
. X
m
, X X , m > 0, X

m
m
(X, ). m > 0, (X, ) = 0, X
(X) = . , m > 0 (X, m ) 6= 0,
C s0 , , sN +1 (N > 0), X
PN ( m X Zariski , ).
X (X) m , X m
, 6 (X) 6 dim(X). (X) = dim(X), X
.

C2,1 Enriques (Kodaira) ( [1]).

: V W , Cn,m I. Namikawa K. Ueno

( [1]). [2] , , Ueno
C3,2 . Viehweg [3] Cn,n1 . [4] ,
(Kawamata Yujiro)
Cn,m . , Janos Kollar (Princeton )
, Cn,m ( [5]).
Iitaka ,
. , Fujino [6]
Albanese , Cn,m ,
Albanese ( [7]).
, Cn,m
. , Iitaka .
.

 (Iitaka) Cn,m

153

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Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1975
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154

(Nagata)
Nagatas Conjecture
, ,
, Nagata .
f (x, y) , C2
C . d f (x, y) , C d
, d . C P = (a, b), f (a + x, b + y)
, C P . C
, 1 .
d, m, n , P1 , , Pn C2 ,
, . d
, P1 , , Pn m. , d
. n = 3, m = 1 () .
Nagata 1959 [4] n 9 r2 ,

d d > mr. Nagata

Hilbert . .
n > 9 . n = 4 ,
g(x, y) P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 g(x, y) . C g(x, y) ,
C P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 1, d > mr . ,
n = 9 , . Nagata n > 9

d d > m n. n
. Nagata .
P1 , , Pn C2 , m1 , , mn .

d C, 1 6 i 6 n, C Pi mi , d2 >
m21 + + m2n .
Nagata .
Nagata , Hilbert

, Nagata .
Nagata 50

 (Nagata)

155

, , Nagata
. Nagata . [5]
, .

[1] Evain L. Une minoration du degre de courbes planes `
a singulartites imposees. Bulletin
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10000

156

Tate-Oort
The Tate-Oort Problem on Group Schemes
G n , g G g n = e,
. nG : G G g 7 g n , nG
{e}.

G S , n, nG : G G n
, nG = 0 ( nG S)?
Tate-Oort ( [3], [1]
[2]).

R, A , R . : A R A A
a R b 7 ab ( A ). : R A ( R A
), : A A, : A A R A, : A R R- (
R ),
(i) (idA R ) = ( R idA ) : A A R A R A ();
A ();
(ii) ( R idA ) = (idA R ) = idA : A R R A =
(iii) ( R idA ) = (idA R ) = : A A (),

A R Hopf .
(iv) = : A A R A, (a R b) = b R a,

A .
, G , A = R[G], G R (
a1 g1 + + ar gr , ai R, gi G, , G ), A
Hopf .
(i), (ii) (iv) A R Rn ,
AD = HomR (A, R), A , AD D : AD R AD
AD , D : R AD , (i) D , (ii) D (1)
AD , (iv) AD .
Hopf .

Tate-Oort

157
n

A R Hopf . n, n : AR R A A
a1 R R an 7 a1 a2 an , . ,
n
n : A AR R A. nA = A A : A A. Tate-Oort
Hopf
0 A R Hopf . A R Rn ,
nA (A) = R?
Tate-Oort G S ( (iv) )
, Deligne , . ,
, .
, Tate-Oort
(A) S Q- (, R Q );
(B) S (, R ).

[1] Demazure M, Grothendieck A. Schemas en Groupes I-III (SGA 3). Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1970
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158

Tate
Tate Conjecture
,
, Hodge
, Tate .
k , k k , X k n
, ` k , H i (X k k, Q` ) X k k i ` adic
. Y X k j ,
Tr : H 2(nj) (Y k k, Q` )(n j) Q` ,

(n j) n j Tate twist Q` (n j).

H 2(nj) (X k k, Q` )(n j) H 2(nj) (Y, Q` )(n j)

,
H 2(nj) (X k k, Q` )(n j) Q` .

Poincare
Hom(H 2(nj) (X k k, Q` )(n j), Q` )
= H 2j (X k k, Q` )(j),

H 2j (X k k, Q` )(j) , Y
. Gal(k/k) H 2j (X k k, Q` )(j) . Gal(k/k)
H 2(nj) (Y k k, Q` )(nj) , Tr Poincare
Gal(k/k) , Gal(k/k) Y
. Aj (X) H 2j (X k k, Q` )(j) X j k
Q . Gal(k/k) Aj (X) .
Tate( [1]) H 2j (X k k, Q` )(j) Gal(k/k)
Aj (X) Q` .
A1 A2 k Abel , Tate
Homk (A1 , A2 ) Q` HomGal(k/k) (H 1 (A2 , Q` ), H 1 (A1 , Q` ))

. Faltings( [1], 0) Zahrin( [3][4], p)

. Faltings Mordell .

Tate

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atze f
ur abelsche Variet
aten u
ber Zhalk
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[4] Zarhin J. A remark on endomorphisms of abelian varieties over function fields of finite
characteristic. Math USSR-Izv, 1974, 8: 477-480

10000

160

Cohomologies on Harmonic Bundles

V M m n , M m

: 1 (M m ) Gl(n, C).
M m , Donaldson Corlette ,
V u. D V . u, Cartan
M m ,
D = + + + ,

, (1, 0), (0, 1) , , Hom(V) (1, 0)

, (0, 1) .
Du00 = + , Higgs . Bochner ,
(Du00 )2 = 0.

, (V, ) , E, E 1 , = 0.
, (quasi-isomorphism)
D
D
D
1) VD ({A. (V), D}) = A0 (V) A1 (V) A2 (V) );
2) {. (E), } {A. (E), Du 00 }.
, VD V Ai (V) V i i (E)
E i Ai (E) E i .
1 Poincare Dolbeaut
.
M m ,
,
, VD [1] ;
L2 .
2 (1) V Hodge , M m , Zucker
( [2]), Cattani-Kaplan-Schmid(
[3]) Kashiwara-Kawai( [4]) , Jost- -Zuo
( [5]).

161

(2) V Unipotent , M m , Jost-

-Zuo ( [6]).
(3) , .

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singular algebraic varieties. Seminar on differential geometry, ed. S T Yau, Ann Math
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variation of Hodge structure. Inventiones Math, 1987, 87: 217-252
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quasi-compact Kaehler manifolds. Journal of Algebraic Geometry, 2007, 16: 401-434
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curves. Crelles Journal, 2007, 609: 153-179.

10000

162

(Grothendieck)
The Standard Conjecture of Grothendieck
1949 , Weil[7]

,
, . Weil ,
, .
Dwork[3] , Grothendieck Deligne[1] . Grothendieck[5]
Weil , ,
motive . , motive
.
X k , ` k

, H i (X, Q` ) X i `-adic , X
X , cup

L : H i (X, Q` ) H i+2 (X, Q` ).

H 2i (X, Q` ) i Q Ai (X). ,
Tate twist. X n.
. Lefschetz
, Hard Lefschetz ( [2] 4.1)
Li : H ni (X, Q` ) H n+i (X, Q` )

(0 6 i 6 n). Lefschetz
Ln2i : Ai (X) Ani (X)

n
0 6 i 6
. Hodge ,
2
n
i 6 , Ai (X) ker(Ln2i+1 )
2
x 7 (1)i Lr2i x.x

. X , [4,6] .
. Weil , Frobenius
, algebraic cycle
numberical equivalence homological equivalence .

 (Grothendieck)

163

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1978
[5] Grothendieck A. Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles. Algebraic Geometry, Bombay
Colloquium. Oxford, 1969, 193-199
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55: 497-508

10000

164

Conjecture of Holomorphic Bisectional Curvature

Riemann Riemann
. Kaehler ,
, Mori, Siu-Yau Frankel . ,
:
1 Kaehler
.
2 Kaehler Stein
.
Frankel , Poincare-Kobe
, . , Ricci , 1
. Ni Tan[2] (pole) ,
, stein . 2, ,
.

[1] , . . : , 2004
[2] Ni L, Tan L T. Plurisubharmoric Functions and structure of complete Kaehler manifolds
with nonnegative curvature. J Diff Geom, 2003, 64: 457-524

165

When does Tight Closure Commute with Localization?

(tight closure) M. Hochster C.
Huneke 20 , ,
. ,
. ,
.
. R p >
0 Noether , I R . I
I
I = {f R | t 6= 0 q = pe tf q I [q] },
[q]

I R f , f I . S R
,
(S 1 I) = S 1 (I ),

. C. Huneke [2] ,
,
. 20 , , [2]
, , , , K. Smith[3]
binomial , .
? Brenner Monsky [1]
, . , , ,
?

[1] Brenner H and Monsky P. Tight closure does not commute with localization. arXiv:
0710.2913v2 [math.AC] 29 Oct. 2007
[2] Huneke C. Tight Closure and its Applications. CBMS Lecture Notes in Mathematics
No.88, AMS, Providence, 1996
[3] Smith K. Tight closure commutes with localization in binomial rings. Proc Amer Math
Soc, 2000, 129: 667-669

10000

166

The Finiteness of The Associated Primes of Local Cohomology Modules

. , .
R Noether . M R , p R
, M m m AnnR (m) p,
p M . M M , , M
M . M R
, M . , .
. R , I R , M
R , M I i HIi (M )
,
HIi (M ) = lim
ExtiR (R/I n , M ).

,
. , (
[2]). , R , .
.
C. Huneke [3]
, ,
. Grothendieck .
R , C. Huneke, R.Y. Sharp G. Lyubeznik
. , : Brodmann Lashgari[1]
HI0 (M ), HI1 (M ), ,
.
, Katzman[4] . ,
,
. , ?
, ?
.

167

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module. J Algebra, 2002, 252: 241-246

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168

Calabi-Yau
Chern Number Inequalities on Calabi-Yau Moduli
M 3 , m.
[7] , M . w M Weil-Petersson . [6] ,

w0 = (m + 3) + Ric(ic),

w0 . .
.
Calabi-Yau
. Weil . Douglas- [3]
Weil . , ,
, Calabi-Yau 3 . Calabi-Yau
Weil BCOV [1,2] .
[4] . BCOV Zinger[8] 2007
Zinger [5] .
. , CalabiYau . .

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[7] Tian G. SmoothnessoftheuniversaldeformationspaceofcompactCalabi-Yau manifolds and

its Petersson-Weil metric. Mathematical aspects of string theory (San Diego, Calif,
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Irvine

10000

170

Quantum Layer Conjecture

. ,
, .
, . ,
. , . , n
.
, .
.
.
. ,
.
. Dirichlet
, , ,
[1] . , , . ,
.
. Duclos, Exner, Krej`ci`rik[1] ,

,
. . K .
Z
|K| < +,

.
[1] ,
Z
K60

. . ,
, .
. , . ,
, , .

171

[2] , , . [3]
, .

[1] Duclos P, Exner P and Krej`ci`rik D. Bound states in curved quantum layers. Comm
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Irvine

10000

172

Resolution of Singularities
. X , S
. Y f :
Y X f f 1 (X S) f 1 (X S) X S , (Y, f )
X . S X , f .
, .
,
, ,
,
.
X 1 ,
. X 2 ,
0 , 20 30 Walker Zariski , 0
Abhyankar 1956 .
1964 Hironaka , 0
. Hironaka Fields
. , , .
, Hironaka 1/10.
0 ,
.

[1] Abhyankar, Shreeram S. Local uniformization on algebraic surfaces over ground fields
of characteristic p6=0. Ann of Math. 1956, 63(2): 491-526
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173

[5] Hironaka Heisuke. Resolution of singularities of an algebraic variety over a field of

characteristic zero. I. Ann of Math, 1964, 79(2): 109-203
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1939, 40(2): 639-689

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10000

Rigidity Problems in Ball and Algebraic Domain

.
,
Lie ,
. ,
CR . ,
, CR .
, CR , .
. [1] ,
. CR
.
Liouville , n > 3 , Rn

Mobius . CR , Poincare
, , B 2 B 2
, . Hartogs-Bochner ,
B 2 CR() B 2 . , Poincare B 2
, B 2 ,
, B 2 . 1978 , Alexander[2] Poincare
, n > 1 , C n B n ,
.
, L, Kobayashi , L B n
, B n . Alexander
B n (n > 1) B n .
, B n B N , B n
B N . [8]
. n > 2 , B n B n+1
, , . ,
, Liouville . ,
Webster , .

175

Webster [3][5] . [1] ,

, N < 2n 2 , B n B N
, , .
20 80 . ,
CR .
1 < 2, B n B N (N 6 2n 2)
C ,

1 < 2 , C
.
[6] ,
.
. [6] N 6 n(n + 1)/2 , B n B N
. , .
2 M1 C n M2 C N , f
M1 M2 (1 < n < N ) CR . N n
t, f M1 C t , ,
t = 3 t = 2?
2 t. t
N n, 2 [7] .
N > n(n + 1)/2 , B n B N (N 6 2n 2)
. , ,
2 .

.
3(DAngelo) M1 , M2 f 2. f . f

3, [7] [8] , [9]

Forstneric N .
N n .

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complex spaces of different dimensions. Jour of Diff Geom, 1999, 51: 13-33

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[2] Alexander H. Proper holomorphic maps in C n . Indiana Univ Math Journal, 1977, 26:
137-146
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mappings. Math Ann, 1983, 265: 489-500
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Rutgers University,

177

Rigidity Problem of The Holomorphic Mapping

Under The Group Action

G1 G2 Lie , dim(G2 ) >dim(G1 ). j Gj (

co-compact ) (lattice), : 1 2 .
G1 G2 2 , Mostow,
Margulis Mok-Siu-Yeung ( [4]) ,
. 1 ,
, Cayley . Mostow, Gromov-Piastetski-Shaprio,
Johnson-Milnor, Corlette, Mok-Siu-Yeung ( [2]
), G1 =Aut(B n ), G2 =Aut(B N ) 1 < n < N , 1
G1 co-compact (1 ) convex co-compact. ( n = 1 , Mostow
). , ( [1][2][4])
B n C n B N C N , f B n B N (n, N >
1) . Aut(B N ) M = f (B n )
M co-compact. f
Gromov ,
. Corlette , n > 2 Qn Cayley
, ( [2] ).
, n > 1 , B n Aut(B n )
. , n > 2 , Qn C n
, , Lie
, . , N 6 2n 1 ,
Cao-Mok[1] . , [1] , ,
, , f
. N < n(n + 1)/2 , CR , C 3
.

[1] Cao H and Mok N. Holomorphic immersions between compact hyperbolic space forms.

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for the semipositive case. Workshop Bonn 1984 (Bonn, 1984). Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1985, 169-192

Rutgers University,

179

Jacobian Conjecture
K , f1 , , fn K n ( f1 , , fn
K[x1 , , xn ]), f1 , , fn V = K n
f : V V,
(a1 , , an ) 7 (f1 (a1 , , an ), , fn (a1 , , an )).

f
J(f ) = J(f1 , , fn ) =

f
i

xj

det(J(f )) f (
). f , g : V V f g = gf = idV
( K[f1 , , fn ] = K[x1 , , xn ]),
J(f )J(g) = J(g)J(f ) = In ,

det(J(f )) det(J(g)) = 1.

det(J(f )) det(J(g)) , 1 (
K ) .
1939 , Keller[5] .

K 0 , f1 , , fn K[x1 , , xn ]
det(J(f1 , , fn )) K , K[f1 , , fn ] = K[x1 , , xn ].
1 K p > 0 , n ,
f1 = x1 + xp1 , fi = xi (2 6 i 6 n) .
2 K 0 n = 1, , f1
.
3 f1 , , fn , n > 2 ,
f1 = x1 ex2 , f2 = ex2 , fi = xi (3 6 i 6 n) .
n > 2 , .
[1] [3]. 1998 Smale 21 18
.
n, Keller[5] ,
K(f1 , , fn ) = K(x1 , , xn ) . Campbell[2]

10000

180

( K(f1 , , fn ) K(x1 , , xn ) ) . Wang[9]

fi 6 2 . 20 80 , Bass, Connell, Wright[1]
Jagzev[4] ( fi = xi + hi , hi
). [6] n = 2 , max(deg(f1 ), deg(f2 )) 6 100 .
[10] fi = xi + hi , hi 6 4
.
, ( K[x, y, z] ),
n > 3 .
(
19501960 , Segre,
Grobner, Shafarevich ),
( [1]).

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181

(Hopf )
Hopfs Conjecture
,
.
S, , Gauss K,
, Gauss K .
, , , Gauss K ,
, Euler (S) . Gauss-Bonnet
. Riemann M , Gauss
, Riemann ,
, Gauss-Bonnet , , Euler
(M ) . , GaussBonnet
.
2n , Riemann ,
M
, Euler
2n ) > 0
(1)n (M
(1)
(, ). Hopf .

n = 1 , Gauss-Bonnet , (1) .
n = 2 , , Gauss-Bonnet , ,
Gauss-Bonnet- , (1) . ( J. Milnor .)
, , Gauss-Bonnet ,
Geroch [5] . Hopf .
, Dodziuk Singer[10] L2 .
Hodge , M. Atiyah L2
. L2 [1] .
M ,
M/ . Hq (M ) M L2 q Hilbert . Von
Neumann , Atiyah Hq (M ) ,
L2 Betti
Bq (M ) = dim Hq (M ).

10000

182

Poincare . L2 -Betti L2 -Euler (M, ).

, Atiyah L2 -Euler ,
M/ Euler
(M, ) = (M/).

(2)

L2 [9].
,
Dodziuk-Singer M
M . Atiyah ,
L2
Hn (M ) 6= {0},

q 6= n , Hq (M ) = {0},

Hopf .
, Hopf ,
: Bourguignon-Karcher[3] , Donnelly-Xavier[4] Jost-Xin[8] . Borel
1 . , Kahler , ,
Gromov [6] , Jost-Zuo[7] Cao-Xavier
.

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32-33, 1976, 43-72
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ahler manifolds and applications in algebraic geometry. Comm Geom Annl, 2000, 8:
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[9] L
uck W. L2 -Invariant: Theory and Applications to Geometry and KTheory. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 2002
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(Hopf )
Hopf Problem
H.Hopf [1] S 2 S 2 , ,

. ,
.
Gauss-Bonnet , S 1 S 1 ,
( Gauss ) , Euler . S 1 S 2
[2] . S 2 S 2 . ,
, . Bourguignon ,
, .
, , ,
.
.
.
Hopf
.

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19: 255-306

 (Dirac)

185

(Dirac)
Existence of Solutions to Nonlinear Dirac Equations
n M Spin , M

SO(n) Q, Spin(n) P , Q , P
Q . Spin P (associated bundle) S,
. M Levi-Civita S Spin ,
S D e e , {e } M
, Clifford [1,5] . Spin
D = f

(1)

, (S), .

D = m + Hijk h j , k i l ,

(2)

a
n
1
M
), m, Hijk
, , Hijk
, = ( 1 , , n ), i (S), Hijk = (Hijk
, Weierstrass
.

D = 0, Sobolev
, , E. Witten
[6] . ,
, , ,
[4] , , ,
, .
2

M Spin , Chirality ,
[2] ,
() . (1) ,
1
L2 , H 2 , ,
Fredholm , . ,

10000

186

, ,
Lp .
3
,
sigma [7] Yang-Mills . , Spin
[3]
1 i
()h k , j l i,
(3)
D i + ijk ()j k = 0,
i () = Rjkl
2
i
, (M, (g )) (N, (hij )) , () , Rjkl
ijk
N , i (S). twist ,
(3) .
, .

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546-604
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1989
[6] Witten E. A new proof of the positive energy theorem. Comm Math Phys, 1981, 80:
381-402
[7] Witten E. Supersymmetric form of nonlinear sigma-model in two dimensions. Phys Rew
D, 1977, 16: 2991-2994

187

Higher Dimensional Uniformization Conjecture

Riemann ,

1-1 . Riemann 1851

, ( Dirichlet ).
Riemann Riemann Hilbert 1900
23 22 . , Riemann
CP 1 , C, D. 1907 , Poincare
Koebe .
, . Riemann , CP 1 , C, D.
, CP 1 , C D .
Riemann .
. 20
Poincare R2n (n > 1)
.
. 20 70
.
Frankel

Kahler
CP . Mori 1980 .
n

C n .

Kahler

Kahler

20 80 , .
Poincare-Lelong Kahler
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188

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. ,
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, . ,
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(,
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KX = KX 0 ,
KX X . K Betti (
[1][2]). . ,
?
[3] Chin-Lung Wang[4] 2001
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, , Ruan
. K Ruan
. Ruan orbifold .
.
, .
[5] flop
.
[6] Mukai flop
, Ruan .
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flop .
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The Existence of A Complex Structure on 6-Sphere

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C n ,
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) Newlander-Nirenberg [1]
.
, . , Ven de Van
, [2] . ,
. Cayley , .
, [1] .
,
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,
. ,
. LeBrun[3] ,
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.

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192

The Existence of An Isometric Immersion of A Surface in 4-Space

C , .
Nash , () (
) . , Nash
.
[1] 22 .
, .
. , Hilbert , (
Gauss 1 ) .
, Rosendorn
, [2].
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3 tight
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= ker , d 6= 0. 1 M ,
M . M M . M
M T M U (1),
M . Gromov , 3 M , M
M . LutzMartinet ,
3 M , M . 3
(overtwisted) tight
. 3 tight 3 3
. Eliashberg , 3 M , M
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3 tight . S 3
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Poincare , M 4 S 4 4 ,
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, Milnor 1956 7 ,
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2
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(Borel) :

Borel Conjecture: Any Homotopy Equivalence Between Two Closed

Aspherical Manifolds is Homotopic to A Homeomophism
Borel .

. ,
. , .
,
. , .
.
. , ,
Euler . ,
. , .
: ? ,
? E. Moise
, 1 3 . Reidemeister
2 3 ,
. ,
.
J. H. C. Whitehead
. ,
1 . 1954 G. D. Mostow
, A. Borel 1954 J. P. Serre
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F. T. Farrell L. E. Jones Borel :
3 4 Riemann , 3 4

.
Borel Poincare
G. Perelman . Borel Novikov , Borel

Euclid Cartesian

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1 Vanderbilt University
2

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198

11

8
11
Conjecture
8
,
1 . Whitehead ,
. , () ,
().
1
, ,

!
0 1
, (1),

1 0

2 1 0
0
0
0
0
0

1 2 1 0
0
0
0
0

0 1 2 1 0
0
0 1

0
0 1 2 1 0
0
0

0
0
0 1 2 1 0
0

0
0
0
0
1
2
1
0

0
0
0
0 1 2
0
0
0
0 1 0
0
0
0
2
, 1 , n
, n [1] . 1982 , ,
S.Donaldson[2] , (1) ,
1 .
, 1981 M.Freedman[3] 1
.
, R4
.
, 1
11/8
11/8 M M IM
,

11
8

199

IM = aE8 b

0 1

1 0

a , |b| > 3|a|/2.

IM 8|a| + 2|b|, 8a. , IM
11
8 .
Seiberg-Witten , 1996 Furuta[4] |b| > |a|,
a 6= 0 . .
M f : M M , f
f : H2 (M ) H2 (M ).
.
Freedman [3] ,
. ,
, [5].

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Math Res Lett, 2001, 8: 279-291

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