Chen CL

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Introduction

Optimum Design
Problem Formulation

Formulation of an optimum design problem involves transcribing

a verbal description of a problem into a well-dened mathematical
statement (Mathematical Model)
A Mathematical Model of a system is a set of mathematical
relations (equalities, inequalities, logical conditions) which
represent an abstraction of the real world system under
consideration

Cheng-Liang Chen

Mathematical Models can be developed using

Fundamental approaches (eg, Newtons Law)
Empirical methods (eg, empirical or black-box models)
Methods based on analogy

PSE

LABORATORY

Department of Chemical Engineering

National TAIWAN University

Chen CL

The correct formulation of a problem takes roughly 50% of the

total eort needed to solve it
2

Chen CL

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Problem Formulation Process

Key Elements

Step 1: Project/Problem Statement

Are the project goals clear ?

Step 2: Data and Information Collection

Is all the information available to solve the problem ?

Step 3: Identication/Denition of Design Variables

What are these variables for describing the system ?
How do I identify them ?

Step 4: Identication of a Criterion (Objective Function) to Be

Optimized
How do I know that my design is the best ?

Variables (continuous, integers)

Parameters
Constraints
Equalities:
mass/energy balances, equilibrium relations, physical property calculations

Inequalities:
allowable

operating

regimes,

specication

What restrictions do I have on my design (the system) ?

qualities,

requirements, bounds on availabilities and demands,

(to judge whether or not a given design is better than others)

Step 5: Identication of Constraints

of

Mathematical relations
(algebraic/dierential, linear/nonlinear, )

performance

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Chen CL

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

A Two-Bar Structure Design

Model Structure

Problem Description

min f (x, y)
x,y
s.t. h(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) 0

Objective, Performance measure

Equalities constraints

Problem: design a two-member bracket

to support a force W without structural
failure (given material)
Objective: minimize its mass while also
satisfying certain fabrication and space
limitations
Given: bracket material; a; W, ;

Inequalities constraints

x X Rn Continuous variables
yY

Integer or Binary variables

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Chen CL

A Two-Bar Structure Design

A Two-Bar Structure Design

Design Variables

Notes

First step in proper formulation:

to identify Design Variables
(parameters chosen to describe design of a system)
DVs for two-bar structures:
cross-sectional shapes;

h, s, do1 , di1 , do2 , di2 ?

DVs should be independent of each other as far as possible

case (1): do, di or do, di, t and let t = 0.5(do di) instead of do, di, t
case (2): do, r ddoi

There is a minimum number of DVs required to formulate a design

problem properly
It is good to designate as many independent parameters as possible
as DVs at the initial design problem formulation phase. Later on,
some of the DVs can be always given a xed value
Vector of Design
Variables:

h
x1
height h of the truss
s
x
span s of the truss

2

outer diameter of member 1

do1
x3
x = = =

d i1
x4
inner diameter of member 1

do2
x5
outer diameter of member 2
d i2
x6
inner diameter of member 2

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Chen CL

A Two-Bar Structure Design

Design Constraints (Restrictions)

Cost (Objective) Function

Feasible (Acceptable) Design:

a design that meets all requirements

Cost (Objective) Function:

a criterion to compare various designs (to be minimized)

Infeasible (Unacceptable) Design

Cost (Objective) Function should be dependent on

Design Variables

Implicit Constraints

Ex: Mass of a circular tube two-bar structure

Linear and Nonlinear Constraints

x1 = height h of the truss

x2 = span s of the truss

x3 = outer dia. of member 1

x4 = inner dia. of member 1

x5 = outer dia. of member 2

x6 = inner dia. of member 2

Equality and Inequality Constraints

2
2
2  2 x
2 1/2
2
x1 + 22
f (x) = x23 x24 + x25 x26


=
4x21 + x22 x23 + x25 x24 x26 (total mass)
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A Two-Bar Structure Design

A Two-Bar Structure Design

Design Constraints

Optimum Design Problem

F1 sin + F2 sin = W cos

F1 cos F2 cos = W sin

A1 =
A2 =


 = h2 + (0.5s)2 F < 0 for compression

F1 =
F2 =


W  sin

2
 h
W  sin
2
h

stress 1
IF

sin
x1

2
IF

sin
x1

+2

F1
A1


cos

s

cos
2 s

2
4 (x3
2
4 (x5

sin
x1

+ 2 cos
x2

< 2 cos
F2 is a tensile force
x2


F2
sin
2W 
cos
a
A
=

2
2
2
x1
x2
(x x )
2

xi xi xiu

i = 1, . . . , 6

Find values of design variables x1, x2, x3, x4, x5 and x6

to minimize the cost function f (x)

2 cos
F2 is a compressive force
x2


2W 
sin
cos
2
a
F
=

2
A2
x1
x2
(x2x2)

min f (x)
x
T
x = [x1 x2 . . . x6]
= {x | all are satised}

2W 
(x23x24)

x24)
x26)

subject to all of the above-mentioned constraints

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Major Steps for Problem Formulation

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Summary

Design of A Beer Can

Fabrication, handling, asthenic, shipping considerations impose
following restrictions on size:

Identify and dene design variables x

Identify cost function and develop an expression for it in terms of
design variables, f (x)
Identify constraints and develop expressions for them in terms of
design variables searching space (x)

Diameter should be no more than 8 cm and not be less than 3.5

cm
Height should be no more than 18 cm and no less than 8 cm
The can is required to hold at least 400 m
Design objective: to minimize total surface area of sheet metal

Formulate design problem

DVs

D, H

f (D, H) = DH + 2 4 D2

min f (x)
x

2
4D H

400

3.5 D 8

min f (x)
x
x = {All Var.s}
= {x|All Constraints}

8 H 18
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Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Minimum Cost Cylindrical Tank Design

Saw Mill Operation

Problem: Design a minimum cost (surface area) cylindrical tank

closed at both ends to contain a xed volume of uid V .

Problem: A company owns two saw mills and two forests. Each
forest can yield up to 200 logs/day. The cost to transport the
logs is 15 cents/km/log. At least 300 logs are needed each day.
Formulate the problem to minimize transportation cost each day.

DV: R, H
A = 2R2 + 2RH

Distance (km)

f (R, H) = c(2R2 + 2RH)

2

R H = V
Rmin R Rmax
Hmin H

Hmax

min f (x)
x
x = {All Var.s}
= {x|All Constraints}

Mill Forest 1 Forest 2

Mill capacity
(log/day)

24.0

20.5

240

17.2

18.0

300

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Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Saw Mill Operation

Saw Mill Operation

DVs:

Constraints:
x1 + x2 240 (Mill A handling limitation)

x1 : number of logs shipped from Forest 1 to Mill A

x3 + x4 300 (Mill B handling limitation)

x2 : number of logs shipped from Forest 2 to Mill A

x3 : number of logs shipped from Forest 1 to Mill B

x1 + x3 200 (Forest 1 supply limitation)

x4 : number of logs shipped from Forest 2 to Mill B

x2 + x4 200 (Forest 2 supply limitation)

x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 300 (Market minimum demand)

Cost Function:

xi 0

f (x) = 24(0.15)x1 + 20.5(0.15)x2 + 17.2(0.15)x3 + 18(0.15)x4

i = 1, 2, 3, 4

min f (x)
x
x = {All Var.s}

= 3.6x1 + 3.075x2 + 2.58x3 + 2.7x4

= {x|All Constraints}
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Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Oil Renery
Costs

Sales Prices
gasoline 36/bbl
crude oil #1 24/bbl Renery kerosene 24/bbl
crude oil #2 15/bbl
fuel oil 21/bbl
residual 10/bbl

gasoline (x3)
kerosene (x4)
fuel oil (x5)
residual (x6)
processing cost

vol % yield max allowable

#1
#2 prod (bbl/day)
80
44
24, 000
5
10
2, 000
10
36
6, 000
5
10

0.5
1.0

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Let x1, x2 denote (bbl/day) of crude #1 and #2, respectively

income
prot
  


Max: f (X) = 36x3 + 24x4 + 21x5 + 10x6
(24x
+ 15x2) (0.5x
)
1 
1 + x2



processing cost

raw material cost

s.t. 0.8x1 + 0.44x2 = x3

0.05x1 + 0.1x2 = x4
0.1x1 + 0.36x2 = x5
0.05x1 + 0.1x2 = x6
x3 24000 x4 2000 x5 6000
or Max: f (x1, x2) = 8.1x1 + 10.8x2
s.t. 0.8x1 + 0.44x2 24000
0.05x1 + 0.1x2 2000
0.1x1 + 0.36x2 6000

x1 0

x2 0

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Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Design of A Cabinet

21

x1 = number of C1 to be bolted
x3 = number of C2 to be bolted
x5 = number of C3 to be bolted

Problem:
A cabinet is assembled from components C1, C2, and C3. Each
cabinet requires eight C1, ve C2, and fteen C3 components.
Assembly of C1 needs either ve bolts or ve rivets; C2 six bolts or
six rivets; and C3 three bolts or three rivets. The cost of putting
a bolt, including the cost of the bolt, is 0.70 for C1, 1.00 for C2
and 0.60 for C3. Similarly, riveting costs are 0.60 for C1, 0.80 for
C2 and 1.00 for C3. A total of 100 cabinets must be assembled
daily. Bolting and riveting capacities per day are 6000 and 8000,
respectively. We wish to determine the number of components to
be bolted and riveted to minimize the cost.
Chen CL

Chen CL

Formulation 1:

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Formulation 2:

x2 = number of C1 to be riveted
x4 = number of C2 to be riveted
x6 = number of C3 to be riveted

f (x) = 0.7(5)x1 + 0.60(5)x2 + 1.00(6)x3+

0.80(6)x4 + 0.60(3)x5 + 1.00(3)x6
= 3.5x1 + 3.0x2 + 6.0x3 + 4.8x4 + 1.8x5 + 3.0x6
x1 + x2 = 8 100

(required # of C1s)

x3 + x4 = 5 100

(required # of C2s)

x5 + x6 = 15 100

(required # of C3s)

5x1 + 6x3 + 3x5 6000

(bolting capacity)

5x2 + 6x4 + 3x6 8000

(riveting capacity)

xi 0

i = 1, . . . , 6

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Formulation 3:

x1 = total # of bolts required for all C1; x2 = total # of bolts required for all C2;
x3 = total # of bolts required for all C3; x4 = total # of rivets required for all C1;
x5 = total # of rivets required for all C2; x6 = total # of rivets required for all C3;

f (x) = 0.7x1 + 1.0x2 + 0.6x3 + 0.6x4 + 0.8x5 + 1.0x6

x1 + x4 =

8 5 100 = 4000 (for C1)

x2 + x5 =

5 6 100 = 3000 (for C2)

x3 + x6 = 15 3 100 = 4500 (for C3)

x1 = # of C1s to be bolted on 1 cabinet; x2 = # of C1s to be riveted on 1 cabinet;

x3 = # of C2s to be bolted on 1 cabinet; x4 = # of C2s to be riveted on 1 cabinet;
x5 = # of C3s to be bolted on 1 cabinet; x6 = # of C3s to be riveted on 1 cabinet;

f (x) = 100[5(0.7)x1 + 5(0.6)x2 + 6(1.0)x3+

6(0.8)x4 + 3(0.6)x5 + 3(1.0)x6]
= 350x1 + 300x2 + 600x3+
480x4 + 180x5 + 300x6
x1 + x2 = 8

(for C1)

x3 + x4 = 5

(for C2)

x5 + x6 = 15 (for C3)

x1 + x2 + x3 6000

(bolting capacity)

100(5x1 + 6x3 + 3x5) 6000 (bolting capacity)

x4 + x5 + x6 8000

(riveting capacity)

100(5x2 + 6x4 + 3x6) 8000 (riveting capacity)

xi 0

i = 1 to 6

xi 0

i = 1 to 6

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Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Optimum Design Problem Formulation

Insulated Spherical Tank Design

Minimum Weight Tubular Column Design

Problem: The goal is to choose insulation thickness t to minimize the cooling

Problem:
Straight columns as structural elements are used in many civil,
mechanical, aerospace, agricultural and automotive structures. The
problem is to design a minimum weight tubular column of length
 supporting a load P without buckling or over-stressing. The
column is xed at base and free at the top (a cantilevel column).
Buckling load for such a column is given as 2EI/42. Here I
is the moment of inertia for the cross-section of the column and
E is the material property called modulus of elasticity (Youngs
modulus). The material stress for the column is dened as P/A,
where A is the cross-sectional area. The material allowable stress
under axial load is a, and material mass density is . Formulate
the design problem.

cost for a spherical tank. The cooling costs include the cost of installing and
running the refrigeration equipment, and the cost of installing the insulation.
Assume a 10-year life, 10% annual interest rate and no salvage value.

DV: t (meter)
A = 4r2,
t << r
insulation cost = c1At = c14r2t
)A
Watt-hours
annual heat gain = (365)(24)(T
c2 t

purchasing cost for ref. equip = c3G

annual running cost = c4G
total cost f (t) = c14r2t + cA2t (c3 + uspwf(0.1, 10)c4) (365)(24)(T )
= at + bt
t tmin
uspwf : uniform series present worth factor

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Formulation 1:

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Formulation 2:
R

mean radius

R >> t

Ri

inner radius

Ro

outer radius

2Rt

A = (Ro2 Ri2)

R3t

I =

mass

(A)

2Rt

P
P
=
a
A
2Rt
2EI
3ER3t
Buckling load constraint: P Pcr =
=
42
42
Rmin R Rmax
Material crushing const:

tmin t tmax

4
4 (Ro

Ri4)

mass = (A)
= (Ro2 Ri2)
P
P
=
a
2
A
(Ro Ri2)
2EI
3E 4
(R Ri4)
Buckling load constraint: P
=
42
162 o
Romin Ro Romax
Material crushing const:

Rimin Ri Rimax
R o Ri

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Three measurements
nd MA to minimize deviations between input and output

Optimization Applications
Material Balance Reconciliation

MB: MA + MC = MB
Obj:

2
2
f (MA) = (MA + 11.1
 92.4) + (M
 A + 10.8
 94.3)

error of 1st measure

error of 2nd measure

2
+ (MA + 11.4
 93.8)

error of 3rd measure

MA = 82.4
= MB MC

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Optimization Applications

Chen CL

Antoine Equation for Saturated Pressure

VLE Data Fitting

VLE Data for Water-1,4-Dioxane, 20 C
o

Low Pressure: yiP = ixiPisat

van Laar Model for i
ln 1 = A12
ln 2 = A21

A21x2
A12x1+A21x2
A12x1
A12x1+A21x2

P = y1 P + y 2 P

2
2

= f1 (A12, A21)
= f2 (A12, A21)

= 1x1P1sat + 2x2P2sat

= ef1()x1P1sat + ef2()x2P2sat

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Water
1,4-Dioxane

Ai

Bi

Ci

8.071
7.432

1730.630
1554.679

223.426
240.337

log Pisat

Bi
Ai T +C
i

Experimental VLE Data

x1
P (mmHg)

0.
28.1

.1
34.4

1.0
17.5

Find A12, A21 to minimize sum of errors between P exp and P pred
f (A12, A21) =

11 

k=1

Pkexp Pkpred

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Resource Limitations:

Optimization Applications
Project Selection in Manufacturing

$450, 000

First year expenditure:

Second year expenditure: $400, 000

A micro-electronics manufacturing facility is considering six
projects to improve operations as well as protability
Project

Description

modify existing
production line
build existing
production line
automate new
production line
install plating line
build waste
recovery plant
sub-contract
waste disposal

2
3
4
5
6

1st year
expenditure

2nd year
expenditure

Engineering
hours

Net present
value

$300, 000

4, 000

$100, 000

$100, 000

$300, 000

7, 000

$150, 000

$200, 000

2, 000

$35, 000

$50, 000
$50, 000

$100, 000
$300, 000

6, 000
3, 000

$75, 000
$125, 000

$100, 000

$200, 000

600

$60, 000

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Formulation: xj = 1 project j is selected

Max:

Other Limitations:
a new or modernized production line must be provided (project
1 or 2)
automation is feasible only for new line
either project 5 or project 6 can be selected, but not both
Objective:
determine which projects maximize the net present value subject
to various constraints
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Solution:
x1

f = 100000x1 + 150000x2 + 35000x3 + 75000x4 + 125000x5

+60000x6

s.t. g1 = 300000x1 + 100000x2 + 0x3 + 50000x4 + 50000x5

+100000x6 450000
g2 = 0x1 + 300000x2 + 200000x3 + 100000x4 + 300000x5
+200000x6 400000
g3 = 4000x1 + 7000x2 + 2000x3 + 6000x4 + 3000x5
+600x6 10000
g4 = x1 + x2 1

(g4 1)

g5 = x2 x3 0
g6 = x5 + x6 1
xj {0, 1}

(0 g6 1)

$10, 000

Engineering hours:

II

x2

x3

x4

x5

x6

.88 .12 .12 .40 1.0 0.0

1

f
265, 200
225, 000

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Superstructure

Model for Binary Distillation Design

Variables
Binary variables zi denote
the existence of trays in the

column,
zi = N (total
# of trays)

Objective

Continuous
variables
represent the liquid ow
rates Li and compositions
xi, vapor ow rates Vi and
compositions yi, the reux
Ri and vapor boilup V Bi,
and the column diameter
Di

Consider the design of a binary distillation column which separates

saturated liquid feed mixture into distillate and bottom product
of specied purity
Objectives are the determination of the number of trays, reux
ratio, ow rates, and compositions in the distillation column that
minimize the total annual cost (TAC)

Assumptions
Equi-molar ow, constant relative volatility, total condenser, and
partial boiler
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Overall Material and Component Balance

T R = {1, . . . , N },
AF = {Nf + 1, . . . , N },
BF = {2, . . . , Nf 1}
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Phase Equilibrium

D+BF = 0

xi yi[1 + xi( 1)] = 0

DxD + BxB F z = 0

xB yB [1 + xB ( 1)] = 0
i = 2, . . . , N

Total Condenser
VN

Ri D = 0

iAF

yN xD = 0
Partial Boiler
B+

BxD +

iBF

V Bi L2 = 0

iBF


V Bi yB L2x2 = 0

Component Balances
Lixi + Viyi Li+1xi+1 Vi1yi1 RixD = 0

i AF

Lixi + Viyi Li+1xi+1 Vi1yi1 F z = 0

i = Nf

Lixi + Viyi Li+1xi+1 Vi1yi1 V BiyB = 0

i BF

Equimolar Flow
Vi Vi1 = 0

i AF

Li Li+1 = 0

i BF

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Diameter

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Product Specications
v kv f f

(L V )/V = 0
4 VNf M W
= 0
Di2
v V

xspec
xD 0
D
xB xspec
0
B
Sequential Tray Constraints

Reux and Holdup Constraints

Ri Fmax(zi zi+1) 0

i AF

V Bi Fmax(zi zi1) 0

i BF

In rectifying section, all trays above the tray on which the reux enters have
no liquid ows (no mass transfers)
In stripping section, all trays below the tray on which the boilup enters have
no vapor ows
The reux and reboiler constraints ensure that the reux and boilup enter on
one tray

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A Standard Optimization Problem

min Cost
x,y
x = all continuous design variables
y = all integer (or binary) design variables
= all constraints mentioned above

zi zi1 0

i AF

zi zi+1 0

i BF

Economic Objective Function

Cost = tax(CLP S Hvap + CCW Hcond)V + f (N, Di)/pay
f (N, Di) = 12.3[615 + 324Di2 + 486(6 + 0.76N )Di] + 245N (0.7 + 1.5Di2)

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Standard Design Optimization Model

min f (x) = f (x1, x2, , xn)
x
subject to:
hj (x) = hj (x1, x2, , xn) = 0; j = 1 to p
gk (x) = gk (x1, x2, , xn) 0; k = 1 to m
xi xi xiu ;

i = 1 to n

f (x): objective function

hj (x): equality constraints
gk (x): inequality constraints
x R1: single variable

x Rn: multi-variable

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Standard Design Optimization Model

45

Maximization Problem Treatment

min f (x) = f (x1, x2, , xn)

x
subject to:
hj (x) = hj (x1, x2, , xn) = 0; j = 1 to p
gk (x) = gk (x1, x2, , xn) 0; k = 1 to m
xi xi xiu ;

i = 1 to n
max F (x) min f (x) = F (x)

Linear Program if all f, hj , gk are linear to x

Nonlinear Program if any one of f, hj , gk is nonlinear
Integer Program if xis are integer values
Mixed-Integer Program if some xis are integer values
Mixed-Integer Linear Program
Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Program
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Constraints
Treatment of Greater Than Type Constraints
Gk (x)

gk (x)

Gk (x) 0

Constraint Set (Feasible Region)

S = {x | hj (x) = 0, j = 1, . . . , p; gk (x) 0, k = 1, . . . , m}

min f (x)
xS

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Active/Inactive/Violated Constraints
An inequality constraint gk (x) 0 is said to be active at a design
point x if it is satised at equality, i.e. gk (x) = 0
An inequality constraint gk (x) 0 is said to be inactive at a
design point x if it is strictly satised, i.e. gk (x) < 0
An inequality constraint gk (x) 0 is said to be violated at a
design point x if its value is positive, i.e. gk (x) > 0

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Chen CL

Graphical Optimization
Prot Maximization Problem

g1 :
g2 :
g3 :
g4 :

A company manufactures two machines, A and B. Using available

resources either 28 A or 14 B machines can be manufactured each
day. The sales department can sell up to 14 A machines or 24 B
machines. The shipping facility can handle no more than 16
machines each day. The company makes a prot of 400 on each A
machine and 600 on each B machine. How many A and B machines
should the company manufacture every day to maximize prot ?

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% ProfitMax.m
% for Profit Maximization Problem
%
[x1,x2] = meshgrid(0:0.5:25, 0:0.5:25);
prof = 400*x1+600*x2;
g1 = x1+x2-16;
g2 = x1/28+x2/14-1;
g3 = x1/14+x2/24-1;
g4 = -x1;
g5 = -x2;
cla reset;
axis([0 25 0 25])
set(gca,XTick,[0,5,10,15,20,25],...
YTick,[0,5,10,15,20,25],...
XTickLabel,{0,5,10,15,20,25},...
YTickLabel,{0,5,10,15,20,25},...
FontSize,16,LineWidth,3)

x1
x2
prot
f (x)
x1 + x2
x1
x2
28 + 14
x1
x2
14 + 24
x1
x

=
=
=
=

# of A machine manufactured each day

# of B machine manufactured each day
400x1 + 600x2
(400x1 + 600x2)
16 (shipping and handling constraint)
1 (manufacturing constraint)
1 (limitation on sales department)
0; g5 : x2 0
(4, 12);
f (x) = 8800

Chen CL

xLabel(\bf x_1,FontSize,16,Color,[0,0,0])
yLabel(\bf x_2,FontSize,16,Color,[0,0,0])
title(\bf Profit Maximization Problem,...
FontSize,16,Color,[0,0,0])
hold on
cv = [0 0];
profv = [2000, 5000, 8800, 12000, 15000];
const1 = contour(x1,x2,g1,cv,r,LineWidth,3);
const2 = contour(x1,x2,g2,cv,m,LineWidth,3);
const3 = contour(x1,x2,g3,cv,b,LineWidth,3);
const4 = contour(x1,x2,g4,cv,k,LineWidth,3);
const5 = contour(x1,x2,g5,cv,k,LineWidth,3);
profs = contour(x1,x2,prof,profv,k-);
clabel(profs)

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text( 1.1,
15,\bf g_1,FontSize,12,Color,[1,0,0])
text(
15,
7,\bf g_2,FontSize,12,Color,[1,0,1])
text( 1.1,
22,\bf g_3,FontSize,12,Color,[0,0,1])
text(-0.05,20.75,\bf g_4,FontSize,12)
text(
18, 0.85,\bf g_5,FontSize,12)
plot(4,12,g,Marker,o,MarkerSize,6)
text(
1,
5,\it\bf
Feasible Region,FontSize,14)
text(
15,
20,\it\bf Infeasible Region,FontSize,14)
hold off

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Graphical Optimization
Design Problem with Multiple Solutions
min f (x) = x1 0.5x2
subject to:
2x1 + 3x2 12
2x1 + x2 8
x1 0
x2 0

Chen CL

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Graphical Optimization

Graphical Optimization

Design Problem with Unbounded Solution

Minimum Tubular Weight Column

max F (x) = x1 2x2

s.t. : 2x1 x2 0
2x1 + 3x2 6
x1 0;
x2 0

min f (x) = x1 + 2x2

s.t. :

Chen CL

2x1 + x2 0
2x1 + 3x2 6
x1 0
x2 0

P = 10 MN, E = 207 GPa, = 7833 kg/m3,  = 5 m, a = 248 MPa

f (R, t) = 2Rt = 2(7833)(5)Rt = 2.4608 105Rt kg
g1(R, t) =

P
2Rt

a =

g2(R, t) = P

ER t
42

g3(R, t) = R 0,

10(1.0106 )
2Rt

248(1.0 106) 0

= 10(1.0 106)

(207.0109 )R3 t
4(5)(5)

g4(R, t) = t 0

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Thank You for Your Attention

Questions Are Welcome