Chng 4: MACH TRANSISTOR GHEP LIEN TANG

4.1 Gii thieu

4.2 Ghep Cascade cac mach khuech ai
4.3 Mach khuech ai vi sai (difference amplifier)
4.4 Cau hnh Darlington
4.5 Mach khuech ai ghep Cascode

Chng 5

4.1 Gii thieu

Yeu cau thiet ke: o li (gain), cong suat ra, ap ng tan so, S dung nhieu hn mot TST.
Mach khuech ai DC: Ghep trc tiep (direct coupling)
Mach khuech ai AC: Ghep ien dung (capacitive coupling)

4.2 Ghep Cascade cac mach khuech ai

Ghep Cascade: Ngo ra cua tang 1 la ngo vao cua tang 2,

Mach co the gom nhieu cau hnh ghep cascade (vd: CE-CC, CE-CE, )
Phan tch:
Xac nh tnh iem
Phan tch mach tng ng tn hieu nho
Xet mach ghep AC (ac-coupling) sau:

Phan tch DC, xac nh tnh iem: Hai tang oc lap (do ghep AC): Chng 2, 3.
Phan tch AC (tn hieu nho): Mach tng ng: Chng 4
Chng 5

'
i L i L ib2 ib1 h fe 2 RC 2 h fe1 Rb 2 Rb' 1

o li dong: Ai =
=
=
'
'

ii ib 2 ib1 ii RC 2 + R L Rb 2 + hie2 Rb1 + hie1

Gia s: hie1 << Rb1; hie2 << Rb2; RL << RC2: Ai (-hfe1)(-hfe2) N tang ???
V du 1: Xac nh o li ap va bien o dao ong cc ai ien ap ngo ra. Gia s hfe = 100.

Xac nh tnh iem:

Tang 2: I CQ 2 =
Chng 5

VCC V BEQ

Re 2 + Rb 2 / h fe 2

9.65mA
3

Tang 1: Rb1 = R1 // R2 = 9.09K; VBB = VCCR1/(R1 + R2) = 1.82V I CQ1 =

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: hie1 = h fe1

VT
1920 ; hie 2
I CQ1

V BB V BEQ

Re1 + Rb1 / h fe1

V
= h fe 2 T 260
I CQ 2

1.3mA

o li ap:

Av =

v L v L v b 2 ib1 50 K
(1 // 9)
1
=
=
100
1
//
100
//(
50
)
K
K
h
K
[
(
)
]

ie 2
1K (1 // 9) + 1.9 -32
v i v b 2 ib1 v i 50 K + hie 2

Bien o dao ong cc ai ien ap ngo ra:

MaxSwing = min(MaxSwing2 , Av2 MaxSwing1) vi Av2 : o li ien ap tang 2.

Chng 5

9 Tang 2:

RDC1 = 1K; Rac1 = 1K // 1K = 0.5K

T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 2
MaxSwing2 = 5V

9 Tang 1:

Tang 2 mac CC: Av2 =

Tang 2 mac CC: Zin2 = Rb2 // [hie2 +

(hfe2 + 1)(Re2//RL) 33K
RDC1 = 1K + 1K = 2K; Rac1 = 1K //
33K 0.97K
T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 1
MaxSwing1 = 2.6V

(h fe 2 + 1)( Re 2 // R L )
Z in 2
1 vi Zout1 = RC1 = 1K
Z in 2 + Z out1 ( h fe 2 + 1)( Re 2 // R L ) + hie 2

9 Suy ra: MaxSwing = 2.6V

Chng 5

V du 2: Cho mach khuech ai ghep trc tiep sau. Xac nh tnh iem, o li ap, maxswing ngo ra
Xac nh tnh iem:
e n gian, xem IB = 0 trong cac tnh toan
tnh iem.
VBE1 = 0.7V I3 = 0.7/600 = 1.17 mA
IC2 = IE2 = I3 = 1.17 mA VCE2 = 9
(1.17mA)(1.3K + 1.8K + 0.6K) = 4.7V
VE2 = (1.17mA)(1.8K + 0.6K) = 2.8V
VC1 = VB2 = VBE + VE2 = 0.7 + 2.8 = 3.5V =
VCE1
IC1 = (9 3.5)/2.2K = 2.5 mA
Xac nh MaxSwing:
V tang 2 mac CE (Av thng >> 1) MaxSwing = MaxSwing2.
Xet tang 2:
RDC = 1.3K + 1.8K + 0.6K = 3.7K
Rac = 1.3K
T DCLL va ACLL cua tang 2 MaxSwing =
MaxSwing2 = 1.5V

Chng 5

 Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: hie1 = h fe1

VT
V
1K ; hie 2 = h fe 2 T 2.14 K
I CQ1
I CQ 2

v
v i i
100 2.2
Suy ra: Av = L = L b2 b1 = [ 100 1.3K ]

vi

ib 2 ib1 v i

2.2 + hie2

1
(0.6 // 0.8)

0.2 K + (0.6 // 1.8 // hie1 ) K (0.6 // 0.8) + 1

Av = 4000 ( 72dB)
On nh phan cc: Mach khuech ai AC: Cac tang oc lap DC: Chng 3
Mach khuech ai DC: Big problem !!!
V du 3: Xac nh thay oi cua dong tnh gay ra do anh hng cua nhiet o len VBE trong v du 2.
Hoi tiep:
Xac nh o on nh: IC1 /T va IC2 /T:
VB2 = 9V 2.2K(IC1 + IB2) = 9 2.2K(IC1 + IC2 / hfe2)
VE2 = VB2 VBE2 = 9 2.2K(IC1 + IC2 / hfe2) VBE2
Mat khac: VE2 = 1.8KIE2 + VBE1 1.8KIC2 + VBE1
IC2(1.8K + 2.2K / hfe2) = 9 2.2KIC1 VBE1 VBE2
Tai B1: IC2 IE2 = IB1 + VBE1 / 0.6K IC1 / hfe1 + VBE1 / 0.6K
Chng 5

 IC1(2.2K + 1.8K / hfe1 + 2.2K / (hfe1hfe2)) = 9 - VBE1(1 + 1.8K / 0.6K + 2.2K / (hfe20.6K)) - VBE2
IC1

9 4V BE1 V BE 2
2.2 K

I C1 5 2.5mV / 0 C
= 5.7 A/0C
=
Khi nhiet o thay oi: VBE / T = -k = -2.5 mV/ C
T
2.2 K
I C 2
1 I C 1
1 V BE1 2.5mV / 0 C
= -4.2 A/0C
+

=
Tai B1:IC2 = IC1 / hfe1 + VBE1 / 0.6K
h fe1 T
0 .6 K T
0.6 K
T
0

4.3 Mach khuech ai vi sai (difference amplifier)

S dung:
Phan tch: Gia s mach oi xng, cac TST giong nhau, mach cc B giong nhau
Chng 5

Phan tch tnh iem:

VE1 = VE2 = (IE1 + IE2)Re VEE = 2IE1Re VEE = 2IE2Re VEE
Do tnh oi xng, tach thanh 2 mach (Re 2Re):
IEQ1 = IEQ2 =

V EE 0.7
2 Re + Rb / h fe

VCEQ1 = VCEQ2 = VCC + VEE ICQ(Rc + 2Re)

V du 4: Trong mach tren, cho VCC = VEE = 10V; Rb = 0.2K; Re = 0.9K; Rc = 0.2K; RL = 10. Tnh
dao ong cc ai dong tai. Xem 2Re >> Rb / hfe
Theo phan tch tnh iem: ICQ = (10 0.7) / (20.9) = 5.17 mA
VCEQ = 10 + 10 5.17(0.2 + 20.9) = 9.66V
DCLL: RDC = Rc + 2Re = 2K
ACLL: Rac = Rc // RL 10 (???)
Da vao o th: IC2max = 5.17 mA ILmax 5.17 mA

Chng 5

Phan tch tn hieu nho:

Phan anh mach cc B (nguon i1 va i2) ve cc E:

at i0 = (i1 + i2)/2 va i = i2 i1 i1 = i0 (i/2) va i2 = i0 + (i/2)

Dung phng phap chong trap cho mach tng ng tn hieu nho, tach thanh 2 mode:
Mode chung (common mode): i1 = i2 = i0
Do oi xng: ie1c = ie2c iRe = 2ie1c = 2ie2c
ve = (2Re)ie2c
Tach oi: Re 2Re
ie2c =

Chng 5

Rb i0
2 Re + hib + Rb / h fe
10

 Mode vi sai (differential mode): i2 = - i1 = i/2

ie1d = - ie2d iRe = 0 ve = 0.

Ngan mach Re ie2d =

R b i
2(hib + Rb / h fe )

Chong trap (superposition):

ie2 = ie2c + ie2d =

Rb
Rb
i0 +
i
2 Re + hib + Rb / h fe
2( hib + Rb / h fe )

Rc
iie 2 = Aci0 + Adid
Rc + R L
Rc
Rb
Ac =
: o li dong mode chung
Rc + R L 2 Re + hib + Rb / h fe
Rc
Rb
Ad =
: o li dong mode vi sai
Rc + R L 2( hib + Rb / h fe )

iL =
trong o:

4.3.1 Ty so triet tn hieu ong pha CMRR (Common Mode Rejection Ratio):
Mach khuech ai vi sai ly tng: Ac = 0: iL = Adi

Ad
Ac
Re
(Gia s Re >> hib + Rb/hfe)

hib + Rb / h fe

Mach thc te: nh ngha: CMRR =

CMRR =
Chng 5

2 R e + hib + Rb / h fe
2( hib + Rb / h fe )

11

V du 5: Cho mach trong v du 4. Tnh CMRR. Gia s i0 = 1A, xac nh gia tr tn hieu ngo vao
mode vi sai e ngo ra mode vi sai toi thieu ln hn 100 lan ngo ra mode chung.
Ac - 0.1
Ad - 14
iL = -0.1i0 14i
CMRR = Ad / Ac = 140 (43dB)
e ngo ra mode vi sai 100ngo ra mode chung: 14i 100(0.1i0)
i 100(i0 / CMRR) = 0.7 A
4.3.2 Nguon dong cc phat (Emitter)
e tang CMRR: Tang Re : S dung nguon dong tai cc E.
Dung TST T3 tai cc E:
iC3 =

V EE V BB 0.7
= const.
Re

Xem T3 la nguon dong

Phan tch tnh iem:

ICQ3 =

V EE V BB 0.7
Re

Chng 5

12

V EE V BB 0.7
2
2 Re
Rb I CQ1
VC3 = VE1 = VE2 = - RbIb VBE = 0.7
h fe
Do tnh oi xng: ICQ1 = ICQ2 =

I CQ 3

VCEQ1 = VCEQ2 = VC1 VE1 = (VCC RcICQ1) ( 0.7

VCEQ3 = VC3 VE3 = ( 0.7

Rb I CQ1
h fe

Rb I CQ1
h fe

) - (-VEE + ReICQ3)

Phan tch tn hieu nho:

Tng t phan tren, thay Re bang 1/hoe.
Nhan xet: 1/hoe rat ln: CMRR c tang ang ke.
Chnh can bang: (Balance control)
Thc te: T1 va T2 khac nhau
Dung bien tr Rv gia E1 va E2 e
chnh can bang.

Chng 5

13

ieu kien can bang: ICQ1 = ICQ2

KVL: RbIB1 + VBE1 + R1IEQ1 = RbIB2 + VBE2 + R2IEQ2
(Rb / hfe1 + R1)IEQ1 + VBE1 = (Rb / hfe2 + R2)IEQ2 + VBE2
Gia s VBE1 = VBE2, can bang Rb / hfe1 + R1 = Rb / hfe2 + R2
Mat khac: R1 + R2 = Rv

R v Rb 1
R v Rb 1
1
1

R1 =
va R2 =

2
2 h fe1 h fe 2
2
2 h fe1 h fe 2
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
Khi can bang: ICQ1 = ICQ2 hib1 = hib2 = hib
Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: Giong trng hp oi xng, trong o

R v Rb 1
1

hib1 + Rb1 / hfe1 hib1 + Rb1 / hfe1 + R1 = hib +

+
+

2
2 h fe1 h fe 2
R v Rb 1
1

hib2 + Rb2 / hfe2 hib2 + Rb2 / hfe2 + R2 = hib +

+
+
2
2 h fe1 h fe 2
Rc
Rb
Ad =
: Giam so vi trng hp khong dung Rv
Rc + R L 2[hib + Rv / 2 + ( Rb / 2)(1 / h fe1 + 1 / h fe 2 )]
Rc
Rb
Ac =
Rc + R L 2(1 / hoe 3 ) + [hib + Rv / 2 + ( Rb / 2)(1 / h fe1 + 1 / h fe 2 )]
Chng 5

14

V du 6: Thiet ke mach sau e co CMRR = 100 (40dB). Tai 1K ghep AC. TST co hfe = 100.
Theo hnh ve: R1 = R2 = 50 ; hfe1 = hfe2 =
100.

S dung cong thc tnh Ad va Ac phan chnh can bang, thay 1/hoe bang Re, suy ra:
CMRR =

Re
Ad 2 Re + hib + 50 + 1000 / 100

=
Ac
2hib + 100 + 2000 / 100
60 + hib

Yeu cau: CMRR 100 Re 100(60 + hib)

Gia s ICQ1 = ICQ2 = 1mA hib = 25 Re 8.5K. Chon Re = 10K.
Tnh VEE: VEE = Rb1IB1 + VBE1 + R1IE1 + Re(2I1) = 20.8V
DCLL: RDC = Rc + R2 + 2Re
ACLL: Rac = Rc // RL

Chng 5

15

4.4 Cau hnh Darlington

Phan tch tnh iem:

9 DCLL cho T2: VCC = VCE2 + Rc(IC1 + IC2) + ReIE2
Do IC1 IE1 = IB2 = IC2 / hfe2 << IC2 IC1 + IC2 IC2 IE2
VCC = VCE2 + (Rc + Re)IC2
DCLL: IC2 =

VCC
1
VCE 2 +
Re + Rc
Re + Rc

9 ACLL cho T2: Rac = (RL // Rc)

9 Tnh tnh iem Q:

TST T2: VBB = VCCR1 / (R1 + R2); Rb = R1 // R2
I CQ 2 =

V BB 1.4
VCEQ2 tnh t DCLL
Re + Rb /(h fe1h fe2 )

TST T1: VCEQ1 = VCEQ2 0.7; ICQ1 = ICQ2 / hfe2

Chng 5

16

Phan tch tn hieu nho:

Phan anh mach cc B1 cua T1 Cc E1 va mach cc E2 cua T2 Cc B2

VT
VT
V
= h fe 2
= T = hib1
I CQ 2
h fe 2 I CQ1 I CQ1
h fe 2 RC
h fe1 ( Rb / h fe1 )
h fe1 Rb

Tnh iem: ICQ2 = hfe2ICQ1 hie2 = h fe 2

i L h fe 2 Rc
Suy ra: Ai =
=

ii
Rc + R L ( Rb / h fe1 ) + hib1 + hie 2
Rc + R L Rb + 2h fe1hib1
Rc
Rb
Ai = ( h fe1h fe2 )
Rc + R L Rb + 2hie1
Xem 2TST ghep Darlington 1 TST co: he = 2hie1 va hfe = hfe1hfe2

Chng 5

17

V du 7: Xac nh tnh iem cua mach sau. Gia s hfe = 100.

Nguon dong T5: VB5 = 6
Gia s IB5 << IC5
IC5 =

2.9
= -4.14V
2.9 + 1.3

( 4.14 0.7) ( 6)
= 0.9 mA
1.3K

Mach oi xng: IC3 = IC4 = IC5 / 2 = 0.45 mA

IC1 = IC2 = IC3 / hfe = 4.5 A
IB1 = IB2 = IC1 / hfe = 45 nA
KVL: VC1 = VC2 = VC3 = VC4 = VCC 10K(IC3 +
IC1) 7.5V
VE1 = VE2 = 0 (105)(4510-9) 0.7 -0.7V
VE3 = VE4 = VE1 0.7 = -1.4V
VC5 = VE3 50IC3 = -1.4 50(0.4510-3) 1.4V

Chng 5

18

4.5 Mach khuech ai ghep Cascode

MACH 1:

Cau hnh: CE CB: Thng dung trong cac mach tan so cao.
Phan tch tn hieu nho:

v
v i i
o li truyen at (Transfer gain): AT = L = L e 2 b1 = h fb 2 R L ( h fe1 )
ii

Chng 5

i e 2 ib1 ii

R1 // R2
R1 // R2 + hie1
19

Phan tch DC:

Gia s bo qua IB1 va IB2:
VB1 = VCCR1 / (R1 + R2 + R3)
VE1 = VB1 - VBE1 = VB1 0.7
IC1 =

V B1 0.7
= IC2
Re

VB2 = VCC(R1 + R2) / (R1 + R2 + R3)

VE2 = VB2 - VBE2 = VB2 0.7
VCE1 = VC1 - VE1 = (VE2 RcIC1) VE1
VCE2 = VC2 VE2 = (VCC RLIC2) VE2
MACH 2:
T1: CE
T2 va T3: Mach Cascode, dung e chuyen mc
DC cua (vL) en 0 (level shifting) dung trong cac
mach K ghep trc tiep (direct coupled
amplifiers).

Chng 5

20

Phan tch tnh iem:

Gia s bo qua IB2, IB3.
VB3 = (-6)(2.3K) / (2.3K + 3.7K) = -2.3V
VE3 = VB3 - VBE3 = -2.3 0.7 = -3V
IC3 = 3V / 3K = 1 mA
Can phai xac nh Rb sao cho VLDC = 0.
IB1 = (12 0.7) / Rb
VC1 = 12 8KIC1 = 12 8K[hfe1(12 0.7) / Rb] = VB2
VLDC = VE2 3.3KIC2 = (VB2 0.7) 3.3 = VB2 4
e VLDC = 0 VB2 = 12 8K[hfe1(12 0.7) / Rb] = 4
Rb = hfe1(12 0.7) / 1mA
Phan tch tn hieu nho:
T1: Mac CE.
T2: Mac CC.
T3: Mac CB.
Xac nh vL / vc1 : Mach tng ng tn hieu nho cua T2: Phan anh tr khang E2 B2 , trong o
R03 = 1/hob3 la tong tr nhn vao cc C cua T3 (CB).

h fe 2 (1 / hob3 )
vL
1
=
v C1 hie2 + h fe 2 3.3K + h fe 2 (1 / hob3 )
Mach Cascode (T2, T3) ch lam thay oi mc DC ngo ra ma khong thay oi o li ap cua mach
K T1 (CE).
Chng 5

21