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Modern Power System Fault Analysis (Hong Kong)
Modern Power System Fault Analysis (Hong Kong)
Modern Power System Fault Analysis (Hong Kong)
MVA pu =
Z pu =
=
=
=
MVA
MVAb
MVA b = 3Vb ph I b ph
Z
Zb
where Z b =
IbZ
Vb
3Vb I b Z
3Vb2
MVAb Z
(Vb line )2
MVA SC = 3Vb I f
=
2.1.1
MVAb
Z T pu
Z pu new =
MVAb new Z
Z pu old =
MVAb old Z
Z pu new
Z pu old
(Vb line ) 2
(Vb line ) 2
MVAb new
MVAb old
10
Vb
Ib
Z pu new =
Z pu old =
Z pu new
2.1.3
(Vb l new ) 2
MVAb Z
(Vb l old ) 2
(Vb l old ) 2
Z pu new
Z pu old
2.1.4
MVAb Z
X = j40
110kV
110/11kV 20MVA 20%
11kV
30MW unity p.f.
Fig. 2.1
11
2.3
2.3.1
Fig. 2.2
The currents in the three phases of a generator
when a sudden short circuit is applied.
12
Fig. 2.3
Subtransient reactance (X) and the transient reactance (X)
2.3.2
Effect of load
If the effect of load is taken into consideration, the actual fault current in any branch (by
Superpositon Theorem) becomes the phasor sum of pre-fault load current in that branch and the
fault current calculated from above.
2.3.3
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
2.4
In a 3 phase system,
V a= Zs Ia+ Zm Ib+ Zm Ic
V b= Zm Ia + Zs Ib+ Zm Ic
(2.1)
V c= Zm Ia + Zm Ib+ Zs Ic
[V]=[Z][I]
V a
= V b
V c
(2.2)
I a
I = I b
I c
13
Z s Z m Z m
Z
Z
Z
m
s
m
Z m Z m Z s
2
A
=
1
a
1 a a 2
where
-1
1 1 1
1
2
A
=
1
a
a
3
2
a
1 a
1 + a + a2 = 0
a = 1 / 120
[ V ] = [ Z ][ A ][ A ]-1[ I ]
[ A ]-1[ V ] = [ A ]-1[ Z ][ A ] [ A ]-1[ I ]
(2.3)
Examining
-1
1 1 1 V a V o
1
2
=
1
a
A
V
V b = V 1 = V s
a
3
2
a V c V 2 _
1 a
Vo = 1/3 ( Va + Vb + Vc )
V1 = 1/3 ( Va + a Vb + a2 Vc )
V2 = 1/3 ( Va + a2 Vb + a Vc )
(2.4)
(2.5)
(2.6)
Similarly
-1
1 1 1 I a I o
1
2
A I = 3 1 a a I b = I 1 =
1 a 2 a I c I 2 _
Is
Io = 1/3 ( Ia + Ib + Ic )
I1 = 1/3 ( Ia + a Ib + a2 Ic )
I2 = 1/3 ( Ia + a2 Ib + a Ic )
Now,
(2.7)
(2.8)
(2.9)
[ A ]-1 [ Z ] [ A ] = [ Zs ]
1 1 1 Z s Z m Z m 1 1 1
1
1 a a 2 Z m Z s Z m 1 a 2 a
3
1 a 2 a Z m Z m Z s 1 a a 2
0
0 Z o 0 0
Z s + 2 Z m
=
0 Zs - Zm
0 = 0 Z 1 0
0
0 Z s - Z m 0 0 Z 2
14
(2.10)
V o Z o 0 0 I o
V 1 = 0 Z 1 0 I 1
V 2 0 0 Z 2 I 2
Also
(2.11)
[ I ] = [ A ] [ Is ]
I a 1 1 1 I o
I b = 1 a 2 a I 1
I c 1 a a 2 I 2
(2.12)
Similarly
V a 1 1 1 V o
V b = 1 a 2 a V 1
V c 1 a a 2 V 2
2.5
2.5.1
(2.13)
Fig. 2.4
Equivalent circuit of a two winding transformer
15
Fig. 2.5
Simplified equivalent circuit of a two winding transformer
2.5.2
Fig. 2.6
Zero sequence circuit connection of a two winding transformer
16
Fig. 2.7
17
Fig. 2.8
2.5.3
Fig. 2.9
Equivalent circuit of a three winding transformer
18
19
below:
Fig. 2.10
20
System Earthing
The method of system earthing does not influence system operations. It only influence
the system for faults involving earth. As the majority of faults in power systems are earth
faults, system earthing becomes important. The purpose of earthing is to:
i)
prevent damage to people, and
ii)
prevent or limit plant damage.
2.6.1
Earthing methods
If a system is directly earthed or earthed through a low impedance, the fault current is
high and the damage by fault current is considerable. If a high impedance is used to earth the
system, the earth fault current is limited but it may cause transient overvoltage on unfaulted
phases.
The various earthing methods are:
i)
Solidly earthed,
ii)
Reactance earthed,
iii)
Resistance earthed,
iv)
Resonant or Peterson Coil earthed,
v)
Earthing transformer, and
vi)
Insulated earthed.
2.6.2
Solidly earthed
It is the simplest method of earthing. The zero sequence impedance is a minimum. The
earth fault current is highest. However, overvoltage in unfaulted phases is a minimum. Earth
fault protection is simple as the fault current is usually high. Overvoltage during earth faults is
usually less than 0.8 times phase to phase voltage.
2.6.3
Resistance earthed
There are two main types of earthing resistor, metallic grid and liquid types. The
metallic grid is usually constructed using a cast or steel element. The temperature rise can be
around 250C. The liquid type earthing resistor consists of an electrode immersed in a tank
containing a solution of sodium carbonate. This type of resistor has a negative temperature
coefficient. Both types of earthing resistor have a short time thermal rating of 30 seconds.
Earthing the system by means of a resistor reduces both the fault current and transient
overvoltages. However, for high value of earthing resistance, overvoltage in unfaulted phases
may be produced during earth faults approaching to phase to phase voltage.
2.6.4
Earthing reactor
Reactors are usually smaller and less expensive than resistors, it can reduce fault
current but this is associated with a increase in transient overvoltages during earth faults.
Transient overvoltages are a maximum when the value of earthing reactance is approximately
one third of the value required for resonant earthing. In order to reduce the transient
overvoltages to an admissible level the earthing reactance has to be reduced so that the earth
fault current approaches that for a solidly earthed system. Overvoltages during earth faults will
be between 0.8 times and full phase to phase voltage.
21
Insulated neutral
The earth fault current is capacitive and if small may be self extinguished. Automatic
segregation of faulty zones is extremely difficult. The system can be run with an earth fault for
long periods. Overvoltages during earth faults may be greater than phase to phase voltage.
Arcing earth faults are very likely and these can result in high transient overvoltages.
2.6.7
Earthing transformer
In some cases where the neutral of the power transformer is not available, the system is
earthed via a earthing transformer of zig-zag type (Fig. 2.11). A minimum impedance is offered
to the flow of zero sequence currents. Under normal operating conditions the currents flowing
through the windings are the magnetising currents of the earthing transformer. The earthing
transformer is designed to carry the maximum fault current for 30 seconds.
Fig. 2.11
2.7.
Systems above 33 kV
The problems of overvoltages becomes more important than high fault currents. For
this reason they are usually solidly earthed.
2.8
2.8.1
Let Z2 = K2 Z1 and Zo = Ko Z1
For A-E fault,
Ea
Z 1 (1 + K 2 + K 0 )
(2.14)
a 2 + aK 2 + K 0
Vb = a V1 + aV2 + V0 = Eb
E
(1 + K 2 + K 0 ) a
(2.15)
a + a2K2 + K0
E
(1 + K 2 + K 0 ) a
(2.16)
I1 = I 2 = I 0 =
V1 = E I 1 Z 1
V2 = I 2 Z 2
V0 = I 0 Z 0
2
Vc = aV1 + a 2V2 + V0 = E c
23
Vres =
3K 0
E
(1 + K 2 + K 0 ) a
(2.17)
Usually, K2 = 1, therefore
Vb = Eb
K0 1
E
(2 + K 0 ) a
Vc = E c
K0 1
E
(2 + K 0 ) a
Effectively
earthed system
Non-effectively
earthed system
A-E fault
Fig. 2.12
2.8.2
I1 =
Ea
Z 1 (1 + K 2 K 0 / (K 2 + K 0 ))
I2 =
Ea K 0
Z 1 (K 2 + K 0 + K 2 K 0 )
I0 =
Ea K 2
Z 1 (K 2 + K 0 + K 2 K 0 )
Va = E a
(2.18)
3K 2 K 0
3K 0
= Ea
(K 2 + K 0 + K 2 K 0 )
(1 + 2 K 0 )
Vres = Va
24
if K 2 = 1
(2.19)
B-C-E fault
Fig. 2.13
The above equations show how the healthy phase voltages are affected by the method
of earthing. K2 may be assumed constant and approximately equal to 1.0 0E. For solidly
earthed system and with a earth fault close to generation, K0 may be approaching 0.5. In this
case, the voltage in the sound phase is below rated phase to neutral voltage.
For solidly earthed system and with a earth fault more distant from generation, K0 may
be approaching 1.0. In this case, the voltage in the sound phase equals the rated phase to neutral
voltage.
Even on a solidly earthed system a earth fault far away from the source of generation,
can result in a value of K0 approaching 2.5 to 4.5. The voltage in the sound phase will increase
above the normal rated phase to neutral voltage.
In general, effective earthing includes direct earthing and low reactance earthing. Non
effective earthing is characterised by a high Z0 / Z1 ratio (large K0) and includes resistance
earthing, distribution transformer earthing, resonant earthing and insulated systems.
In BS 5311 1976, effective earthing is defined as During phase to earth faults, the
voltage to earth voltage of the sound phases does not exceed 80 % of the voltage between lines
of the system. The AIEE Standard No. 32 defines effectively earthed system as that in which
X0 / X1 < 3 and R0 / X1 < 1
A resistance earthed system will result in a value of K0 having an associated angle. Due
to this angle, the voltage of the lagging sound phase will be less than that of the leading sound
phase, for a single phase to earth fault. The voltage between the sound phases will remain at the
rated value provided K2 = 1 for the duration of the fault. For large values of earthing resistance
where 3 RE >> Z1, the voltages on the sound phases will be equal to or slightly greater than
rated phase to phase voltage.
2.9
25
V NG = I F Z E =
=
3V AN
ZE
Z 1 (1 + K 2 + K 0 ) + 3Z E
ZE
V AN
Z1 + Z E
if K 2 = K 0 = 1
At the source,
V AG = V AN + V NG
V BG = VBN + V NG
VCG = VCN + V NG
V AG + VBG + VCG = 3V NG = 3V0
Fig. 2.14
Therefore the neutral displacement voltage equals the zero sequence voltage V0 and can
be obtained if necessary from the average of the phase to ground voltages or by measuring the
voltage across the earthing impedance. The residual voltage can be measured by using either
a three phase five limb VT or three single phase VTs each with the secondary windings of the
phases connected in series or open delta.
26
(2.20)
Residual voltage measurement can be used to detect earth faults on a system and to
provide a polarising quantity for directional earth fault relays. It can be seen that the residual
voltage Vres depends mainly on the value of K0 and ZE. On systems with high earthing
impedance or insulated neutral, the value of Vres will approach 3 times rated phase to neutral
voltage. On solidly earthed systems the value of K0 may be small and there may be insufficient
neutral displacement to provide the necessary polarising quantities. For this reason, where
directional earth fault relays are used at generating stations where the system is solidly earthed,
current polarisation is preferred to voltage polarisation.
As the voltage between the neutral of power transformers and earth is small during
earth faults on solidly earthed systems, graded insulation can be used with considerable
reduction in cost.
2.10
I res = I a + I b + I c = 3I 0
The residual current contains only zero sequence current. As this is only present during
earth faults, Ires is a good method of earth fault detection. On solidly earthed systems Ires will
normally be large and can be measured with normal ring type CTs. On resistance earthed
systems Ires will normally be of the order of rated full load current and again can be measured
using normal ring type CTs.
On high impedance earthed systems Ires will be very small and should therefore be
measured using core type CTs or very accurate ring type CTs. On insulated and Peterson Coil
earthed system, residual current will be measured on healthy and faulty feeders and therefore
very sensitive directional relays are used. These are polarised from the residual voltage and
will discriminate between faulty and non-faulty outgoing feeders.
For a phase to earth fault, it can be shown that
I res =
(1 + K 2 + K 0 )
I 3
(2.21)
3K 2
I
(K 2 + K 0 + K 2 K 0 ) 3
(2.22)
It can be shown that for K2 = 1, the residual current for a double phase to earth fault is
greater than that for a single phase to earth fault for values of K0 less than 1.0.
27
2.11
Fig. 2.15
The zero sequence network of a 3 phase auto transformer is shown in Fig. 2.16
Fig. 2.16
With the tertiary winding open circuited, let us consider the flow of zero sequence currents
as shown in Fig. 2.17.
Fig. 2.17
28
I L 0nC = I H 0 (nS + nC )
I H 0= I L 0
= I L0
nC
nS + nC
1
1+ N
where N =
nS
nC
E H n S + nC
=
= 1+ N
EL
nC
1
I L 0 I H 0 = I L 0 1
1 + N
N
= I L0
1+ N
In the zero sequence network, Z X seems to be consists of :
Z X = ZL +
3(I L 0 I H 0 )Z n
I L0
N
Zn
1+ N
Similarly, on the HV side, Z Y' seems to be consists of :
= ZL + 3
(2.23)
I I
Z Y' = Z H' 3Z n L 0 H 0
I L0
= Z H' 3Z n N
Z Y = Z H 3Z n
N
(1 + N )2
referring to LV side
(2.24)
Now consider the HV side open circuited but with the tertiary winding closed as shown in
Fig. 2.18.
Fig. 2.18
29
This is equivalent to a short circuit test between the common and tertiary winding.
Z C T = Z X + Z Z = Z L + Z T + 3 Z n
As
,
2.12
N
1+ N
1
Z Z = Z T + 3Z n
1+ N
Z X = Z L + 3Z n
(2.25)
Fig. 2.19
Consider the less extreme case where an impedance is connected in series with one phase
open as shown in Fig. 2.19. Then
E xa = E ya + I a Z a
E xb = E yb
E xc = E yc
1
and similarly E x1= E y1+ I a Z a
3
1
E x2= E y 2+ I a Z a
3
1
(E ya + I a Z a ) + E yb + E yc
3
1
= (E ya + E yb + E yc ) + I a Z a
3
1
E x0= E y0+ I a Z a
3
and E x 0 =
That is, the voltage drops in the three sequence networks are each equal to:
1
1
I a Z a = Z a ( I1 + I 2 + I 0 )
3
3
(2.26)
30
Fig. 2.20
In the extreme case of one phase being open circuit then Za /3 becomes infinite and the
above circuit with Za /3 removes becomes applicable.
2.13
Simultaneous fault one phase open circuit on one side and phase to earth fault on
the other side in the same phase
It is very rare to have two faults happen in different locations simultaneously. The only
simultaneous fault that is most likely to happen is the breakage of the overhead line conductor.
One side of the broken conductor will thus have an open circuited fault while the conductor on the
other side falls to ground causing a line to earth fault. The physical line arrangement is shown in
Fig. 2.21 and the positive sequence network of this fault is shown in Fig. 2.22.
Solving the simultaneous fault cannot be carried out superposition theory as the sequence
network are not physical networks. The solution of this problem can only be carried out by using
sequence network analysis and the analysis must fulfill the rules of both open circuit fault and one
phase to earth fault analysis.
31
Ia
Ia
Ib
Ib
Ic
Ic
Fig. 2.21
Fig. 2.22
Va' = 0
, I a1= ( I a 2 + I a 0 )
V bVb' = 0
I b+ I b' = 0
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
V cV = 0
I c+ I = 0
'
c
, a V a1V
'
a1
) + a (V
2
(V
a1
'
a1
) = (V
a2
'
a2
a2
'
a2
) = (V
) + (V
V
a0
'
a0
a0
'
a0
'
c
)= 0
(2.18)
32
(I
) (
) (
a1
(2.19)
Fig. 2.23
2.14
1.
Further Reading
Paul M. Anderson, Analysis of Faulted Power Systems, IEEE Press Power Systems
Engineering Series, IEEE, 1995.
2.15
i.
ii.
Self Assessment
Do you understand the physical meaning of positive and negative sequence components?
What is the relationship between mutual coupling impedance and sequence impedance in
the power system?
How do you transform between the actual system voltages and currents into their
corresponding sequence components?
Do you understand why the actual system network can be transformed into sequence
networks?
How the sequence networks are connected under various unsymmetrical faults?
Do you know how to form the positive and negative sequence networks?
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
33
vii.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
Why the zero sequence network of a power transformer is different and do you know how
to form the zero sequence network of a power transformer? Now do you understand how
to form the zero sequence network of the power system?
Do you know how to solve tutorial questions from 1 to 10?
Can you name the earthing systems that are used for power systems?
Why the earthing methods will affect the voltage on unfaulted phases under earth fault
condition?
How do you connect the sequence networks for an open circuited fault?
How to represent the simultaneous fault by sequence networks?
Are you able to solve the open circuit and simultaneous fault problems from Q11 to Q15?
2.16
Tutorials
viii.
ix.
x.
Q1.
A 10 MVA, 13.8 KV, 50 Hz generator has a direct-axis sub-transient reactance of 0.2
p.u., a negative sequence reactance of 0.15 p.u. and a zero sequence reactance of 0.1 p.u. In
order to reduce the short-circuit current in case of a fault to earth, a current limiting reactor is
connected to the neutral of the generator. Determine the inductance required to limit the
sub-transient line current for a single-line-to-earth fault current to that of a three-phase fault.
If a resistor is used instead of the reactor, what value of resistance is required?
(3.03 mH, 2.52 )
Q2.
A 20 MVA, 11 KV, 3 phase alternator which is connected in star and solidly earthed, is
connected directly to a cable. Determine the current in each phase, the fault current, and the
voltage between the unfaulted end of the cable and earth, when a B-C phase to earth fault
occurs at the far end of the cable.
(0 A, -2451 + j 1769A, 2451 + j 1769A, j3538A, 4.5kV)
The p.u. phase sequence reactances are:
Positive
Negative
Zero
Generator
0.3
0.2
0.05
Cable
0.1
0.1
0.16
Q3.
In the single source system as shown in Fig Q3, a 3 phase fault occurs at the end of the
line. By using a MVA base of 600 MVA, calculate the fault current and the fault MVA if:
i)
The 400 kV busbar has a short circuit level of 35 GVA; and
ii)
The 400 kV busbar has a short circuit level of 5 GVA.
(-j15.85kA, 10.98GVA, -j5.5kA, 3.81GVA)
Z1=Z2
Z0=2Z1
R
400 kV
Z1=Z2=j10
Z0=j40
E=1.0 pu
Fig. Q3
34
Q4.
(8.85kA, 3.68kA)
(-13.74kA, 4.76kA)
Q5.
In the two sources system as shown in Fig Q5, the short circuit level of the 400 kV
busbars in side A and B is 5 GVA and 35 GVA respectively. An A-E fault occurs at the
location shown in the figure. By using a MVA base of 600 MVA, calculate:
i)
the total fault current; and
(-j18.3, 0.686)
ii)
the fault current contributing from both ends of the line.
(-j6.35, 0.238)
What is the ratio of fault current contribution from both ends of the line? What causes that?
What effect can you think of in this situation?
Fig. Q5
100%
50%
Z1=Z2
Z0=2Z1
Z1=Z2
Z0=2Z1
A
G
E=1.0p
ZLB
ZLA
Z1=Z2= j20
Z0= j80
(for the whole line)
G
E=1.0p
Q6. A 20 MVA 132/11 kV 3 phase transformer with winding connected in Dy11 is supplied
from a source of negligible impedance. The leakage impedance of the transformer is 10 % and the
neutral of the star connected winding is floating. If a B-C phase fault happens on the LV side near
the transformer terminals, calculate the p.u. current in all three phases on the HV side of the
transformer based on 20 MVA base.
(-j5, -j5, j10)
Q7. If the transformer in Q6 is supplied from a source of fault level 2000 MVA and the star
point is now solidly earthed. Calculate the p.u. current in all three phases on the HV side of the
transformer based on 20 MVA base if an A phase to earth fault occurs on the 11 kV side.
(5.41, -5.41, 0)
35
Q8.
Fig. Q8 shows a 275 KV, 3 phase overhead transmission line 80 km long which is
supplied from both ends through identical delta/star connected transformers A and B, each
rated at 100 MVA, 11/275 kV. The star-point of both transformers are solidly earthed and the
symmetrical short circuit level at the input terminals of A is 1000 MVA, while that at the input
terminals of B is 2000 MVA.
If an A phase to earth fault occurs on one overhead conductor at a position 20 km from
B, find the fault current flowing into the fault F and the current seen by protective relays
installed on each phase of the HV side of the transformer windings.
The relevant reactance are given below:
Transformer
X1 = X2 = Xo = 0.15 p.u. based on rating
Transmission line
X1 = X2 = 0.8 /km
Xo = 1.6 /km.
(1689 A, 696 A, 0 A, 0 A, 993 A, 0 A, 0 A.)
Fig. Q8
Q9. For the same network as shown in Q8, if the source of Tx. B is disconnected at the L.V.
side, calculate again, for an A phase to earth fault, the total fault current and the current seen by
relays on the H.V. side of the transformers.
(850 A, 683 A, 167 A, 167 A, 167 A, 167 A, 167 A.)
Q10. In the two sources system as shown in Fig Q10, the short circuit level of the 400 kV
busbars in side X and Y is 30 GVA and 10 GVA respectively. The neutral of the source on side
X is solidly earthed while the neutral of the source on side Y is floating. A fault occurs at the
location shown in the figure. By using a MVA base of 1000 MVA, calculate the fault current
in each phase in side X and Y if
i) the fault is a three phase fault; and
(11.36kA, 7.45kA)
ii) the fault is a single phase to earth fault on A phase.
(6.78kA, 1.22kA, 1.22kA; 2.43kA, 1.22kA, 1.22kA)
Suggest a method to limit the earth fault current in this case.
Neglect the effect of load in the above calculations.
36
100%
50%
Z1=Z2
Z0=2Z1
Z1=Z2
X
G
E=1.0p
ZLB
ZLA
Z1=Z2= j30
Z0= j80
(for the whole line)
G
E=1.0p
Fig. Q10
Q11. In the distribution circuit shown in Fig. Q11, A phase is open-circuited at load terminals,
calculate:
i)
magnitude of current in healthy phases; and
ii)
voltage across the open circuit.
(0.95222, 0.95102, 0.32-7.1)
Z 1T = j 0.4 pu
Q12. An unloaded 3 phase star connected bank of single phase transformers having the star
point isolated is fed over a cable having a capacitance of 3F/phase from a large 66 kV, 50 Hz
system having an earthed neutral point. The transformer takes a magnetizing circuit of 30A at 66
kV and the magnetizing reactance may be assumed constant. If one conductor breaks between the
cable and the supply, estimate, neglecting reactance, the steady state voltage which would appear
across the break.
(14.2 kV)
37
Q13. For the circuit shown in Fig. Q13, calculate the current distribution in the transformer
windings and the neutral currents at the source and transformer earthing points.
Note: Voltages are phase voltage. All impedance referred to the 100 kV winding, i.e., 3
x 100 kV phase to phase.
Fig. Q13
Q14.
38
Q15. In the generator / generator transformer circuit shown in Fig. Q15, find the current
distribution in the primary and secondary circuit for:
i)
A L-E fault at P of If = 900A with delta opened,
ii)
A L-E fault at Q of If = 900A with delta opened,
iii)
A L-E fault at P of If = 900A with delta closed, and
iv)
A L-E fault at Q of If = 900A with delta closed.
Fig. Q15
39
Q16. (a)
An EHV transmission system is shown in Fig. Q16. An A phase to earth fault
occurs at 70% of the line length from the relaying point X with a fault resistance of 100. Neglect
the effect of the load, calculate the current and phase to ground voltage of the faulted phase at
locations X of the 400kV line.
(1375A, 189.5 kV)
Fig. Q16
(b)
Distance relays are installed at locations X to protect the 400kV line. The zone 1
setting of the relay is set to cover 80% of the line length. Based on the above calculations, calculate
the impedance seen by the phase-earth fault distance relays at the faulted phase and comment on
the result obtained.
(89.6 + j 33.9 )
The relay input currents are compensated by:
I R = I ph + I n
Where
Z 0 Z1
3Z 1
IR = Relay current
Iph = phase current
In = neutral current
Z1 = line positive sequence impedance
Z0 = line zero sequence impedance
(c)
Comment on the accuracy of distance relays due to the effect of remote end infeed
and the fault resistance in the above case.
40
Q17. (a)
An e.h.v. transmission system is shown in Fig. Q17. During a typhoon, the A
phase conductor at 70 % of the line length from the relaying point X was broken thus forming
an open circuit fault. The conductor on the other side (Y) fell to the ground forming a line to
earth fault. Nelect the effect of the load, calculate the current and phase to ground voltage of the
faulted phase at locations X and Y on both sides of the 400 kV line.
(0, 0.957-j0.0084, 0.158-j0.809, 0.085-j0.015)
Fig. Q17
(b)Distance relays are installed at locations X and Y protecting the 400 kV line. Each
relay on both sides will set to cover 80 % of the line length. Based on the above calculations,
calculate the impedance seen by both phase-earth fault distance relays at the faulted phase and
comment on the result obtained.
(42.6-j236, 0.9+j10.8)
The relay input current is compensated by:
I R = I ph + I n
Where
Z 0 Z1
3Z 1
IR = relay current
Iph = phase current
In = neutral current
Z1 = line positive sequence impedance
Z0 = line zero sequence impedance
(c)
When a fault happens in the power system, what will be the transient voltage
and current waveform that will appear at the relay location in the first few cycles. Does it affect
the relay performance.
41
Q18.
(a)
(a)
An e.h.v. transmission System is shown in Fig. Q18 Distance relays are
installed at locations X to protect the 400 kV line. The relay is set to cover 80 % of the line
length. An A phase to earth fault with a fault resistance of 10 occurs at 70 % of the line length
from the relaying point X. Neglect the effect of the load, calculate the impedance seen by the
relay of the faulted phase at locations X when
(i)
the circuit breaker (C.B.) at the other side of the line is opened; and
(ii)
the circuit breaker (C.B.) at the other side of the line is closed.
(7.2+j26.2, 14.8+j27)
Explain why the zero sequence impedance compensation does not give correct
measurement in this case.
The relay input current is compensated by:
I R = I ph + I n
Where
Z 0 Z1
3Z 1
IR = relay current
Iph = phase current
In = neutral current
Z1 = line positive sequence impedance
Z0 = line zero sequence impedance
Fig. Q18
42
Q19. A 275 kV transmission line is protected by two distance relays located at both ends of the
line (X and Y) as shown in Fig.Q19. During a typhoon, the A phase conductor at 50% of the
transmission line was broken. The conductor on side Y fell to ground thus forming a line to earth
fault. The conductor of the other side (X) remain open circuited.
i)
Sketch the sequence network and show how the fault current can be calculated.
ii)
Neglect the effect of the load, calculate the impedance seen by the distance
relay of the faulted phase at Y.
(j12.5)
The relay input current is compensated by:
I R = I ph + I n
Where
Z 0 Z1
3Z 1
IR = relay current
Iph = phase current
In = neutral current
Z1 = line positive sequence impedance
Z0 = line zero sequence impedance
Z1= Z2= j 25
Z0= j 42
(for the whole length)
25kV
500MW
X1= 0.15p.u.
X2= 0.07p.u.
X0= 0.05p.u.
100%
25/275kV
750MVA
X1= X2= X0
= 0.15p.u.
275/33kV
500MVA
X1= X2= X0
= 0.125p.u.
50%
275kV
Fig. Q19
43