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Status Paper - Ganga
Status Paper - Ganga
Status Paper - Ganga
lR;eso t;rs
August, 2009
Disclaimer
Every possible care has been taken to ensure that
the data used in this paper are correct, consistent
and complete as far as possible. Constraints of
available time and resources, however, do not
preclude the possibility of errors, omissions etc. in
the data and consequently in their use in the paper.
Contents of this paper can be used freely.
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER-2
GANGA BASIN
2.1
Background
2.2
Location
2.3
Climate
2.4
Course of Ganga
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
CHAPTER-3
CHAPTER-4
CHAPTER-5
3.1
3.2
3.3
Institutional arrangements
10
3.4
11
3.5
11
3.6
Industrial Pollution
12
13
4.1
Pre-GAP Status
13
4.2
16
4.3
17
4.4
Summary
18
19
5.1
19
5.2
Formulation of Schemes
20
5.3
Implementation
20
5.4
20
5.5
Technological Issues
21
5.6
Conclusion
21
CHAPTER-6
22
6.1
22
6.2
22
6.3
22
6.4
Action Plan
24
6.5
Resources
24
Catchment Area, Annual Water Yield and Mean Flow rate of Streams
ANNEXURES
in Ganga Basin
25
II
26
III
28
IV
29
31
REFERENCES
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1
30
Ganga Basin
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
7
14
16
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 State Wise Distribution of Drainage Area of Ganga River in India
Table 2.2 State-wise Number of Cities/Towns and Estimated Population
Table 3.1 The Designated Best Use classification of Inland surface
waters
Table 4.1 Status of Ambient Water Quality Along Different Zones of the
Ganga
Table 4.2 Zoning and Water Quality Classification of the Ganga
17
3
8
10
15
15
Executive Summary
1.0
INTRODUCTION
3.0
GANGA BASIN
5.0
6.0
ii
01
Introduction
02
2.1
Ganga Basin
BACKGROUND
LOCATION
Table 2.1: State Wise Distribution of Drainage Area of the Ganga River in India
(Source: CWC publication no. 50/89 Major River Basins of India - An Overview - April 1989)
2
State
294,364
198,962
143,961
Rajasthan
112,490
West Bengal
71,485
Haryana
34,341
Himachal Pradesh
4,317
Delhi
1,484
Total
861,404
2.3
CLIMATE
2.4
COURSE OF GANGA
Ganga Basin
Gauging Stations
Gauging Stations
Gauging Stations
Ganga Basin
Alaknanda
Bhagirathi
Yamuna
Tehri Dam
Ganga
Tajewala
Delhi
Hardwar
Chambal
Bijnore
Sind
Narora
Betwa
Ken
Ramganga
Allahabad
Tons
Gomati
Ghaghara
Sone
Gandak
Punpun
Patna
Buri Gandak
Kosi
Farakka
Dam/Barrage
Place name
Bhagirathi
Hooghly
Padma
Brahmaputra
Meghna
Bay of Bengal
Fig. 5: Line diagram of Ganga with its major tributaries and water management structures
The average annual flow at various gauging
stations and in major tributaries is shown in the line
diagram in Fig. 5. The tributaries joining Ganga
from the south are shown on the left of the diagram
and those joining it from the north are shown on the
right side.
2.6
PHYSIOGRAPHIC ASPECTS OF
GANGA BASIN
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OF
GANGA BASIN
2.8
S. No
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
State
Bihar
(including Jharkhand)
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
( including Chhattisgarh)
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
West Bengal
Delhi
Total
No of towns/
cities
130
Urban population
1991
2001
6,715,096
8,681,800
106
57
394
4,054,744
449,196
12,152,967
6,115,304
595,581
15,967,145
222
704
86
373
1
2073
10,077,371
27,544,233
13,200,000
34,539,582
2,179,074
22,427,251
12,905,780
116,611,517
18,707,601
8,471,625
88,172,833
03
:
:
:
:
6.5 8.5
5 mg/l or more
3 mg/l or less
500 MPN / 100 ml (Desirable)
2500 MPN/100 ml (Max. Permissible)
Table 3.1 The Designated Best Use Classification of Inland Surface Water
Source: CPCB
CRITERIA
Core Schemes :
3.3
Afforestation
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
6.5 to 8.5
6 mg/l or more
2 mg/l or less
50 MPN/100 ml
6.5 to 8.5
5 mg/l or more
3 mg/l or less
500 MPN/100 ml
6.5 to 8.5
4 mg/l or more
3 mg/l or less
5000 MPN/100 ml
6.5 to 8.5
4 mg/l or more
1.2 mg/l
6.5 to 8.5
2250 mhos/cm
26
2 mg/l
10
3.4
Under GAP I, pollution abatement schemes were taken up in 25 Class-I towns in three States of U.P.,
Bihar and West Bengal. GAP I was declared complete on 31.03.2000 with an expenditure of Rs. 452
crore. The details are given below:
States Covered
Towns Covered
Schemes Sanctioned
Schemes Completed
Interception and Diversion
Sewage Treatment Plants
Low Cost Sanitation
Crematoria
River Front Development
Others (afforestation)
Sewage Treatment Capacity to be Created
Sewage Treatment Capacity Created
Total expenditure incurred
3.5
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
As GAP I addressed only a part of the pollution load of Ganga, GAP II was launched in stages between
1993 and 1996. 59 towns along the main stem of river Ganga in five States of Uttarakhand, U.P.,
Jharkhand, Bihar and West Bengal are covered under the Plan. The salient features of the Plan are as
under:
States Covered
Towns Covered
Schemes Sanctioned
Schemes Completed
Sewage Treatment Capacity to be Created
Sewage Treatment Capacity Created
:
:
:
:
11
3.6
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION
12
04
4.1
PRE-GAP STATUS
4.1.1
13
Coliform
Monitoring Stations
14
Table 4.1 Status of Ambient Water Quality Along Different Zones of the Ganga
Monitoring Stations
Total
Coliform
Uttarakhand Rishikesh
C
Haridwar
C
Garhmukteswar
C
UP
Kannauj
D
Kanpur u/s
D
Kanpur d/s
D
Allahabad u/s
D
Allahabad d/s
D
Mirzapur
D
Varanasi u/s
D
Varanasi d/s
D
Bihar
Buxar
D
Patna u/s
D
Patna d/s
D
Munger
D
Bhagalpur
D
Rajmahal
D
West Bengal Farakka
D
Nabadwip
D
Kalyani
D
Palta
D
Uluberia
D
Diamond Harbour
D
u/s -: upstream d/s -: downstream
DO
Status
B
C
C
B
C
D
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
A
A
A
B
A
B
A
BOD
Over all water
Status
quality
B
B
D
C
D
C
D
C
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
B
C
C
C
B
C
C
C
B
C
B
C
A
C
A
C
D
D
B
D
D
D
D
D
Zone
Length
(km)
Critical
parameter
Source
to
Rishikesh
Rishikesh
to
Kannauj
Kannauj to d/s
Varanasi (Trighat)
250
Total Coliform
420
Total
Coliform
and BOD
730
Total Coliform
Trighat
to
Kalyani
Kalyani
to
Diamond Harbour
950
Total Coliform
100
Total Coliform
(Source: CPCB)
15
4.2
POST-GAP QUALITY
4.2.1
Dissolved Oxygen
16
4.2.3
4.3
17
4.4
SUMMARY
18
05
5.1
19
5.3
5.2
IMPLEMENTATION
FORMULATION OF SCHEMES
OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE (O&M)
20
TECHNOLOGICAL ISSUES
5.6
CONCLUSION
21
06
6.1
6.2
CONSTITUTION OF NATIONAL
GANGA RIVER BASIN AUTHORITY
22
funding.
treatment systems;
monitoring
and
review
of
the
treatment.
Ganga; and
respective Authorities.
23
6.4
ACTION PLAN
6.5
Preparation of a memorandum of
agreement to be signed between the
Central Government, State Governments
and ULBs linking flow of funds to
achievement of agreed milestones.
RESOURCES
24
Annexure
Annexure-I
Catchment Area, Annual Water Yield and Mean Flow Rate of Streams in Ganga Basin.
(Source: CWC/GBWRD publication - A Perspective Plan - 1986)
S. No. Sub-Basin
Mean Annual
Flow (BCM)
Percentage
contribution
1.
Ramganga
17789
3.39
2.
57.241
19.90
3.
Chambal
32.554
6.20
4.
Tons-Kararmnasa
10.609
2.02
5.
Gomti-Ghaghra
113.511
21.62
6.
Sone-East of Sone
44.144
8.41
7.
Gandak-Burhi Gandak
58.967
11.23
8.
Kodi-Mahananda
81.848
15.59
Total (Tributaries)
416.663
79.36
9.
84.980
16.19
10.
Evaporation *
(attributable to Ground Water)
23.380
4.45
525.023
100.00
25
Annexure -II
Major Water Resources Projects in Ganga Basin
a. Diversion/Storage Projects for consumptive use
Year of
Name and
Completion/
Location
Commissioning
1854
Upper Ganga
Canal, Haridwar
Diversion/
Storage
Discharge(m /s)/
storage in (MCM)
Purpose
Diversion
297 m 3/s
30.8 m 3/s during
Non-monsoon and
56 m 3 /s during
monsoon
157 m 3/s
Irrigation
(0.924 million
Ha)
Irrigation
1874
Diversion
1880
Lower Ganga
Canal, Narora
Gandhisagar Dam/
M.P.
Diversion
Storage
1990-91
Diversion
237 m3/s
In between
1719-1748 AD
during Mughal
Dynasty
Eastern Yamuna
Canal
Diversion
85 m /s
Irrigation (0.5
million ha)
Irrigation over
0.757 million
ha.
115 MW
Irrigation
during Kharif
0.233 million ha
irrigation
1355 AD
During
Ferozshah
Tuglaq rule
2000
Western Yamuna
Canal
Diversion
190 m3/s
irrigation
Diversion
650 m3/s
Irrigation
(1.674 million ha)
1985
Sharda Sahayak
Canal,
Lakhimpur Kheri
Gandak Canal
Diversion
147 m3/s
1963
Kosi Canal
Diversion
425 m 3/s
1960
Kota Barrage
Diversion
230 m 3/s
1994
Madhya Ganga
Canal, Bijnor
Diversion
234 m 3/s
irrigation
(0.96 million ha)
irrigation
(0.44 million ha)
irrigation
(0.5 million ha)
Irrigations
(0.306 million ha)
1960
26
Annexure
Year of
Completion/
Commissioning
Name and
Location
Storage
Storage (MCM)
Purpose
1962
Rihand Dam/
Sonbhadra, UP
Storage
8900 MCM
Live Storage
1970-71
Obra Dam
Sonbhadra, UP
Chambal Valley
Project (Excluding
Kota Barrage)
Ramganga
Multipurpose
Project at Kalagarh
in Bijnor
Tons I at Bansagar
Storage
211 MCM
Gross Storage
10500 MCM
Live Storage
Hydro Electricity
300 MW + Water
Supply to Thermal
Plants
Hydro Electricity
99 MW
370 MW
Hydro Electricity
2001-02
1973
Stogare
Storage
2190 MCM-Gross
Storage
Diversion
Barrage
Storage
2006
Tehri Dam
on Bhagirathi
Storage
5410 MCM
Live Storage
2615 MCM Live
2006
Dhauliganga
Pithoragarh
Tapovan Vishnugarh
Project, Joshimath
(Chamoli)
Lakhwar Phase I
and Phase II on
River Yamuna
Jamrani
Multipurpose Dam
near Kathgodam
Storage
Run of the
River
Dhauliganga
Storage
Installed Capacity
420 MW
Storage
Irrigation (0.15
Million Ha) +
30 MW Hydro +
drinking
1974
1991
Under
construction
Under
construction
Under
construction
27
Hydroelectric (198
MW) and Irrigation
(.575 million Ha
Flood Control
Hydro Electricity
Hydro Electricity
90MW
2400 MW of
Hydropower and
Irrigation
to
0.27 million ha
Land. Drinking
water supply to
3
Delhi @ 10 m /s
Hydro Electricity
280 MW
Hydro Electricity
520 MW
Annexure -III
Parametric values of Ganga River during Pre GAP at Selected Stations
Stations
28
S
2400
1416
21230
17520
14010
5910
3
4610
55403
19563
469767
835333
22600
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
Rishikesh (0 km)
Haridwar D/s (30 km)
Garhmukteshwar (175 km)
Kannauj U/S (430 km)
Kannauj D/S (433 km)
Kanpur U/S (530 km)
Kanpur D/S (548 km)
Allahabad U/S (733 km)
Allahabad D/S (743 km)
Varanasi U/S (908 km)
Varanasi D/S (916 km)
Patna U/S (1188 km)
Patna D/S (1198 km)
Rajmahal (1508 km)
Patna (2050 km)
Ulberia (2500 km)
Sl Station/ Location
No
0
30
175
430
433
530
548
733
743
908
916
1188
1198
1508
2050
2500
1993
DO
BOD DO
BOD
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)
8.1
1.7
9.0
1.3
8.1
1.8
7.2
1.4
7.8
2.2
8.5
1.6
7.2
5.5
7.2
2.3
6.5
5.1 8.4
2.5
7.2
7.2
7.5
1.9
6.7
8.6
5.2 24.5
6.4 11.4
6.9
1.8
6.6 15.5
7.2
1.9
5.6 10.1 8.2
0.8
5.9 10.6
7.6
1.0
8.4
2.0
8.2
1.2
8.1
2.2
8.0
1.5
7.8
1.8
8.5
0.7
7.3
1.0
7.1
0.9
5.8
1.1
6.1
0.9
Distance 1986
in km
2005
2008
Standard
values
DO
BOD DO
BOD DO
BOD DO
BOD
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l
8.5
1.0
8.1
1.2
5.0
8.2 1.2
3.0
8.1
1.4
3.0
5.0
1.4
7.9
7.8 1.7
7.8
1.9
3.0
5.0
2.0
7.8
7.5
2.1
3.0
8.5
2.9
5.0
1.7
6.5
7.7 1.2
7.6
3.1
4.5
6.2
6.5 4.2
3.0
5.0
6.2
3.4
4.3
4.9
6.3 3.8
3.0
5.0
6.7 4.9
4.7
5.4
6.0
4.1
3.0
5.0
8.5
4.8
5.5
13.0 8.0
8.4
3.0
5.0
8.4
3.2
3.1
8.2 3.8
7.7
3.0
5.0
8.6
10.8 3.0
2.0
7.5
2.2
3.0
5.0
7.5 2.5
8.3
2.3
7.3
3.0
3.0
5.0
7.4
6.0
2.0
1.7
7.1 1.9
3.0
5.0
7.1 2.0
8.0
2.2
5.9
2.4
3.0
5.0
7.4
1.8
6.2
2.0
7.9 1.5
3.0
5.0
7.0
6.9
3.0
2.2
7.3 2.7
3.0
5.0
5.4
2.6
5.3
3.6
5.4 1.9
3.0
5.0
2002
Annexure-IV
Annexure
29
Annexure -V
Classification of Ganga Water at Various Locations According to
Designated Best Use
Locations
Ganga at Rishikesh
Haridwar
Garhmuktesar (UP)
Kannauj u/s U.P.
Kannuaj d/s U.P.
Kanpur u/s U.P.
Kanpur d/s U.P.
Raibareilly U.P.
Allahabad u/s U.P.
Allahabad d/s U.P.
Varanasi u/s U.P.
Varanasi d/s U.P.
Gazipur U.P.
Buxar
Patna u/s
Patna d/s
Rajmahal
Palta (WB)
Uluberia (WB)
Desired
Class
1997
A
D
CF
B
C
CF
B
B
BOD
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
E
DO, BOD,
CF
B
D
BOD, CF
B
D
BOD
B
D
CF
B
D
CF
B
D
CF
B
D
BOD
B
D
D
BOD
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
NA
NA
30
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
BOD, CF
D
2008*
B
B
NA
C
CF
C
BOD, CF
D
CF
D
BOD, CF
NA
C
CF, BOD
D
BOD, CF
D
BOD, CF
D
BOD, CF
NA
NA
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
CF
D
BOD, CF
D
BOD, CF
C
CF
NA
NA
D
CF
D
CF
D
BOD, CF
References
1. Das Gupta, S.P. The Ganga Basin, Basin SubBasin Inventory of Water Pollution, Part II
(Excluding the Yamuna Sub-Basin), Centre for
Study of Man and Environment, 1984.
31