Basic Network Architecture and Building Blocks For WCDMA (3G) Systems

Aalborg University
Basic Network Architecture

and Building Blocks for
WCDMA (3G) Systems
{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University
Lecture-3
Aalborg University
Schedule
12.30-13.15 First lecture session
13.15-13.30 Break
13.30-14.15 Second lecture session
Outline
Basic Network Architectures
Building Blocks for 3G
UTRA concept
Evolution of Mobile Communications

Aalborg University
Wide area coverage
30kHz
TDMA (IS41)
CDPD
43.2 kbits/s
GSM (MAP)
HSCSD
115.2
kbits/s
EDGE
EDGE Ph. 2
GERAN
Enhanced
EDGE
473 kbits/s
473 kbits/s
Real Time IP
2Mbit/s
GPRS
14.4 kbits/s
76.8 kbits/s
170 kbits/s
WCDMA
FDD
11 Mbits/s
WCDMA
HSPA
High Speed
Downlik
Packet Access
10 Mbits/s
2 Mbits/s
TD-SCDMA
1.25MHz
cdma20001X
1XEV - DO, phase 1 2.4 Mbits/s

1XEV - DV, phase 2
5.4 Mbits/s
307.2 kbits/s
HiperLAN 2
WLAN
802.11b
WCDMA TDD 2 Mbits/s
5MHz
PDC/PDC-P
cdmaOne
(IS-41)
Local
200kHz
54 Mbits/s
IEEE802.11a
Harmonised
HL2IEEE802.11a
standard
54 Mbits/s
Higher
data
rate
Enhanced
WLAN
WLAN
100 Mbps
Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University
EIR
AuC
BTS
VLR
HLR
BTS
MS
BSC
MSC
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Network Management (NMS)
GMSC
NSS
PSTN/ISDN
digital
2G
9.6kbit/s
symmetric
circuit switched
Abis
IN
Um
VAS
GSM
Subsystems and Interface

Aalborg University
Four subsystems
Mobile station (MS):

Base station subsystem: control radio link with MS
Network subsystem: call control
Network Management subsystem: operation and maintenance
Interfaces:
Um Interface : known as air interface or radio link.

Abis Interface: between BTS and BSC
A Interface: between BSC and MSC
GSM Elements
Aalborg University
MS: Mobile Station

BTS: Base Transceiver Station
BSC: Base Station Controller
MSC: Mobile Switching Center
HLR: Home Location Register
VLR: Visiting Location Register
AuC: Authentication Center
EIR: Equipment Identifer
SIM Card: Subscriber Identity Module Card
VAS: Value Added Service (SMSC, VMC, USSCD, etc)
IN: Intellegent Network (prepaid)
Mobile Handset (MH)

Aalborg University
Used by the subscriber to access the GSM network via the air
interface
Contains the hardware and software specific to the radio interface
Need a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) which contains the
subscriber-specific data to access GSM network, except
emergency call
SIM Card
Aalborg University
SIM cards are embedded with a microprocessor
Stores customer identity information Memory capacity

1K, 3K, 8K, 16K
With/Without OTAC (Over The Air Customization)
Two types of SIM card form factors
ID-1 SIM
Plug-In SIM
Contains
phone number (MSISDN)

international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
status of SIM
service code
authentication key
PIN (personal identification code)
PUK (personal unlock code)
Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Aalborg University
Responsible for communication to and from MHs via air interface
MH communicates with the mobile system using a radio channel to a

BTS
BTS comprises radio transmission and reception devices
Including the antennae and signaling processing specific to the radio

interface
BTS separates the speech and control signaling associated with a

MH and sends them to the BSC on separate channels
Base Station Controller (BSC)

Aalborg University
Monitor and Control several base stations
Frequency administration, control of BTSs, exchange functions
Responsible for all the radio interface management
Channel allocation and release, handover management
BSC is the interface between MSC and BTS
BSC is connected on one side to several BTSs and on the other side
to the MSC
Mobile services Switching

Center (MSC)
Aalborg University
Responsible for all switching functions related to call processing
Call control
Charging
Statistics
MSC is the interface between GSM network & PSTN (Public

Switched Telephone Network)
Serving MSC: BSS connections, mobility mangement
Gateway MSC: Connection to other networks
Home Location Register (HLR)

Aalborg University
A database in charge of the management of mobile subscribers

Contains information of network subscribers
Information on teleservices and bearer services subscription, service

restrictions, and supplementary services
The data stored in HLR is of a semipermanent nature and does not
usually change from call to call
Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Aalborg University
Contains the relevant data of all MHs currently located in a serving

MSC
The permanent data is the same as data in the HLR

The temporary data includes
z
Temporary Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

z Location Area Identity (LAI) of an MH
VLR allocates mobile subscriber roaming numbers (MSRNs) for the

incoming call setup
GSM Features
Aalborg University
Multiple access: use TDMA/FDMA to share the limited radio

spectrum
The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum)

25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz
apart.
Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a

TDMA scheme.
GSM Frame Structure

Aalborg University
Superframe
6.12 sec
...
51 Multiframe
120 msec
...
26 Frames
4.615 msec
Coded data Midamble

0.57692 msec
3
57
1
26
1
156.25 bits
Tail bit
Stealing Flag
8 Multiframe
57
3 8.25
Guard period

Aalborg University
SW&HW changes
EIR
AuC
BTS
VLR
HLR
BTS
BSC
MSC
SW&HW changes
High Speed Circuit

Switched Data
MS
Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

Network Management (NMS)
GMSC
SW&HW changes
NSS
PSTN/ISDN
digital
2.5G
14kbit/s
channel bundling
~50kbit/s
symmetric
circuit switched
Abis
SW&HW changes
IN
Um
VAS
HSCSD
Exchanged Data Rates for

Global/GSM Evolution (EDGE)
Aalborg University
Introduce new methods at the physical layer
new form of modulation: 8PSK(phrase Shift Keying)

z
z
Different ways of encoding

z
introduced as a complement to GMSK (Gaussian Filter Minimum Shift Keying)

8PSK: use 8 phrases to carry signals
nine MCS(Module Coding Schemes) have been defined, from 8.8kbps per
timeslot(MCS-1 with GMSK modulation) up to 59.2kbps per timeslot(MCS-9 with
8PSK modulation)
High radio interface data rates (up to 384kbps)
Provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS
Only one EDGE transceiver unit need to be added to each cell.

Software upgrades to BSC and Base Stations can be carried out remotely.
Higher layer protocols (GGSN, SGSN) stay the same
Can be introduced smoothly in GPRS(doesnt require any new elements
Also introduced into existing IS-136 networks
3GPP Releases
Aalborg University
R4
R99
UTRAN on top of
GSM/GPRS
Core Network is based
on ATM
Intersystem handover
between GSM and
UMTS
Virtual Home
Layered
Architecture
IP Transport
QoS on Transport
Layer
R5
IP Transport on
UTRAN
ALL IP Architecture
E2E QoS
Introduction of IP
Multimedia Domain
(IMS)
R6
Enhancements of
IMS
standardization
UMTS Reference Model

Aalborg University
Alternative
Access
Network
Legacy mobile
signallingNetwork
Applications &
Services *)
SCP
Mh
CAP
TE
MT
R
Um
Iu
TE
R
Uu
Mg
Mr
MRF
Gi
Gc
Gi
MGCF
Gi
Gn
Iu
MGW
MGW
Nb
Iu
T-SGW *)
Mc
GGSN
SGSN
UTRAN
MT
Gf
Gb
CSCF
Gi
EIR
BSS/
Iu
GERAN
Mm
Cx
HSS *)
Gr
Multimedia
IP Networks
CSCF
R-SGW *)
Mw
Ms
Mc
PSTN/
Legacy/External
Mc
Nc
MSC server
GMSC server
T-SGW *)
CAP
CAP
Applications
& Services *)
Signalling
Interface
Signalling and Data Transfer
Interface
C
HSS *)
R-SGW *)
Mh
*) those elements are duplicated for figure

layout purpose only, they belong to the same
logical element in the reference model

Aalborg University
E-RAN
Universal Mobile
Terristial System
Iu
Uu
Gb
SGSN
NB
UTRAN
RNC
PSTN/ISDN
EIR
BSC
Iu
AuC
VLR
HLR
CN PS Domain
GGSN
Internet
BTS
GMSC
USAT
CN CS Domain
MEXE
MSC
WAP
new air interface

packet data
interoperability
with GSM
New mobile service
(CAMEL)
Um
IN
VAS
3GPP R99 UMTS

Aalborg University
CN CS Domain
MGW
E-RAN
Iu
Uu
IMS
USAT
BSC
MEXE
BTS
PSTN/ISDN
MGW
WAP
Universal Mobile
Terrestrial System
MSC
IN
media gateway
controlled by MSC
Um
VAS
Gb
SGSN
NB
UTRAN
RNC
Iu
CN PS Domain
GGSN
Internet
HSS
3GPP R4 UMTS

Aalborg University
IMS
USAT
E-RAN
MEXE
BSC
WAP
BTS
IN
Universal Mobile
Terrestrial System
VAS
All IP structure
Um
PSTN/ISDN
Uu
SGSN
NB
RNC
UTRAN
CN PS Domain
GGSN
Internet
Iu
HSS
3GPP R5 UMTS
QoS Classes
Aalborg University
GPRS/UMTS rel'99, 4, 5
GPRS
rel'97, '98
Precedence class
Delay class
Allocation/retention
priority
Conversational
class
Streaming
class
Interactive
class
Background
class
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
1, 2, 3
Traffic handling
priority
1, 2, 3
Transfer delay
<100 ms
<250 ms
Residual BER
5*10-210-6
5*10-210-6
SDU error ratio
10-210-5
10-110-5
10-310-6
10-310-6
Peak throughput class
Maximum bitrate
< 2048 kbps
< 2048 kbps
< 2048 kbps

-overhead
< 2048 kbps

-overhead
Mean throughput class
Guaranteed bitrate
<2048 kbps
<2048 kbps
Reliability class
Maximum SDU size

Delivery order
4*10-36*10-8 4*10-36*10-8
<=1500 octets <=1500 octets <=1500 octets <=1500 octets

Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No
Yes/No/-
Yes/No/-
Yes/No/-
Yes/No/-
SDU format
information
Delivery of
erroneous SDUs
Aalborg University
3G Systems
Signal Processing Blocks
Aalborg University
Signal processing blocks

Typical chain of signal processing blocks
RF
D/A
conversion
modulation
multiplexing
channel
coding and
interleaving
A/D
conversion
analogue
source
source
coding
digital
source
RF
A/D
conversion
demodulation
demultiplexing
channel
de-coding
and
deinterleaving
D/A
conversion
analogue
sink
source
de-coding
digital
sink
Aalborg University

Source, sink, A/D and D/A conversion
Source and sink
voice
video
different data services
requirements on delay, BER, FER and error pattern depending on
service
Source and sink A/D and D/A conversion

dynamic range and sampling rate dependent on source
characteristics
RF A/D and D/A conversion

dynamic range dependent on radio channel and different transmitted
and received carriers per RF unit

sampling rate dependent of RF or IF bandwidth to be processed

Aalborg University
Source and channel coding, interleaving and multiplexing

Source coding and decoding
reduction of redundancy
data compression
coding for error detection and correction
different level of coding for MSB and LSB
Channel coding and interleaving
coding to reduce impact of radio channel on transmitted data

block codes
convolutional codes
Reed Solomon codes
Turbo codes
combinations of codes (concatenated codes)
Multiplexing
combination of different user signals on one RF carrier according to
multiple access scheme
Aalborg University

Modulation and RF
Modulation and demodulation
for RF transmission and reception
resistant schemes against noise and interference
FM for analogue systems
different types of BPSK, QPSK and GMSK for digital systems
RF
modulator, RF power amplifier, RF receiver and antenna system
low noise receiver
high dynamic range
resistant against intermodulation
Aalborg University
3G Systems
UTRA Concept
UTRA 3GPP specifications - Release 1999 I

Aalborg University
3G TS 25.101 UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD)

3G TS 25.102 UTRA (UE) TDD: Radio Transmission and Reception
3G TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD: Radio Transmission and Reception
3G TS 25.105 UTRA (BS) TDD: Radio Transmission and Reception
3G TS 25.201 Physical Layer - General description
3G TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport
channels onto physical channels (FDD)
3G TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD)
3G TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)
Source: 3GPP
UTRA 3GPP specifications - Release 1999 II

Aalborg University
3G TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD)

3G TS 25.215 Physical layer - Measurements (FDD)
3G TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport
channels onto physical channels (TDD)
3G TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD)
3G TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD)
3G TS 25.224 Physical layer procedures (TDD)
3G TS 25.225 Physical layer - Measurements (TDD)
3G TS 25.301 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
Source: 3GPP
UTRA concept - main features

Aalborg University
Multiple Access Method

Carrier chip rate
Pulse shape
UTRA FDD
UTRA TDD
WCDMA based on DSCDMA
TD/CDMA
4.096 Mchips/s
Root raised cosine, r=0.22
Carrier spacing
5 MHz
Frame length
10 ms
Number of power control

groups/time slots
16
Time slot duration
625 s
Modulation
QPSK
Spreading factor
Short codes (4 256)
1, 2, 4, 8 and 16
UTRA frequency allocation

Aalborg University
UTRA/FDD is designed to operate in either of the following paired

bands
a) 1920 1980 MHz: Uplink (Mobile transmit, base receive)
2110 2170 MHz: Downlink (Base transmit, mobile receive)
b)* 1850 1910 MHz: Uplink (Mobile transmit, base receive)
1930 1990 MHz: Downlink (Base transmit, mobile receive)
Deployment in other frequency bands is not precluded
Duplex distance 190 MHz
UTRA/TDD is designed to operate in the following bands

a) 1900 1920 MHz:
2010 2025 MHz:
b)* 1850 1910 MHz:
1930 1990 MHz:
c)* 1910 1930 MHz:
Uplink and downlink transmission

* Used in Region 2
Channel spacing: 5 MHz
Channel raster: 200 kHz
Source: 3GPP
Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1
Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Control / Measurements
Aalborg University
UTRA concept: Radio interface protocol

architecture around the physical layer
Logical channels
Medium Access Control (MAC)
Transport channels
Physical layer
Source: 3GPP
U-plane information
C-plane signalling
GC
Nt DC
Duplicationavoidance
GC
Nt DC
UuSboundary
L3
control
PDCP
control
control
control
RRC
control
Aalborg University
UTRA concept
Radio interface protocol architecture
PDCP
L2/PDCP
RLC
RLC
RLC
BMC
L2/BMC
RLC
L2/RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
Logical
Channels
MAC
L2/MAC
Transport
Channels
PHY
L1
Source: 3GPP
UTRA concept
Aalborg University
Transport channel to physical channel mapping

Transport Channels
DCH
RACH
CPCH
BCH
FACH
PCH
DSCH
Physical Channels
Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)
Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronisation Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)
Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH)
Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)
CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH)
Collision-Detection /Channel-Assignment Indicator
Channel (CD /CA -ICH )
Source: 3GPP
Aalborg University
UTRA concept
Logical channel structure
Control Channel (CCH)
Synchronisation Control Channel (SCCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel PCCH
Decicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH)
ODMA Dedicated Control Channel (ODCCH)
ODMA Common Control Channel (OCCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH)
Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

ODMA Dedicated Traffic Channel (ODTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Source: 3GPP
UTRA concept
Aalborg University
Logical channels mapped onto transport channels

(UTRAN side)
SCCHSAP
SCH
DCCHSAP
BCCH- PCCHSAP
SAP
CCCH- SHCCH- CTCHSAP

SAP
SAP
(TDD only)
BCH PCH CPCH FAUSCH RACH
(TDD only)
(FDD only)
FACH USCH
(TDD only)
DTCHSAP
MAC SAPs
DSCH
DCH
Transport
Channels
Source: 3GPP
UTRA concept
Aalborg University
Logical channels mapped onto transport channels (UE side)
SCCH- BCCH- PCCHSAP SAP

SAP
DCCHSAP
CCCHSAP
SHCCH- CTCHSAP
SAP
(TDD only)
DTCHSAP
MAC SAPs
SCH
BCH
(TDD only)
PCH CPCH FAUSCH RACH

(FDD only)
FACH USCH
(TDD only)
DSCH
DCH
Transport
Channels
Source: 3GPP
Aalborg University
UTRA Concept
FDD Component
Aalborg University
Multiple access schemes

Direct sequence spread spectrum
Aalborg University

DS-CDMA principle, modulation signal
Aalborg University

DS-CDMA principle, reception and demodulation
Aalborg University
Multiple access schemes: DS-CDMA principle,

multipath and interference reception
Code tree for channelization codes

Aalborg University
c4 ,1 = (1111
,,,)
,)
c2 ,1 = (11
c4 ,2 = (11
, ,1,1)
c1,1 = (1)
c4 ,3 = (1,11
, ,1)
c2 ,2 = (1,1)
c4 ,4 = (1,1,11
,)
SF = 1
SF = 2
c2 n
SF = 4
(spreading factor, code length)
c n,1
c
c2 n,1 n,1
c n,1 cn,1
c2 n, 2
=
=
M
M c
c n,n
n,n
c2 n, 2 n c n,n cn,n
Source: 3GPP
Aalborg University
UTRA Concept
TDD Component
3G UTRA TDD - TD/CDMA Channel Structure

Aalborg University
Energy
8 TCH
per
time
Codes
slot
CDMA provides
interference
control and
high system
capacity
TD/CDMA
Fr
e
1 - 16
qu
en
cy
One Time Slot
Up to 8 users
can share up to
16 spreading
codes
10
12
14
frame with
15 time slots
GSM backward
compatibility is provided by
n x 120 ms multiframe
structure for handover
purposes
Time
Wider
channel
enables high
user data
rates
Identical frame
structure as FDD
provides
harmonization
UTRA TDD - Frame and Burst Structure

Aalborg University
10 ms frame duration
0 1 2 3
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Frame
667 s slot duration

N data symbols midamble N data symbols guard
Code 1
N data symbols midamble N data symbols guard
Code n
Midamble length sufficient to estimate at least 8 different users

Use of up to 16 codes per time slot is possible
Spreading factor up to 16
Aalborg University
UTRA TDD - Frame and burst structure

Burst structures
One Burst consists of 2560 chips
Different Burst Types for traffic channels
M data symbols
Midamble
256 chips
M data symbols
guard
Burst Type 1
guard
Burst Type 2
TPC
N data symbols
a)
Midamble
512 chips
N data symbols
M and N depending on spreading factor

Two alternatives for TFCI transmission
2560*Tc
Code
Data
Midamble
TFCI
b)
2560*T
Source: 3GPP
Aalborg University
UTRA TDD - Frame and burst structure

Examples for UL / DL allocation
10 ms
DL / UL ratio
14/1
10
13/2
Symmetric
10 ms
4:1 DL/UL asymmetry

10 ms
14:1 DL/UL asymmetry

10 ms
12/3
11/4
10/5
9/6
8/7
1
7/8
6/9
5/10
4/11
3/12
2/13
2:13 DL/UL asymmetry
0.1
1 2 3
Source: 3GPP
4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Number of DL time slots

Basic Network Architecture and Building Blocks For WCDMA (3G) Systems

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Aalborg University

Basic Network Architecture

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Mobile Communications

Wide area coverage

1XEV - DO, phase 1 2.4 Mbits/s

WCDMA TDD 2 Mbits/s

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Network Architecture

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Subsystems and Interface

Mobile station (MS):

Um Interface : known as air interface or radio link.

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

MS: Mobile Station

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Mobile Handset (MH)

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

SIM cards are embedded with a microprocessor

Stores customer identity information Memory capacity

Two types of SIM card form factors

phone number (MSISDN)

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Responsible for communication to and from MHs via air interface

MH communicates with the mobile system using a radio channel to a

BTS comprises radio transmission and reception devices

Including the antennae and signaling processing specific to the radio

BTS separates the speech and control signaling associated with a

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Monitor and Control several base stations

Frequency administration, control of BTSs, exchange functions

Responsible for all the radio interface management

Channel allocation and release, handover management

BSC is the interface between MSC and BTS

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Mobile services Switching

Responsible for all switching functions related to call processing

MSC is the interface between GSM network & PSTN (Public

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Home Location Register (HLR)

A database in charge of the management of mobile subscribers

Information on teleservices and bearer services subscription, service

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Contains the relevant data of all MHs currently located in a serving

The permanent data is the same as data in the HLR

Temporary Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

VLR allocates mobile subscriber roaming numbers (MSRNs) for the

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Multiple access: use TDMA/FDMA to share the limited radio

The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum)

Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

GSM Frame Structure

Coded data Midamble

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Network Architecture

High Speed Circuit

Base Station Subsystem (BSS)